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The Life Cycle Management Navigator
Life Cycle Assessment
Training Session 9
Life Cycle Management Navigator: 9_PR_LCA 1 CSCP, UNEP, WBCSD, WI, InWEnt, UEAP ME
Life Cycle Assessment
What?
What is Life Cycle Thinking?
• Requires a shift in the conventional strategic thinking of a
company!
• Accepting that the company creates impacts not only through
its own processes but along the life cycle of a product, and
taking action.
• Life Cycle – from raw material extraction to final disposal!
Life Cycle Management Navigator: 9_PR_LCA 2 CSCP, UNEP, WBCSD, WI, InWEnt, UEAP ME
Life Cycle Assessment
What?
What is Life Cycle Thinking?
• Includes
environmental, social,
and economic impact
of product
• Aims to reduce
product„s resource
use and emissions
• Aims to improve
product„s socio-
economic
performance
Source: UNEP, 2007, LCM Guide
Life Cycle Management Navigator: 9_PR_LCA 3 CSCP, UNEP, WBCSD, WI, InWEnt, UEAP ME
Life Cycle Assessment
Example
Life Cycle of Jeans
Cultivation of Cotton Transport Processing
in Country A at the spinning mill Transport
in Country B
Jeans manufacturing
NATURE in Country C
Transport
Dumping or
Recycling
Collection by Marketing and Sales
the second-hand shop in Country D
for re-use
Waste Collection Transport
Use
Source: by
the Consumers
Source: UNEP, Wuppertal Institute
Life Cycle Management Navigator: 9_PR_LCA 4 CSCP, UNEP, WBCSD, WI, InWEnt, UEAP ME
Life Cycle Assessment
What?
What is Life Cycle Thinking?
The „6 RE philosophy“
RE-think the product and RE-use. Design the product for
ist functions. For example, disassembly so parts can be
the product may be used reused.
more efficiently.
RE-pair. Make the product easy RE-duce energy, material
to repair e.g. via modules that can consumption and socio-economic
easily be changed. impacts throughout a product„s
life cycle.
RE-place harmful
RE-cycle. Select materials
substances with safer
that can be recycled.
alternatives.
Source: UNEP, 2007, LCM Guide
Life Cycle Management Navigator: 9_PR_LCA 5 CSCP, UNEP, WBCSD, WI, InWEnt, UEAP ME
Life Cycle Assessment
What?
What is Life Cycle Assessment?
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a
decision making tool to identify and
analyse the environmental burden of a
product throughout its life cycle.
• Consideration of multiple life cycle stages
• Consideration of multiple environment and
resource issues
• An assessment or interpretation of the
significance of the results
Helps the companies to decide to what extent the
environmental problems associated with the final product
outside the organization should be integrated into the
internal decision-making process.
Source: WBCSD, 2006, eco-efficiency Learning Module
Life Cycle Management Navigator: 9_PR_LCA 6 CSCP, UNEP, WBCSD, WI, InWEnt, UEAP ME
Life Cycle Assessment
Where?
Areas of Application
LC thinking...
... is influental in product related decisions
... helps to decide about the compilation and evaluation
of inputs and outputs
... helps to evaluate the potential environmental impacts
... helps to decide about
- which products to manufacture; - management of the waste generated;
- the types of raw materials to be - the content of the instructions /
used; information given to the consumers;
- the sources of energy to be used; - the relevant Environmental
- the type and amount of packaging; Performance Indicators;
- design of the products; - the marketing strategy
Source: UNEP, 2007, Trainer Manual
Life Cycle Management Navigator: 9_PR_LCA 7 CSCP, UNEP, WBCSD, WI, InWEnt, UEAP ME
Life Cycle Assessment
Where?
Areas of Application
LCA can help decision-makers to
• Identify unintentional impacts of actions (e.g. upstream GHG emissions that
may offset perceived benefits of a new technology)
• Ensure consideration of all environmental media across the life-cycle (e.g.
equal consideration of emissions to air, water and land during project
construction, operation and decommissioning)
• Avoid shifting problems from one life-cycle stage to another, from one
geographic area to another and from one environmental medium to another
(e.g. ensuring an air pollution mitigation measure does not create a water
pollution problem elsewhere in the system)
• Identify opportunities to improve the environmental and economic
performance of the technology, project, product or service in question (e.g.
identifying “hotspots” that need to be addressed)
• Communicate more effectively with stakeholders on the system wide
consequences of project or technology options (e.g. to communicate full
impacts and/or benefits of changes to a product system)
Source: WBCSD, 2006, eco-efficiency Learning Module
Life Cycle Management Navigator: 9_PR_LCA 8 CSCP, UNEP, WBCSD, WI, InWEnt, UEAP ME
Life Cycle Assessment
Where?
Who is active in Life Cycle Thinking?
DAIMLERCHRYSLER
Source: UNEP, 2007, LCM Training Kit
Life Cycle Management Navigator: 9_PR_LCA 9 CSCP, UNEP, WBCSD, WI, InWEnt, UEAP ME
Life Cycle Assessment
Why?
Benefits
• Resource savings/ Margins
• Reduced resource use, emissions and waste
• Derive increased value from money, time, and
materials invested
• Continual improvements/ Reputation
• Improved relationships with external stakeholders
• Better management of supply chain
• Competitive advantage/ Revenues
• Accessibility to wealth, health, safety conditions
• Fewer environmental impacts
Source: UNEP, 2007, Life Cycle Management ,
2004, Why take a life cycle approach?
Life Cycle Management Navigator: 9_PR_LCA 10 CSCP, UNEP, WBCSD, WI, InWEnt, UEAP ME
Life Cycle Assessment
How?
How to apply
• Initially, understanding of life cycle thinking by the company
is crucial!
• For practical purposes, start by simple tools such as
- product life cycle mapping;
- identification of inputs and outputs along the life cycle;
- checklists;
- streamlined Life Cycle Assessments.
Life Cycle Management Navigator: 9_PR_LCA 11 CSCP, UNEP, WBCSD, WI, InWEnt, UEAP ME
Life Cycle Assessment
Exercise
LCA Tool - Life Cycle Mapping
Raw Manu- Packaging Distribution Use Disposal
Material facturing
Extraction
and Supply
Low Energy
Efficiency
Low Materials
Efficiency
High Water Use
Hazardous
Materials in
Product
High
Generation of
Waste
High
Generation of
Effluents
Emission
High Chemical
Use
Employee
Expertise
Employee Source: adapted from UNEP, Wuppertal Institute, 2000
Security
Life Cycle Management Navigator: 9_PR_LCA 12 CSCP, UNEP, WBCSD, WI, InWEnt, UEAP ME
Life Cycle Assessment
How?
How to apply
Get familiar with the common LCA methodology...
The ISO guidelines for example...
• aims to assess associated environmental aspects and the
potential impacts with a product;
• has three main stages:
1. Compile a list of relevant inputs and outputs of a system;
2. Evaluate the potential environmental impacts associated
with those inputs and outputs;
3. Interpret the results with respect to the aim of the LCA
study.
Life Cycle Management Navigator: 9_PR_LCA 13 CSCP, UNEP, WBCSD, WI, InWEnt, UEAP ME
Life Cycle Assessment
How?
ISO Methodological Framework
Life Cycle Assessment Framework
Goal and Scope
Definition Direct Applications:
Interpretation • Product development
Inventory
Analysis and Improvement
• Strategic planning
• Marketing
Impact
Assessment
Source: ISO, 1997
Life Cycle Management Navigator: 9_PR_LCA 14 CSCP, UNEP, WBCSD, WI, InWEnt, UEAP ME
Life Cycle Assessment
Example
ISO Methodological Framework Application
What is the environmental impact of a PET bottle?
Which is better; PET bottles, glass bottles or
aluminium cans?
e.g. in order to compare and decide on the
environmentally least impactful packaging
option, LCAs are applied in Denmark.
Zur Anzeig e wird der QuickTime™
Dekompressor „TIFF (Unkomprimiert)“
benötigt.
T
Zur Anzeig e wird der Quick ime™ Z ur Anz e ige wir d de r Qu ick T ime ™
D ek o mp r es s or „ TIF F (U n ko mp r imie r t)“
g
b en ö ti t.
Dekompressor „TIFF (Unkomprimiert)“
benötigt.
Life Cycle Management Navigator: 9_PR_LCA 15 CSCP, UNEP, WBCSD, WI, InWEnt, UEAP ME
Life Cycle Assessment
Example
ISO Methodological Framework Application
GOAL & SCOPE DEFINITION
Purpose: Update LCA comparing potential environmental
impact of packaging systems
Application: Basis for decisions on packaging systems in
Denmark
Functional Packaging and distribution of beer or softdrink
unit:
Systems • Bottles and cans that are filled and sold in
boundaries: Denmark
• Secondary packaging (boxes, pallets, etc.)
• All processes contributing significantly to the
life cycle impacts
Life Cycle Management Navigator: 9_PR_LCA 16 CSCP, UNEP, WBCSD, WI, InWEnt, UEAP ME
Life Cycle Assessment
Example
ISO Methodological Framework Application
INVENTORY ANALYSIS
• Draw flowchart of product system
• Collect data of resource use and emissions of all processes
• Data resources: LCS databases, reports, scientific papers, on-
site investigation, expert knowledge, qualified guesses
• Build system model (computerized in e.g. generic LCA tool,
excel, other)
• Calculate resource use and emissions of studied product
• Present results in charts and tables
• Iterative procedure!
• Inventories of refillable glass bottles, disposable glass bottles,
aluminum cans, steel cans, refillable PET bottles and
disposable PET bottles.
Life Cycle Management Navigator: 9_PR_LCA 17 CSCP, UNEP, WBCSD, WI, InWEnt, UEAP ME
Life Cycle Assessment
Example
ISO Methodological Framework Application
IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Classification: Sorts inventory parameters according to type of
environmental impact
Characterisation: Translate inventory results (emissions, resource
use) to potential environmental impact
EDIP (Danish Includes global warming, ozone depletion,
Method) acidification, eutrophication, photochemical smog,
ecotoxicity (water chronic(acute, soil), human
toxicity (air, water, soil), waste (bulk, hazardous,
radioactive), slags/ashes, resources
Example: 1 CH4=25 CO2 equivalents
1 N2O=320 CO2 equivalents
1 CO=2CO2 equivalents
Life Cycle Management Navigator: 9_PR_LCA 18 CSCP, UNEP, WBCSD, WI, InWEnt, UEAP ME
Life Cycle Assessment
How?
Material Intensity per Service Unit (MIPS)
A simplified LCA methodology...
MI Reduce Material Input
S Increase Service Units
Life Cycle Management Navigator: 9_PR_LCA 19 CSCP, UNEP, WBCSD, WI, InWEnt, UEAP ME
Life Cycle Assessment
How?
Material Intensity per Service Unit (MIPS)
Three “distribution scenarios”
Physical Retail
CD is purchased by the consumer in a local CD
store.
Online Shopping
CD is ordered online at an Internet shop and
delivered to the consumer.
Digital Delivery
The consumer downloads the respective song(s) via
the Internet, instead of purchasing a physical
product (CD).
Life Cycle Management Navigator: 9_PR_LCA 20 CSCP, UNEP, WBCSD, WI, InWEnt, UEAP ME
Life Cycle Assessment
How?
Material Intensity per Service Unit (MIPS)
Comparing three “distribution scenarios”
Total sum abiotic (kg) biotic (kg) water (kg)
Physical Retail Scenario 1.56 0.09 39.25
Online Shopping Scenario 1.31 0.06 46.73
Digital Delivery Scenario* 0.67 0.00 23.31
* Broadband connection assumed.
Life Cycle Management Navigator: 9_PR_LCA 21 CSCP, UNEP, WBCSD, WI, InWEnt, UEAP ME
Life Cycle Assessment
How?
Material Intensity per Service Unit (MIPS)
Share on total material intensity (%)
Online shopping
100
50
0
Producer Retailer Consumer
Virtualisation
Consumer Share of Material Intensity
Life Cycle Management Navigator: 9_PR_LCA 22 CSCP, UNEP, WBCSD, WI, InWEnt, UEAP ME
Life Cycle Assessment
How?
Social Life Cycle Assessment
Approach to Social Life Cycle Assessment
Source: Benoît et al. at LCM Congress, Zürich, Aug 2007
Life Cycle Management Navigator: 9_PR_LCA 23 CSCP, UNEP, WBCSD, WI, InWEnt, UEAP ME
Life Cycle Assessment
How?
Social Life Cycle Assessment
Approach to Social Life Cycle Assessment
Inventory Impact Assessment
Stakeholder Inventory Impacts Final indicator
=
categories categories categories
- Relations - Human Rights - Human Rights
- Company/ Company - Work conditions - Work conditions
- Company/ - Health and safety - Health and safety
Employees - Cultural aspects - Cultural aspects Fair relations
- Company/ - Governance - Governance
Community - Socio-economic - Socio-economic
- Company/ Society repercussions repercussions
- Company/ - Value and impatcts - Value and impacts
Consumers of the product of the product
Source: Benoît et al. at LCM Congress, Zürich, Aug 2007
Life Cycle Management Navigator: 9_PR_LCA 24 CSCP, UNEP, WBCSD, WI, InWEnt, UEAP ME
Life Cycle Assessment
How?
Social Life Cycle Assessment
Procedure for a Social Life Cycle Assessment
1. Conduct a hot spot analysis within the product chain
(to identify major aspects)
2. Identify indicators for these hot spots based on the
stakeholder information (e.g. NGO claims)
Source: Draft of "Code of Practice for a social-economical
LCA (seLCA)", UNEP/DTIE Publication, Paris, 2008
Life Cycle Management Navigator: 9_PR_LCA 25 CSCP, UNEP, WBCSD, WI, InWEnt, UEAP ME
Life Cycle Assessment
How?
Social Life Cycle Assessment
Examples of Indicators for Social Life Cycle Assessment
‘employee’ ‘consumer’
e.g. forced labour e.g. transparent
business information
Indicators
for Social Life
Cycle Assessment
‘company’
e.g. corporate ‘local community’
social responsibility e.g. community
engagement
‘society’
e.g. public commitments
to sustainability issues
Source: CSCP.
Life Cycle Management Navigator: 9_PR_LCA 26 CSCP, UNEP, WBCSD, WI, InWEnt, UEAP ME
Life Cycle Assessment
Tips
Tips for Action!
• Do not forget that you are part of a big system!
• Remember, to undertake a full LCA is a very
complex, time-consuming and expensive
experience for everyday use.
• Use life cycle mapping as a starting point!
• A streamlined LCA can be the key for what your
customers or suppliers are looking for!
Life Cycle Management Navigator: 9_PR_LCA 27 CSCP, UNEP, WBCSD, WI, InWEnt, UEAP ME
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