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The Aerospace Industry
Istas Nusyirwan
Players
Those involve in research, development and
manufacture of aerospace vehicles and
systems.
For example Aerospace Industries Association
and General Aviation Manufacturers
Association.
Importance of Aerospace Industries
• Trade Balance
• Employment
• Research and Development
• Impact on other industries.
Principal Product Lines
• Aircraft
• Missiles
• Space systems
• Powerplant
For both civilian and military use.
The Civil Aviation Market
• USA is the largest producer of aircraft for
civilian market.
• Big players – Boeing and Lockheed Martin
• In 1996 - $22bil of aircraft has been sold.
• Europe responds by creating Airbus to
compete with US manufacturers.
Factors Affecting the Sale of Consumer
Transport
• Economic growth
• Inflation
• Passenger load factor
• Replacement aircraft
• Airline’s ability to make profit.
• Economic cycle.
Air Transport Industry
• It covers all civil flying performed by
certificated air carriers and general aviation.
• In US, the Civil Aeronautics Acts 1938 explains
“air carrier” means any citizen who undertakes
… to engage in an air transport.
• “interstate air transport” … mean[s] the
carriage by aircraft of persons or property as a
common carrier for compensation or hire.
Contribution to Economy
• No need to explain. It is very important.
• Create jobs.
• Nourishes businesses.
– Quicker on the spot decision and action.
– Less fatigue associated with travel.
– Greater mobility.
– Decentralize production and distribution.
• Pleasure travel -tourism
Some history background
• Air transport has started as early as 1914. It
came in the form of postal service between
major cities in US.
• Big planes were introduced in 1933, i.e.
Boeing 247 and DC-1.
• And then came, DC-2 and DC-3.
Lockheed Constellation
In General : An Aviation Industry…
• Pilots
• The airport system
• The air navigation system
• Aviation manufacturers
• Scheduled air carriers
• Fixed based operators
• Aviation interest groups
• General aviation
• The governmental regulatory system
Regulatory Bodies
• Each country has their own regulatory body to
maintain safety and integrity of aviation
industry.
• Among others are:
– Malaysia – Department of Civil Aviation
– U.S.A – Federal Aviation Administration
– Europe – Joint Aviation Authorities
– Australia – Civil Aviation Safety Authority
DCA of Malaysia
DCA is an acronym for Department of Civil
Aviation. It is an organisation in the Ministry
of Transport Malaysia administering the
activities of aviation. The activities includes
basically the transportation of passengers,
mail and cargo from and into the airspace of
Malaysia.
DCA’s Responsibility
• The core business of DCA is enforcement service
to ensure that all aviation activities in its
airspace are regulated and conducted in
accordance to laws of Malaysia. It also provides
Air Traffic Control services to air aircraft in its
airspace.
• These activities that DCA regulates include
aircraft certification, registration, personnel
certification, airport licensing, air operators
certification, air traffic control, air navigation
equipment certification.
Governing Laws
• The Malaysian Government has enacted a law
and regulations i.e Civil Aviation Act 1969 and
Civil Aviation Regulation 1996 that persons or
organisations conducting any aviation activites
shall abide with.
• The national laws and regulations are based on
the International Civil Aviation Organisation
(ICAO), Standards and Recommended Practices
(SARP). All nations conducting aviation activities
are so required by it to accommodate these
standards into their laws and regulations.
Why must follow ICAO?
• Air transportation crosses many national
territories and air spaces around the globe. If
each country have different standards and
procedures, this will burden the operators of
aircraft. Eventually it affect the safety of aircraft
and passengers.
• However, when all nations have common
standards, operators will have less procedures
to conduct and thus lessen the burden. Safety of
aircraft and passengers can thus be assured.
What do Standards and Recommended Practices (SARP)
mean ?
• The standards are specification for physical
characteristics, configuration, material,
performance, personnel or procedure that states
of ICAO members will conform in order to
achieve safe and regular air navigation.
• Whereas, the Recommended Practices are any
specification for physical charateristics,
configuration, material, performance, personnel
or procedure where the aplication is recognised
as desireable in the interest of safety of air
navigation.
History of DCA
1911 First heavier-than-air aeroplane lands at Kuala Lumpur. (Antoinette
Monoplane piloted by Mr. G.P. Fuller).
1924 First commercial flight to Malaya, operated by KLM, lands at Alor
Star (a Fokker FV II).
1935 Management unit for Civil Aviation formed, headed by Director of
Public Works Department Singapore.
1947 DCA formed in Singapore. First Director, Mr. S.E. Storror.
1948 KLIA at Sungai Besi.
Air Traffic Control (ATC) conducted for DCA by British Army.
DCA emplaced under Ministry of Lands, Mines & Communications.
Cont…
1953 DCA formed in Kuala Lumpur under a Director-General of Civil
Aviation, Federation of Malaya. DCA emplaced under Ministry of
Post & Telecommunications. First Director General, Mr.
N.A. Oxford. Air Navigation Order (ANO) legislated.
1956 Kuala Lumpur Airport (Sg. Besi) becomes an International Airport.
1957 Malaysia becomes a member state of International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO).First international flight to Europe by BOAC
using a Bristol Britannia aircraft.
1958 All Malaysian aircraft registered as 9M---
1965 New Kuala Lumpur International Airport at Subang opens.
Cont…
1976 DCA becomes a self-accounting department under Ministry of
Transport. DCA responsible for administering 20 Airports
including 4 International Airports. Kuala Lumpur and Kota
Kinabalu FIRs established. ATC Primary Radar service for Area
Control within the KL FIR.
1981 Civil Aviation College (CAC) replaces the Civil Aviation Training
Centre at Subang Airport. School of Aviation Security opens at
Penang Airport.
1984 Civil Aviation College (CAC) commences international courses
under MalaysianTechnical Co-operation Programme.
1989 Malaysian Airspace Management Service (MAMS) formed to
link ATS organization and management in both FIRs.
Cont…
1990 Malaysian Air Traffic Services Modernization Project
(MATSMP) commences. Expected to complete by 1996.
1991 Bill passed by Parliament for corporatisation of DCA (20
Airports excluding ATC).
1992 Fire destroys Kuala Lumpur ATCC and Tower. Temporary
Tower set up using Fire Services
Watch Tower. Temporary ATCC set up at Civil Aviation
College using ATC simulator consoles.
Formation of Malaysia Airports Bhd, a Corporation to
manage 20 Airports in Malaysia.
Kuala Lumpur Approach Radar services provided using
combined Primary and Monopulse SSR.
Cont…
1993 DCA purchases one Learjet 60 (with an option for second) to complement
its flight calibration fleet. Groundworks commence for construction of new
Kuala Lumpur International Airport at Sepang.
1994 Fire puts Approach Radar out of service. Radar services resume after one
month using mobile Marconi Primary/SSR on loan from South Africa.
1996 DCA takes delivery of its 1st Learjet – LR60. Malaysia was audited by Federal
Aviation Administration (FAA/US) in the International Aviation Safety Audit
(IASA), and was categorized as Category I. With this result, MAS is allowed
to fly to USA without restriction; Recognition to produce aircraft (Eagle);
and Aircraft components for exports. Malaysia is the first country within
Asia Pacific to sign Bilateral Aviation Safety Audit (BASA).
Cont…
1997 Malaysian Air Traffic Service Modernization Project (MATSMP’s) – New Air
Traffic Control Centre starts operation. DCA takes delivery for its 2nd Learjet
– LR60. First fixed wing aircraft landing at KLIA, a DCA BN2 piloted by DCA
Director General, Hon. Ir. Haji Zaini Bin Omar (Tan Sri). DCA commences
ADS/CDPLC trial in co-operation with ALENIA.
1998 KLIA, Sepang starts operation (30 June).
1999 National Civil Aviation Security Programme was enforced. (14th Aug).
2000 ICAO Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (ICAO USOAP) on
Airworthiness, Flight operation and Personnel licensing. (1-11th May )
2001 DCA Headquarters moved form Wisma Semantan, Kuala Lumpur to Parcel D,
Putrajaya. Miri Radar (MIRAD) Project started. (22nd Nov)
Cont…
2002 Follow up ICAO USOAP. (June)
Schedule operation move from Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport, Subang to KLIA. (4th July
International Aviation Security Assessment (IASA) (Oct)
2003 DCA was certified as Public Services MS ISO 9002:1994 with regard to the procedure for
issuance of Air Service Permit, Air Service License and Air Operator Certificate.
Follow up IASA. (20th May)
International Aviation Security Assessment (IASA) (2nd July)
2005 ICAO New Comprehensive Approach Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (16
out of 18 Annexes)
DCA HQ moved from Parcel D, Putrajaya to Precinct 4 (October 2005)
2006 ICAO Universal Security Aviation Audit Program (USAP) (Annex 17) (16-26 Jan)
Minister of Transport Official Visit to DCA HQ in Putrajaya (25th Aug)
2007 ICAO Council President Visit to DCA HQ, DCA KLIA and DCA Subang (15-18 April)
Divisions in DCA
• Air Traffic Management Sector
• Airworthiness Sector
• Flight Operation Sector
• Flight Calibration
• Air Transport
• Management Services Division
• Air Traffic Inspectorate
• Airport Standards
• Aviation Security
• Malaysian Aviation Academy
Air Traffic Management Sector at DCA
The functions of Air Traffic Management Sector are:
• Provide Air Traffic Services, i.e. Air Traffic Control Service, Flight Information
Service and Alerting Service;
• Recruitment and Training of Air Traffic Controllers;
• Search and Rescue Coordinating Service;
• Aeronautical Information Services;
• Airspace Management;
• Provide of Communication, Navigation and Surveillance facilities;
• Collection of Air Navigation Facilities Charge (ANFC).
Airworthiness Sector at DCA
The functions of Airworthiness Sector are:
1. Registration of all civil aircraft
2. Certification of aircraft standards
3. Licensing of aircraft maintenance engineers
4. Approval of organizations for maintenance
aircraft and equipment
5. Certification of aircraft manufacture
6. Aircraft accident investigations
Flight Operation Sector at DCA
The functions of Flight Operation Sector are:
• Licensing and theory examinations of flight crews
• Flight testing of flight crews
• Issuance of Air Operator's Certificate (commercial air
transport operator) and Certificate of Approval (Flying
School and Flying Club)
• Continued surveillance
• Flight testing of aircraft and simulator
• Aircraft accident investigation
Flight Calibration Division at DCA
The functions of Flight Calibration Division are:
• Calibration of air navigation facilities
• Maintenance of aircraft and certification of
navigational equipment
• Construction of flight procedures
Air Transport Division at DCA
The functions of Air Transport Division are:
1. Airlines Flight Schedule approvals.
2. Processing of Air Service License and Permits.
3. Participation in Air Services Agreement (ASA) Negotiations.
4 Recommendations for formation of Airline Companies and intake of
expatriates.
5. Liaison with International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO) and
other international organsiation.
6. Processing of international meetings, conferences, seminars and
courses.
7. Collecting of flight data statistics for analysis and planning.
8. Recommendations for formation of Flying Schools.
9. Recommendations for formation of Flying Clubs.
Management Services Division at DCA
The functions of Management Services Division are:
• Coordinating and monitoring activities of all divisions
• Planning, managing and administering human resources of
the department
• Planning and managing the financial management
• Coordinating, controlling and monitoring of development
project
• Planning, managing and administering the information
system for the purpose of planning, research and/or
reference of service in the department
• Managing and administrating all documents connected to
aviation industry for the purpose of reference
Air Traffic Inspectorate Division at DCA
The functions of Air Traffic Inspectorate Division
are:
• Implementation of air traffic control examinations
• Issuance of air traffic control licenses
• Medical examinations endorsements
• Air traffic incident investigations
• Implementations of air traffic service audit
programme
Airport Standard Division at DCA
The functions of Airport Standards Division are:
• Aerodrome certification
• Aerodrome licensing
• Development and upgrading of aerodrome
• Approval for private aerodrome
• Approval for obstacle marking and lighting
• Inspection of communication, navigation and
surveillance equipments
Aviation Security Division at DCA
The functions of Aviation Security Division :
• To develop policy and standard based on NCASP, NQCP and NCATSP
programme.
• To ensure security standard on airports, airlines, cargo, catering and
all aviation security related matter are implemented.
• To regulate handlings and transportations.
• Inspection and certification of x-ray machine screener.
• Inspection and certification of aviation security and dangerous
goods training.
• Sky Marshall Programme development.
• Investigation on incident and accident involving security and
dangerous goods.
Civil Aviation College at DCA
The functions of Civil Aviation College are :
• To train Air Traffic Controllers to the required and
mandated international standards in air traffic control
techniques and equipment.
• To provide information to Air Traffic Controllers of the
latest developments and technologies in civil aviation.
• To implement training programmes, which conform to
ICAO’s standards and recommended practices, to meet
both national and international needs for both
operational and management personnel.
Publications at DCA
[From website of DCA] DCA publishes
documents for operators. It mainly covers
1. Flight Operation
2. Airport Standard Directives
3. Air Traffic Services
4. Air Worthiness Notices
FAA of USA
The authority of aviation in America. Since America
aviation industry is so big. Almost all airlines from
all over the world fly to America. Thus, in most
cases, all newly designed airplanes must conform
with FAA’s rules and regulations.
FAA was established in 1967, after having several
name changes. Further reading is available at
FAA’s website.
Responsibility of the Authority
• aircraft certification,
• registration,
• personnel certification,
• airport licensing,
• air operators certification,
• air traffic control,
• air navigation equipment certification,
• accident & incident investigation and reports,
• record and data keeping for forecasting and
management improvement,
• education
ICAO
The International Civil Aviation Organization, a UN Specialized Agency, is the global
forum for civil aviation.
ICAO works to achieve its vision of safe, secure and sustainable development of civil
aviation through cooperation amongst its member States.
To implement this vision, the Organization has established the following Strategic
Objectives for the period 2005-2010:
1. Safety - Enhance global civil aviation safety
2. Security - Enhance global civil aviation security
3. Environmental Protection - Minimize the adverse effect of global civil aviation
on the environment
4. Efficiency - Enhance the efficiency of aviation operations
5. Continuity - Maintain the continuity of aviation operations
6. Rule of Law - Strengthen law governing international civil aviation
ICAO : Aviation Safety
Aviation safety is a key objective of ICAO and is part of the work in the
following Sections and programmes:
• Aerodromes, Air Routes and Ground Aids (AGA) Section
• Accident Investigation and Prevention (AIG) Section
• Flight Safety (FLS) Section
• Aviation Medicine (MED) Section
• Flight Safety and Human Factors
• Safety Management
• Flight Safety Information Exchange (FSIX)
ICAO Annexes
1. Personnel Licensing 11. Air Traffic Services
2. Rules of the air 12. Search and Rescue
3. Meteorological Services 13. Aircraft Accident and Incident
4. Aeronautical Charts Investigation
5. Units of measurements to be 14. Aerodromes
used in Air and Ground 15. Aeronautical Information
Operations Services
6. Operation of Aircraft 16. Environment Protection
7. Aircraft Nationality and 17. Security against unlawful
Registration Marks interference.
8. Airworthiness of Aircraft 18. Safe transport of dangerous
9. Facilitation good on air.
10. Aeronautical
Telecommunication Available of www.icao.int
Government Agencies
• Ministry of Transport Malaysia
• Royal Malaysian Customs
• Immigration Department of Malaysia
• Public Service Department of Malaysia
Airlines Operated in Malaysia
• Malaysia Airlines
• AirAsia
• FAX
• FireFly
• Berjaya Air
• Transmile Group
Flying School
• Malaysia Flying Academy
• Langkawi Aerospace Training Centre
• Asia Pacific Flight Training
• Integrated Training and Services
• Gulf Golden International Flying Academy
Other International Aviation Bodies
Australasian Aviation FAA Regulations. The Royal Aeronautical
Ground Safety Council FAA Aviation Information. Society.
. Flight Safety Foundation. Transport Accident
Airways Corporation of International Air Investigation
New Zealand Limited . Transport Association Commission (TAIC,NZ).
Air Accidents (IATA). Transport Canada (Civil
Investigation Branch International Civil Aviation).
(UK). Aviation Organisation United Kingdom Civil
Airservices Australia. (ICAO). Aviation Authority
Bureau Air Safety Independent Confidential (UKCAA).
Investigation (BASI). Aviation Reporting South African CAA.
Civil Aviation Safety System (ICARUS).
Authority Australia International Federation
(CASA). of Airworthiness.
FAA Office of Sytem National Transportation
Safety. Safety Board (NTSB).
Major Aviation Associations : Airlines
Related
• Air Transport Association of America
• Airline Clearing House
• Regional Airline Association
• Airline Tariff Publishing Company
• Air Cargo Inc.
• Aeronautical Radio, Inc.
Aircraft –Manufacturing Assoc.
• Aerospace Industries Assoc.
• General Aviation Manufacturers Assoc.
• Aircraft Owners and Pilots Assoc.
International Assoc
• International Air Transport Association
– More on tariff coordination, such as fares, rates
and charges.
– Forum for members to discuss matters, mainly on
tariffs, rates.
