A FIELD GUIDE TO

A FIELD GUIDE TO AMPHIBIANS OF GUJARAT RAJU VYAS NATURE CLUB SURAT Index 1. What is an amphibian? 2. Classification 3. What does the word amphibian remind us? 4. Gujarat State Climate 5. Amphibian fauna & the state 6. Identification 7. Key to the species 8. Species Accounts Family: Ichthyophiidae 1. Maharashtra Caecilian Family: Bufonidae 2. Common Asian Toad 3. Marbled Toad 4. Green Toad Family: Microhylidae 5. Painted Bull-Frog 6. Ornate Narrow-Mouthed Frog 7. Red Narrow-Mouthed Frog 8. Jerdon's Ramanella 9. Grey Balloon Frog 10 Marbled Balloon Frog Family: Rhacophoridae 11.Common Indian Tree Frog Family: Ranidae 12. Indian Skipping Frog 13. Indian Green Frog 14. Jerdon's Bull Frog 15. Indian Bull Frog 16. Leith's Frog 17. Kerala Warty Frog 18. Cricket Frog 19. Syhadra frog 20. Fungoid frog 21. Short-headed Burrowing Frog 22. Rufescent Burrowing Frog 9. Why conserve amphibian fauna? 10. Selected Bibliography Acknowledgements I would like to thank the Surat Nature Club for supporting the preparation of this booklet. I am very thankful to Director, GEER Foundation, Gandhinahar for given me kind opportunity to study amphibian fauna of the state. For the use of photographs, I would like to thank Vivak Gour-Broom, Indraneil Das,Varad Giri and Viral Prajapati. I thank Indraneil Das, Snehal Patel, Susil Dutta, Sanjay Moular, Mahendra Mehta and Pranav Trivedi for general supports and providing literatures for preparation of this work. 1. What is an amphibian ? Frog, Toad, Salamander and Ichthyophis are amphibians. Yes, those animals, which live in two habitats (i. e. in water and on land), are known as amphibious animals. The word amphibia comes from Greek (amphi = two and bios = life) and is used for a particular group of animals, who possess the following characters. In other words those animals with following characters are known as an amphibian. The amphibians are cold- blooded (poikilothermous) animals, which have two pairs of limbs (tetrapods), absence of scales (exoskeleton) and three chambered heart. Respiration is by gills, lungs, skin or the mouth cavity or by combination of all these organs. Fertilisation is external or internal, mostly oviparous and metamorphosis is present. The class amphibian is one of the more advanced class is than the class fish (pisces) and primitive than the classes reptile, bird and mammalian. The amphibia evolved during the of Palaeozoic era one of the period in Earth's geological history from the fishes. The fossil history shows that amphibian or amphibians like animals have evolved from Lung- fishes about four hundred million years ago during Devonian period of Palaeozoic era. Amphibia is the group first of tetrapod animal among the vertebrates, which made transition from aquatic to terrestrial life. Therefore, both types of respiratory organs (i.e. gills & lung) are functionally found in the amphibian animals. 2. Classification The living amphibia are further divided into three orders known as: 1. Ggymnophiona or Caecilians (apoda = amphibia who lack limbs; example- Ichthyophis). 2. Caudata (urodela = amphibia who posses tail; example - Salamanders and Newts). 3. Salienta (anura = amphibia who lack tail in adult form; example - Frogs and Toads). Approximately over a 4550 species of amphibians are recorded in the world, including 165 species of caecilians, 390 species of caudata and 3995 species of anura. This mean that frogs & toads make up formore than 85% of amphibian diversity of these, the 220 species of amphibians belonging to eleven families are recorded from India (one species of caudata, 26 species of caecilians and rest of 190+ species of anura). At present, amphibian fauna of Gujarat State, consists of one* species of caecilian and 21+ species of frogs and toads belonging to 13 genera from five families. However there are possibilities of new records of amphibian species from the State as there has been inelegant effort and study in this region. -------------------------------------------------------------------------Note: * Two species of caecilian are recorded. Record of Khandala Caecilian (Indotyphlus battersbyi) from Okha, Jamnangar District is needed to be further confirmation. + There are the possibilities more numbers of anura till weighing for record from India and same as Gujarat State. 2 1 3. What does the word amphibian remind us? Usually when we hear the word amphibian, it immediately reminds us of a picture of rainy season and croaking sound of “Wak…. Waak…. Wak…” of frogs. It is usual for all the amphibian species to come out from their hiding site as soon as the rain starts. The males announces their presence by inflating their vocal sacs (not in all species, some of the species have internal vocal sacs, which do not protrude) to produce croaking sound at the edge of water body. The croaking sound is an invitation for the female of the respective species. Each species has a characteristic sound and females of that particular species only can distinguish that sound. The croaking sound is also helpful in identification of the frog species. The mating call of male attracts the female to visit the breeding site, where one of the males succeeds to embrace a female with fore limbs. The male grasps the female just behind the fore legs (known as axillary amplexus) or from waist (known as inguinal amplexus). The gravid female lays eggs in water or moist frothing mass. As soon as the egg laying process is over, the male frog sprays semen on egg mass for fertilising the eggs. The egg- mass develops in to tadpoles; tadpoles develop into froglets and froglets become adult frogs. Please remember that frogs are amphibians but all amphibians are not frogs, frogs and toads belong to one of the orders of amphibia. What was described above is a usual cycle for all amphibians. This entire process known as metamorphosis (it is 3 absent in some of the amphibians). Young amphibian attains maturity after a certain period. But there are exceptions and variations in this among the amphibians. Each species of amphibia has different reproductive biology and ecology which is very interesting for study. 4. Gujarat State Gujarat State is situated on the west coast of India between 20 6' to 20 42' north latitude and 68 10' to 74 28' east longitude. It is bounded by the Arabian Sea in the west, by the state of Rajasthan in the north and north-east, by Mandhya Pradesh in the east and by Maharashtra in the south and south-east. State has an international boundary and has common border with the Pakistan at the north-western fringe. Map of Gujarat State Showing Location of National Parks and Sanctuary Gujarat state has an area of 1.96 lakh sq. km. which makes for 5.98 % of land area of the country. State is administratively divided into 25 districts and further it is divided into 223 talukas and 18192 has villages. Also the physical features of the state indicate following five distinct physiographic units based upon the relief, 4 slope and landforms, soil, drainage pattern, climatic variation and agricultural development. 1. South Gujarat 2. Central Gujarat 3. North Gujarat 4. Saurashtra 5. Kachchh Climate Climate of the state is moderate with three distinct seasons, June to September monsoon, October to January winter and February to May summer. The maximum temperature in the year occurs in May (up to 450C) and drops up to 40C around the month of January. The relative humidity in all parts of the state is comparatively low and recorded as 50 % between October to May. This is not applicable to coastal areas, where the moisture content of the atmosphere is moderately high all the year round with a maximum in the summer months. The relative humidity shows wide variations during the day in interior parts of the state. Gujarat receives most of its rainfall from the south-west monsoon between June and September. The monsoon starts in June and reaches its maximum intensity in July and August. These are the rainiest months of the year and tapers off towards the end of September. While occasional showers occur in month of October. Last few years data shows that state also suffered a drought every five years. The encompass of large area of the state and distinct five physiographic units influence on climate of the state and it results in regional variations in climatic condition. Rainfall is high in south Gujarat in 5 comparison to north Gujarat and Kachchh areas, annual total rainfall decreases as you proceed from south to north in the state. Which the temperatures (average: maximum- minimum) variation increases as you proceed from south to north in the state. 5. Amphibians fauna & the state Gujarat is one of the important and unique states in India. Because all types of habitats are found within the state like the dry desert to Rann, which known as a vastexpanse of tidal mud flats with saline efflorescence, thorny deciduous, wet forests and mangrove forests. These all-various types of habitats are in existence due to the four major hill complexes meeting in the state, which are Sahayadri, Saputara, Vindhya and Aravali hills. According to map of wetlands of India, the state has one of the largest wetland areas but here both the Gulfs and large areas of Rann are considered as wetlands (these saline water bodies are not supported any of amphibian species). But ignoring that consideration, state has very little areas that are wet and Gujarat has very low rainfalls, which reflects low diversity of amphibians in comparison of the other states of the country. According to literature survey, at present, amphibians fauna is containing 24 species, including two species of caecilians and the remaining 22 are frogs and toads. During present study period, I have been able to study and collect information on only 19 amphibian's species from the state. I failed to collect fresh information on the reaming of four species of amphibians' Indotyphlus battersbyi, Microhyla rubra, Hydrophylax malabarica and Polypedates leucomystax. The Khandala Caecilian (Indotyphlus 6 battersbyi) is recorded from Okha, Jamnagar district and the specimen (AMNH 89788) is deposited in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. But the locality area of Okha is not suitable for caecilian so present record of the species needs further confirmation. It means Microhyla rubra and Hydrophylax malabarica are not inhabitants of Gujarat or the population of the species is extinct, but during the study period, it was not found. Few literatures (Daniel and Shull, 1963; Dutta 1997) showthe distribution range of Bamboo tree frog (Polypedates leucomystax) in Gujarat. But according to Dr. Indraneil Das (personal communication) the species is only found in north and east India and further in East Asia. The monsoon is the best season for the amphibian studies or for watching the amphibians because most of the amphibians breed in this season. Unfortunately most of the protected areas are close during the monsoon in the state the administrative authority state forest department is not permitting to visitors. Therefore many areas in the state are unexplored or little explored for the amphibians. Usually most of the amphibian species breed in monsoon. As soon as the rains start, they come out from their hideouts and males and females get to gather at some nearer of suitable water bodies. At night males continue to sing for females. Here we know that frogs and toads have some special breeding call and through that call we can easily approach the frogs and toads with small torchlight and thus we can identify specific species of frogs and toads on the call because each and every species has some special call. Watching of the amphibians at any water body at night is great funs and is one of the thrilling 7 exercise for find a crocking frog especially in rainy night because to find out crocking frog is some time very challenging for watchers and it full of funs. The best area for amphibian tracking or watching is south Gujarat especially Dangs, Surat, Navsari and Valsad districts of the South Gujarat. You can found good numbers of the frogs and toads in these districts especially in rainy night and even though you can observe to see unique species of caecilian (legless amphibian) in the areas if you are lucky. 6. Identification Identification of amphibians is difficult for common people as compared to other vertebrates like reptiles, birds and mammals. This is because the taxonomy of amphibia is complicated (in comparison to other tetrapoda) and not yet certain or stabilised (especially frogs and toads). Unavailability of literature unpopularity of the subject has added to this. Classification of the amphibians is on the basis of external characters of the animals as well as internal anatomy of the animals. By noting such characters of the animals which are unique and peculiar identification of an amphibian species could be easier. Some of the important behaviours of animals or their habitats or their typical habits also help to identify an amphibian species. No doubt that the calls of frogs and toads are helpful in the identification. Each species has its own distinctive call, just like the thumbprints in human beings. As said earlier to identify the amphibians first to know the external characters of these animals. Since there are only two 8 orders of amphibia in the state here we are discussing only those species. These two are caecilian and anura, it means limb-less snake like amphibian and frogs & toads. Some of the important external characters or body parts are mentioned in Figure 1. ear drum pupil shape vocal sac at corner of mouth beneath throat paratoid gland dorsolateral fold pads on finger tips the tiny frogs jump in waters but immediately they come out from the deep waters and sit in shallow water, where you hardly see eyes and tip of their snout. It is most likely to Cricket Frog (Fejervara limnocharis) or a member of the same genus Fejervara (=Limnonectes sp.) When you see toad like frog during a walk in fields at night, it is mostly of the Short-Headed Burrowing Frog (Sphaerotheca breviceps). If you catch live specimen of frog smelling strong fungoid odour or smell of burnt rubber, it means it is definitely a Fungoid frog (Hydrophylax malabarica). Commonly found short-legged frog with rough skin and face appearing as weir with spectacle (a dark black line from nostrils to eyes running behind the ears), it could be Common Asian Toad (Bufo melanostictus). A beautiful frog, which has red or dark orange colour on back and lateral side with tips of fingers developed in discs, is a Painted Bull-Frog (Kaloula taprobanica). If you go through the “Key to the species” step wise and compare each of the characters of the a specimen(s) with thegiven keys, you can identify the amphibian fauna of Gujarat State. 7. Key to the species. spade (enlarged metatarsal tubercle) amount of webbing Figure 1 : Some of the important features for identification of frogs & toads At present, we have twenty-two species of amphibians, out of which one is a limbless amphibian. The limbless amphibian is confined only south of river Tapti (=Tapi), it is not uncommon in the area. It is easily recognised by snake like or giant earthworm like appearance with very slimyskin. This species is Maharashtra Caecilian (Ichthyophis bombayensis). Remaining, twenty-one species are toads and frogs. Some of the frogs and toads can be identified by their peculiar behaviour. When you walk to the edge of any water body, you would see that the frogs are jumping in the waters. But if you carefully watch their movements you will see that some of the frogs are running very fast, like skipping on water and finally diving into water. This could be Indian Skipping Frog (Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis). Also you might have noticed that some of 9 The following identification keys are based upon characters that are mostly external, which can be determined by simple examine of the specimen with the use of a magnifying glass. 1. Limbs absent; body long snake or giant earth worm like. _______ _________Ichthyophis bombayensis. Limbs present; tail absent in adult form. ______________________ 2 10 .2. Jaws tooth less, tongue entire. ___ 3. Upper jaw toothed, tongue bifid. 11. 3. Pupil horizontal, tongue pyriform, skin tubercular, parotoid glands present. _____ _______________ 4. Pupil circular, tongue oval, skin smooth. ___________________ 6. 4. Head with bony ridges. _ _________ _____________ Bufo melanosticus. Head without bony ridges. _____ 5. 9. A pair of papillae together below internal nares, Inter- orbital width nearly thrice upper eyelid. Colour uniform brown or grey. _________ Uperodon globulosum. A pair of papillae between the internal nares and a papilla below each internal nare. interorbital width about twice upper eyelid. Back marbled marks. Uperodon systoma. 10.A bony ridge immediately below internal nares. ___ Kaloula taprobanica. A fleshy ridge some way below internal nares. Ramanella montana. 11.Digits with an intercalary cartilage between pennltimate phalanges. _______ Polyepedates maculatus. Digits without intercalary cartilage. 12 12. Outer metatarsals separated by web up to base or at least in the distal half. ____________________ 14. Outer metatarsals united completely or feebly separated at the distal end. Inner metatarsal tubercle enlarged usually shovel shaped. _____ 13. 13.Tibio-tarsal articulation reaches tympanum or posterior border of the eye. Heels slightly overlapping when legs are folded at right angles to the body. ___ Sphaerotheca rufescens. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the shoulder. Heels do not meet when legs are folded at right angles to the body. __ Sphaerotheca breviceps. 5. Tibial gland absent; tympanum distinct, 2/3 diameter of eye. _____ ______________ Bufo stomaticus. Tibial gland present; tympanum distinct, ½ diameter of eye. ____ ____________________Bufo viridis. 6. Tips of fingers not dilated. ______ 7. Tips of fingers dilated in to discs. 10 7. Palate with ridge but papillae absent behind internal nares; adult form small size. _________________ _ 8. Palate with ridge but papillae present below internal nares; adult form large. ______________________ 9. 8. Two normal shaped metatarsal tubercles, toes with a rudiment of web. _________ Microhyla ornata. Two shovel-shaped metatarsal tubercles, toes with web, webreaching the last row or above last row of tubercles. __ Microhyla rubra. 11 12 14.Toes completely webbed, up to the tips. ____________________ 15. Toes incompletely webbed. ___ 15. Inner pedal tubercle toe-like. __ 17. Inner pedal tubercle not toe-like, strongly compressed and skin of back with longitudinal folds. _ 16. 16. Hind limes overlaps on each other when legs are folded at right angles to the body, usually mid dorsal stripe from tip of snout to vent present. ________ Hoplobatrechus tigerinus. Hind limbs not overlap when legs are folded at right angles to the body and mid dorsal stripe absent. ________ Hoplobatrechus cressus. 17. Lower surface smooth with a single row of porous warts on each flank. Tips of toes swollen. ______ _______ Euphlyctis cyanophylctis. Lower surface more less granular with two rows of porous warts on each flank. Tips of toes pointed. ______ Euphlyctis haxadactyla. 18. A distinct dorso-lateral glandular fold from above tympanum to vent; bright orange or red crimson colour on back, in-between the glandular folds. Hydrophylax malabarica. Dorso-lateral glandular fold absent. _____________ ____________ 19. 19. Tips of fingers and toes dilated in to small discs with circum marginal groove ___________ Indirana leithii. 13 Tips of fingers and toes not dilated in to discs. ___________________ 20. 20. Two segments of the forth toe without webs, male with internal vocal sacs. Fejervarya keralensis. Three segments of forth toe without webs, male with external vocal sacs ________________________ 21. 21. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the nostril when the leg is held along the body. Fejervarya limnocharis. Tibio-tarsal articulation not reaches up to eye when the leg is held along the body. Fejervarya syharensis. 18. 8. Species account 1. Maharashtra Caecilian Ichthyophis bombayensis Taylor, 1960: Gujarati name: Dhusade Diagnostic Features: A long earthworm or snake like body with over 385 transverse folds, 14 confined to tail region. Snout rounded with very small eyes and obscure. A small tentacle on both sides at the edge of lip and closer to eyes than the nostril. First nuchal fold well visible from above, on sides and on underside of neck. Mid body portions 14 Raju Vyas little thicker in comparison to anterior and posterior body parts. Tail compressed laterally and pointed. Body width is equal to 25 divided of body length. Tail relatively long contained in total length about 25 times. Texture and Colour: Body colour dark brown or grey, lighter colour on ventral side. Head somewhat mottled with darker brown and a small light colour area around the eyes. Some times a cream spot below the tentacle and one around nostril, lip area at mouth-angle is cream coloured. Body has transverse folds from the neck to tail end. Very small tiny scales present throughout body with usually only a single row on each fold. Habits and Habitat: During daytime hides in crevices, under stones, treebuttresses or buries itself under loose soils, comes out at night for foraging. Usually found near running waters, especially at night after heavy showers. Some times found under garbage. Note: The scientific name of the species indicates that the species is belongs to Bombay (now Mumbai) but the type locality is Waghai area in Dangs district of Gujarat State. Earlier this area was part of Bombay State, therefore the species' name has been given as 'bombayensis' by Taylor (1960). Distribution: Gujarat: Dangs, Valsad, Navsari and Surat District. India: As above. Also, report from Maharashtra, Srinagari of Karnataka. Viral Prajapati 2. Common Asian Toad Bufo melanostictus Schneider, 1799: Gujarati name: Samanya BhoomiDedako Diagnostic Features: A large-sized toad's. Head is broader than length with dark black coloured cornified bony ridges, also tips of fingers and toes, metatarsal tubercle and tubercle on the palm of the hand black cornification. Snout is rounded. Tympanum is visible and is two-thirds the diameter of the eye. Parotoid glands are large and bean-shaped. Fingers are without webs, first finger equal to or longer than the second. Fingers and toes are swollen at the tip. Toes less than half-webbed, fourth toe free. Two oval shaped metatarsal tubercles present. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaches above the tympanum, when hind limbs are extended and bent. Male smaller than the female, with a sub-gular vocal sac, during breeding season male throat changes to yellow or orange colour. Texture and Colour: Dorsal body skin is rough with number of tipped spiny warts, ventral side rough in texture. Body colour greyish or dark brown with a few yellow or rose colour spots. Ventral parts dull white with a yellowish tinge. Male throat becomes yellow or orange in colour during the breeding season. 16 15 Habits and Habitat: Nocturnal terrestrial toad. Usually found during dusk time near the water or moist areas. Generally found in and around human settlements, gardens and open landscapes. Occasionally found in edges of forest, especially in the drier areas. Call: The call of male is very resembling to the noise produced by a child's horsehair rattle (Daniel, 1963). Some times chirping sound or a shrill whistle. Distribution: Gujarat: Throughout Gujarat. India: Throughout India. Elsewhere: Bangladesh, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand. free. Two oval shaped metatarsal tubercles present with sharp edges. Tibio- tarsal joint reaches in between tympanum and eye when hind limbs are extended and bent. Texture and Colour: Dorsal body colour is brownish or olive-gray with several irregular flat warts. A row of white tubercles on outer side of the forelimbs. Belly and upper lip is dirty white. The males have a yellowish tint, black vocal sacs and black cornified patches on the inner side of first two fingers during the breeding season. Habits and Habitat: Nocturnal terrestrial toad. Usually found during dusk time nearer the water or moist areas. Found around human settlements and gardens. Usually found in forest area. Distribution: Gujarat: Throughout Gujarat. India: Assam, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Orrisa, Rajasthan and West Bengal. Western and Eastern Himalayas up to an altitude of two thousand meters. Elsewhere: The species is widely distributed from eastern Iran and southern Afghanistan to Pakistan, Nepal and Sri Lanka. 3. Marbled Toad Bufo stomaticus Lutken, 1862: Gujarati name: Samanya karkabro Bhumi-Dedako Diagnostic Features: Medium sized toads. Broader head and round snout without any bony ridges. Tympanum is visible and is 2/3rd the diameter of the eye. Large size, elliptical shape parotoid glands present. Fingers without web, first finger longer than the second. Toes are 2/3rd webbed with two segments of the fourth toe 17 Raju Vyas 4. Green Toad Bufo viridis Laurenti, 1768: Gujarati name: Lilibhatwala BhumiDedako 18 Raju Vyas Diagnostic Features: A robust toad with prominent, moderately elongate kidneyshaped parotoid glands. Snout short and blunt without bony ridges. Pupil horizontal. Tympanum distinct and about half the diameter of the eye. First finger extending a little beyond the second. Toes two-thirds webbed with single sub-articular tubercles. Two moderate sized tubercles on metatarsal. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches up to eye when hind limbs are extended and bent. Male with a sub gular vocal sac and black nuptial pad on the two inner fingers. Texture and Colour: Dorsal body colour pale greenish or olive with bold dark greenish spots or marbled marking with dark edges. Upper parts with irregular, depressed and distinctly porous warts. Belly coloured light yellowish or cream. Habits and Habitat: Nocturnal terrestrial toad. Usually found at dusk time near water or moist areas. Found in and around human settlements and gardens. Usually found in arid and dry area. Call: A call rather faint, melodious thrill. Distribution: Gujarat: Jamnagar (Dwarka and Byt Dwarka) and Kachchh District. India: Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab and Himalayas Elsewhere: Widely distributed, as far north as south Sweden and as Far West as Germany, France, Italy, Corsia, Sardinia, and North Africa and up to eastwards to Central Asia. Note : According to I. Das and S. Dutta the species most probably bufo latastii (?) for bufo viridis required further confirmation. 5. Painted Bull-Frog Kaloula taprobanica Parker, 1934 Diagnostic Features: A medium size frog. A squat rounded frog with short and thick hind feet. Snout is rounded. Nostril is nearer to the tip of the snout. Tympanum is not visible. Fingers are long, free without webs, first shorter than the second, tips with well developed truncate discs. Toes one third webbed, tips obtusely swollen. The sub-articular tubercles distinct andpresent on fingers and toes. Shovel- shape metatarsal tubercles present, inner larger than the outer one. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the shoulder when hind limbs are extended and bent. Male with a sub-gular vocal sac. Texture and Colour: Dorsal body skin is finely pebbled with widely scattered warts, belly skin wrinkled with granules. Body colour black-brown or chocolate with scattered dark and light red spots. A wide and irregularly shaped red coloured a band runs from the eye to groin in both sides on the lateral body portion. Chin and throat black in breeding male. Habits and Habitat: Nocturnal, found on tree trunk and buttresses of old trees, in forest area. During daytime hide under stones and tree hollows or buttresses. 20 19 Raju Vyas Call: A loud metallic groaning honk and “Wau-auhhh” sound. Distribution: Gujarat: Surat, Dahod, Narmada and Anand District. India: Assam, Bihar, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. Elsewhere: Bangladesh, China, Japan, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Taiwan and Thailand. and in between eyes. A dark streak extends along the lateral side from eye to the shoulder. Limbs are with dark bars. The belly is dull white and the throat and chest are brown. Male throat turns black in colour during breeding seasons. Habits and Habitat: Nocturnal, terrestrial frog found usually in rainy season on florae of the forests, grasslands, agricultural fields, arid and dry and open lands. Call: “Trrk-trrk- trrk”, strikingly loud and ventriloquistic. The male call is very loud in comparison to its size. It is difficult to locate the calling male in the field. Distribution: Gujarat: Throughout Gujarat. India: Throughout India. Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Japan, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan and Taiwan. 6. Ornate Narrow-Mouthed Frog Microhyla ornata (Dumeril and Bibron, 1841): Gujarati name: Samanya Laghu Mukhguhadhati Dedaku Diagnostic Features: Small sized frog. Head is broad with big eye. Snout is short, pointed and nostril near to the tip. Tympanum is not visible. Fore limbs without web, second finger longer than the first. Hind limbs with rudimentary webs. Two oval shaped metatarsal tubercles present. Tibio- tarsal articulation reaches up to eye when hind limbs are extended and bent. Texture and Colour: Dorsal body colour light brown or yellowish brown with distinct dark brown diamond shaped mark on back 21 Raju Vyas 7. Red Narrow-Mouthed Frog Microhyla rubra Jerdon, 1854: Gujarati name: Laghu Mukh-guhadhari Dedaku Diagnostic Features: Small sized frog. Head is broad with big eye. Snout is short, pointed with nostril nearer to tip. 22 Indraneil Das Tympanum is not visible. Fore limbs without web, second finger longer than the first. Hind limbs with rudimentary webs. Two shovel shaped metatarsal tubercles present. Tibio- tarsal articulation reaches up to the eye when hind limbs are extended and bent. Texture and Colour: Skin smooth, except the anal region which is granular. Dorsal body coloured reddish brown with dark brown cross mark on back (some times absent). A dark brown line from the tip of snout through the eye along the side of the back to the groin. Limbs with dark cross bar. Some times few brown spots on the throat. Males have black throat with a subgular vocal sac. Habits and Habitat: Nocturnal fossorial frog found usually in rainy season on florae of the forests, grasslands and agricultural field. Call: A call quite similar to species M. ornata. Akin to chirping of crickets, but is interrupted. Distribution: Gujarat: Narmada District. India: Karnataka, Kerala, Goa, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. Elsewhere: Sri Lanka, Myanmar. Raju Vyas 8. Jerdon's Ramanella Ramanella montana (Jerdon, 1854): Gujarati name: not available Diagnostic Features: Medium size frogs. Snout short and rounded. Fingers without webs and tips are dilated into well developed disks, first finger short than the second finger. Toes half webbed and tips are slightly swollen. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaches up to the shoulder or between the shoulder and the eye, when hind limbs are extended and bent forward. Two small metatarsal tubercles present the inner oval and blunt, outer minute and rounded. Texture and Colour: Varying shades of brown with darker spots. Belly grey or blackish with white spots or blotches. Habits and Habitat: Nocturnal, found on tree trunks. During daytime hides in hollows of tree trunks. Calling male found on trunk of tree, during the rainy season. It prefers good forest area. Call: “Brong.. Brong… Brong”. The call is deeper metallic groaning honk. Distribution: Gujarat: Dangs, Navsari and Valsad District. India: Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. 23 24 Distribution: Gujarat: Dangs, Navsari, Valsad, Surat, Narmada and Bharuch District. India: Assam, Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa and West Bengal. Vivak Gour-Broom 9. Grey Balloon Frog Uperodon globulosus (Gunther, 1864): Gujarati name: Samanya Balun Bhoomigat Dedaku Diagnostic Features: Medium-sized, round burrowing frog with toad like appearance. Broader small head with small eye. Nostril is at equal distance of tip of snout and the eye. Tympanum is not visible. Fore limbs without webs with rounded tip fingers. Hind limbs are short with rudimentary webs. Two well developed, large and shovel shaped metatarsal tubercles present. Tibio tarsal articulation reaches below to the shoulder when hind limbs are extended and bent. Texture and Colour: Dorsal body skin smooth with wrinkles and anal region granular. Body colour red-brownish or green-greyish. Belly and throat are dirty white coloured. During breeding season, male's throat becomes black. Habits and Habitat: Nocturnal and fossorial frog. Only comes out at night, during the rainy season for breeding. Call: The call is a loud grunting “Oink”. Habits and Habitat: Nocturnal and fossorial frog. Only it comes out during the 25 26 Raju Vyas 10. Marbled Balloon Frog Uperodon systoma (Schneider, 1799): Gujarati name: Karkabro Bhoomigat Dedaku Diagnostic Features: Large to medium sized, round burrowing frog, with toad like appearance. Snout short and blunt with small eye. Fore limbs without webs with rounded finger tip, first finger shorter than the second. Hind limbs are short with rudimentary webs. Two well developed, large and shovel shaped metatarsal tubercles present, inner very large, as long as the second toe. Tibio tarsal articulation reaches below to the shoulder when hind limbs are extended and bent. Texture and Colour: Skin smooth with few tuberculars. Dorsal body coloured olive or brown with dark blackish brown marbled. Belly white. Male with a sub-gular vocal sac. rainy season for breeding. Call: “Bek.. Bek.. Bek”. The call resembles to the bleating of a goat. Distribution: Gujarat: Throughout Gujarat, except Kachchha India: Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. Elsewhere: Nepal and Sri Lanka. Texture and Colour: Dorsal body skin smooth with granular belly and thighs. Head skin loose or free and on the back are a pair of distinct elevations appearing in squat position. Dorsal body colour usually brown or grey but depends on the colour of habitat. It has the ability to change body colour shade according to its surroundings, from greyish-yellow to brown and deep yellow. The under parts are white or with brownish patches. A dark brown marking extends from the tip of nostril to the eye and up to the middle of the belly, on both sides of the head. The limbs are crossbarred with under hide parts marked by dark brown or purplish colour. Habits and Habitat: Nocturnal tree dwelling. Usually found in gardens, forests, agricultural areas, occasionally comes in house at night during the rainy period for forging insect, which are attracted by lamp. Call: The most typical call is a series of “Tak.. Tak.. Tak..” or “Da.. Da..” or “Do.. Do.. Do..” During breeding season several males call in chorus, it may sound like the distant noise of fireworks. Distribution: Gujarat: Dangs, Navsari, Valsad, Surat, Narmada, Bharuch and Panchmahal Districts. Also is a possibility on the Girnar Hills, Gir forests and Barada Wildlife Sanctuary. India: Throughout India. Elsewhere: Sri Lanka. 11. Common Indian Tree Frog Polypedates maculatus (Gray, 1834): Gujarati name: Samanya Sita Dedaki Diagnostic Features: Medium sized tree frog. It is easily recognised by its appearance, especially the slim body with narrow-waist and long elongated limbs with fingers and toe's tips dilated into flattened, spherical or horse-shoe shaped adhesive discs. Pointed snout projects a little beyond the mouth. Nostril is nearer to tip of the snout, eye large with goggling look. Tympanum is visible and equal to the eye diameter. Forelimbs have a rudimentary web and toes are almost half-webbed with two segments of the fourth toe free. Distinct oval shaped inner metatarsal tubercles present but outer tubercles absent. Tibiotarsal articulation reaches above the eye when hind limbs are extended and bent. 27 Raju Vyas 28 found in all kinds of water bodies, including polluted (some extended) also, as floating with all four limbs up often folded close to the body. It is one of the most common frog species and appears in all seasons. Call: “Krrrak… Krrrak… Krrrak”. Also the call is low pitched rattle, like “Creek… Creek…..” Distribution: Gujarat: Throughout Gujarat. India: Throughout India. Elsewhere: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanla. 12. Indian Skipping Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (Schneider, 1799): Gujarati name: Samanya TarvaiyoDedako Diagnostic Features: Medium sized frog. Rounded snout with nostril at equal distance of the eye and the tip of the snout. Tympanum is visible and equal to size of the eye. Fingers are pointed and without web, the first and second finger are equal in length. Toes are fully webbed and its tips are swollen and rounded. Inner metatarsal tubercle is pointed and toe-like, outer metatarsal tubercle absent. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaches in between the eye and the tympanum when hind limbs are extended and bent. Texture and Colour: Dorsal body skin smooth with small warts. The glandular folds are absent. A skin fold runs from behind the eye to the shoulder. Belly is smooth with single row of large porous warts on each side of the flanks. Body colour dark green-brown or light yellowish green with darker rounded spots on the back and stripes on the limbs. The belly is white with black spots. Habits and Habitat: Aquatic, usually 29 Raju Vyas 13. Indian Green Frog Euphlyctis hexadactylus (Lesson, 1834): Gujarati name: Lilo TarvaiyoDedakoDiagnostic Features: A large sized frog. Pointed snout with large eye, nostril is nearer to snout tip. Tympanum is visible and equal to size of the eye. Fingers are without web, the first finger is equal to or longer than the second. Toes are fully webbed. Fingers and toes tips are sharply pointed. Inner metatarsal tubercle is elongated and digit-like (the character that the species is known as 'hexadactylus'), outer metatarsal tubercle absent. Tibiotarsal articulation reaches in between the 30 Raju Vyas eye and the tympanum when hind limbs are extended and bent. Texture and Colour: Dorsal body skin smooth, glandular folds are absent. A skin fold runs from behind the eye to the shoulder. Granules and warts are present on the back, throat, belly and under thighs. Two rows of large porous warts along the flanks. Body colour dark green or light yellowish green. Habits and Habitat: Aquatic, nocturnal. Generally, found in non-polluted water bodies, where good growth of aquatic vegetation is present. Call: Dinning noise Distribution: Gujarat: Throughout Gujarat (except dry area). India: Throughout India except northern India. Elsewhere: Bangladesh. tympanum. Also heels not overlap when the legs are folded at right angle to the body. Tympanum is distinct. Toes completely webbed, penultimate phalange of forth toe free, tips not pointed. The inner metatarsal tubercle is distinct and large shovel-shaped. Texture and Colour: Dorsal body skin smooth with interrupted long warts. A skin fold present behind the eye to the shoulder. Dorsal body colour grey, brown or green with darker markings. Belly, throat and under thigh regions are white, some time throat black spotted. Limbs bared and spotted. Habits and Habitat: Habits and habitat of the species is quite similar to Indian bull frog. Nocturnal, aquatic frog. Usually found near water bodies where the aquatic vegetation growth is good. During daytime rests near or at the edges of water body. Call: Similar of H. tigerinus ? Distribution: Gujarat: First record from Lambha village, near Ahemdabad, Gujarat. India: Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, Utter Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal Orissa, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Maharashtra. Throughout India. Elsewhere: Nepal and Sri Lanka. 14. Jerdon's bull frog Hoplobatrachus cressus (Jerdon, 1853) Gujarati name: ? Diagnostic Features: A large sized frog closely resembling with species Indian bull frog (H. tigerinus) but it can be differentiated by its shorter leg and tibiatarsal articulation reaching up to eye or 31 32 Raju Vyas Habits and Habitat: Nocturnal, aquatic frog. Usually found near water bodies where the aquatic vegetation growth is good. During daytime rests near or at the edges of water body. Call: A loud “Quank-Quank” sound throughout night during rains. Its call is very similar to a buffalo's moo, therefore the local people call as 'Bhensh Dedako'. Distribution: Gujarat: Throughout Gujarat. India: Throughout India. Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Madagascar, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. 15. Indian Bull Frog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (Daudin, 1803): Gujarati name: Bhensh Dedako Diagnostic Features: A large sized frog. Pointed snout with large eyes, nostril is almost at equal distant to eye and tip of snout. Tympanum is visible and equal to size of the eye. Fingers are without webs and first finger is longer than the second. Toes are fully webbed but web does not reach the tip of the third toe. Fingers and toes tip are not sharply pointed. Inner metatarsal tubercle is short and blunt, outer metatarsal tubercle absent. Tibiotarsal articulation reaches in between the eye and the nostril when hind limbs are extended and bent. Texture and Colour: Skin smooth with longitudinal glandular folds on the back. A skin fold runs from behind the eye to the shoulder. Dorsal body colour olive or yellowish green with darker spots (during the early rains the frog colour found yellow when animal comes out from dormant state). A yellowish dorsal median stripe runs from the tip of the snout to vent. Belly is white. Limbs are black-barred or spotted. 33 Viral Prajapati 16. Leith's Frog Indirana leithii (Boulenger, 1888): Gujarati name: not availableDiagnostic Features: Medium sized frogs. Snout rounded with moderate sized eye. Nostril nearer to the tip of snout. Tympanum is visible and two-thirds the diameter of the eye. Fingers not webbed first finger equal to the second finger in length. Toes webbed, the web reaching the disks of the third and fifth toes. Tips of fingers and toes are dilated into small, well-developed disks. Inner metatarsal tubercle is small, oval, and outer metatarsal tubercle absent. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaches between the nostril 34 Raju Vyas and the tip of the snout when hind limbs are extended and bent. Texture and Colour: Small-scattered warts on back. A strong skin fold running from the eye to the shoulder. Dorsal body colour brown with small dark brown or golden spot on the back occasionally present. Dark transverse bands on limbs. Belly white and throat mottled with brown colour. Habits and Habitat: Found under stones and leaf litters, diurnal frog. Call: Apparently unrecorded. metatarsal tubercle is small and blunt. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaches in between the nostril and the tip of the snout when hind limbs are extended and bent. Texture and Colour: Dorsal body colour dark grey or brown with some dark marking. Skin on the back is warty and rough. Lips and limbs are barred. Sometimes a white or light yellow line running through the tip of snout to the anus. A skin fold runs from the back of the eye to the shoulder. Habits and Habitat: Semi-aquatic and nocturnal. Usually found at the edges of streams and small water bodies. Found resting under rock and dry leaf litter during the day. Call: The call is “Crok… Crok…Crok..” Call very soft and insect like “Check.. Check.. Ckeckka… Checkka”. Distribution: Gujarat: Panchmahal (?), Narmada and Bharuch District. India: Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Goa and West Bengal (?). 17. Kerala Warty Frog Fejervarya keralensis (Dubois, 1980): Gujarati name: Kerala-no Bhoomi- RanaDedakoNote: The species was first described as Rana verrucosa by Gunther in 1875, it was renamed in 1980 by Dubois as Rana keralensis. Diagnostic Features: Medium sized frogs. Snout is pointed with large eyes. The nostril is at the equal distance of the eye and the tip of the snout. Fingers are pointed and without web, the first finger longer than the second finger. Toes are webbed with two segments of the fourth toe free. Inner metatarsal tubercle is elliptical and outer 35 Raju Vyas 18. Cricket Frog Fejervarya limnocharis (Gravenhorst, 1829): 36 Viral Prajapati Gujarati name: Bharatiya Samanya Bhoomi-Rana- Dedako Diagnostic Features: A small to medium sized frog. Snout is pointed, nostril is nearer to the tip of the snout. Tympanum is visible. Fingers are without webs, first finger is longer than the second. Toes are halfwebbed with three segments of the fourth toe free. Metatarsal tubercles present, inner one oval and larger than the outer one. Tibiotarsal articulation reaches up to nostril when hind limbs are extended and bent. A prominent skin fold runs from behind the eye to the shoulder. Male has an external vocal sac, which is black in breeding season. Texture and Colour: Body colour and markings look like a miniature version of H. tigerina. Body colour rusty brown or brownish grey with warty, and above with darker blotches on the back. A mid-dorsal light yellowish or cream colour streak of (varying width) often present from tip of the snout to the anus. Belly is smooth and white. Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Borneo, China (south west), Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sumatra and Java, Thailand and Vietnam. 19. Syhadra frog Fejervarya syhadrensis (Annandale, 1919) Gujarati name: Dedaki Diagnostic Feature: A small to medium sized frog. Snout is pointed, nostril is nearer to the tip of the snout. Tympanum is visible. Fingers are without webs, first finger is longer than the second or equal in length. Hind limbs are shorter in comparison to previous species. Toes are half-webbed with three segments of the fourth toe free. Metatarsal tubercles present, inner one oval and larger than the outer one. Tibiotarsal articulation reaches up to the anterior border of the eye or behind the tip of the snout when hind limbs are extended and bent. A prominent skin fold runs from behind the eye to the shoulder. Males have an external vocal sac, which is black in the breeding season. Texture and Colour: Body colour rusty brown or brownish grey with warty, and above with darker spots on the back and sometimes with a reddish suffusion. A middorsal light yellowish or cream colour 38 Habits and Habitat: Semi-aquatic, usually found nearer to water and wellvegetated habitats. Call: A raspy chirp, rapidly repeated. The call is very similar to the call of the cricket insect. Note: The specimens of the species are found from the Saurashtra area especially from Gir forests and Barada Wildlife Sanctuary are the variable. Distribution: Gujarat: Throughout Gujarat. India: Throughout India. 37 Raju Vyas streak is often present from tip of the snout to the anus. Belly is smooth and white. Habits and Habitat: Semi-aquatic, found on forest floor under dry leaf litters. Call: Similar with previous species. Note: Earlier this species was considered as sub-species of Cricket Frog (F. limnocharis), but now it is elevated as a separate species. Distribution: Gujarat: Navsari and Valsad District. India: Maharashtra and Orissa. Elsewhere: Nepal and Pakistan Texture and Colour: Dorsal body skin granular and a broad glandular lateral fold present. A glandular fold running from eye to the shoulder. Upper lip and flank spotted. Limbs are blackish or brown with spotted or marbled brown marks. A yellowish white or crimson coloured broad strip on back runs from the tip of the snout to the anus. Belly white, uniform or spotted or marbled with black. Habits and Habitat: Semi arboreal, nocturnal and often found at considerable heights on tree. During daytime stays within holes and crevices in damp areas. Call: The metallic call as “Wack… Wack..”, similar with tin rattle. Distribution: Gujarat: Navsari District. India: Goa, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Orissa. 20. Fungoid frog Hydrophylax malabarica (Tschudi, 1838): Gujarati name: Malabar Rana-Dedako Diagnostic Features: Large to medium sized frogs. Snout pointed with medium sized eye and nostrils near to the tip of the snout. Tympanum is visible and same size of the eye. First finger longer than the second. Toes half webbed. Tips of fingers and toes are swollen. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaches up to the tympanum or the eye when hind limbs are extended and bent. Metatarsal tubercles present inner one is oval and blunt. 39 Raju Vyas Vivak Gour-Broom 21. Short-Headed Burrowing Frog Tomopterna breviceps (Schneider, 1841): Gujarati name: Samanya KhoordhariBho- Dedako Diagnostic Features: At first sight, lookslike a toad but is a medium-sized burrowing frog. Head broader than length. Snout 40 round and short. Tympanum is visible and half the size of the eye. Forelimbs are without webs, finger's tips are swollen. Hind limbs very short. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaches up to the shoulder when hind limbs are extended and bent. Only inner large and shovel-shaped metatarsal tubercle present, outer one absents. Males have a pair of external vocal sacs, which during breeding season change into black colour. Texture and Colour: Body skin smooth or granular with some scattered tubercles. A skin fold from the eye to the shoulder. Belly and lower surfaces of thighs are granulate. The upper lip has dark vertical bars and the hind limbs are with irregular spots. A yellow mid- dorsal streak is often present. Habits and Habitat: Fossorial, nocturnal frog. At night usually found on open forest floors, gardens and agricultural lands. Call: “Rut.. Rut.. Rut..”, some times the call is a loud, nasal 'Quonk' repeated at intervals of a second. Distribution: Gujarat: Throughout Gujarat. India: Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. Elsewhere: Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. 22. Rufescent Burrowing Frog Sphaerotheca rufescens (Jerdon, 1958) Gujarati name: Khoordhari- Bho- Dedako Diagnostic Features: At first sight, lookslike a toad but is a medium-sized burrowing frog. Head broader than length. Snout round and short. Tympanum is visible and half the size of the eye. Forelimbs are without webs, finger's tips are swollen. Hind limbs very short. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaches tympanum or posterioredges of eyes when hind limbs are extended and bent. Inner large and shovelshaped metatarsal tubercle and outer one small and present. Males have a pair of external vocal sacs, which during breeding season change into black colour. Texture and Colour: Body skin numbers warts with two grandular ridge in-between shoulders. A skin fold from the eye to the shoulder. Belly and lower surfaces of thighs are smooth; an upper thighs region is granular. Dorsal body colour brown or brick red with darker spots and marbling. The lips and limbs barred. A yellow mid- dorsal streak is often present. Habits and Habitat: Fossorial. This nocturnal frog found at night near water body, on forest floors, gardens and agricultural lands. 41 42 Varad Giri Call: call not recorded but most probably very similar with S. breviceps? Distribution: Gujarat: North Dangs (Purna Wildlife Sanctuary) South Gujarat. India: Karnataka, Kerala and Maharashtra. including fish, reptiles, birds and mammals. If you calculate the total biomass of amphibians in some temperate and tropical forests, you will find it to be higher than that other terrestrial vertebrates. Some species of snakes and bats feed exclusively on amphibians, thus their fortune will depend on that of there pray. Present booming of malaria in our country is also one of the factors in destruction of frogs - a natural control on mosquito population. By exporting a large number of frog legs in international markets during 1970-1978 we have invited this problem. Now there is a ban on export but its effects on amphibian population can still be seen. Amphibians are also known as living chemical factories. Some of the amphibians produce or secret chemicals such as antibiotics and fungicides from the skin. Some frogs belonging to Dendrobatidae family are capable of producing, a powerful poison, even very small amount of which kills a man. A foamy secretion of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) could become an important new antibiotic. Some South American dart poison frogs produce useful anaesthetics, muscle relaxants and heart stimulants. Recently a chemical found from the South American tree frog (Phyllomedusa bicolor), can open new possibilities for treating Alzheimer's disease and depression in Pharmacology. We have yet to learn so many new things from the amphibians. These creatures have some unique and unbelievable systems and physiology. It is an unsolved mystery for us. A unique anti-freezing device is found in wood frog (Rana sylvatica). This is capable to survive even in low temperatures, where over a sixty- percent of its body fluids get convert in ice. The frog produces some sort of natural antifreeze to keep the remaining body-water in liquid form, but how does this 44 9. Why conserve amphibian fauna? Those who wish to live a happy and healthy life, would need to live in harmony with nature, without which one can not survive. This also means we need to care about other living things and their survival also. The Indian philosophy always inspires us and insists to think that we will be unable to survive alone on the earth. Therefore its message to us is “Each living being has a rights to live on the earth” and “Live and let live”, we must follow this philosophy. Every life is a creation of the nature, each unique and different what we know as the species. Scientist estimates that there are about two million species on the earth, each of which has a right to live on the earth. Every year we are loosing precious genetic materials forever in form of the species extinction. This has forced us to declare and manage a large numbers of protected areas on our planet 'earth' for preservation of biodiversity. However, the question is are the species really protected in Protected Area? Amphibians play critical role in many ecosystems. But owing to their secretive and inconspicuous nature, we know very little about their importance and role in ecosystems. As you know that amphibians are an important prey for many other animals, 43 system work is a question for scientists. An Australian frog belonging to genus Cyclorana has unique water holding system. The frog is able to absorb enough amount of water to last for months or even years of drought. How does it do that, is a question for us. A Mexican burrowing frog (Rhinophrynus dorsalis) survive without food for almost two years, in captive condition. Really it is an interesting frog. Most unique phenomena noticed in Australia's gastric brooding frog (Rheobatrachus silus) is that it is the only animal known to incubate its eggs in its stomach. The female of Brooding frog swallows its fertilised eggs, which develop into young adults in its stomach. It turns off its digestive mechanisms during this sixweek period and does not eat until the offspring finally emerges through itsmouth. Unfortunately, that frog's secrets are now beyond our reach. The gastric brooding frog disappeared in 1981 for ever. Another Gastric Brooding frog (R. vitellinus) was described in 1984, which also exhibited gastric brooding but again unfortunately this the species also disappeared in 1985. We know that frogs and toads are one of the best friends of farmers. Frogs and toads feed on many insects and pest from agricultural areas and serve as biological controls on harmful insects. This results in reduced damage to agricultural crops and so its finally beneficial to the mankind. Today, Amphibians are facing crisis, especially anuran amphibians, large number of frogs & toads species die in different continents. Due to loss of the habitat, alteration of the habitat, pollution, pesticides, chemical fertilisers and introduction of non-native species (either 45 accidentally or intentionally). But, during the last decade it is observed by many scientists, especially herpetologists that some of the amphibians die in wellprotected 'Protected Areas' also, due to disease occurring most probably by Chytridiomycosis fungus. Here again the question comes “are the living amphibians safe in declared Protected Area?” The loss of the many populations of amphibians and amphibians species is a warning to us, 'Today amphibians are facing an environmental corrosion and our planet earth is not safe for the tomorrows. If our planet earth (we Indians call it Dharati Mata the mother) is in danger, it means our future is not bright. Therefore it is essential for us to conserve all life of which amphibians are a part and immensely helpful to human beings. 10. Selected Bibliography. 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Afield guide to the frogs and toads of the Western Ghats, India: Part I, II and III Cobra (27, 28 & 29): 1- 25, 1- 24 and 1- 13. Sarkar, A. K. 1984. Ecological studies on the amphibian of Gujarat. Bull. Zool. Soc. India. 6 (1- 3): 87 93. Sarkar A. K. and S. Ray. 2000. Amphibia. In State Fauna Series 8: Fauna of Gujarat, Part - I, Zoological Survey of India : 299- 309pp. Siliwal, M., S. Dhuru, B. Suresh, Y. M. Naik and Bonny Pilo,. 2002. Amphibians of Purna Wildlife Sanctuary, Dangs, Gujarat. Zoos' Print 18(7): 11571158. Singh, H. S., 2001, Natural Heritage of Gujarat. Gujarat Ecological Education and Research (GEER) Foundation, Gandhinagar, 162 pp. Singh H. S. and K. Tatu, 1999, Biodiversity study on Rampara Wildlife Sanctuary, Gujarat Ecological Education & Research Foundation, Gandhinagar, 106 pp. Singh H. S., B. H. Patel, R. Pravez, V. C. Soni, N. Shah, K. Tatu and D. Patel, Ecological study of Wild Ass Sanctua-ry, Gujarat Ecological Education & Res-earch Faundation, Gandhinagar. 300 pp. Singh H. S., B. R. Raval, B. H. Patel, Ketan Tatu, Dimple Patel, Raju Vyas and B. H. Patel. 2000. Biodiversity Study on Vansda National Park. Gujarat Ecological Education & Research Faundation, Gandhinagar. 176pp. Singh H. S., B. H. Patel, P. Trivedi, B. R. Raval, J. S. Pawar, R. Vyas and B. H. Patel, 2002, Biodiversity study in Ratanmahals Wildlife Sanctuary. Gujarat Ecological Education & Rese-arch Foundation, Gandhinagar. 228 pp. Shull, E. M. 1964. Supplementary note on a list of reptiles and amphibians of the Surat Dangs, south Gujarat. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 61(2): 452. Soman, P. W. 1960. A note on amphibians of Kutch. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 57(1):226- 227. Stoliczka, F., 1872, Notes on the reptilian and amphibian fauna of Kutchh (Cutch). Proc. Asiat. Soc. , 48 Bengal, May.:71-85. Taylor, E. H. 1960. On the caecilian species Ichthyophis monochrous and Ichthyophis glutinosus with descriptions of related species. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 40(3): 31-36. Vyas, R. 1996. Amphibian fauna of Gujarat state: Updated distribution. Zoos' Print 11(5): 12 13. Vyas, R. 1999. A preliminary survey on amphibian fauna of Jambughoda Wild life Sanctuary, Gujarat. Frog leg 3(2): 3. Vyas, R. 2000, Supplementary note onherpetofauna of Gir forests. Zoos' Print J. 15(5): 263-264. Vyas, R. 2000, Herpetofauna of Hingolgadh Nature Education Sanctuary, Gujarat. Zoos' Print J. 15(6):285-286. Vyas, R. 2002, Survey of habitat, distribution and status of Bombay ichthyophis (Ichthyophis bombayensis) in the Western Ghats region of Gujarat State. Declining Amphibian Population Task Force, IUCN: SSC. 34p+ xii, fig.4 + Map 6 & Plate 7. Vyas, R. and B. M. Parasharya. 2004. Painted frog (Kaloula pulchra) from Ananad and Surat, Gujarat, India. Zoos' Print 19(4): 1444. Vyas, R. and B. H. Patel. 1994. Second record of the frog (Kaloula pulchra) Gray from Gujarat state. Cobra (18): 25 26. Vyas, R., B. M. Parasharya and Anika Jadhav. 2004. First record of Jerdon's bull frog Hoplobatrachus crassus (Jerdon, 1853) from Gujarat. Zoos'Print J. 19(3): 1416. ORDER ANURA Family Bufonidae Ornate Torrent Toad Ansonia ornata Günther, 1876 Ansonia rubigina Pillai and Pattabiraman, 1981 · Ansonia inthanon · Bufo beddomii Günther, 1876 · Bufo brevirostris Rao, 1937 · Bufo burmanus Andersson, 1939 · Bufo cyphosus Ye, 1977 · Himalayan Toad Bufo himalayanus Günther, 1864 · Bufo hololius Günther, 1876 · Bufo koynayensis Soman, 1963 · Ladakh Toad Bufo latastii Boulenger, 1882 · Common Indian Toad Bufo melanostictus 49 Schneider, 1799 Bufo microtympanum Boulenger, 1882 Bufo parietalis Boulenger, 1882 Ferguson's Toad Bufo scaber Schneider, 1799 · Bufo silentvalleyensis Pillai, 1981 · Indus Valley toad Bufo stomaticus Lütken, 1864 · Green Toad Bufo viridis · Bufo stuarti Smith, 1929 · Bufoides meghalayanus (Yazdani and Chanda, 1971) · Pedostibes kempi (Boulenger, 1919) · Pedostibes tuberculosus Günther, 1876 Family Hylidae · Hyla annectans (Jerdon, 1870) Family Megophryidae · Hasselt's Toad Leptobrachium hasseltii Tschudi, 1838 · Leptobrachium smithi Matsui, Nabhitabhata, and Panha, 1999 · Scutiger boulengeri (Bedriaga, 1898) · Scutiger gongshanensis Yang and Su In Yang, Su, and Li, 1979 · Nyingchi Alpine Toad Scutiger nyingchiensis Fei, 1977 · Sikkim Alpine Toad Scutiger sikimmensis (Blyth, 1855) · Xenophrys boettgeri (Boulenger, 1899) · Xenophrys kempii (Annandale, 1912) · Xenophrys major (Boulenger, 1908) · Xenophrys parva (Boulenger, 1893) · Xenophrys robusta (Boulenger, 1908) · Xenophrys glandulosa · Xenophrys major · Xenophrys parva · Xenophrys robusta · Xenophrys wuliangshanensis · Asian horned frog Megophrys montana Family Microhylidae · Melanobatrachus indicus Beddome, 1878 · Kalophrynus orangensis Dutta, Ahmed, and Das, 2000 · Kaloula baleata (Müller In Oort and Müller, 1833) · Painted Frog Kaloula pulchra Gray, 1831 · Kaloula assamensis · Sri Lankan Bullfrog Kaloula taprobanica Parker, 1934 · Microhyla berdmorei (Blyth, 1856) · Microhyla chakrapanii Pillai, 1977 · Microhyla heymonsi Vogt, 1911 · Ornate Narrow-Mouthed Toad Microhyla ornata (Duméril and Bibron, 1841) · Microhyla pulchra (Hallowell, 1861) · Microhyla rubra (Jerdon, 1854) · · · 50 Microhyla sholigari Dutta and Ray, 2000 Micryletta inornata (Boulenger, 1890) Ramanella anamalaiensis Rao, 1937 Ramanella minor Rao, 1937 Ramanella montana (Jerdon, 1854) Ramanella mormorata Rao, 1937 Ramanella triangularis (Günther, 1876) White-bellied pug-snout frog Ramanella variegata (Stoliczka, 1872) · Uperodon globulosus (Günther, 1864) · Marbled balloon frog Uperodon systoma (Schneider, 1799) Family Nasikabatrachidae · Purple Frog (Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis) Biju and Bossuyt, 2003 Family Ranidae · Amolops chakrataensis Ray, 1992 · Amolops formosus (Günther, 1876) · Amolops gerbillus (Annandale, 1912) · Amolops himalayanus (Boulenger, 1888) · Amolops jaunsari Ray, 1992 · Amolops marmoratus (Blyth, 1855) · Amolops monticola (Anderson, 1871) · Amolops viridimaculatus · Chaparana sikimensis (Jerdon, 1870) · Common skittering frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (Schneider, 1799) · Euphlyctis ghoshi (Chanda, 1991) · Indian Five-fingered Frog Euphlyctis hexadactylus (Lesson, 1834) · Fejervarya andamanensis (Stoliczka, 1870) · Fejervarya assimilis (Blyth, 1852) · Fejervarya brama (Lesson, 1834) · Fejervarya brevipalmata (Peters, 1871) · Fejervarya cancrivora (Gravenhorst, 1829) · Fejervarya greenii (Boulenger, 1905) · Fejervarya keralensis (Dubois, 1981) · Alpine cricket frog Fejervarya limnocharis (Gravenhorst, 1829) · Fejervarya murthii (Pillai, 1979) · Fejervarya mysorensis (Rao, 1922) · Fejervarya nicobariensis (Stoliczka, 1870) · Fejervarya nepalensis · Fejervarya nilagirica (Jerdon, 1854) · Fejervarya orissaensis (Dutta, 1997) · Fejervarya parambikulamana (Rao, 1937) · Fejervarya rufescens (Jerdon, 1854) · Fejervarya sauriceps (Rao, 1937) · Southern cricket frog Fejervarya syhadrensis (Annandale, 1919) · Fejervarya teraiensis · Jerdon's Bullfrog Hoplobatrachus crassus (Jerdon, 1854) · Indus Valley Bullfrog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (Daudin, 1802) · Indirana beddomii (Günther, 1876) 51 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Indirana brachytarsus (Günther, 1876) Indirana diplosticta (Günther, 1876) Indirana gundia (Dubois, 1986) Indirana leithii (Boulenger, 1888) Indirana leptodactyla (Boulenger, 1882) Indirana longicrus (Rao, 1937) Indirana phrynoderma (Boulenger, 1882) Indirana semipalmata (Boulenger, 1882) Indirana tenuilingua Rao, 1937 Limnonectes andamanensis Limnonectes doriae (Boulenger, 1887) Limnonectes hascheanus (Stoliczka, 1870) Limnonectes khasianus (Anderson, 1871) Limnonectes kuhlii (Tschudi, 1838) Limnonectes laticeps (Boulenger, 1882) Limnonectes limborgi (Sclater, 1892) Limnonectes mawlyndipi (Chanda, 1990) Limnonectes mawphlangensis (Pillai and Chanda, 1977) Limnonectes shompenorum Das, 1996 Micrixalus elegans (Rao, 1937) Micrixalus fuscus (Boulenger, 1882) Micrixalus gadgili Pillai and Pattabiraman, 1990 Micrixalus kottigeharensis (Rao, 1937) Micrixalus narainensis (Rao, 1937) Micrixalus nudis Pillai, 1978 Micrixalus phyllophilus (Jerdon, 1854) Micrixalus saxicola (Jerdon, 1854) Micrixalus silvaticus (Boulenger, 1882) Micrixalus swamianus (Rao, 1937) Micrixalus thampii Pillai, 1981 Minervarya sahyadris Dubois, Ohler, and Biju, 2001 Nanorana pleskei Günther, 1896 Nyctibatrachus aliciae Inger, Shaffer, Koshy, and Bakde, 1984 Nyctibatrachus beddomii (Boulenger, 1882) Nyctibatrachus deccanensis Dubois, 1984 Nyctibatrachus humayuni Bhaduri and Kripalani, 1955 Nyctibatrachus hussaini Krishnamurthy, Reddy, and Gururaja, 2001 Nyctibatrachus kempholeyensis (Rao, 1937) Nyctibatrachus major Boulenger, 1882 Nyctibatrachus minor Inger, Shaffer, Koshy, and Bakde, 1984 Nyctibatrachus modestus Nyctibatrachus petraeus Nyctibatrachus sanctipalustris Rao, 1920 Nyctibatrachus sylvaticus Rao, 1937 Nyctibatrachus vasanthi Ravichandran, 1997 Occidozyga borealis (Annandale, 1912) Occidozyga lima (Gravenhorst, 1829) Occidozyga sumatrana (Peters, 1877) 52 Paa annandalii (Boulenger, 1920) Paa arnoldi (Dubois, 1975) Paa barmoachensis(Khan and Tasnim, 1989) · Paa blanfordii (Boulenger, 1882) · Paa conaensis (Fei and Huang In Huang and Fei, 1981) · Paa ercepeae (Dubois, 1974) · Hazara torrent frog Paa hazarensis (Dubois and Khan, 1979) · Paa liebigii (Günther, 1860) · Paa minica (Dubois, 1975) · Paa mokokchungensis (Das and Chanda, 2000) · Paa polunini (Smith, 1951) · Karez frog Paa sternosignata (Murray, 1885) · Murree Hill's frog Paa vicina (Stoliczka, 1872) · Pterorana khare Kiyasetuo and Khare, 1986 · Rana alticola Boulenger, 1882 · Golden frog Rana aurantiaca Boulenger, 1904 · Rana charlesdarwini Das, 1998 · Rana chitwanensis Das, 1998 · Rana chloronota (Günther, 1876) · Bicolored Frog Rana curtipes Jerdon, 1854 · Yellow striped frog Rana erythraea · Rana danieli Pillai and Chanda, 1977 · Boulenger's Garo Hill Frog Rana garoensis Boulenger, 1920 · Rana humeralis Boulenger, 1887 · Rana leptoglossa (Cope, 1868) · Fungoid Frog Rana malabarica Tschudi, 1838 · Rana nigrovittata (Blyth, 1856) · Rana senchalensis · Rana taipehensis · Bronzed Frog Rana temporalis (Günther, 1864) · Rana tytleri (Theobald, 1868) · Burrowing frog Sphaerotheca breviceps (Schneider, 1799) · Sphaerotheca dobsoni (Boulenger, 1882) · Sphaerotheca leucorhynchus (Rao, 1937) · Marbled Sand Frog Sphaerotheca rolandae (Dubois, 1983) Family Rhacophoridae · Chirixalus cherrapunjiae (Roonwal and Kripalani, 1966) · Chirixalus doriae Boulenger, 1893 · Chirixalus dudhwaensis Ray, 1992 · Chirixalus shyamrupus (Chanda and Ghosh, 1989) · Chirixalus simus Annandale, 1915 53 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Chirixalus vittatus (Boulenger, 1887) Micrixalus elegans Micrixalus kottigeharensis Micrixalus narainensis Micrixalus swamianus Nyctixalus moloch (Annandale, 1912) Philatus luteolus Kuramoto and Joshy, 2003 Philatus tuberohumerus Kuramoto and Joshy, 2003 Philautus andersoni (Ahl, 1927) Philautus annandalii (Boulenger, 1906) Philautus beddomii (Günther, 1876) Philautus bobingeri Biju and Bossuyt, 2005 Philautus bombayensis (Annandale, 1919) Philautus chalazodes (Günther, 1876) Philautus charius Rao, 1937 Philautus dubius (Boulenger, 1882) Round-snout pygmy frog Philautus femoralis (Günther, 1864) Philautus flaviventris (Boulenger, 1882) Philautus garo (Boulenger, 1919) Philautus glandulosus (Jerdon, 1854) Philautus graminirupes Biju & Bossuyt, 2005 Philautus griet Bossuyt, 2002 Philautus jerdonii (Günther, 1876) Philautus kempiae (Boulenger, 1919) Philautus leucorhinus (Lichtenstein and Martens, 1856) Philautus luteolus Philautus microdiscus (Annandale, 1912) Philautus namdaphaensis Sarkar and Sanyal, 1985 Sharp-snout pygmy tree frog Philautus nasutus Philautus nerostagona Philautus ponmudi Philautus sanctisilvaticus Das and Chanda, 1997 Philautus shillongensis Pillai and Chanda, 1973 Philautus signatus (Boulenger, 1882) Philautus similipalensis Dutta, 2003 Philautus temporalis (Günther, 1864) Philautus terebrans Das and Chanda, 1998 Philautus tinniens (Jerdon, 1854) Philautus travancoricus (Boulenger, 1891) Philautus tuberohumerus Philautus variabilis Philautus wynaadensis (Jerdon, 1854) Common hour-glass tree frog Polypedates cruciger Polypedates gongshanensis Polypedates insularis Das, 1995 Polypedates leucomystax (Gravenhorst, 54 1829) Polypedates maculatus (Gray, 1833) Polypedates megacephalus Hallowell, 1861 Polypedates naso (Annandale, 1912) Polypedates pseudocruciger Das and Ravichandran, 1998 · Polypedates taeniatus (Boulenger, 1906) · Rhacophorus appendiculatus (Günther, 1858) · Rhacophorus bipunctatus Ahl, 1927 · Rhacophorus bisacculus Taylor, 1962 · Rhacophorus calcadensis Ahl, 1927 · Rhacophorus lateralis Boulenger, 1883 · Rhacophorus malabaricus Jerdon, 1870 · Rhacophorus maximus Günther, 1858 · Rhacophorus namdaphaensis Sarkar and Sanyal, 1985 · Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus Vasudevan and Dutta, 2000 · Rhacophorus tuberculatus (Anderson, 1871) · Rhacophorus variabilis (Jerdon, 1854) · Rhacophorus verrucosus Boulenger, 1893 · Theloderma asperum (Boulenger, 1886) Order Gymnophiona Family Caeciliidae · Gegeneophis carnosus (Beddome, 1870) · Amboli caecilian Gegeneophis danieli Giri, Wilkinson, and Gower, 2003 · Gegeneophis nadkarnii Gopalakrishna Bhatta and P. Prashanth, 2004, article · Gegeneophis madhavai Gopalakrishna Bhatta and & R. Srinivasa, 2004 article · Gegeneophis fulleri (Alcock, 1904) · Gegeneophis krishni Pillai and Ravichandran, 1999 · Forest Caecilian Gegeneophis ramaswamii Taylor, 1964 · Gegeneophis seshachari Ravichandran, Gower, and Wilkinson, 2003 · Indotyphlus battersbyi Taylor, 1960 · Maharashtra caecilian Indotyphlus maharashtraensis [edit] Family Ichthyophiidae · Ichthyophis beddomei Peters, 1880 · Ichthyophis bombayensis Taylor, 1960 · Ichthyophis garoensis Pillai and Ravichandran, 1999 · Ichthyophis humphreyi Taylor, 1973 · Ichthyophis husaini Pillai and Ravichandran, 1999 · Ichthyophis longicephalus Pillai, 1986 · Ichthyophis malabarensis Taylor, 1960 · Ichthyophis peninsularis Taylor, 1960 · Ichthyophis sikkimensis Taylor, 1960 · Ichthyophis subterrestris Taylor, 1960 · · · · 55 · Ichthyophis tricolor Annandale, 1909 Family Uraeotyphlidae · Uraeotyphlus interruptus Pillai and Ravichandran, 1999 · Uraeotyphlus malabaricus (Beddome, 1870) · Uraeotyphlus menoni Annandale, 1913 · Uraeotyphlus narayani Seshachar, 1939 · Uraeotyphlus oxyurus (Duméril and Bibron, 1841) Order Urodela Family Salamandridae · Tylototriton verrucosus Anderson, 1871 ORDER ANURA Family Bufonidae Ornate Torrent Toad Ansonia ornata Günther, 1876 Ansonia rubigina Pillai and Pattabiraman, 1981 · Ansonia inthanon · Bufo beddomii Günther, 1876 · Bufo brevirostris Rao, 1937 · Bufo burmanus Andersson, 1939 · Bufo cyphosus Ye, 1977 · Himalayan Toad Bufo himalayanus Günther, 1864 · Bufo hololius Günther, 1876 · Bufo koynayensis Soman, 1963 · Ladakh Toad Bufo latastii Boulenger, 1882 · Common Indian Toad Bufo melanostictus Schneider, 1799 · Bufo microtympanum Boulenger, 1882 · Bufo parietalis Boulenger, 1882 · Ferguson's Toad Bufo scaber Schneider, 1799 · Bufo silentvalleyensis Pillai, 1981 · Indus Valley toad Bufo stomaticus Lütken, 1864 · Green Toad Bufo viridis · Bufo stuarti Smith, 1929 · Bufoides meghalayanus (Yazdani and Chanda, 1971) · Pedostibes kempi (Boulenger, 1919) · Pedostibes tuberculosus Günther, 1876 Family Hylidae · Hyla annectans (Jerdon, 1870) 56