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CO2 MITIGATION,
FUELS AND FOODS
FROM MARINE
PHOTOSYNTHETIC
MICROBES
Dr. Hank Trapido-Rosenthal
Center for Marine Microbial Ecology and Diversity
University of Hawaii
CO2 MITIGATION,
FUELS AND FOODS
FROM MARINE
PHOTOSYNTHETIC
MICROBES
Robert Bidigare1, Sue Brown1,
Flavienne Bruyant2, John Cullen2,
Mark Huntley1,2, Zackary Johnson1,
Charles O’Kelly1, Donald Redalje3,
Gabriel de Scheemaker4,
Hank Trapido-Rosenthal1
1University 2Dalhousie 3University of 4Cellana BV
of Hawaii University S. Mississippi
Why Do We Want (Need!) To Do This?
• Ecological Necessity
• Economic Necessity
• Intellectual Challenge
Why Do We Want (Need!) To Do This?
• Ecological Necessity
• Economic Necessity
• Intellectual Challenge
• Benefits to Hawaii
Why Do We Want (Need!) To Do This?
• Ecological Necessity
– Atmospheric Effects of Increasing
CO2 Concentrations
Increasing CO2
Atmospheric CO2 concentrations since the year 1000 AD estimated from
ice core data and monitoring of CO2 at Mauna Loa.
Increasing CO2
Atmospheric CO2 is
now 370 ppm -
a value not exceeded
in the past 20 million years
Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2001
Why Do We Want (Need!) To Do This?
• Ecological Necessity
– Oceanic Effects of Increasing
CO2 Concentrations
Ocean Acidification
Caldeira & Wickett (2003)
“Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH”
Nature 425 (6956): 365
As pH decreases
calcification diminishes
Coral reefs, molluscs, and
other marine life forms
are threatened ΔpH
The marine food web will change – for at least 1,000 years
Impact of Increased CO2-Associated Ocean Acidification on
Marine Food Chains
Eukaryotic phytoplankton - diatoms, coccolithophores, & dinoflagellates.
Diatoms are favored in a dynamic, turbulent ocean (today); they will
be less competitive in a stratified, steady state ocean
(tomorrow).
Coccolithophores are very competitive in stratified systems, but
produce calcium carbonate plates; ability to compete will be
compromised as the ocean becomes more acidic.
Dinoflagellates will be the winners;
many Harmful Algal Blooms are dinoflagellates.
Health Effects Associated with Dinoflagellates
Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (species of the genus Dinophysis).
Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (Karenia brevis),
Paralytic shellfish poisoning (species of the genera Gymnodinium,
Alexandrium, and Pyrodinium).
Ciguatera fish poisoning (Gambierdiscus toxicus).
Impact of a rise
in sea level of
3.5 meters on
the southeast
coastline of the
United States
Impact of a rise in
sea level of 3.5
meters on the
coastline of Oahu
Why Do We Want (Need!) To Do This?
• Economic Necessity
– Fossil Fuels are Becoming Scarcer
(1) Global Energy demands are increasing…
http://www.exxonmobil.com/Corporate/energy_issues_energydemand.aspx
(2)… but global fossil fuel production is not keeping up.
Oil Discovery/Production
Decreasing Oil Supply
Our Global Challenge
• By 2050:
• Double Energy Production, and;
• Halve (or better) CO2 Emissions
Why Do We Want (Need!) To Do This?
• Ecological Necessity
• Economic Necessity
• Intellectual Challenge
Marine Algae
Compelling Advantages
• Algae Consume CO2, a Major Greenhouse Gas
• Do Not Use Fresh Water
• Do Not Require Arable Land
• Grow Very Rapidly
• Represent a “New” Source of Fuel*
• Represent a New Source of Animal Food
• *Historical Footnote - Most of Our “Old” Fuels
(i.e., Fossil Fuels) Were Produced by:
MARINE ALGAE!
Bigelow Laboratory Phytopia
Not a New Idea
Bigelow Laboratory Phytopia
Studied for years
Bigelow Laboratory Phytopia
Reported yields for biomass crops
Biomass Oil-content Bio- Bio-diesel
(Mt/ha/yr) (% dry diesel (bbl/ha/yr)
mass) (Mt/ha/yr)
Soya
1-2.5 20% 0.2-0.5 1.4-3.5
Rapeseed
3 40% 1.2 8.2
Palmoil
19 20% 3.7 26.4
Jatropha
7.5-10 30-50% 2.2-5.3 16-38
Microalgae
140-255 35-65% 86.6 350-700
Note: 1Mt bio-diesel equals 1,136 litres
Photobioreactors
• Advantages
– Controlled, optimized conditions
– Contamination can be minimized
– High rates of production
• Disadvantages
– Expensive
Bigelow Laboratory Phytopia
Open Ponds
• Advantages
– Economical
– Relatively simple
– High rates of production possible
• Disadvantages
– Potential for contamination (competitors, invaders)
– Less control of conditions (e.g., pH, Temp)
Bigelow Laboratory Phytopia
Cellana two-stage cultivation
PHOTO-BIOREACTORS + OPEN PONDS
• Continuous
• Batch
• Nutrient sufficient
• Short residence time
• High yield
• Large area
• Small area
Bigelow Laboratory Phytopia
Optimizing Production
Huesemann et al., 2008, Appl Biochem Biotechnol
Bigelow Laboratory Phytopia
Optimizing Production
Choosing the Right Species:
• Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Oils
• Taxonomic Characterization
Determining the Right Grow-Out Conditions
• Temperature
• Light
• Nutrients
• Agitation
Bigelow Laboratory Phytopia
Challenges & Opportunities
• Unknown Microbes
Challenge: 1,000s of species, >90% not isolated,
> 99.9% never cultivated!
Opportunity: Unexplored biodiversity!
• A Very Young Technology
Challenge: 7,000 years of agriculture vs 60 years of
algaculture
Opportunity: Scope for rapid progress
• Technology Integration – complete process
Challenge: Technology development at new interfaces, e.g.
marine optics, fluid mechanics, bioprocess engineering
Opportunity: New interdisciplinary field
Cellana Group
• Incorporated: 11 December 2007
- Cellana LLC and Cellana BV
- HRBP: algae cultivation
- Royal Dutch Shell:
technology integration and
scaling,
network, project management,
reach
• - Shell interested in oil off-take
Cellana’s vision: to be the world’s preferred sponsor of
commercial algae oil and protein facilities
We shouldn’t be surprised that the
Dutch are interested in meeting this
challenge
A Scene on the Ice by Hendrick Avercamp was inspired by the harsh winter
of 1608 in Europe.
We shouldn’t be surprised that the
Dutch are interested in meeting this
Challenge
Netherlands Battens Its Ramparts Against Warming Climate
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/08/0829_wiredutch_2.html
Cellana Partners FCP…?
Duke Bodo
Dalhousie Thornton
SFSU
3x UH
USM
Amsterdam
Westhollow The Hague
KPF
Houston
• University research
• Shell research
136 FTEs • Cellana production facilities
• Cellana corporate
Cellana Science &
Technology
Integrating
Cultivation &
Strain selection Scaling
Processing
Templating
Dalhousie University Kona Pilot Facility
Shell
University of Hawaii Shell Labs
Technology
University of Suppliers
Southern Mississippi
San Francisco State
University
Photobioreactors 2.5 ha
No GMOs Open Ponds 1,000 ha
Downstream 20,000 ha
Strain Selection
“Upstream” Science
Program
5000 75 12 8 8 8 8 4 2
HTS1 HTS2 HTS3 MSS1 MSS2 MSS3 LSS
Pre-screening: High-Throughput Screening (HTS): Mid-scale Screening (MSS): Large-scale Screening (LSS): Demonstration
Complete bibliographic data Lab-based Outdoor production simulations Full-scale production Sustained production runs
3 levels, production criteria 3 levels 30-day trials 90-day trials
Double-blind design Variable production criteria
Dalhousie University Kona Pilot Facility
University of Hawaii San Francisco State
University
University of
Southern Mississippi
Novel isolates
Use natural genetic variability – no GMOs
Cultivation and Processing
O2 Water Lipids FAMEs/VO
Cultivation Harvesting Dewatering Processing Protein Animal Feed
CO2 Dry
Water Biomass Carbohydrates
Industrial Residue
Nitrogen CO2 Waste Heat
Facility
Phosphorus
Electricity
v
Possible power feedstock for own use (CO2 recycle)
Upstream & Downstream:
Kona Pilot Facility
First Commercial Plant
Aquaculture
• Future Production Directions
• New Carnivorous Fish Species,
• Low Fish Meal Feeds
• Zero-Exchange,
• Value-added Processing
• Intensive Production
• Disease Resistance
Aquaculture
• Future Production Directions
• New Carnivorous Fish Species,
• Low Fish Meal Feeds
• Zero-Exchange,
• Value-added Processing
• Intensive Production
• Disease Resistance
Single-Cell Protein and Oil. Single cell oils (SCO),
extracted from microorganisms grown under
heterotrophic conditions, can also be rich in omega-3
oils. There is mounting interest by the biofuels industry
to develop microalgae as a feedstock, which could
help reduce production costs over time.
Scaling and Integrating
• 2.5 ha 1000 ha 20,000 ha
• Leveraging Shell’s expertise
– Technology selection and due diligence
– Integration of technologies
– Design of large scale plants
– Project management
– Professional infrastructure
• Health, Safety, Environment
• Environmental Impact Assessment
• Product Quality Management
• Contracting & Procurement
– Network, reach, etc.
Screening Protocol
Novel Culture
Isolates Collections
Phase 2: (Detailed Analyses)
Targeted Candidate
Strains
Diurnal Flashing Light: Nutrient
Temp / Light High Freq. Depletion
Phase 1a:
rapid growth / N-depletion
3 Temperatures
Integration / Modeling
Phase 1b:
growth rate / composition
N source Mass Culture Validation
Where we are now
5000 75 12 8 8 8 8 4 2
HTS1 HTS2 HTS3 MSS1 MSS2 MSS3 LSS
Pre-screening: High-Throughput Screening (HTS): Mid-scale Screening (MSS): Large-scale Screening (LSS): Demonstration
Complete bibliographic data Lab-based Outdoor production simulations Full-scale production Sustained production runs
3 levels, production criteria 3 levels 30-day trials 90-day trials
Double-blind design Variable production criteria
Dalhousie University Kona Pilot Facility
University of Hawaii San Francisco State
University
University of
Southern Mississippi
Kona Pilot Facility
Temporary
Kona Pilot Facility
• 2010 prove the concept
• 2.5 ha
• Freeze initial set
of technologies
• Show that a facility can
produce “large” amounts
of algae and can be…
– NPV-positive
– Energy-positive
– CO2-negative
First Commercial Plant
attract investors
• 2014
• 1000 ha
• Integrate and scale
technologies
• Demonstrate acceptable
technology risk
• Proof…
– The Concept
– The Three Equations
(NPV, Energy, CO2)
Commercial Rollout
realizing the opportunities…
Private Public Bank
Investors Investors Loans
$ $ $ $ $ $
BV LLC
CO2
Water Oil
Real Estate Protein
Power Carbohydrates
Nutrients Plant I Plant II Plant III Plant n
priv publ loan priv publ loan priv publ loan priv publ loan
Why Do We Want (Need!) To Do This?
• Ecological Necessity
• Economic Necessity
• Intellectual Challenge
Why Do We Want (Need!) To Do This?
• Ecological Necessity
• Economic Necessity
• Intellectual Challenge
• Benefits to Hawaii
Benefits to Hawaii - Short Term
• Science Education
– Research Students
Benefits to Hawaii - Short Term
• Science Education
– Research Students
• Job Creation
– High Interest
– High Value
Jan Nakaya:
Research Student to High Interest, High Value Job
Benefits to Hawaii - Long Term
• Carbon-Neutral Power Generation
– Ma’alaea Power Station
• Energy Self-Sufficiency
– Well, Maybe
Benefits to Hawaii - Long Term
• Carbon-Neutral Power Generation
– Ma’alaea Power Station
HR BioPetroleum, Alexander & Baldwin, Hawaiian Electric and
Maui Electric to Develop Algae Facility for Biodiesel on Maui
A Petroleum-Free Hawaii?
Plant Oil Production Required
Feedstock (bbl acre-1 y-1) Area (acres)*
Soybean 1.14 8,736,000
Rapeseed 3.02 3,298,000
Oil Palm 15.10 660,000
Microalgae 175.00 54,300**
* Hawaii’s transportation fuel consumption is 26,000 bbl/day
(9,500,000 bbl/year)
** Kaho`olawe is 28,000 acres
Why Are We Doing This?
• Ecological Necessity
• Economic Necessity
• Intellectual Challenge
• Benefits to Hawaii
CO2 MITIGATION &
RENEWABLE OIL
FROM
PHOTOSYNTHETIC
MICROBES
Robert Bidigare1, Sue Brown1,
Flavienne Bruyant2, John Cullen2,
Mark Huntley1,2, Zackary Johnson1,
Charles O’Kelly1, Donald Redalje3,
Gabriel de Scheemaker4,
Hank Trapido-Rosenthal1
1University 2Dalhousie 3University of 4Cellana BV
of Hawaii University S. Mississippi
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