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Golf Ball Finding System
Product Documents
SIE 454A/554A – The Systems Engineering Process
Fall 2003
Instructor: Dr. Terry A Bahill
Jacob Bowden
Tim Himmelberger
Julia Shipp
Devon Thompson
December 9, 2003
Product Documents
SIE-554A Project
Table of Contents
Document 1: Operational Need ………………………………………….……………….2
Document 2: Operational Need Document……………………………….………………7
Document 3: System Requirements………………………………..……….……………10
Document 4: Requirements Validation…………………………………………………29
Document 5: Concept Exploration ………………………………………….…………33
Document 6: Functional Analysis and Decomposition ………………………….……..44
Document 7: System Physical Synthesis ……………………………………………...49
Document 8: Models, Mapping & Management ……………………………………...53
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Document 1: Operational Need
1.1 The Top Level System Function
The top level system function is to design, build, and test a system that allows golfers to
locate a golf ball in any terrain on a golf course. The product will be distributed to major
sporting goods stores. Our primary focus as Systems Engineers is to develop the Systems
Engineering Management Plan (SEMP) and oversee the successful launch of a product.
1.2 History of the Problem and the Present System
Golfers at all levels of the game have – at some time or the other – play a poor stoke that
resulted in the ball being lost in golf course terrains. As a result the golfer ends up having to
search for the ball along with the added frustration of incurring a penalty.
To eliminate this problem, different methods and/or technologies have being invented,
included are:
A battery operated device that emits ultraviolet light and reacts to the coating on golf
balls.
Eyeglasses with special lenses eliminate the light from background objects and lets
the golfer quickly locate their ball.
The problems with the present systems are:
The golfer will still need to watch the flight the ball.
Present systems do not eliminate the potential for the ball to become lost.
The risks of incurring a penalty still remain.
These systems do not allow the golfer to minimize the time spent in search of a ball.
Products only works in short ranges and may require the ball surface to be visible.
As systems engineers we will design a system to allow golfers at all levels to find a lost golf
ball regardless of terrain or weather conditions. Thus, allowing:
Golf courses to have higher throughput with golfers spending less time searching for
golf balls.
Golfers to spend more time improving their skills in the game by concentrating on
hitting the ball properly and not having to worry about tracking the ball flight
visually.
Golfers to play with more aggressive strategy.
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Golfers to Reduce the number of penalty strokes in a game.
Golfers will to use less golf balls.
1.3 The Customer
1.3.1 Owners
The owners of the system will be the organizations funding its research,
design, development, and test.
1.3.2 Bill Payers: The Client
The budget for the system will be provided through capital investment.
1.3.3 Users
The system will be used by amature golfers. The system will be aggressively
advertised to show how it can improve a golfer’s game.
1.3.4 Operators
The system will developed so that it can be operated by all golfers.
1.3.5 Beneficiaries
Amatuer golfers who purchase the system will benefit through better scores,
fewer lost balls and less time spent searching for lost balls.
1.3.6 The Victims
Victims of the system are those who feel that the system will have a negative
impact on them. This list would include, but not limited to:
People who claim the transmitter in the ball causes cancer.
People who claim that the transmitter in the ball is damaging to the
environment or ecosystem.
Golfers who search for and collect lost golf balls as a hobby.
Wireless electronics users near golf courses (more EMI noise).
Wildlife and Habitat on or near golf courses.
1.3.7 Technical representatives to systems engineering
Along with Design Engineers, technical representatives will be drawn from all
levels of the game of golf – amateur golfers, USGA, etc.
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1.4 Technical Personnel and Facilities
1.4.1 Life Cycle Phase 1: Requirements development
Dr. Bahill is the technical consultant for the basic system throughout Phase 1.
All general requirements data will be based on the golfing regulations, along
with Dr. Bahill. Supplies and tools will be provided by the system design
engineers. Final document generation will be provided by system design
engineers.
1.4.2 Life Cycle Phase 2: Concept development
The system design engineers will perform the concept development and will
be available throughout Phase 2. Information resources for various concept
designs will be provided by the team of system design engineers: Jacob
Bowden, Tim Himmelberger, Julia Shipp, and Devon Thompson.
1.4.3 Life Cycle Phase 3: Full-scale engineering development
The full-scale engineering task will be performed by the team of system
design engineers: Jacob Bowden, Tim Himmelberger, Julia Shipp, and Devon
Thompson.
1.4.4 Life Cycle Phase 4: System development
The system development will be performed by the team of system design
engineers: Jacob Bowden, Tim Himmelberger, Julia Shipp, and Devon
Thompson.
1.4.5 Life Cycle Phase 5: System test and integration
System test and integration will be performed by the team of system design
engineers: Jacob Bowden, Tim Himmelberger, Julia Shipp, and Devon
Thompson.
A test plan will be developed to describe with precision and detail, how
testing should be performed. All equipment specification will be included.
Testing will be performed by an independent contractor to ensure all
requirements are satisfied.
1.4.6 Life Cycle Phase 6: Operations support and modification
Following successful system and test integration, operations support and
modifications will be performed by the team of system design engineers:
Jacob Bowden, Tim Himmelberger, Julia Shipp, and Devon Thompson. The
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system must pass the system test and integration phase to be considered
operational.
1.4.7 Life Cycle Phase 7: Retirement and replacement
The system has a design life of five years.
1.5 System Environment
1.5.1 Social impact
The primary social impact of the new system is to provide a better, more
useful alternative for a golfer to locate a wayward golf ball.
The golfer will minimize the amount of time it takes to locate their ball.
This system will reduce the amount of lost balls the golfer will have.
By minimizing the amount of lost balls, the golfer will also minimize the
amount of penalty strokes the golfer would incur.
Golfers will have increased enthusiasm, better scores, and experience less
frustration.
Golfers will receive satisfaction from better scores.
Golf courses will have higher throughput with golfers spending less time
searching for golf balls.
Golfers will spend more time improving their skills in the game by
concentrating on hitting the ball properly and not having to worry about
tracking the ball flight visually.
Golfers will play with more aggressive strategy.
1.5.2 Economic impact
The design, development, and test of a new system may have these economic
impacts.
Inventors will receive patents.
Designers and manufacturers will receive profits.
1.5.3 Environmental impact
The design, development, and test of a new system may have these economic
impacts.
The anticipated net reduction in lost balls will result in fewer balls being
manufactured.
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There will be fewer balls decaying in nature.
At the end of its useful life, the systems will be disposed of and will add
material to landfills.
Manufacturing will generate material waste.
1.5.4 Interoperability
The system will depend on pre-existing conditions and/or equipment and will
have to conform to:
Existing golf course terrains
All weather conditions
The United States Golf Association (USGA) standards
Existing golfing equipment
1.6 Systems Engineering Management Plan
The system engineers will design the project using the eight (8) systems engineering
documents:
1. Problem Situation Document,
2. Operational Need Document,
3. System Requirements Document,
4. System Validation Document,
5. Concept Exploration Document,
6. Functional Decomposition Document,
7. Physical Synthesis Document and
8. Models, Mapping and Management Document
These documents will be continually updated as the design progresses.
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Document 2: Operational Need Document
2.0 Problem Statement
A golfer that loses a ball while in play is penalized one extra stroke for losing the ball. If the
ball can be located in the rough, the golfer may hit the ball without incurring a penalty stroke.
If the ball can be found in an out of bounds position or a hazard position the golfer is
penalized one stroke for dropping the ball back in play, but the penalty stroke for losing the
ball is saved.
A system that can locate a golf ball for a golfer would eliminate the extra penalty stroke
incurred for losing a ball in play.
2.1 Input-Output and Functional Requirements
2.1.1 Inputs
1. Control inputs from human operator:
a. Perform system test
b. Find the golf ball
c. Set golf ball transmitter frequency
d. Toggle golf ball transmitter power
e. Recharge tracking device
f. Toggle tracking device power
2. A signal that indicates the location and/or direction of the golf ball.
2.1.2 Input Trajectories
Any sequence of inputs is allowed to the system.
2.1.3 Outputs
1. System okay/error indication
2. Signal of golf ball detected
3. Direction/location of golf ball
4. Tracking device charging indication
5. Tracking device “power is on” indication
2.1.4 Output Trajectories
1. System okay/error shall be indicated only after performing system test
2. “Direction/location of golf ball” indicator shall appear only after the
“signal of golf ball detected” signal is active.
2.1.5 Matching Function
1. When a signal that indicates the location and/or direction of the golf ball is
received, the direction/location of golf ball will be known.
2. When a system test is performed the system will provide a feedback
indication of okay/error
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3. When the system is activated and searching for the golf ball, a correct and
accurate resulting indication will be given that the golf ball has been
detected.
2.2 Operational Life Requirement
2.2.1 Definition of terms:
Cycle = use of the system for a round of golf.
Round of golf = one golf outing of up to 27 holes
2.2.2 Cycle life requirement:
1. The system shall be capable of operating continuously for 8 hours every day.
2. The golf ball shall be usable for a minimum of 100 rounds of golf.
2.2.3 Overall life requirement:
1. The system shall operate for a minimum of two years without requiring
any maintenance.
2. The system shall operate for a minimum of five years with periodic
maintenance
2.3 Technology Requirement
2.3.1 Available Money
The non-recurring cost of the system design shall be less than $100,000.
2.3.2 Available Time
1. System design and prototyping shall be complete by December 31 of
2004.
2. System verification testing shall be complete by February of 2005.
2.3.3 Components, Available Technologies and Restrictions
Any technology may be used in the system with the following restrictions:
1. The technology used shall not significantly alter the size, weight,
center of gravity, coefficient of restitution or flight characteristics of
the golf ball.
2. The technology used shall not violate any local, regional, state and US
laws.
2.3.3 Standards and Specifications.
The golf ball detection system must comply with all the rules and regulations
as set forth the United States Golfers Association (USGA).
2.4 Performance Requirement
2.4.1 Mandatory Requirements
1. The system shall have a minimum range of 300 meters.
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2. The system shall not have any sound based outputs.
3. The tracking/locating device shall be small enough to carry in a golf bag
or on the operator.
4. The golf ball shall be a replaceable element of the system.
5. The system shall operate in the following environmental conditions:
a) Temperature ranging from 0 to 150 degrees Fahrenheit
b) 0 to 100% humidity
c) Sun, rain, snow, and wind
d) Dense vegetation such as forest, brush or very tall grass.
e) Vibration/shock of 1000Gs of acceleration for the locating/tracking
unit and 5000Gs of acceleration for the golf ball.
6. The system accuracy shall locate balls to within 10cm greater than 99% of
the time.
7. The golf ball shall meet USGA standards
8. The golf ball shall perform consistently with other commonly available
golf balls.
9. System shall have 32 channels (frequencies) of operation.
2.4.2 Preference Requirements
1. The system range should be at most 500 meters.
2. The tracking/locating device should be pocket sized.
2.5 Cost Requirement
2.5.1 Non-recurring Cost
The non-recurring cost of the system shall not exceed $100,000.
2.5.2 Recurring Cost
1. The manufactured cost of a Golf Ball shall not exceed $20.00.
2. The manufactured cost of a locator shall not exceed $500.00.
2.6 Tradeoff Criteria
The cost and schedule requirements are lumped together and have a 30% weight
The performance requirements have a 70% weight.
2.7 System Tests
The performance of the system will be determined by two tests.
1. Test 1 will determine system performance by locating a golf ball in the extreme
environmental conditions or corners of operation. Five sample systems will be
used in each enviromental corner of operation with each system locating 3 golf
balls.
2. Test 2 will determine system performance by using of the five systems for 6 hours
a day over the course of a month.
The system shall be considered acceptable if the Mandatory Requirements are met or
exceeded in each test.
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Document 3: System Requirements
The System Requirement involves the following components:
1. Input/Output and Functional Requirement
2. Operational Life Requirement
3. Technology Requirement
4. Input/Output and Performance Requirement
5. Cost Requirement
6. Trade-Off Requirement
7. System Test Requirement
3.1 Input/Output and Functional Requirement
There are five elements in the Input/Output and Functional Requirements:
TSP0 = System time scale
IRP0 = System input requirements
ITRP0 = System input trajectories
ORP0 = System outputs
OTRP0 = System output trajectories
MRP0 = Matching functions.
3.1.1 Time Scale
TSP0 is the time scale of the golf ball finding device and is expressed in seconds.
From the time the golfer strikes the ball to the time the ball is located should be ten
(10) minutes. This becomes 10 minutes X 60 seconds/minute = 600 seconds.
TSP0 = IJS[0 – 600]
This time scale does not take as fact that electronic timing will be used. Slower
models are also valid.
3.1.1 Inputs
IRPO represents the set of system inputs for the device. The input consists of two
elements:
IRP0 = (IR1P0 X IR2P0 X IR3P0)
Where,
IR1P0 is the control inputs from human operator
IR1P0 = {perform system test (PST), Find the golf
ball (FGB), select transmitter frequency (STF),
toggle ball power (TBP), recharge tracking device
(RTD)}
PST = {initialize, check components, return to idol}
FGB = {forward, left, right, back}
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STF = {IJS[1-32]}
TBP = {on, off}
RTD = {idol, plugged in}
IR2P0 is a signal that indicates the location and/or
direction of the golf ball.
IR2P0 = {distance, direction}
Distance = IJS[20–500] /*0 to 500 yards*/
Direction = IJS[0-360] /*0 to 360 degrees*/
IR3P0 is Time of day provided to system
IR3P0 = IJS[0-600]
3.1.2 Input Trajectories
ITRP0 represents the set of input trajectories for golf ball finding device. ITRP0 is set
of all possible outputs (IRP0) over the timescale (TSP0).
ITRPO = {f: f FNS (TSP0, ITRP0);
f(t) = ((p11(t), p12(t)), p2(t)),
tj TRP0 j = {1,2,3};
if f(t1) = (p111) and
f(t2) = (p112) and
f(t3) = (p113) and
f(t4) = (p12, p2) then
t1 < t2 < t3 < t4}.
3.1.3 Outputs
ORPO represents the set of system inputs for the device. The input consists of two
elements:
ORPO = (OR1PO X OR2PO)
Where,
OR1P0 is the output from the human control input
OR1PO = (system test performed(STP), Golf ball found
(GBF), select transmitter frequency (STF), toggle
ball power (TBP), recharge tracking device (RTD)}
STP = {all 0, send/receive, System okay/error}
GBF = {go: forward, left, right, back)
STF = {IJS[1-32]}
TBP = {on, off}
RTD = {idol, charging}
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OR2P0 is the output that indicates the location
and/or direction of the golf ball.
OR2P0 = {distance, direction}
Distance = IJS[20–500] /*0 to 500 yards*/
Direction = IJS[0-360] /*0 to 360 degrees*/
3.1.4 Output Trajectories
OTRP0 represents the set of output trajectories for golf ball finding device. OTRP0 is
set of all possible outputs (ORP0) over the timescale (TSP0).
OTRPO = {f: f FNS (TSP0, OTRP0)}
1. System okay/error shall be indicated only after performing system test
2. “Direction/location of golf ball” indicator shall appear only after the
“signal of golf ball detected” signal is active.
3. System charging indicated only when tracking device is plugged into a
power outlet.
4. Signal detected indicated only when ball frequency matches frequency
setting of tracking device.
3.1.5 Matching Function
MRP0 is the matching function for the golf ball finder.
MRPO = {(f, g): f ITRPO; g OTRP0}
1. When a signal, which indicates the location and/or direction of the golf
ball, is received, the direction/location of golf ball will be known.
2. When a system test is performed the system will provide a feedback
indication of okay/error
3. When the system is activated and searching for the golf ball, a correct and
accurate resulting indication will be given that the golf ball has been
detected.
4. When the tracking device is plugged into a power outlet indication is
given that the tracking device is charging.
3.2 Operational Life Requirement
3.2.1 Definition of terms:
1. Cycle = use of the system for a round of golf.
2. Round of golf = one golf outing of up to 27 holes
3.2.2 Cycle life requirement:
1. The system shall be capable of operating continuously for 8 hours every
day.
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2. The golf ball shall be usable for a minimum of 100 rounds of golf.
3.2.3 Overall life requirement:
1. The system shall operate for a minimum of two years without requiring any
maintenance.
2. The system shall operate for a minimum of five years with periodic
maintenance.
3.3 Technology Requirement
3.3.1 Available Money
The non-recurring cost of the system design shall be less than $100,000.
3.3.2 Available Time
3. System design and prototyping shall be complete by December 31 of
2004.
4. System verification testing shall be complete by February of 2005.
3.3.3 Components, Available Technologies and Restrictions
Any technology may be used in the system with the following restrictions:
3. The technology used shall not significantly alter the size, weight,
center of gravity, coefficient of restitution or flight characteristics of
the golf ball.
4. The technology used shall not violate any local, regional, state and US
laws.
3.3.3 Standards and Specifications.
The golf ball detection system must comply with all the rules and regulations
as set forth the United States Golfers Association (USGA).
3.4 Input/Output and Performance Requirement
The overall performance figure of merit is denoted by IF0P0 and is computed as follows:
IF0P0 = ISF1P0*IW1P0 + ISF2P0*IW2P0 +…+ ISFnP0*IWnP0
where n is the total number of I/O performance Figures of Merit and
ISFiP0 = ISiP0 (IFiP0 (FSD)) for I = 1 to n
as explained in the following section.
IFiP0 = the ith figure of merit measured per test plan,
IBiP0 = the baseline value for the ith figure of merit,
IFXiP0 = measured value for the ith figure of merit,
ILTHiP0 = lower threshold for the ith figure of merit,
IRiP0 = ranking of importance from 1 to 10,
ISFiP0 = score for the ith figure of merit,
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ISiP0 = scoring function for the ith figure of merit,
ISLiP0 = slope for the ith figure of merit,
IUTHiP0 = upper threshold for the ith figure of merit,
IWiP0 = weight for the figure of the ith merit, and
SSF = standard scoring function
1. Detection/Tracking Distance
This figure of merit is a measure of the performance of the system in terms of the
distance the system is able to track the ball.
Score IS1P0 = SSF(ILTH1P0,IB1P0,IUTH1P0,ISL1P0)
Lower Threshold ILTH1P0 = 0
Baseline IB1P0 = 150
Upper Threshold IUTH1P0 = 300
Slope ISL1P0 = 0.015
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2. Accuracy
This figure of merit is a measure of the ability of the ball finder to leads the player to the
ball. Its value shown in percent.
Score IS2P0 = SSF(ILTH2P0,IB2P0,IUTH2P0,ISL2P0)
Lower Threshold ILTH2P0 = 0
Baseline IB2P0 = 99
Upper Threshold IUTH2P0 = 100
Slope ISL2P0 = 0.99999
3. Ease of Use
This figure of merit measures the ease of use of the system. The easier it is for the golfer
to use the system the higher the score.
Score IS3P0 = SSF(ILTH3P0,IB3P0,IUTH3P0,ISL3P0)
Lower Threshold ILTH3P0 = 0
Baseline IB3P0 = 4
Upper Threshold IUTH3P0 = 10
Slope ISL3P0 = 0.3
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4. Ball Performance
The ball performance is measured with the values above 0.5 meeting the allowable
performance by the USGA. Values less than 0.5 are the values representative of the balls
that do not meet the allowable performance by the USGA.
Score IS4P0 = SSF(ILTH4P0,IB4P0,IUTH4P0,ISL4P0)
Lower Threshold ILTH4P0 = 0
Baseline IB4P0 = .5
Upper Threshold IUTH4P0 = 1
Slope ISL4P0 = 8
5. Number of Balls lost per 18 holes
This is a measure of the number of balls lost during a single round of golf (18 holes).
Score IS5P0 = SSF(ILTH5P0,IB5P0,IUTH5P0,ISL5P0)
Lower Threshold ILTH5P0 = 0
Baseline IB5P0 = 2
Upper Threshold IUTH5P0 = 10
Slope ISL5P0 = -0.25
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6. Ability to keep head down
If the golfer is able to keep his/her eye on the ball there will be a less risk of topping the
ball. A score of 1 allows the golfer to keep their head down, a score of 0 means they
cannot.
Score IS6P0 = SSF(ILTH6P0,IB6P0,IUTH6P0,ISL6P0)
Lower Threshold ILTH6P0 = 0
Baseline IB6P0 = 0.5
Upper Threshold IUTH6P0 = 1
Slope ISL6P0 = 3
7. Number of Penalty Strokes per 18 holes
If the ball is lost penalty strokes will incur. A score of 1 will reflect no penalty strokes, a
score of 0 will reflect many penalty strokes.
Score IS7P0 = SSF(ILTH7P0,IB7P0,IUTH7P0,ISL7P0)
Lower Threshold ILTH7P0 = 0
Baseline IB7P0 = 2
Upper Threshold IUTH7P0 = 15
Slope ISL7P0 = -0.4995
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8. Throughput
This is the time that it takes for a round of golf. A quick game will be given a score of 1,
a slow game will receive a 0.
Score IS8P0 = SSF(ILTH8P0,IB8P0,IUTH8P0,ISL8P0)
Lower Threshold ILTH8P0 = 0
Baseline IB8P0 = 0.3
Upper Threshold IUTH8P0 = 1
Slope ISL8P0 = -3
3.4.1 Weighting Criteria
The table below gives the figures of merit and their corresponding values,
which determined the weight, IWiPO by adding the importance values and
dividing each entry by this total. The importance values were on a scale from
1 to 10.
Figure of Merit Value IWiP0
1.Detection/Tracking Distance 7 0.1167
2.Accuracy 9 0.1500
3.Ease of use 6 0.1000
4.Ball Performance 8 0.1333
5.Number of Balls Lost Per 18 Holes 7 0.1167
6.Ability to Keep Head Down 9 0.1500
7.Number of Penalty Strokes 8 0.1333
8.Throughput 6 0.1000
3.4.2 Mandatory Requirements
1. The system shall have a minimum range of 300 meters.
2. The system shall not have any sound based outputs.
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3. The tracking/locating device shall be small enough to carry in a golf bag
or on the operator.
4. The golf ball shall be a replaceable element of the system.
5. The system shall operate in the following environmental conditions:
a) Temperature ranging from 0 to 150 degrees Fahrenheit
b) 0 to 100% humidity
c) Sun, rain, snow, and wind
d) Dense vegetation such as forest, brush or very tall grass.
e) Vibration/shock of 1000Gs of acceleration for the locating/tracking
unit and 5000Gs of acceleration for the golf ball.
6. The system accuracy shall locate balls to within 10cm greater than 99% of
the time.
7. The golf ball shall meet USGA standards
8. The golf ball shall perform consistently with other commonly available
golf balls.
9. System shall have 32 channels (frequencies) of operation.
f)
3.4.3 Preference Requirements
1. The system range should be at most 500 meters.
2. The tracking/locating device should be pocket sized.
3.5 Cost Requirement
3.5.1 Non-recurring Cost
The non-recurring cost of the system shall not exceed $100,000.
3.5.2 Recurring Cost
1. The manufactured cost of a Golf Ball shall not exceed $20.00.
2. The manufactured cost of a locator shall not exceed $500.00.
3.6 Utilization of Resources Requirement
3.6.1 Definition of Resource Figures of Merit
The overall performance figure of merit is denoted by IF0P0 and is computed as
follows:
UF0P0 = USF1P0*UW1P0 + USF2P0*UW2P0 +…+ USFnP0*UWnP0
where n is the total number of I/O performance Figures of Merit and
USFiP0 = USiP0 (UFiP0 (FSD)) for i = 1 to n
as explained in the following section.
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3.6.2 Lower, Upper, Baseline, and Scoring Parameters
In the following section, the initial letter “U” used in the naming convention indicates
that the name is for the Utilization of Resources Requirement. The terminal “P0”
indicates that the name involves the initial iteration of the golf ball finding system.
UFiP0 = the ith figure of merit measured per test plan,
UBiP0 = the baseline value for the ith figure of merit,
UFXiP0= measured value for the ith figure of merit,
ULTHiP0= lower threshold for the ith figure of merit,
URiP0 = ranking of importance from 1 to 10,
USFiP0= score for the ith figure of merit,
USiP0 = scoring function for the ith figure of merit,
USLiP0= slope for the ith figure of merit,
UUTHiP0= upper threshold for the ith figure of merit,
UWiP0= weight for the figure of the ith merit, and
SSF = standard scoring function
The parameters necessary to evaluate the figures of merit using the Standard Scoring
Function are listed below.
1. Cost of Design and Production
1.1. Cost of Ball Design and Production
This is the amount of money spent on the design and production of the ball.
Score US1.1P0 = SSF(ULTH1.1P0, UB1.1P0, UUTH1.1P0,
USL1.1P0)
Lower Threshold ULTH1.1P0 = 0
Baseline UB1.1P0 = 7
Upper Threshold UUTH1.1P0 = 10
Slope USL1.1P0 = -0.4
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1.2. Cost of System Design and Production
This is the amount of money spent on the design and production of the system.
Score US1.2P0 = SSF(ULTH1.2P0, UB1.2P0, UUTH1.2P0,
USL1.2P0)
Lower Threshold ULTH1.2P0 = 0
Baseline UB1.2P0 = 150
Upper Threshold UUTH1.2P0 = 250
Slope USL1.2P0 = -0.01
2. System Design Time
This is the amount of time required to design the system.
Score US2P0 = SSF(ULTH2P0, UB2P0, UUTH2P0, USL2P0)
Lower Threshold ULTH2P0 = 0
Baseline UB2P0 = 15
Upper Threshold UUTH2P0 = 24
Slope USL2P0 = -0.2
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3. System Test Cost
This is the cost of testing the system
Score US3P0 = SSF(ULTH3P0, UB3P0, UUTH3P0,
USL3P0)
Lower Threshold ULTH3P0 = 0
Baseline UB3P0 = 1000
Upper Threshold UUTH3P0 = 2000
Slope USL3P0 = -0.002
4. Selling Price
This figure of merit measures the selling price of the system.
Score IS4P0 = SSF(ILTH4P0,IB4P0,IUTH4P0,ISL4P0)
Lower Threshold ILTH4P0 = 0
Baseline IB4P0 = 0.5
Upper Threshold IUTH4P0 = 1
Slope ISL4P0 = -2
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4.1. Price of Golf Ball
This is the selling price per unit of the system.
Score US4.1P0 = SSF(ULTH4.1P0, UB4.1P0, UUTH4.1P0,
USL4.1P0)
Lower Threshold ULTH4.1P0 = 0
Baseline UB4.1P0 = 12.5
Upper Threshold UUTH4.1P0 = 20
Slope USL4.1P0 = -0.2
4.2. Price of System
This is the total selling price of the system.
Score IS4.2P0 = SSF(ILTH4.2P0,IB4.2P0,IUTH4.2P0,ISL4.2P0)
Lower Threshold ILTH4.2P0 = 0
Baseline IB4.2P0 = 200
Upper Threshold IUTH4.2P0 = 500
Slope ISL4.2P0 = -0.009
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5. Tracking Device Size
This is the overall size of the system not including the golf ball.
Score IS5P0 = SSF(ILTH5P0,IB5P0, ILSL5P0)
Lower Threshold ILTH5P0 = 0
Baseline IB5P0 = 180
Upper Threshold IUTH5P0 = 425
Slope ILSL5P0 = -0.0055
6. Tracking Device Weight
This is the overall weight of the system not including the golf ball.
Score IS6P0 = SSF(ILTH6P0,IB6P0,IUTH6P0,ISL6P0)
Lower Threshold ILTH6P0 = 0
Baseline IB6P0 = 2
Upper Threshold IUTH6P0 = 3
Slope ISL6P0 = -1.3
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7. Setup Time
This figure of merit measures the setup time of the system, which is the time it takes to
prepare to track the golf ball.
Score IS7P0 = SSF(ILTH7P0,IB7P0,IUTH7P0,ISL7P0)
Lower Threshold ILTH7P0 = 0
Baseline IB7P0 = 0.5
Upper Threshold IUTH7P0 = 1
Slope ISL7P0 = -2
7.1 Setup Time Day Before
This figure of merit measures the setup time the day before golfing.
Score IS7.1P0 = SSF(ILTH7.1P0,IB7.1P0,IUTH7.1P0,ISL7.1P0)
Lower Threshold ILTH7.1P0 = 0
Baseline IB7.1P0 = 10
Upper Threshold IUTH7.1P0 = 30
Slope ISL7.1P0 = -0.15
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7.2 Setup Time on course
This figure of merit measure the setup time at the golf course to use the system.
Score IS7.2P0 = SSF(ILTH7.2P0,IB7.2P0,IUTH7.2P0,ISL7.2P0)
Lower Threshold ILTH7.2P0 = 0
Baseline IB7.2P0 = 1
Upper Threshold IUTH7.2P0 = 2
Slope ISL7.2P0 = -1.0
7.3 Setup Time at tee
This figure of merit measures the setup time at the tee to use the system.
Score IS7.3P0 = SSF(ILTH7.3P0,IB7.3P0,IUTH7.3P0,ISL7.3P0)
Lower Threshold ILTH7.3P0 = 0
Baseline IB7.3P0 = 10
Upper Threshold IUTH7.3P0 = 30
Slope ISL7.3P0 = -0.1
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3.6.3 Weighting Criteria
The following value, which measures the level of importance on a scale of 1 to 10 is
assigned to each Utilization of Resources Figure of Merit. Each resultant weight,
UWiP0, is computed by summing all the importance values and dividing each entry
by the total.
Figure of Merit Value IWiP0
1.Design Time 7 0.1428571
2.Design and Production Cost 10 0.2040816
3.System Test Cost 6 0.122449
4.Selling Price 7 0.1428571
4.1Price of Golf Ball 6 0.5454545
4.2Price of System 5 0.4545455
5.Tracking Device Size 6 0.122449
6.Tracking Device Weight 6 0.122449
7.Setup Time 7 0.1428571
7.1Setup Time at Home 4 0.2222222
7.2Setup on Course 6 0.3333333
7.3Setup at tee 8 0.4444444
3.7 Trade-Off Requirement
To compute the trade-off requirement, the following equation is used:
TF0P0 = TW1P0* IF0P0 + TW2P0* UF0P0
where,
TW1P0 = the weight of the Performance Index
TW2P0 = the weight of the Cost Index
UF0P0 = the score of the Cost Requirement.
IF0P0 = the score of the Performance Requirement
TW1P0= 0.7, TW2P0= 0.3
3.8 System Test Requirement
3.8.1 Test plan
3.8.1.1 Explanation of test plan
The test plan is based on the results obtain using test trajectories.
The system will be acceptable if:
1. All the requirements from this document are satisfied.
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2. The system meets all cost requirements.
3. The System design and prototyping shall be complete by December 31
of 2004.
4. The system interface with current golf equipment.
5. The system complies with all the rules and regulations.
The system will be in compliance if the upper and lower bounds set for each
figure of merit are met. The figures of merit are measured as described under
each test trajectory for each of the test where appropriate.
Figures of merit corresponding to the performance and resources requirements
described in the document will be used to determine if the system is in
compliance with the requirements. The results from the tests will be tabulated
according to the weighting criteria and trade-off requirement
The failure modes of the system are:
1. Electrical failure due to loss of power.
2. Electronic component failure – failure of ball or tracking device.
3.8.1.2 Test Trajectories1
Test 1 will determine system performance by locating a golf ball in the
extreme environmental conditions or corners of operation. Five sample
systems will be used in each environmental corner of operation with each
system locating 3 golf balls.
3.8.1.3 Test Trajectories
Test 2 will determine system performance by using of the five systems for 6
hours a day over the course of a month
The performance of the system will be determined by Test Trajectory 1&2.
The system shall be considered acceptable if the Mandatory Requirements are
met or exceeded in each test.
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Document 4: Requirements Validation
4.1 Input/Output and Functional Design
The input and output requirements for the Golf Ball Finder have been examined. Through
comprehensive analysis we concluded that all of the requirements have been satisfied. These
requirements can be further optimized by the assigned design engineering team. All of the
information needed was obtained. The systems inputs, functions and outputs are feasible.
4.2 Technology for the Buildable System Design
Examination of the Technological Requirements shows nothing that inhibits the functioning
of the system. The attempt to respond to the need of bringing this technical system (the
design of a more efficient way to locate a lost Golf Ball) into being was performed in an
effective and efficient manner. The team of Systems Engineers conducted extensive research
to support the technical and economic feasibility, as well as human aspect, of the Golf Ball
Finder. Such an endeavor included the proper engineering resources in the respective
specialty area to make it work in reality.
Risk Introduced in the Golf ball finding system Design
Developing a Radio transmitter small enough to fit in golf ball
Designing a Ball that performs as well as other commercially available balls and
meets and meets USGA standards.
USGA prohibiting the use of the Golf ball finding system or the use of transmitters in
golf balls.
Health related issues arising with the design of the Golf ball finding system.
Environmental issues arising with the design of the Golf ball finding system -
possible damages to the environment or ecosystem.
Risk Mitigation - Golf ball finding system Design
Technology is currently available for radio transmitter that is less than 20um^3 and
has a range of 200 to 600m ground-to-ground tracking distance. It should be possible
to build a custom transmitter that fits in a golf ball.
USGA is currently considering stricter rules on golf ball performance. If the ball
performance is limited for the sake of the game it will be easier to produce a ball with
a transmitter inside that is competitive with other balls.
Talk with USGA ahead of time to find out how they will react to Golf ball finding
system.
Redesign Golf ball finding system for use in Europe, Japan and Australia.
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Make people aware that the system is designed to conform to FCC rules and
regulations and is less dangerous than a cell phone since the ball is not held next to
the brain for long periods.
Point out that there will be very few lost Golf ball finding system Golf Balls and less
lost regular golf balls.
4.3 Input/Output Performance Requirement
The definition of the basic operating characteristics or functions of the system were analyzed.
It was determined that the critical performance parameters such as cost, range, accuracy, size,
schedule, and weight needed to accomplish the mission were satisfied. Furthermore, each
component of the Golf Ball Finder System will undergo extensive testing in order to ensure
functionality.
The performance parameters established this early in the life cycle with the development of
operational requirements will be used in the assessment of performance and effectiveness of
the system.
Detection/Tracking Distance
The system can be designed and built to meet the detection/tracking distance
requirements. The detection/tracking distance can be validated by comparing the
recorded range of a prototype with the design requirements.
Accuracy
The system can be designed and built to meet the specified accuracy. The Accuracy can
be validated by comparing the comparing the recorded accuracy of a prototype with the
design requirements.
Ease of use
The system can be designed and built to meet the requirements for ease of use. This can
be validated through prototype testing.
Ball Performance
The Ball can be designed and built to meet the Performance requirements as set forth by
the USGA. Performance can be validated through prototype testing and comparing the
results with golf balls that are currently on the market.
Number of Balls lost per 18 holes
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The system can be designed and built to satisfy this requirement. This can be validated
through prototype testing.
Ability to Keep Head Down
The system can be designed and built to satisfy this requirement. This can be validated
through prototype testing.
Number of Penalty Strokes
The system can be designed and built to satisfy this requirement. This can be validated
through prototype testing.
Throughput
The system can be designed and built to satisfy this requirement. This can be validated
through prototype testing.
4.4 Utilization of Resources Requirement
Careful analysis of the Systems Requirement reveals that the Utilization of Resources
Requirement has been satisfied.
Cost of Design and Production
The Golf Ball Finder can be designed and built at the specified cost. The cost
requirement can be validated by recording cost with Generally Accepted Accounting
Principles (GAAP) and by comparing recorded cost with expected cost throughout the
life cycle of the system.
System Design Time
The Golf Ball Finder system can be built in the time specified. The design time can be
validated by recording the time spent in accordance with the Project Management
technique and by comparing recording time with expected time throughout the design
life of the system.
Operating Cost
The Operation Cost requirement can be validated by recording labor, utility, and
maintenance cost in the accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
(GAAP) and by comparing recorded cost with expected operation cost over a specified
period of life cycle of the system.
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Selling Price
The Selling Price requirement can be validated by recording design, test, labor, utility,
and maintenance cost in the accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
(GAAP) and by comparing recorded cost with expected operation cost over a specified
period of life cycle of the system.
4.5 Test Requirement
No problems are foreseen in meeting the acceptability, compliance, or surveillance
requirements of this section.
The focus of system testing for requirements validation is the testability of the design to meet
test objectives derived from the systems requirements.
Test Methods
Observance – how the data will be collected and measured.
Compliance – how the data will be analyzed to demonstrate that the system meets
the conceptual design.
Conformance – how the metrics for data measurement prove that the real system
meets design requirements.
Acceptance – how the accumulated test data are sufficient to proof that the system
meets customer requirement and expectation.
4.6 Feasible System Design
The proposed system is presumed to be feasible because:
It requires no invention of theory
Components that perform similar functions are commercially available.
The theory of the method involved already exists.
Any customized software to be built will be based on the latest technology
components.
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Document 5: Concept Exploration
5.0 System Design Concepts
5.0.1 Alternative 1: Attach a String to the Ball
A very flexible and light string is attached to the golf ball. The string is released from a reel
that is set up just before the ball is placed on the tee. The golf ball is then placed on the tee
and the golfer swings. The golfer can find the ball by following the string.
5.0.2 Alternative 2: Radio Transmitter and Receiver
A special golf ball containing a radio frequency transmitter is used. The golfer has a locating
unit that receives the golf balls radio signal and tells the golfer to turn left or right or head
forward to find the ball. The ball may contain its own power source, or may be powered by
and external or electric field transmitted by the locating unit. This element of the system will
be left up to the designer. The locating unit will be small enough to carry along in a bag of
golf clubs.
5.0.3 Alternative 3: Metallic Golf Ball
A special golf ball, which contains a highly conductive metal is used to while playing golf.
The golfer watches the trajectory of the ball, estimates where the ball landed and walks to
this location. The golfer then begins sweeping the area with a metal detector.
5.0.4 Alternative 4: Human Visual Tracking
A group of people are placed around perimeter of fairway and used to visually track the ball
while it is in motion. When the ball stops the people nearest to the ball’s final resting point
manually search and find the ball. When a person finds the ball he/she notifies the golfer of
the balls location.
5.0.5 Alternative 5: Eyeglasses that enhance a person’s ability to see the golf ball.
The golfer plays golf in the normal fashion. After striking the ball the golfer watches the ball
and determines the general location in which the ball stopped. The golfer then puts on
special glasses which have lenses that filter out most of the frequencies of light that are not
reflected by the golf ball. This provides a much higher contrast between the ball and the
background making it easier for the golfer to see the ball.
5.0.6 Alternative 6: Chemically “Scented” Golf Ball
An evaporative chemical, which is not abundant in the atmosphere, is applied to the ball just
before placing the ball on the tee. The golfer then swings and watches the ball to see the
general location in which the ball stops. The golfer walks to the area where the ball is and
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then uses an electronic chemical detector to find the ball. The chemical detector would
indicate turn left, turn right or walk forward.
5.0.7 Alternative 7: Do Nothing
No action will be taken to improve the golf performance of the user. There is no system
developed to improve the golfer’s shot. The location of the golf ball when hit is determined
solely on the golfer’s ability and the detection of the ball is also based solely on the golfer’s
personal tracking ability.
5.1 Figures of Merit
The figures of merit are calculated using the test plan described in Document 3 and based on
the systems described in Documents 6. The values obtained for these figures of merit are
entered here, then the scores are computed using the standard scoring functions defined in
Document 3. The formulas
IF0P0(FSDi) = IWlP0 * ISFlP0 + ... + IWmP0 * ISFmP0
UF0P0(FSDi) = UWlP0 * USFlP0 + ... + UWnP0 * USFnP0
are used to compute the overall figures of merit for each design, where m is the number of
I/O Performance Figures of Merit and n is the number of resource figures of merit, and
ISFlP0 = ISlP0(IFXlP0(FSDi))
USFlP0 = USlP0(UFXlP0(FSDi))
where i is the concept design number.
The tables on the following pages show the estimates given for the figures of merit. The
column titled IFXiP0 (where i is the figure of merit number) is the figure of merit measured
per the test Excerpt from Engineering Modeling and Design plan. The column labeled ISFiP0
is the calculated score after entering the figure of merit into the standard scoring function
defined in Document 3. The column IWiP0 is the weight factor given in Document 3 for the
respective figure of merit. The overall scores, IF0P0 and UF0P0, are determined from the
weights and scores.
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5.1.1 Figures of Merit for Concept 1
Concept one has a string attached to the ball and a reel.
Approximation Figures of Merit for concept 1 String to ball
I/O Figure of Merit
Requirements IFXiP0(FSD1) ISFiP0(FSD1) IWiP0
1.Detection/Tracking Distance 350 1.0000 0.13208
2.Accuracy 100 1.0000 0.16981
3.Ease of use 5 0.7694 0.15094
4.Ball Performance 0 0.0000 0.18868
5.Number of Balls Lost Per 18 Holes 0 1.0000 0.1167
6.Ability to Keep Head Down 1 1.0000 0.1500
7.Number of Penalty Strokes 0 1.0000 0.1333
8.Throughput 1 0.0000 0.1000
IF0P0(FSD1) 0.818023948
U/R Figures Of Merit
Requirements UFXiP0(FSD1) USFiP0(FSD1) UWiP0
1.Design Time 13 0.8324 0.1429
2.Design and Production Cost 7 0.5000 0.2041
3.System Test Cost 1000 0.5000 0.1224
4.Selling Price 0.298854102 0.1618 0.1429
4.1Price of Golf Ball 13 0.4304 0.5455
4.2Price of System 250 0.1409 0.4545
5.Tracking Device Size 125 0.7727 0.1224
6.Tracking Device Weight 2.2 0.2610 0.1224
7.Setup Time 0.434688124 0.6279 0.1429
7.1Set up at Home 10 0.5000 0.2222
7.2Set up on Course 0.33 0.9502 0.3333
7.3Set up at Tee 20 0.0154 0.4444
UF0P0(FSD1) 0.5215753
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5.1.2 Figures of Merit for Concept 2
Concept two has a radio transmitter and receiver.
Approximation Figures of Merit for concept 2 Radio Transmitter
I/O Figure of Merit
Requirements IFXiP0(FSD1) ISFiP0(FSD1) IWiP0
1.Detection/Tracking Distance 500 1.0000 0.13208
2.Accuracy 99 0.5000 0.16981
3.Ease of use 9 0.9982 0.15094
4.Ball Performance 0.5 0.5000 0.18868
5.Number of Balls Lost Per 18 Holes 1 0.7388 0.1167
6.Ability to Keep Head Down 1 1.0000 0.1500
7.Number of Penalty Strokes 1 0.8887 0.1333
8.Throughput 0 1.0000 0.1000
IF0P0(FSD1) 0.916678363
U/R Figures Of Merit
Requirements UFXiP0(FSD1) USFiP0(FSD1) UWiP0
1.Design Time 20 0.0175 0.1429
2.Design and Production Cost 8 0.1676 0.2041
3.System Test Cost 1000 0.5000 0.1224
4.Selling Price 0.011524005 0.0004 0.1429
4.1Price of Golf Ball 35 0.0000 0.5455
4.2Price of System 300 0.0254 0.4545
5.Tracking Device Size 128 0.7604 0.1224
6.Tracking Device Weight 1 0.9955 0.1224
7.Setup Time 0.62962963 0.2608 0.1429
7.1Set up at Home 10 0.5000 0.2222
7.2Set up on Course 0.5 0.8889 0.3333
7.3Set up at Tee 10 0.5000 0.4444
UF0P0(FSD1) 0.350282019
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5.1.3 Figures of Merit for Concept 3
Concept three has a metallic golf ball.
Approximation Figures of Merit for concept 3 Metallic Ball
I/O Figure of Merit
Requirements IFXiP0(FSD1) ISFiP0(FSD1) IWiP0
1.Detection/Tracking Distance 20 0.0000 0.13208
2.Accuracy 85 0.0000 0.16981
3.Ease of use 10 1.0000 0.15094
4.Ball Performance 0.5 0.5000 0.18868
5.Number of Balls Lost Per 18 Holes 3 0.2663 0.1167
6.Ability to Keep Head Down 0.6 0.7691 0.1500
7.Number of Penalty Strokes 3 0.1166 0.1333
8.Throughput 0.4 0.2300 0.1000
IF0P0(FSD1) 0.430262743
U/R Figures Of Merit
Requirements UFXiP0(FSD1) USFiP0(FSD1) UWiP0
1.Design Time 12 0.9176 0.1429
2.Design and Production Cost 7 0.5000 0.2041
3.System Test Cost 1000 0.5000 0.1224
4.Selling Price 0.051403891 0.0066 0.1429
4.1Price of Golf Ball 17 0.0731 0.5455
4.2Price of System 300 0.0254 0.4545
5.Tracking Device Size 150 0.6597 0.1224
6.Tracking Device Weight 4 0.0000 0.1224
7.Setup Time 0.953557694 0.0229 0.1429
7.1Set up at Home 5 0.9577 0.2222
7.2Set up on Course 0.5 0.8889 0.3333
7.3Set up at Tee 0 1.0000 0.4444
UF0P0(FSD1) 0.379335087
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5.1.4 Figures of Merit for Concept 4
Concept four uses human visual tracking.
Approximation Figures of Merit for concept 4 Human Visual Tracking
I/O Figure of Merit
Requirements IFXiP0(FSD1) ISFiP0(FSD1) IWiP0
1.Detection/Tracking Distance 350 1.0000 0.13208
2.Accuracy 99 0.5000 0.16981
3.Ease of use 0 0.0000 0.15094
4.Ball Performance 1 1.0000 0.18868
5.Number of Balls Lost Per 18 Holes 1 0.7388 0.1167
6.Ability to Keep Head Down 1 1.0000 0.1500
7.Number of Penalty Strokes 1 0.8887 0.1333
8.Throughput 0.9 0.0004 0.1000
IF0P0(FSD1) 0.760381063
U/R Figures Of Merit
Requirements UFXiP0(FSD1) USFiP0(FSD1) UWiP0
1.Design Time 13 0.8324 0.1429
2.Design and Production Cost 5 0.9620 0.2041
3.System Test Cost 3000 0.0000 0.1224
4.Selling Price 0.544342841 0.5878 0.1429
4.1Price of Golf Ball 3 0.9980 0.5455
4.2Price of System 3000 0.0000 0.4545
5.Tracking Device Size 1000000000 0.0000 0.1224
6.Tracking Device Weight 16000 0.0000 0.1224
7.Setup Time 0.377234019 0.7288 0.1429
7.1Set up at Home 10 0.5000 0.2222
7.2Set up on Course 30 0.0000 0.3333
7.3Set up at Tee 9 0.5988 0.4444
UF0P0(FSD1) 0.503321563
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5.1.5 Figures of Merit for Concept 5
Concept five uses eyeglasses to enhance a person’s ability to see the golf ball.
Approximation Figures of Merit for concept 5 Eyeglasses
I/O Figure of Merit
Requirements IFXiP0(FSD1) ISFiP0(FSD1) IWiP0
1.Detection/Tracking Distance 200 0.9535 0.13208
2.Accuracy 50 0.0000 0.16981
3.Ease of use 8 0.9932 0.15094
4.Ball Performance 1 1.0000 0.18868
5.Number of Balls Lost Per 18 Holes 2 0.5000 0.1167
6.Ability to Keep Head Down 0 0.0000 0.1500
7.Number of Penalty Strokes 2 0.5000 0.1333
8.Throughput 0.2 0.7714 0.1000
IF0P0(FSD1) 0.666679655
U/R Figures Of Merit
Requirements UFXiP0(FSD1) USFiP0(FSD1) UWiP0
1.Design Time 16 0.3100 0.1429
2.Design and Production Cost 8 0.1676 0.2041
3.System Test Cost 10 1.0000 0.1224
4.Selling Price 0.998711925 0.9844 0.1429
4.1Price of Golf Ball 3 0.9980 0.5455
4.2Price of System 30 0.9996 0.4545
5.Tracking Device Size 40 0.9744 0.1224
6.Tracking Device Weight 0.2 1.0000 0.1224
7.Setup Time 0.999958948 0.0154 0.1429
7.1Set up at Home 0.1 1.0000 0.2222
7.2Set up on Course 0.001 1.0000 0.3333
7.3Set up at Tee 0.1 0.9999 0.4444
UF0P0(FSD1) 0.585542397
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5.1.6 Figures of Merit for Concept 6
Concept six has a chemically “scented” golf ball.
Approximation Figures of Merit for concept 6 Chemically Scented
I/O Figure of Merit
Requirements IFXiP0(FSD1) ISFiP0(FSD1) IWiP0
1.Detection/Tracking Distance 50 0.0014 0.13208
2.Accuracy 98.9 0.4013 0.16981
3.Ease of use 6 0.9193 0.15094
4.Ball Performance 0.55 0.8322 0.18868
5.Number of Balls Lost Per 18 Holes 2 0.5000 0.1167
6.Ability to Keep Head Down 0 0.0000 0.1500
7.Number of Penalty Strokes 2 0.5000 0.1333
8.Throughput 0.4 0.2300 0.1000
IF0P0(FSD1) 0.512107144
U/R Figures Of Merit
Requirements UFXiP0(FSD1) USFiP0(FSD1) UWiP0
1.Design Time 17 0.1677 0.1429
2.Design and Production Cost 7.5 0.3100 0.2041
3.System Test Cost 100 1.0000 0.1224
4.Selling Price 0.555866846 0.6100 0.1429
4.1Price of Golf Ball 3 0.9980 0.5455
4.2Price of System 300 0.0254 0.4545
5.Tracking Device Size 110 0.8279 0.1224
6.Tracking Device Weight 1 0.9955 0.1224
7.Setup Time 0.722222218 0.1421 0.1429
7.1Set up at Home 10 0.5000 0.2222
7.2Set up on Course 1 0.5000 0.3333
7.3Set up at Tee 0.001 1.0000 0.4444
UF0P0(FSD1) 0.54038473
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5.1.7 Figures of Merit for Concept 7
Concept seven is the Do Nothing alternative.
Approximation Figures of Merit for concept 7 Do Nothing
I/O Figure of Merit
Requirements IFXiP0(FSD1) ISFiP0(FSD1) IWiP0
1.Detection/Tracking Distance 0 0.0000 0.13208
2.Accuracy 0 0.0000 0.16981
3.Ease of use 10 1.0000 0.15094
4.Ball Performance 1 1.0000 0.18868
5.Number of Balls Lost Per 18 Holes 7 0.0035 0.1167
6.Ability to Keep Head Down 0 0.0000 0.1500
7.Number of Penalty Strokes 7 0.0000 0.1333
8.Throughput 1 0.0000 0.1000
IF0P0(FSD1) 0.340038444
U/R Figures Of Merit
Requirements UFXiP0(FSD1) USFiP0(FSD1) UWiP0
1.Design Time 0 1.0000 0.1429
2.Design and Production Cost 0 1.0000 0.2041
3.System Test Cost 0 1.0000 0.1224
4.Selling Price 0.998888296 0.9845 0.1429
4.1Price of Golf Ball 3 0.9980 0.5455
4.2Price of System 0 1.0000 0.4545
5.Tracking Device Size 0 1.0000 0.1224
6.Tracking Device Weight 0 1.0000 0.1224
7.Setup Time 1 0.0000 0.1429
7.1Set up at Home 0 1.0000 0.2222
7.2Set up on Course 0 1.0000 0.3333
7.3Set up at Tee 0 1.0000 0.4444
UF0P0(FSD1) 0.854923853
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5.2 Trade-off Analysis
After the figures of merit are collected and the scores computed, the Overall Performance
figure of merit and the overall Utilization of Resources figures of merit are used to create
trade-off scores for each category of figures of merit. IF0P0(FSD1) indicates is the overall
I/O performance figure of merit for design concept 1.
5.2.1 Trade-off Scores
TRADE OFF SCORES TW1P0 TW2P0
0.7 0.3
Concept 1
TW1P0 * IF0P0(FSD1) + TW2P0 * UF0P0(FSD1) = TF0P0(FSD1)
TF0P0(FSD1) = 0.673875647
Concept 2
TW1P0 * IF0P0(FSD2) + TW2P0 * UF0P0(FSD2) = TF0P0(FSD2)
TF0P0(FSD2) = 0.503975781
Concept 3
TW1P0 * IF0P0(FSD3) + TW2P0 * UF0P0(FSD3) = TF0P0(FSD3)
TF0P0(FSD3) = 0.416194895
Concept 4
TW1P0 * IF0P0(FSD4) + TW2P0 * UF0P0(FSD4) = TF0P0(FSD4)
TF0P0(FSD4) = 0.543722187
Concept 5
TW1P0 * IF0P0(FSD5) + TW2P0 * UF0P0(FSD5) = TF0P0(FSD5)
TF0P0(FSD5) = 0.583976116
Concept 6
TW1P0 * IF0P0(FSD6) + TW2P0 * UF0P0(FSD6) = TF0P0(FSD6)
TF0P0(FSD6) = 0.637823103
5.3 Sensitivity Analysis
The weighting criteria in the trade-off analysis put heavy weight on the I/O performance. To
determine the sensitivity of the design concepts to weighting, the TW1P0 and TW2P0 values
are switched and the results are shown below.
Sensitivity Analysis
Weights are Weights are
0.7/0.3 0.3/0.7
Concept Score Concept Score
1 0.7291 1 0.6105
2 0.7468 2 0.5202
3 0.4150 3 0.3946
4 0.6833 4 0.5804
5 0.6423 5 0.6099
6 0.5206 6 0.5319
7 0.4945 7 0.7005
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As more weight is put on resources, the more complex concepts decrease in ranking. This is
because they are more expensive to design and build.
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Document 6: Functional Analysis and Decomposition
6.0 Top Level Function
The top-level system function is to find an individual’s golf ball on a golf course. All system
alternatives share this top-level function.
6.1 Alternative 1: Attach a String to the Ball
Attach a light string to the golf ball. After the golf ball has been hit, follow the string to find
the golf ball.
6.1.1 Sub-function Setup
Pre-Conditions None
Inputs Golf Ball, String, Reel, Reel Placement
Function Initialize subsystems
Outputs The Golf ball with string attached and reel set to release string.
6.1.1.1 Sub-sub-function Attachment of string to golf ball.
Pre-Conditions None
Inputs Golf Ball, String, Swivel.
Function Attach end of string to golf ball using swivel.
Outputs The Golf ball that is ready to be hit.
6.1.1.2 Sub-sub-function Housing and Release of the String
Pre-Conditions None
Inputs String, Reel, Reel Placement
Function 1. The Reel is mounted on the ground near the ball.
2. The Reel is set in mode to freely release string.
Outputs The String is that ready to follow the golf ball.
6.1.2 Sub-function Golf Ball Attachment Mechanism
Pre-Conditions None
Inputs Golf ball, String
Function Allows string to be attached and removed from golf ball
without hindering ball flight.
Outputs Means of attaching the string to the golf ball.
6.1.3 Sub-function Reel
Pre-Conditions None
Inputs Reel, String
Function 1. Releases the string freely when ball is in motion.
2. Retracts the string back into reel.
3. Houses the string when system is not in use
Outputs 1. Means of releasing string to follow a golf ball in motion
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2. Means of retracting the string back into the reel
3. A place to store the string when not in use
6.1.4 Sub-Function Tracking the golf ball
Pre-Conditions Sub-function Setup is complete
Inputs Golf club swing
Function The string follows the path of the golf ball
Outputs The string marks the path from the initial location of the golf
ball to the final location of the golf ball.
6.2 Alternative 2: Radio Transmitter and Receiver
Place a radio frequency transmitter in the golf ball. Then use a receiver to find the direction
of the source of the signal transmitted from the golf ball.
6.2.1 Sub-Function Ball transmits signal
Pre-Conditions None
Inputs Power, Golf Ball with Transmitter
Function Transmit RF Signal
Outputs Radio Frequency Signal
6.2.1.1 Sub-sub-Toggle Transmitter Power
Pre-Conditions None
Inputs Pulse of Magnetic Flux for longer than 1 second
Function Toggle transmitter power
Outputs Radio signal turned on/off
6.2.1.2 Sub-sub-Change Transmitter Frequency
Pre-Conditions None
Inputs Pulse of Magnetic Flux shorter than one second
Function Shift frequency channel up by one. (if at highest
frequency shift frequency.
Outputs Radio signal frequency changed.
6.2.3 Sub-Function Built in Self Test
Pre-Conditions None
Inputs Power, Initiate Self Test
Function 1. Perform Self Test
Outputs 1. Indicate okay/error
6.2.3 Sub-Function Determine direction to point source of RF Signal
Pre-Conditions None
Inputs Power, RF Signal, Receiver
Function 2. Receive RF Signal
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3. Determine direction to source of signal
Outputs 2. Signal detected.
3. Direction of golf ball found.
6.2.3.1 Sub-sub-Function Indicate signal received
Pre-Conditions None
Inputs Power, Receiver, Signal Detected = True
Function Produce pulsing audio tone (beeping)
Outputs Audio indication that RF signal is detected.
6.2.3.2 Sub-sub-Function Indicate RF point source direction
Pre-Conditions None
Inputs Power, Receiver, Direction of golf ball found = true
Function Produce continuous audio tone
Outputs Audio indication of direction of RF point source.
6.2.3.3 Sub-sub- Change Frequency Channel
Pre-Conditions None
Inputs Change frequency channel
Function Produce magnetic flux pulse shorter than 1 second.
Outputs Magnetic flux pulse in ball holder
6.2.3.4 Sub-sub-Toggle Ball Transmitter Power
Pre-Conditions None
Inputs Toggle Ball Power
Function Produce magnetic flux pulse longer than 1 second
Outputs Magnetic flux pulse in ball holder
6.2.3.5 Sub-sub-Recharge Tracking Unit
Pre-Conditions None
Inputs Plug tracking device power cord into power outlet
Function Charges Tracking Unit Batteries
Outputs Batteries charged to capacity
6.2.3.6 Sub-sub-Toggle Tracking Device Power
Pre-Conditions None
Inputs Toggle Tracking Device Power
Function Tracking turns power on/off
Outputs Tracking device power indication on/off
6.3 Alternative 3: Metallic Golf Ball
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Use a golf ball that is part metallic and can be located with a metal detector. The golfer
watches the trajectory of the ball, estimates where the ball landed and walks to this location.
The golfer then begins sweeping the area with a metal detector.
6.3.1 Sub-Function Detect Metallic Golf Ball
Pre-Conditions None
Inputs Power, Golf ball containing metal, Metal detector
Function Detect presence of metal
Outputs Indication of the presence of metal
6.4 Alternative 4: Human Visual Tracking
A group of people are placed around perimeter of fairway and used to visually track the ball.
6.4.1 Sub-function Observing Golf Ball Movement
Pre-Conditions People used to track ball are not blind
Inputs People, Golf Ball, Swing
Function People visually track movement of golf ball
Outputs Final location of golf ball after movement has ceased.
6.5 Alternative 5: Eyeglasses that enhance a person’s ability to see the golf ball.
Use eyeglasses with lenses that filter out light from background objects so that golf ball is
easier to see.
6.5.1 Sub-function Filter undesirable light
Pre-Conditions
Inputs Eyeglasses, Golf ball, Light
Function Eyeglasses filter out frequencies of light that are not reflected
by golf ball
Outputs Improved contrast between background objects and golf ball.
6.6 Alternative 5: Chemically “Scented” Golf Ball
Apply an evaporative chemical to the golf ball, then use an electronic chemical detector to
locate ball.
6.5.1 Sub-function Setup
Pre-Conditions
Inputs Evaporative Chemical, Golf Ball
Function Apply evaporative chemical to golf ball
Outputs Golf ball gives off chemical fumes
6.5.1 Sub-function: Detect chemical fumes and find direction to source of fumes
Pre-Conditions Sub-function Setup has been completed
Inputs Chemical fumes, Power, Chemical Sniffer
Function 1. Sniff for Chemical Fumes
2. Determine direction of source of chemical fumes
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Outputs 1. Chemical fumes detected
2. Direction of source of fumes determined
6.2.3.1 Sub--Function Indicate chemical fumes detected.
Pre-Conditions None
Inputs Power, Chemical sniffer, Chemical fumes detected =
True
Function Produce pulsing audio tone (beeping)
Outputs Audio indication that chemical fumes are detected.
6.2.3.2 Sub--Function Indicate direction to source of chemical fumes
Pre-Conditions None
Inputs Power, Chemical sniffer, Direction of source of fumes
determined = true
Function Produce continuous audio tone
Outputs Audio indication of direction of chemical fume source.
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Document 7: System Physical Synthesis
7.1 Physical Synthesis of Concept 1
7.1.1 Top-level system design of Concept 1
Concept 1 uses a string attached to the golf ball to follow the balls motion. The string is
followed to the golf ball after the golf swings.
7.1.2 Subunit Physical Synthesis of Concept 1
7.1.2.1 Subunit 1
A special golf ball is used. The ball has a swivel that allows the ball to rotate
independently of the string. The string is attached to the ball prior to swinging.
7.1.2.2 Subunit 2
The string used in this concept must be very light and flexible so that it does not
affect the motion of the golf ball.
7.1.2.3 Subunit 3
The Reel contains a spool that holds the string when stored. Before taking a swing
the golfer places the reel far enough off to the side of the golf ball so that the golfer
may swing freely at the ball. The bail is then opened so that the string can be released
freely from the reel. The golfer takes his/her swing. When the ball stops the reel is
picked up and a crank is turned which caused the bail to close and starts retracting the
string and winding it onto the spool. The golf walks the path of the string, keeping
slack in the string at all times so as not to disturb the ball. When the golf is near the
ball the reel can be set up for the next swing.
7.2 Physical Synthesis of Concept 2
7.2.1 Top-level system design of Concept 2
Concept 2 consists of a ball with a radio transmitter inside and a receiver that is used to
find the direction to the transmitting golf ball.
7.2.2 Subunit Physical Synthesis of Concept 2
7.2.2.1 Subunit 1
A special golf ball is used. The ball has a radio frequency transmitter embedded in its
core. The transmitter is capable of transmitting at 32 individual frequencies or
channels. The frequency of the transmitter is selected by placing the ball in the ball
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holder of the tracking device, then selecting the desired frequency using the
frequency selector switch.
Placing the ball into its holder turns off the transmitter. The battery in the ball is good
for a minimum of 3 months of continuous operation. Inputs to the ball are received
via a Hall effect switch that senses magnetic fields. Short pulses of magnetic flux
change the transmitter frequency. A long pulse of magnetic flux toggles the
transmitter power.
7.2.2.2 Subunit 2
The tracking device is a receiver with multiple antennas that senses the radio signal
from the ball. The signal from each antenna has a unique magnitude and phase,
which is used to determine the direction of the ball with respect to the tracking
device. When the signal from the ball is detected an indicator marked “Signal
Detected” is illuminated. The direction to the ball is displayed as four green arrows
that light up and indicate the following:
Forward Arrow: Ball is straight ahead
Left Arrow: Ball is to left, turn left.
Right Arrow: Ball is to the right, turn right
Rearward Arrow: Ball is behind, turn 180 degrees.
The tracking device is battery powered and rechargeable. There is an on/off switch to
toggle the tracking devices power. When fully charged the tracking device can
operate continuously for 8 hours
The golf ball is placed into a ball holder on the tracking device for built in test,
toggling the transmitter power, and when selecting a frequency for the ball to use.
The tracking device contains a coil or solenoid that is used to create magnetic pulses.
The magnetic flux from the coil is directed through the ball holder.
There is a frequency select switch. Selecting a new frequency of operation sends the
appropriate number of magnetic pulses through the ball holder to change the balls
transmitting frequency to that which is selected. The ball must be in the ball holder in
order for the new frequency setting to take effect.
The ball transmitter is turned on or off using the ball power switch. Flipping this
switch sends a long duration magnetic pulse through the ball holder. The ball must be
in the holder in order to toggle the transmitter power. When the ball is on and in the
ball holder the “Signal Detected” indicator is on.
The tracking device is capable of performing a built in self test. This self test is
initiated by placing the ball in the ball holder and pressing the button marked “Self
Test.” During test the tracking device turns on the ball, selects a frequency for the
transmitter and then verifies that each antenna receives the signal. The ball is then
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turned off and the absence of a signal at each antenna is verified. If the entire test is
successful the “Test Passed” indicator is illuminated. If the built in test fails the
“Error” indicator is illuminated.
7.3 Physical Synthesis of Concept 3
7.3.1 Top-level system design of Concept 3
Concept 3 uses a golf ball that contains metallic and or ferrous material. A metal
detector is used to locate the ball.
7.3.2 Subunit Physical Synthesis of Concept 3
7.3.2.1 Subunit 1.
A special golf ball is used. The ball contains metallic and/or ferrous material that is
easy to detect using a metal detector.
7.3.2.2 Subunit 2.
The metal detector is tuned to maximize the distance at which the metallic golf ball
can be sensed. The metal detector is battery powered and rechargeable. A power
switch is used to toggle the metal detector power. Built in test is performed by
depressing the “Self Test” button. A passing self test in indicated as “Test Passed”,
and a failed self test is indicated as “Error”.
7.4 Physical Synthesis of Concept 4
7.4.1 Top-level system design of Concept 4
Concept 4 uses human observers to track the golf ball after it is hit. The observers
spread out on both sides of the fairway of the hole that is being played. The observers
visually track the ball as it travels. When the ball stops or disappears from view the
observers move toward the ball while looking for the ball. When an observer finds
the resting place of the ball he/she jumps up and down and waves his/her arms.
7.5 Physical Synthesis of Concept 5
7.5.1 Top-level system design of Concept 5
Concept 5 is a set of eyeglasses with special lenses that filter out the frequencies of light
that are common in the vegetation and terrain on a golf course. At the same time the
lenses pass as much of the light reflected from a golf ball as possible. This provides a
higher contrast between the ball and the background and makes it easier for the golfer to
see the ball.
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7.6 Physical Synthesis of Concept 6
7.6.1 Top-level system design of Concept 6
In Concept 6 an evaporative chemical is applied to the ball before the golfer takes a
swing. A tracking device that detects the presence of the applied chemical in the air is
used to locate the ball.
7.6.2 Subunit Physical Synthesis of Concept 6
7.1.2.1 Subunit 1.
A special chemical is used. The chemical is applied to the surface of a normal golf
ball and then evaporates over the course of no less than 10 minutes.
7.6.2.2 Subunit 2.
A Tracking device or “sniffer” is used to follow the chemical scent given off by a chemical
that is applied to the ball. The sniffer must be able to detect the chemical in very small
concentrations. A display shows how strong the scent is, and the golfer sweeps the unit back
and forth continuously moving toward the direction of the strongest scent. A power switch is
used to toggle the metal detector power. Built in test is performed by depressing the “Self
Test” button. A passing self test in indicated as “Test Passed”, and a failed self test is
indicated as “Error”.
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Document 8: Models, Mapping & Management
8.1 Models of the Preferred Alternative.
The preferred model for the Golf Ball Finder System has two main parts:
Electronic Golf Ball
Portable Finder Unit
The golf ball finder is described in detail in the System Physical Synthesis document in
section 7.2. The golf ball block diagram is shown in Figure 1. The tracking unit block
diagram is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 1. Golf Ball Block Diagram
Figure 2. Tracking Unit Block Diagram
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8.2 One-to-One Mappings
Table 1 describes the one-to-one mappings of all the requirements, functions and physical
synthesis of the Golf Ball Finding System.
ONE-TO-ONE Mapping Table Document 2 Document 3 Document 6 Document 7
Inputs, Outputs, Trajectories and Matching Functions 2.1 3.1 6.2
Operational Life Requirements 2.2 3.2
Functional Requirements:
Perform Self Test 2.1 3.1 6.2.2 7.2.2.2
Find Golf Ball 2.1 3.1 6.2.3 7.2.2.2
Indicate Location/Direction of Golf Ball 2.1 3.1 6.2.3.2 7.2.2.2
Select ball transmitter frequency 2.1 3.1 6.2.1.2 7.2.2.2
Toggle ball power 2.1 3.1 6.2.3.4 7.2.2.2
Charging the tracking device 2.1 3.1 6.2.3.5 7.2.2.2
Toggle tracking device power 2.1 3.1 6.2.3.6 7.2.2.2
Technology Requirements:
Available money 2.3.1 3.3.1
Available Time 2.3.2 3.3.2
Components, available technologies and restrictions 2.3.3 3.3.3
Standards and specifications 2.3.3 3.3.4
Performance Requirements:
System shall be capable of finding golf ball at 300 meters 2.4.1 3.4.2
No Audio Outputs 2.4.1
Small enough to carry in golf bag 2.4.1 3.4.2
Golf ball is replaceable 2.4.1 3.4.2
Operates from 0 to 150 degrees Fahrenheit 2.4.1 3.4.2
Operates in 0 to 100% humidity 2.4.1 3.4.2
Operates in when sunny, raining or windy 2.4.1 3.4.2
Operates in dense vegetation 2.4.1 3.4.2
Ball can withstand a shock of 5000 Gs 2.4.1 3.4.2
Tracking unit can withstand a shock of 1000 Gs 2.4.1 3.4.2
Accuracy 2.4.1 3.4.1
32 frequency channels 2.4.1 3.4.2 7.2.2.1
Ease of Use 3.4.1
Ball performance 2.4.1 3.4.2
Number of balls lost per 18 holes 3.4.1
Golfers ability to keep head down 3.4.1
Number of Penalty strokes per 18 holes 3.4.1
Throughput 3.4.1
Preference Requirements 2.4.2 3.4.3
Cost Requirement:
Non Recurring Costs shall be less than $100,000 2.5.1 3.5.1
Recurring cost of the ball shall be less than $20 2.5.2 3.5.2
Recurring cost of the tracking unit shall be less than $500 2.5.2 3.5.2
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Utilization of Resource Requirements:
Cost of design and production 3.6.2
System design time 3.6.2
System test cost 3.6.2
Selling price 3.6.2
Tracking device size 3.6.2
Tracking device weight 3.6.2
Setup Time 3.6.2
Schedule Requirements:
System Design and prototyping complete by December 31 of 2004 2.3.2 3.3.2
System Verification testing complete by February of 2005 2.3.2 3.3.2
Trade-Off Requirement 2.6 3.7
System Test Requirement:
Explanation of test plan 2.7 3.8.1
Test trajectories 2.7 3.8.2 & 3.8.3
Table 1. One-to-One Mappings of requirements, functions and physical synthesis.
8.3 Project Management
8.3.1 Golf Ball Finder
The Systems Engineering activities performed to fulfill the requirements of
SIE 554A are:
System engineering process Planning
Requirement Analysis
Functional Analysis
Synthesis
Systems Analysis and Control
Transitioning Critical Technologies
Integrating Systems Engineering Efforts
Implementation of Tasks
8.3.2 Systems Engineering Documents
The production of the 8 Wymorian Systems Engineering documents covered
the activities necessary to accomplish the Systems Engineering Objectives.
They provide structure, policies and procedures to foster the integration of
various engineering-related activities needed for the system design and
development of the Golf Ball Finder.
8.4 User’s Manual
See “Instruction and Operation” Manual.
8.5 Management Plan
Systems engineering management with be carried out to plan, organize, staff,
monitor, and control the process of designing, developing, testing, and producing a
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system that will fully meet the customers need. The necessary overview function
will be provided to ensure that all needed engineering disciplines and related
specialties are properly integrated – and that the system contains the proper mix of
hardware, software, facilities, personnel, data, etc. This will assure the proper
integration of the appropriate tools to facilitate the completion of the day-to-day
design process with minimal expenditure of human and physical resources.
8.6 Risk Analysis
Risk Analysis was conducted to determine the probability of events and the
consequences associated with their occurrences. It identified the effects, the
magnitude of the risk perceived, and identified alternative approaches to avoid risk.
The reliability tools that were considered are: Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality
Analysis (FMECA), and the Critical Useful Life Analysis.
Failure Mode, Effects Criticality Analysis (FMECA)
Failure Mode, Effects Criticality Analysis (FMECA) will be used to identify potential
design weaknesses through systematic analysis of the probable ways (Failure Mode)
that a component or equipment could fail. This would include the identification of
the cause of the failure and its effect on the operational capabilities (functions) of an
end item, be it an equipment or system. Each mission phase of the equipment or
system would normally be taken into consideration. The widely accepted military
standard for conducting FMECAs, MIL-STD-1629, will be used. Severity
Classification, Criticality Analysis, along with the worksheet structure follows.
SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION
A severity classification category is assigned to each failure mode depending upon its
effects of an equipment and/or system operation. The severity classification is
consistent with MIL-STD-1629 and is listed below
· Category I - Catastrophic - A failure which may cause death or weapon system
loss (i.e. aircraft, tank, missile, ship, etc.)
· Category II - Critical - A failure which may cause severe injury, major property
damage, or major system damage which will result in a mission loss.
· Category III - Marginal - A failure which may cause minor injury, minor property
damage, and minor system damage which will result in a delay or loss of availability
or mission degradation.
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· Category IV - Minor - A failure not serious enough to cause injury, property
damage, or system damage, but which will result in unscheduled maintenance or
repair.
CRITICALITY ANALYSIS
The purpose of the Criticality Analysis is to rank each failure mode as identified in
the FMECA, according to each failure mode's severity classification and its
probability of occurrence. The Criticality Analysis is consistent with MIL-STD-1629.
The failure mode criticality number for each specific failure mode (Cm) is calculated
as follows:
Cm = - - pt
Where:
Cm – Failure mode criticality number
- conditional probability of failure effect
- failure mode ration
p - part failure rate per million hours
t – duration of the relevant mission phase (operation)
The resulting FMECA analysis will enable a criticality matrix to be constructed. The
criticality matrix displays the distribution of all the failure mode criticality numbers
according to the severity category and referring to the criticality scale. According to
Mil-Std-1629 the scale is divided into five levels:
Level A - Frequent. The high probability is defined as a probability which is equal or
bigger than 0.2 of the overall system probability of failure during the defined mission
period.
Level B - Reasonable probable. The reasonable (moderate) probability is defined as
probability which is more than 0.1 but less than 0.2 of the overall system probability
of failure during the defined mission period.
Level C - Occasional probability. The occasional probability is defined as a
probability, which is more than 0.01 but less than 0.1 of the overall system
probability of failure during the defined mission period.
Level D - Remote probability. The remote probability is defined as a probability,
which is more than 0.001 but less than 0.01 of the overall system probability of
failure during the defined mission period.
Level E - Extremely unlikely probability. The extremely unlikely probability is
defined as probability which is less than 0.001 of the overall system probability of
failure during the defined mission period.
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Product Documents
SIE-554A Project
Table: Failure Mode, Effects Criticality Analysis (FMECA)
Process Failure Cause of Effects of Severity of Probability
Description Mode Failure Failure Effects of Failure
Locate Ball Finder Unit Improper Use Battery Fails IV E
Locate Ball Ball Improper Use Loss of IV C
Power
Locate Ball Finder Unit Improper Use Loss of IV D
Power
Locate Ball Finder Unit Incorrect Poor III D
Design interference
rejection
Strike Ball Ball Incorrect Broken Ball III C
Design
Locate Ball Finder Unit Incorrect Unstable III E
Design frequency
Source
Locate Ball Finder Unit Incorrect Poor III E
Design sensitivity
Locate Ball Finder Unit Incorrect Poor Range III E
Design
Locate Ball Finder Unit Incorrect Weak Signal III E
Design
Critical Useful Life Analysis
In the Critical Useful Life Analysis, the relatively short life of the ball - when charged
- was considered. However, the charger unit provides the capability of charging the
ball within 20 seconds. This eliminates the need for redesign. As such, the systems
is capable of satisfying the functional requirements.
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