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WORKSHOP II-
Quality of life dependence to natural
resources
SEEKING
ALTERNATIVES TO
REDUCE OUR IMPACT ON
THE ENVIRONMENT
Adrian Jamolin, Michele Naglia, Beat Niederberger, Minna Aichinger, Elizabeth Steiner,
Heidrun Miller, Katerina Kotaskova, Lenka Parkanova, Yvonne Mueller, Vesna Milicic and
Jasmina Zakonjsek
1
WORKSHOP II SUB-GROUPS
1. Does our quality of life affect climate change?
2. Energy and sustainability
3. Ecological economics as an alternative to
traditional economic models
4. Ecotourism- way to sustainability
2
does
our Quality of Life
effect
Climate Change ?
3
4
5
6
Carbon dioxide, CO2
facilities:
naturally in the atmosphere
released in large quantities from natural processes
volcanoes, forest fires and evaporation from
seawater
man made carbon dioxide is produced by
combustion processes
Source: EPER 2004, EU25
7
Methane, CH4
facilities:
naturally in the environment
use: methane is burned to directly heat buildings
and is also used as a fuel in power stations
extremely flammable
decomposition of plant and animal matter
human activities: livestock farming (most important!),
production of fossil fuels, wet rice cultivation,
biomass burning, landfill and domestic sewage.
the global warming potential of methane is 21 times
that of carbon dioxide (over 100 years)
Source: EPER 2004, EU25
8
Nitrogen oxides, NOx
potent greenhouse gas.
facilities:
man-made releases: fuel combustion, biomass
burning and some production processes
natural sources: lightning and biological processes
in soils
contribute to acid rain-causing damage to
vegetation, buildings and contributing to the
acidification of lakes and streams
Ground-level ozone
ozone layer.
Inhalation of the pure gases is rapidly fatal (Very
toxic)
Source: EPER 2004, EU25
9
10
Technological Changing
Need Aspect Process Impact potential Lifestyle
Lifestock
Production
farming
Methane, Ammonia - We Must
Waste
Organic waste
dumping
Biogas (Methane) +/- We might
FOOD Energy recovery
Conservation Refrigeration CFC, HCFC + Not necessary
Changing in HFC
Delivering
goods
Carbon Dioxide - We Must
MOBILITY Combustion
Going to job
Nitrogen Oxides +/- We might
New burners
Spare time
11
Technological Changing
Need Aspect Process Impact potential Lifestyle?
Lifestock
Production
farming
Methane, Ammonia -
Waste
Organic waste
dumping
Biogas (Methane) +/-
FOOD Energy recovery
Conservation Refrigeration CFC, HCFC + Not necessary
Changing in HFC
Delivering
goods
Carbon Dioxide -
MOBILITY Combustion
Going to job
Nitrogen Oxides +/-
New burners
Spare time
12
Technological Changing
Need Aspect Process Impact potential Lifestyle?
Lifestock
Production
farming
Methane, Ammonia -
Waste
Organic waste
dumping
Biogas (Methane) +/- We might
FOOD Energy recovery
Conservation Refrigeration CFC, HCFC + Not necessary
Changing in HFC
Delivering
goods
Carbon Dioxide -
MOBILITY Combustion
Going to job
Nitrogen Oxides +/- We might
New burners
Spare time
13
Technological Changing
Need Aspect Process Impact potential Lifestyle?
Lifestock
Production
farming
Methane, Ammonia - We Must
Waste
Organic waste
dumping
Biogas (Methane) +/- We might
FOOD Energy recovery
Conservation Refrigeration CFC, HCFC + Not necessary
Changing in HFC
Delivering
goods
Carbon Dioxide - We Must
MOBILITY Combustion
Going to job
Nitrogen Oxides +/- We might
New burners
Spare time
14
some actions
avoid overproduction / overconsumption
optimizing processes
ecomobility
waste management
thinking global - buying local
encourage environmental researches
............
15
Energy and Sustainability
20% of the world population consume 55 % of the final energy
•Energy demand is constantly
increasing
•To be able to serve the growing
demand, alternative have to be
found
16
New Energy policy in the EU-
a new industrial revolution?
Present situation not satisfying
Unstable environment (natural catastrophes…)
Unsatisfying economic energy policy …. both: very
expensive
Energy production is responsible for 80% of the GHG
in the EU
Former energy policy would even increase the
emissions by 5% by 2030
EU current energy is not sustainable
EU response: New energy policy
EU Climate Change Program, EU‟s pioneering
Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS)…
Integrated & energy strategy March 07
17
Energy strategy: Targets and Objectives in 2020 compared
to 1990
Improving energy efficiency by 20% by 2020
High efficient energy – low green house emission economy
Concerning the industry & the EU citizens
Increasing the level of biofuels in transport fuel to 10% by 2020
Raising the share of renewable energy to 20% by 2020
EU already produces 60% of wind energy in the world
Increasing research and technological development
8,4 Billion for environment, energy & transport should be spent
earlier than proposed
but no solution for 17% of EU emissions other than CO2
(fluarinated gases/emissions from agricultural sector)
18
The USA are looking for alternative energy
resources
Energy production in the USA is nowadays dominated by fossil fuels
(Coal, petroleum and natural gas)
The reduction of GHG emissions can be reached by:
change in the mix of energy fuels and technologies
reduction of energy demand
Future energy resources are:
Nuclear energy
CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage)
Renewable energy
19
Renewable energy share in the USA
The US Global-Change szenario 2000-2100
Comparisson of two different szenarious with three
analytical models
the two szenarious are:
-reference szenario
-stabalization szenario
Goal:
• basis for comparativ analysis of how climate might
change in the future and for analyses of adapting
options
20
The USA fear the impact of climate change
on renewable energy sources
renewable energy production is highly susceptible to
changes in the resource base (e.g. hydroelectric
power generation, wind and solar energy)
even modest impacts in key resource areas could
substantially impact the cost competitiveness
biomass power and fuel production impacts are less
certain in short term
21
Possible Solutions
More effective isolation on buildings
CCS
Wind-energy
Hydro-energy
Biomass (low carbon structures)
Geothermal
Solar energy (Photovoltaic, Solar plants)
22
Pro
CCS Con
Effective reduction of CO2 in Does not solve the bigger
the atmosphere problem of the fact that fossil
For remaining use of fossil fuels are unlasting
fuels
More effective isolation on buildings
Save energy (daily and global Quit big investment for
bases) average citizen
Save money for heating or In all energy consume just a
cooling little part
Healthy (always fresh air
available, filters for allergic
people)
23 Passiv houses in Austria
Wind-energy
Regenerative
Changes in landscape
Relatively little land
requirement on the Reliability to blowing wind
ground Effects on the fauna
Low repair- and (especially birds)
maintaining costs (so far)
Hydro-energy
High effect High investments
Non high tech – long lifetime Reliability to rain
of constructions Effects and changing
Possibility for energy saving conditions high/low water on
Also use for drinking water flora and fauna
Maintaining ground water? Long distances to urban areas
24
Geothermal
•Hydrothermal ( low or high temperature)
•Geothermal heat pumps (near surface)
•Petrophysical systems (Hard Dry Rock System)
Pro Con
Miner changes to Not mobile
landscape Not possible everywhere
Little land requirement Big investments
Constant amount of
energy – independent
on weather
Nearly infinite
25
Biomasses
• as heat source such as firewood or pellets
• as fuel usable as ethanol or methanol (low on
carbohydrate)
Pro Con
Burns clean Deforestation in order to
Efficient produce biomasses
new technology for heating (especially ethanol in tropical
as well as fuel countries)
Methanol reduces CO2 Extremely toxic in
emission considerably transportation and storage
Use of biomasses in Central concentration
Europe in order to reduce
afforestation of former
cultural landscape
26
After these known possibilities there are with today's solutions
27 still missing 87.5 GW
Solar Energy production in Africa
Advantages: Disadvantages:
•No emission •Technology in development
•Use of the sun belt •High costs
•Renewable energy •Long distance
•Political issue (energy
•Use of non cultivated land
dependency)
28 28
Conclusion
The solar energy project is one good
and concrete solution
All renewable energies still need
research and the investment will be well
worth it
To enforce political will, it is important
to stimulate the awareness of
sustainability
29
Alternatives to conventional
economics
Trials to solve the problem of limited growth
Lenka Parkanová, Kateřina Kotásková,
Yvonne Müller
30
Adaptation of economical theory
Ecological (new) economics works
with the limits of growth
C
GDP
Time
31
Ecological economics
(Also called green or new economics)
Reaction to exploitative relation to nature
Comming in seventies of the last century
E.F. Schumacher is considered as a founder, his theory is
sometimes called „Buddhist economics (Small is BeuatifulI,
1973)
No unifying conception, not accepted by mainstream
economists.
Many flows, all criticise modern mainstream economics and
proclaim that economics as a discipline must be rethought.
32
Ecological (new) economics
Ecological economics considers economics as a component
of the ecosystem and wants to apply the nature mechanisms
into it.
Economics can not be closed discipline, it influences a wide
sphere or society.
cross-disciplinary approach is unavoidable.
As university field of study is ecological economics taken
rarely (Sweden–Mälarden University: Ecological Economics –
Studies in Sustainable Development).
Domain of non-governmental organisations:
Feasta (Ireland),New Economics Foundation (GB), Society for
Ecological Economics (USA), Post-Autistic Economics
(France)
33
Comparism of values between conventional and
ecological (new) economics
Conventional economics Ecological economics
Anthropocentric Ecocentric
Valuable is only that stuff and Nature has its own inherent value
doing, which increases prosperity Respect, Responsibility,
Exploitative attitude to nature Stewardship
Welfare is guaranteed not only by
Welfare is guaranteed by consumption, but also results
consumption from our relationship to the
nature, other people and to
oneself
People are not only consuments
Dividing people into consuments and producers, but also citizens
and producers
34
Daly, H., Cobb, J. (For the Common Good, Redirecting the
Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a
Sustainable Future, 1994;)
Henderson, H. (Beyond Globalization: Shaping a
Sustainable Global Economy; Ethical Markets: Growing the
Green Economy, 2006;)
Johanisova, N. (Living in the Cracks, 2005;)
Douthwaite, R. (Short Circuit, 1996; Growth: The Celtic
Cancer, Why the global economy damages our health and
society, 2004;)
Hawken, P., Lovins, A., L.H.Lovins (Natural Capitalism:
Creating the Next Industrial Revolution, 1999;)
Hertz, N. (The Silent Takeover: Global Capitalism and the
Death of Democracy 2001;)
Capra, F. (The Turning Point, 1982; EcoManagement, 1992;
Steering Business Toward Sustainability, 1995;)
35
Useful links
Organisations
http://www.feasta.org/
http://www.neweconomics.org/gen/
http://www.ecoeco.org/
http://www.ussee.org/
http://www.paecon.net/
Education
http://www.eki.mdh.se/ekologiskekonomi/indexeng.htm
http://www.uvm.edu/giee
http://www.publicpolicy.umd.edu/prospective/programs/ecoeco.htm
http://www.sts.rpi.edu/index.php?siteid=20&pageid=287
http://www.beijer.kva.se/
http://www.schumachercollege.org.uk
Information
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_is_Beautiful
http://www.hazelhenderson.com/
http://www.fritjofcapra.net/
36
Motto expressing the main message of
alternative economics and its vision of the
life quality
Existence of the place near your home,
where you can walk with your dog, is much
more important to personal welbeeing than
having a chance to travel on the Canarian
Islands twice a year.
(Václav Cílek, Czech polyhistor)
37
LETS = local exchange trading system,
community economy
Definition:
exchange of services and goods among people living in
the community (inside local community) – one village,
one city, one region
local, non-profit exchange networks in which goods and
services can be traded without the need for printed
currency
Principle in one sentence:
a member may earn credit by doing childcare for one
person and spend it later on carpentry with another
person in the same network
38
How LETS work 1
Local people set up a club to trade between themselves, keeping their own record of
accounts.
A directory of members' offers and requests—goods, services or items for hire, priced
in local LETS units—is compiled and circulated.
Members use the directory to contact one another whenever they wish. They pay for
any service or goods by writing a LETS cheque or credit note for an agreed amount of
LETS units, or by exchanging printed LETS notes.
If applicable, the credit note is sent to the LETS bookkeeper who adjusts both
members' accounts accordingly.
Woman A Man B Student C Family D
+ cleaning windows + piano lessons + english lessons +vegetables
+nuts + baking bred +baby sitting +car
+ needlework - PC skills + gardening -piano lessons
-- vegetables - needlework - baking bred -gardening
- baby sitting -move - graphic -printing
39
How LETS work 2
Since its beginning over 20 years ago, LETSystems have been highly
innovative in adapting to the needs of their local communities in all
kinds of ways. For example in Australia, people have built houses
using LETS in place of a bank loan, freeing the owner from huge
interest payments
LETS is a fully fledged "monetary system", unlike direct exchange, with
LETS members able to earn credits from any member and spend
them with anyone else on the scheme
Units have various names – green dollars, new berries; it is also
possible to use hours of work as units
LETS have mostly from 50 to 300 members
The LETS scheme does not require outside sources of income as
stimulus
40
Examples
Zajezova
Slovak ecovillage based on
traditions, modest and
environmental-friendly lifestyle Rozlet (Let´s flight)
and growing own food
LETS system for people from Brno
10 jež = 1 hour of work and surroundig managed on
Services and goods: building and internet
reparing houses, farming and
gardening, cutting woods; food,
clothes, herbs, furniture…
About 20 people participating
Many others activity
„Normal― money are earned in
recycling factory which is owned
by Zajezova NGO
41
Benefits
Revitalise and build community and local economy, create social contacts
It is issued by people, no central authority is needed, fair prices
Encourage using of local resources
Promote small business, support for local enterprise and new businesses
Keep „money― and values in the place
Everybody starts et ZERO point
No interest, no reason to save, no robbery is possible
You don´t need money, if you want sth to „buy―
LETS 'currency' is notional – just record of transactions
Less need of „normal― money
Housework has values….
A successful LETSystem can provide members with food, clothing,
housing, transport, health and legal services, repairs, equipment, business
services, entertainment and much more
42
Problems
Tax – it is not a Taxation Avoidance Scheme
Same problems like other NGOs based on volunteers
A conventional national currency, is generally hard to
earn but easy to spend. To date LETSystems are
comparatively easy to earn but harder to spend. The
success of a LETSystem is therefore determined by the
ease with which a person can spend their LETS credits,
and improve their quality of life by participation.
Many others of course…
43
Links
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems
http://www.tauschring.de
http://www.transaction.net/money/lets
http://www.letslinkuk.org/
http://www.gmlets.u-net.com/
http://www.feasta.org/documents/moneyecology/contents.htm -
online book Ecology of money by Richard Douthwaite
Books: LETS act locally by Jonathan Croall
LETS work: rebuilding the local economy by Peter Lang
44
Local currencies – regionalization
instead of globalisation
loss of jobs, migration, growing debts considerably caused by drawback of money from
the region
issuing of a second currency circulating as cash substitute for the national currency
usually predetermined depreciation
in general intended to trade only in a small area
characteristics and benefits:
tend to circulate more rapidly than national currencies
greater overall economic activity
strengthen purchasing power of the region
community uses more fully its existing productive resources, especially unemployed
labor
raise awareness for regional economy, encourages purchase of locally produced and
locally available goods and services
for any given level of economic activity, more of the benefit accrues to the local
community, less drains out
difficulties:
pooling, with sudden release of the pool, creating hyperinflation
45
Example: „Waldviertler“, Austria
region in Niederösterreich
launched in May 2005
value equal to €
28,000 „Waldviertler― in circulation
predefined depreviation of 2% per quarter
has to be clued with marks to keep its full value
accepted by 186 companies of different sectors
continuously enlargement of range of articles shall further
improve attractivity of the new currency
since end of 2006 interest in this local currency decreasing
46
Other examples:
WIR, Switzerland:
founded 1934
oldest local currency known to be in continuous use
biggest local currency system worldwide
Fureai Kippu system, Japan:
credits in exchange for assistance to senior citizens
credits transferrable
promoting fuller utilization of resources over a wider geographical area
QQ coins, China:
virtual / electronic form of currency catering to the specific needs of a virual
community
used to stimulate transactions on a global basis
used to purchase virtual products and services (e.g. ringtones, on-line video
games time)
47
Useful links
Local currencies:
http://www.waldviertler-regional.at
http://www.wir.ch
http://www.ithacahours.org
http://www.art-money.org/255
Institutions
http://www.smallisbeautiful.org
http://www.complementarycurrency.org
http://www.appropriate-economics.org
Information
http://www.bundesbank.de/download/volkswirtschaft/dkp/2006/200643dkp_en.pdf
48
Conclusion
no. of local economy systems increasing – but mostly at local
level
sometimes it works, sometimes fails
scale changes everything
Does ecological economy work at global scale too?
Are we able to run another economy?
Are local economy systems really alternatives?
Is society in Europe prepare to change its system so much?
49
ECOTOURISM
WAY TO SUSTAINABILITY
Vesna Miličič
Adrian Jamolin
Jasmina Zakonjšek
50
51
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF
TOURISM
1. Pressure on natural resources,
2. pollution and waste generation,
3. damage to ecosystem.
52
53
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
“ is tourism development that avoids
damage to the environment, economy
and cultures of the locations where it
takes place.”
54
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IS:
It is informative,
it supports integrity of place,
it benefits residents,
it conserves resources,
it respects local culture and tradition,
it does not abuse its product,
it strives for quality, not quantity,
It means great trips.
55
ECOTOURISM
“responsible travel to natural areas that
conserves the environment and improves
the well-being of local people.”
The International Ecotourism Society
56
CRITERIA
1. conservation of biodiversity and cultural diversity,
through ecosystem protection;
2. promotion of sustainable use of biodiversity;
3. sharing of socio-economic benefits with local
communities;
4. increase of environmental and cultural knowledge;
5. minimization of environmental impact;
6. lack of waste in the form of luxury;
7. local culture, flora and fauna being the main
attractions.
57
OTHER TYPES
Agro-tourism,
Community based tourism,
Nature tourism,
Pro-poor tourism.
58
SLOVENIAN LANDSCAPE
59
NATURAL BEAUTIES OF SLOVENIA
Slovenia surprises visitors at very step with its natural sites.
The last floating mill on
the Mura river (“Babičev mlin”)
Bled
60
Piran
Škocjan caves Gorjanci
Biodiversity in numbers:
(estimated)
(source: Biodiversity Conservation
Strategy of Slovenia, 2002)
• 15 000 of animal species
• 6 000 of plant species
• 5 000 of fungi species
61
MAP OF NATURA 2000 AREAS
286 Natura 2000 sites in total
35% of the country
62
AGROTOURISM IN SLOVENIA
1998: Institute for Sustainable Development got
involved in “Green tourism in countryside”
1999: “Green Holiday Guide for South East Europe”
Since 1999: promoting tourism on certified organic
farms
2000-2001: a partner in the project Eco-agroturismo
2003: a national project EcoAgroTourism dealing with
development of green tourism in rural areas
63
SYMBOLS
Symbol of eco farm
64 Certificate
THE NUMBER OF ECO FARMS IN
SLOVENIA
The development of eco-farming in Slovenia
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200 Eco-farms in control
Number
1000
800
Eco-certficates
600
400
200
0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
65
TYPE OF TOURIST FARMS
Tourist farm in the Julian Alps
Tourist farm on Pohorje
66
THE FUTURE OF ECOTOURISM IN
SLOVENIA
Ecotourism is still developing
We have a great opportunites to develop the
ecotourism as an alternative to the classical
tourism
We have to promote and develop appropriate
educational programmes addresed to children
and young people
67
ECOTOURISM IN AUSTRALIA
Australian definition is consistent with the international one:
“ecologically sustainable tourism with a
primary focus on experiencing natural areas
that fosters environmental and cultural
understanding, appreciation and
conservation.˝
(Ecotourism Australia)
68
SNAPSHOT OF TOURISM IN
AUSTRALIA
5.5 million international arrivals in 2006.
52% of visitors came for the purpose of a holiday (2005-2006).
International visitors spent $23.8 billion and consumed about $22.4
billion of goods and services (2005-2006).
(Tourism Australia)
69
GROWTH OF ECOTOURISM IN
AUSTRALIA
In 2005, 3.4 million international visitors
participated in nature-based activities (Tourism
Australia).
Nearly 30% of domestic travellers were
ecotourists in 1999 (Ecotrends).
70
WHY ECOTOURISM IN
AUSTRALIA?
Environmental
Social Economic
Environmental:
Incentive for conserving natural areas.
Provides resources for conservation management.
Conservation of the environment.
(Jenkins and Wearing 2003)
71
WHY ECOTOURISM IN
AUSTRALIA?
Environmental
Social Economic
Economic:
Economic development and diversification.
Tendency for ecotourists to stay longer.
Distribution of income to local economies.
(Jenkins and Wearing 2003)
72
WHY ECOTOURISM IN
AUSTRALIA?
Environmental
Social Economic
Social:
Long-term conservation of cultural heritage.
Revitilisation of local arts and traditions.
Engenders an environmental ethic.
(Jenkins and Wearing 2003)
73
HISTORY OF ECOTOURISM IN
AUSTRALIA
Second half of 20th century- Development of ecotourism
operators
1991- Ecotourism Australia
1994- National Economic Strategy
Post 1994- Continued growth of ecotourism
74
ECO-CERTIFICATION IN
AUSTRALIA
Ecotourism and nature tourism certification provides
all stakeholders with an assurance that a certified
tourism service/product is backed by a commitment
to best practice ecological sustainability.
(Ecotourism Australia)
75
ECO-CERTIFICATION IN
AUSTRALIA
Triple bottom line The nature tourism or ecotourism Nature Ecotourism/Advanced
product principles: Tourism Ecotourism
Economic 1. Business Management and
Sustainability Operational Planning
2. Business Ethics
3. Responsible Marketing
4. Customer Satisfaction
Environmental 5. Natural Area Focus
Sustainability
6. Environmental Sustainability
7. Interpretation and Education
N/A
8. Contribution to Conservation
N/A
Social Sustainability 9. Working with Local Communities
N/A
10. Cultural Respect and Sensitivity
76 N/A
LEGAL MECHANISMS THAT ASSIST IN
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN AUSTRALIA
World Heritage Areas-
UNESCO Convention for
the Protection of World
Cultural and Natural
Heritage (1972)
National Parks- eg
National Parks and
Wildlife Act 1974
(NSW)
EIA Tasmanian Wilderness-
EMAS inscribed on the World
Heritage List
77
EXAMPLE OF WTWHA AS AN
ECOTOURISM SITE
The Wet Tropics World
Heritage Area (WTWHA) was
inscribed on the World
Heritage Register in 1988.
It‟s an area of rainforests in
Queensland, the northeastern
part of Australia.
In 1993 direct tourism use of
the World Heritage Area was
estimated to generate over
$179 million.
An estimated two million
people visit the WTWHA each
year.
(Wet Tropics Management Authority)
78
MANAGEMENT OF ECOTOURISM
IN THE WTWHA
Ecotourism activities in the WTWHA include bushwalking/hiking,
wildlife viewing, whitewater rafting,etc.
Ecotourism operators include both budget camping and
expensive „eco-lodges‟.
Tourism in the WTWHA is managed by the Wet Tropics
Management Authority. In 2000 the Authority established a
Tourism Liaison Group.
There is also a zoning and permit system in the WTWHA.
(Wet Tropics Management Authority)
79
POTENTIAL NEGATIVES OF
ECOTOURISM IN AUSTRALIA
Environmental:
Damage to vegetation from trampling.
Disturbance of wildlife.
Economic:
Failure of total revenue to match costs of ecotourism
impacts.
Increased burden on conservation agencies.
Social:
Overcrowding in nature areas.
Improper commodification of local cultures.
(Jenkins and Wearing 2003)
80
FUTURE OF ECOTOURISM IN
AUSTRALIA
Increased proliferation
of eco-certification.
Support by federal
government to
ecotourism.
Greater international
links.
Further marketing of
Australia as an
ecotourism destination.
81
CONCLUSIONS ON ECOTOURISM
A more sustainable form of tourism in relation
to mass tourism.
However, tourists must also act sustainably
when they return home.
Ecotourism must be developed carefully so as
not to damage natural areas.
International standards on ecotourism would be
beneficial.
82
