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Description
Invoice Template for Word Greek document sample
Document Sample
Class 18: XML
SQL Server 2000 Cuesta College
1
CIS 141
Objectives
• Describe what markup languages are and how
they work
• Describe what SGLM, HTML, and XML are
• Describe how XML documents are viewed and
used
• Explain how document type definitions (DTDs)
are used with XML
• Understand Invalid, Well-Formed, and Valid
Documents
CIS 141
2
Topics Covered
• A history of markup languages
• RTF and HTML
• XML goals
• XML and data
• Hands-on: Matching language
characteristics
• Using XML
• Logical structure
CIS 141
3
Son of Topics Covered
• Physical structure
• Working to rules
• Introducing DTDs
• Working within a DTD
• Hands-on: Creating a DTD
• External and class DTDs
CIS 141
4
Origins
• Markup languages originated in the
printing industry.
• specify either the appearance or the
structure of the text in a document
• Old Word Perfect 5.1 “Reveal Codes”
• Word 2003 ex. Gr.
CIS 141
5
Origins
• Rich Text Format
Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\f346\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman
Greek;}{\f347\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman
Tur;}{\f348\froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman
(Hebrew);}{\f349\froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\f350\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman
Baltic;}{\f351\froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman
(Vietnamese);}{\f353\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial
CE;}{\f354\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Cyr;}{\f356\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2
Arial Greek;}
{\f357\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Tur;}{\f358\fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial
(Hebrew);}{\f359\fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial (
CIS 141
6
Origins
• Open Tags (HTML, XML) Exposed to User
• Closed (Word, other Word Processors)
Not Available to Other Users)
• IBM developed a generalized markup
language (GML) that was independent of
the application or device that interpreted
it.
CIS 141
7
SGML
• (ISO) adopted Specialized GML (SGML), which is
based upon GML, as a standard in 1986.
• SGML improved upon GML by enabling
programmers to
– specify the ISO character set of a document
– identify entities - objects -that appear repeatedly in
the code
– incorporate external data into a document
CIS 141
8
SGML
• SGML is a metalanguage, which means
that you can use it to define a new
markup language.
• This is done by defining tags
• XML is a “descendant” of SGML and also a
metalanguage
CIS 141
9
HTML
• HTML is an application of
SGML and a standard of the (Write on board)
World Wide Web <html>
<head>
Consortium (W3C). <title>
• Uses angle brackets to My First Web Page
define tags </title>
</head>
• Can be seen by using <body>
context menu View Hello World
Source in IE 4+ </body>
</html>
CIS 141
10
HTML
• <HTML></HTML> tags define the beginning and
end of the document.
• Document contains two sections, a head and a
body.
• These sections need to appear in a prescribed
sequence and they can contain only prescribed
types of elements.
• Each HTML and RTF document contains a
document type declaration.<HTML>
CIS 141
11
XML Goals
• HTML Has Limits, this lead to XML:
• Deals only with presentation, not structure
• Ten Goals of XML:
CIS 141
12
XML Goals
• Easy To Use Over The Internet
• Support A Wide Variety Of Applications
• Compatible With Standard Generalized
Markup Language (SGML).
• Easy To Write Programs That Process Xml
Documents.
• Optional Features In Xml Should Be Kept
To An Absolute Minimum, Ideally Zero.
CIS 141
13
XML Goals
• Should Be Human-legible And Reasonably
Clear
• XML Design Should Be Prepared Quickly
• XML Design Should Be Formal And Concise
• XML Documents Should Be Easy To Create
• Terseness In XML Markup Is Of Minimal
Importance.
CIS 141
14
XML & Data
• XML describes data, it can be used as a
data store to publish information in
different formats without modification to
the source code.
• Ex. Gr. A Word doc and an HTML
document from same source
• XML provides a solution to legacy systems
that cannot exchange data
CIS 141
15
XML & Data
• XML is based on standards that use plain
text, it can be used as a common format
so that a number of applications may use
the data.
• XML can have document hierarchies
• XML is a good way to organize documents
(memorandum, invoice, specs,
datasheets)
CIS 141
16
XML & Data
• Searches are more efficient w/o
formatting data embedded
• Can Create Internal or External templates
with Document Type Definitions (DTD’s)
• DTD’s set the standard for all documents
within a system
• CSS files can be used externally to define
styles for XML data
CIS 141
17
Using XML
• Easy, use a simple editor EditPad,
notepad, Word…
• An HTML Example
• An XML Example
• Style Sheets add formatting
• The XML, now Styled
CIS 141
18
XML Structure – Objectives
• To introduce the structure of XML
documents
• Explain the logical structure of XML
• Describe the physical structure of an XML
document
• Explain the requirements for well-formed
and valid XML documents
CIS 141
19
XML Logical Structure
• Acts as a template of the document's
structure and maps the order of elements
• Consists of a prolog and a document
element
• Tree-like structure consisting of nested
elements (Much like HTML)
CIS 141
20
XML Logical Structure - Prolog
• Optional
• XML declaration
– <?xml version="1.0"?>
• Document type declaration (DTD)
– DTD contains rules that specify what
elements an XML document contains and how
they are structured. They can be inside the
document (Internal) or in their own files
(External)
CIS 141
21
XML Logical Structure - Declaration
• <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"
standalone="no"?>
• version attribute
– required
– always has the value 1.0
• standalone attribute
– yes
– no
• encoding attribute
– UTF-8
– 8859_1
– etc.
CIS 141
22
XML Logical Structure
• XML documents can refer to both external
and internal DTD’s
• Elements contain names and values
– Values of attributes always enclosed by “”
• XML is case sensitive. (Default to lower
case if unsure)
• White space OK, even desirable.
CIS 141
23
Well Formed XML Docs
• Open and close all tags
• Empty tags end with />
– (contain no text between the opening and closing
tags)
• There is a unique root element
• Elements may not overlap
• Attribute values of element tags are quoted
• < and & are only used to start tags and entities
CIS 141
24
A Bit More
• Empty Tags
– <Address></Address> OR
– <Address/> (semantically identical)
• Comments like Java
– <!-- This here is ignored, dude. -->
CIS 141
25
Valid XML Docs
• Well-formed
• Must have a DTD
• Must comply with the constraints
specified in the DTD
CIS 141
26
DTD’s - Objectives
• Explain the components of document type
definitions (DTDs) and the rules used to write
them
• Describe the purpose of DTDs and know how
to declare one
• Use attributes, parameter entities, and
structural symbols in a DTD
• Create a DTD
• Explain when to use external DTDs
CIS 141
27
DTD’s
• Describes the permissible contents of an
XML document, so the DTD serves as a
data template.
• Defines entities, elements, attributes,
and notations, as well as the
relationships between these.
CIS 141
28
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