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Wildlife Hazard Management Plan 0- 1
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PREFACE
Forward
Throughout history, humans have been intrigued and inspired by the beauty
of birds and their ability to fly. Humans began to share airspace with birds
about 100 years ago. Unfortunately, when aircraft and birds attempt to use the
same airspace at the same time, collisions occur. Birds are not the only
wildlife problem for aircraft. Mammals have been found wandering onto
runways and creating serious problems for departing and landing aircraft.
This template is designed to give guidance to aerodrome operators the scope
of the wildlife strike problem and to serve as a ready reference regarding legal
authority, regulations and the development, implementation and evaluation of
Wildlife Hazard Management Plans for aerodromes. Within East Africa there
have been several incidents of wildlife strikes on landing or take-off at
aerodromes.
Aerodrome operators have a legal responsibility under aerodrome regulations
to ensure the aerodromes maintain a safe operating environment. As part of
this responsibility, they must assess the risk and magnitude of the wildlife
strike problem for their aerodromes. This assessment must include accurate
and complete reporting of all strike incidents, assessment of wildlife using the
aerodrome environment, and assessment of wildlife habitat available to
wildlife on the aerodrome. Based on aerodrome conditions and assessed
strike risk, aerodrome operators need to devise a Wildlife Hazard
Management Plan for reducing strike risk and occurrence. Aerodrome
operator must then act to implement and periodically evaluate the plan.
This template contains a compilation of information to assist Aerodrome
operators in conducting Wildlife Hazard Assessments and in the development,
implementation, and evaluation of Wildlife Hazard Management Plans.
EAC Wildlife Hazard Management Plan 12th October 2007
Wildlife Hazard Management Plan 0- 2
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This template includes specific information on the nature of wildlife strikes,
wildlife management techniques, Wildlife Hazard Assessments and Wildlife
Hazard Management Plans. It is emphasized that this template provides only
a starting point for addressing wildlife hazard issues on aerodromes.
Therefore, the assessment of wildlife hazards, the development of Wildlife
Hazard Management Plans, and the implementation of management actions
by Aerodrome operators must be adapted to suit the local environment.
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Table of Content
Page
SECTION A: RISK ASSESSMENT
1. Introduction......................................................................................................................12
2. Screening for the Application of the Wildlife Management and
Planning Regulation.........................................................................................................13
3. Goals and Objectives .......................................................................................................14
4. Description of Aerodrome Operations...........................................................................15
4.1 Aircraft Movements and Types.........................................................................................16
5. Identification of Sources for Existing Information on Wildlife...................................18
6. Strike Data........................................................................................................................20
7. Description of Wildlife Habitats and Resources ...........................................................21
8. On the Aerodrome ...........................................................................................................23
8.1 Adjacent Lands and Extremely Hazardous Land use Practices ........................................25
9. Summary of Key Wildlife Hazards ................................................................................26
10. Discussion of Key Hazards..............................................................................................28
10.1 Hazard Assessments ..........................................................................................................28
11. Risk Assessment ...............................................................................................................31
SECTION B: AERODROME WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT
PLAN
12. Goals and Objectives .........................................................................................................2
13. Review of Available Wildlife Management Measures....................................................3
13.1 Passive Techniques .............................................................................................................4
13.2 Active Techniques...............................................................................................................7
13.3 Firearms.............................................................................................................................10
13.4 Other Permit Requirements ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
13.5 Outside Aerodrome Boundaries ........................................................................................10
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14. Determination of Wildlife Management Activities for XXX
Aerodrome ........................................................................................................................13
14.1 First Priority ......................................................................................................................13
Canada Goose....................................................................................................................13
Ring-billed Gull................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
14.2 Second Priority ..................................................................................................................15
White-tailed Deer .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
14.3 Third Priority.....................................................................................................................16
Coyote ..............................................................................................................................16
15. Monitoring ........................................................................................................................17
15.1 Daily Wildlife Management Log ......................................................................................18
15.2 Monthly Summary............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
15.3 Wildlife Strikes .................................................................................................................20
16. Establishment of Performance Indicators and Self-AssessmentError! Bookmark not defined.
17. Summary of Activities and Approaches ............................Error! Bookmark not defined.
18. Communications Procedures ..............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
19. Training Program ................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
20. Roles and Responsibilities ...................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
21. Research Projects.............................................................................................................35
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Distribution List:
(Updates to the Aerodrome Wildlife Management Plan will be circulated to this
list.)
Name and Title Agency Copies
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Record of Amendments
NR/Year Publication Date Amended Pages Inserted by
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Checklist of pages
Page Date Page Date Page Date
PREF 0 3–3 12th Oct 2007 4-13 12th Oct 2007
0–1 12th Oct 2007 3–4 12th Oct 2007 4-14 12th Oct 2007
0–2 12th Oct 2007 3–5 12th Oct 2007 4-15 12th Oct 2007
0–3 12th Oct 2007 3–6 12th Oct 2007
0–4 12th Oct 2007 3–7 12th Oct 2007 CHAP 5
0–5 12th Oct 2007 3- 8 12th Oct 2007 5 -1 12th Oct 2007
0–6 12th Oct 2007 3–9 12th Oct 2007 5 -2 12th Oct 2007
0–7 12th Oct 2007 3 – 10 12th Oct 2007 5 -3 12th Oct 2007
0–8 12th Oct 2007 3 – 11 12th Oct 2007 5 -4 12th Oct 2007
0–9 12th Oct 2007 3 – 12 12th Oct 2007 5 -5 12th Oct 2007
0 – 10 12th Oct 2007 3 – 13 12th Oct 2007 5 -6 12th Oct 2007
3 – 14 12th Oct 2007 5 -7 12th Oct 2007
3 – 15 12th Oct 2007 5 -8 12th Oct 2007
3 – 16 12th Oct 2007 5 -9 12th Oct 2007
3 – 17 12th Oct 2007 5 -10 12th Oct 2007
3 – 18 12th Oct 2007 5 -11 12th Oct 2007
3 - 19 12th Oct 2007 5 -12 12th Oct 2007
3 – 20 12th Oct 2007 5 -13 12th Oct 2007
3 – 21 12th Oct 2007 5 -14 12th Oct 2007
3 – 22 12th Oct 2007 5 -15 12th Oct 2007
CHAP 1 3 – 23 12th Oct 2007 5 -16 12th Oct 2007
1-1 12th Oct 2007 3 – 24 12th Oct 2007 5 -17 12th Oct 2007
1-2 12th Oct 2007 3 – 25 12th Oct 2007 5 -18 12th Oct 2007
1-3 12th Oct 2007 3 – 26 12th Oct 2007 5 -19 12th Oct 2007
1-4 12th Oct 2007 3 – 27 12th Oct 2007 5 -20 12th Oct 2007
1-5 12th Oct 2007 3 – 28 12th Oct 2007 5 -21 12th Oct 2007
1-6 12th Oct 2007 3 – 28 12th Oct 2007 5 -22 12th Oct 2007
CHAP 2 3 – 29 12th Oct 2007 5 -23 12th Oct 2007
2-1 12th Oct 2007 3 – 30 12th Oct 2007 5 -24 12th Oct 2007
2-2 12th Oct 2007 3 - 31 12th Oct 2007 5 -25 12th Oct 2007
2-3 12th Oct 2007 5 -26 12th Oct 2007
2-4 12th Oct 2007 CHAP 4 5 -27 12th Oct 2007
2-5 12th Oct 2007 4-1 12th Oct 2007 5 -28 12th Oct 2007
2-6 12th Oct 2007 4-2 12th Oct 2007 5 -29 12th Oct 2007
2-7 12th Oct 2007 4-3 12th Oct 2007 5 -30 12th Oct 2007
2-8 12th Oct 2007 4-4 12th Oct 2007
2-9 12th Oct 2007 4-5 12th Oct 2007
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2-10 12th Oct 2007 4-6 12th Oct 2007
2-11 12th Oct 2007 4-7 12th Oct 2007
2-12 12th Oct 2007 4-8 12th Oct 2007
4-9 12th Oct 2007
CHAP 3 4 -10 12th Oct 2007
3-1 12th Oct 2007 4 - 11 12th Oct 2007
3-2 12th Oct 2007 4 -12 12th Oct 2007
5 -40 12th Oct 2007
5 -41 12th Oct 2007
5 -42 12th Oct 2007 CHAP 7
5 -43 12th Oct 2007 7-1 12th Oct 2007
5 -44 12th Oct 2007 7-2 12th Oct 2007
5 -45 12th Oct 2007 7-3 12th Oct 2007
5 -46 12th Oct 2007 7-4 12th Oct 2007
5 -47 12th Oct 2007
5 -48 12th Oct 2007
5 -49 12th Oct 2007
5 -50 12th Oct 2007
5 -51 12th Oct 2007
5 -52 12th Oct 2007
5 -53 12th Oct 2007
5 -54 12th Oct 2007
5 -55 12th Oct 2007
5 -56 12th Oct 2007
5 -57 12th Oct 2007
5 -58 12th Oct 2007
5 -59 12th Oct 2007
5- 60 12th Oct 2007
5 -61 12th Oct 2007
5 -62 12th Oct 2007
5 -63 12th Oct 2007
5 -64 12th Oct 2007
5 -65 12th Oct 2007
5 -66 12th Oct 2007
5 -67 12th Oct 2007
5 -68 12th Oct 2007
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Abbreviations
ATS
ATIS
AWMP
NOTAM
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Definition of Terms
Risk
Wildlife
NOTAM
Risk Assessment
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Chapter One
Overview of Wildlife Management
1.1 Introduction.
Civil Aviation Authority……[insert the appropriate authority] regards all airport wildlife
as a potential safety hazard. Authority’s policy therefore encourages the siting,
construction, maintenance, and operation of airports and their facilities in a manner that
minimizes this hazard.
The role of Civil Aviation Authority…… [Insert the appropriate authority] is to develop
and promulgate regulations, standards and related applicable policies. This includes
providing functional direction to aerodrome operators on regulatory safety oversight
programs and related guidance material and delivers the program in accordance with
functional direction. The authority …[depending on the set up in each partner state]
does not play a direct role in the implementation of wildlife control programs at individual
aerodromes, but does provide guidance material and expertise upon request or through
the normal cycle of distributing education and guidance material. Responsibility for
program design and implementation now rests with management teams at each
aerodrome.
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A successful wildlife-control management plan reduces hazards to aircraft and
minimizes maintenance problems by rendering airport property less attractive to
animals. The safety benefits are real for all concerned: Aerodrome, Airlines, the public
and wildlife.
Wildlife at aerodromes can be controlled by:
a) Managing habitat so that airports do not attract wildlife,
b) Excluding wildlife from airports through the use of fences or other means,
c) Dispersing wildlife from the premises, and
d) Removing wildlife, either dead or alive.
The best long-term control is achieved through habitat management; however, it is
impossible to completely control wildlife in this way. Birds are particularly difficult to
manage because they are mobile and they readily adapt to changing environments. In
most situations, active removal or dispersal of wildlife is necessary, in conjunction with
habitat management techniques.
1.2 Wildlife attractants at Aerodromes
Most birds and mammals are attracted to aerodromes by sources of food and water,
and by the availability of shelter, where they can safely rest, nest, and roost.
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1.2.1 Food..[ These examples should/or may be substituted by the appropriate
Aerodromes ]
Wildlife are attracted by the presence of:
• garbage (edible waste),
• fruit-producing trees and bushes,
• seed-producing vegetation,
• green weeds,
• grass,
• aquatic vegetation,
• agricultural grains,
• large numbers of rodents or small birds, and
• Large numbers of insects and earthworms.
1.2.2 Water
Waterfowl and shorebirds are particularly attracted to surface and standing water. As a
general rule, all physical features that hold standing water should be modified or
eliminated. Pits or depressions that collect water should be drained and backfilled;
clogged waterways should be cleared. The banks surrounding these areas should be
graded to discourage birds from resting in the water.
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Special attention should be paid to wetland areas such as swamps, bogs, fens, and
marshes, which are not always easy to drain and fill.
1.2.3 Shelter
Shelter habitat includes safe areas where wildlife loaf, perch, roost, and nest.
Depending on the species, birds will find natural or man-made shelter in the following
areas:
• forests;
• dense brush;
• dead trees;
• brush piles;
• water bodies;
• drainage ditches;
• sewage lagoons;
• open short-grass fields;
• building roof ledges, crevices, and holes;
• overhead wires;
• towers; and
• Vents and ducts.
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1.2.4 Runways, aprons, and taxiways
Problem areas should always be prioritized in accordance with the hazards they pose to
aircraft safety. Not surprisingly, runways take highest priority, including
approach/departure paths and adjacent areas. When wildlife are kept clear of these
areas, the hazards to incoming and departing aircraft are greatly reduced.
The hard surfaces of aprons, taxiways, and runways attract certain species:
• Gulls and shorebirds like to loaf on tarmac, as asphalt and concrete are often
warmer than surrounding areas, especially in colder weather. During periods
of heavy rain, these birds often feed on the worms that crawl onto runways.
• Grit from broken pavement and concrete is used by some birds to break down
food in their gizzard.
• Another attraction that draws birds to airport tarmacs is the presence of posts,
lights, and markers. Many birds like to perch rather than stand on the ground.
Any unnecessary posts or structures on the airfield should be removed.
Perching can be prevented by installing sharp spikes commonly known as
porcupine wire.
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1.2.5 Grassland
Both long and short grass can pose problems, as they each attract different species. In
response, site-specific grass-management programs should be implemented,
acknowledging airports’ particular hazardous species.
1.2.6 Cropland
Many forms of agriculture including fruit, vegetable, and grain farming, as well as many
livestock activities create food sources that attract wildlife. For this reason, agricultural
practices in the vicinity of airports should be strictly monitored and when possible
controlled.
1.2.7 Brush
Found on undeveloped airport grounds, brush, or wasteland, commonly features tall
weeds, grasses, and shrubs—all of which attract birds and other wildlife such as
Coyotes. Brush and bushy vegetation should be eliminated from airports.
1.2.8 Woodlots
These parcels of tree-covered land provide a multitude of nesting, resting, roosting, and
feeding opportunities for birds. Tree species that produce soft fruits, berries, or high
numbers of seeds are especially attractive to all types of wildlife. Trees also provide
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cover for medium-sized and large mammals. Trees should be located as far as possible
from runways ends or runway centre-lines.
1.2.9 Landscaped areas
Many aerodrome landscape the areas surrounding buildings, roads and hangars for
aesthetic purposes. Decorative trees and shrubs, however, often produce seeds and
berries that attract birds, while also providing shelter, roosting, and nesting sites. Trees
and hedgerows should be cut back from runway or taxiway centre lines.
1.2.10 Airport buildings and structures
Large buildings, such as hangars, provide many places for birds to nest and rest. Gulls
and pigeons like to sit on roofs and ledges. Sparrows, starlings, swallows, and pigeons
have been found nesting in and on hangars. During aircraft overhauls, bird droppings,
feathers, and nesting materials can affect exposed electronic equipment. Aerodrome
structures such as unused sheds, deserted farmhouses and outbuildings, old
windbreaks and rotten fence posts should be removed from airport lands.
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1.2.11 Edible waste and edible-waste storage
Edible waste is created at airport restaurants, flight kitchens, and at points where in-
flight meals are prepared. Proper storage is critical to ensure the material is
inaccessible to birds until it is removed to off-airport disposal sites. Aerodrome property
leases should contain clauses that address waste disposal and reduce bird attractions.
1.2.12 Garbage dumps
Garbage dumps are also a major source of food for high-hazard birds. Waste disposal
sites located at aerodromes literally breed danger; removing such facilities from
aerodrome lands should be the first act in any program to reduce bird problems. If off-
airport garbage disposal is impossible, edible refuse should be mixed with earth and
buried immediately after being dumped. Disposal operations also attract fewer birds
when conducted at night.
1.3 Established Habitat management Practices and Principles for Aerodromes
Habitat management modifies and limits wildlife attractants on airport lands. By altering
the airport environment, habitat management simplifies the task of excluding wildlife,
and helps reduce the amount of time required to remove problem species.
The need to initiate active dispersal or hazing against birds or mammals often arises
when habitat management plans have not been fully or successfully implemented.
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1.3.1 Identification of site-specific problem species
The development of a habitat management plan begins with an ecological site study
that identifies specific problem areas. This study creates an inventory of wildlife in the
vicinity of aerodrome and includes identification, population sizes, locations, and
movements of all species. The study describes the aerodrome features and areas that
attract wildlife; problem areas are directly related to problem bird and mammal species
on site.
1.3.2 Habitat modification
The most effective way to reduce wildlife hazards in the vicinity of airports is to ensure
birds and mammals are not drawn to the grounds. All aspects of aerodrome design
should address and minimize the food, shelter, water and open space that attracts
wildlife. Modifying natural and man-made environments, following assessments of
problem species and their attractants, can render these areas unappealing and
inaccessible to wildlife. This is an effective long-term solution that can minimize problem
species in specific areas.
Examples of aerodrome habitat modifications include:
a) Modifying buildings and signs to reduce nesting and perching areas,
b) Designing drainage ditches to minimize standing water, and
c) Removing vegetation from banks of water bodies.
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1.3.3 Adjacent land-use activities
Aerodromes that were once miles from city limits must now face wildlife-control issues
raised by the close-proximity of incompatible land-use activities such as landfill sites,
garbage dumps, agricultural activities, and coastal commercial fish-processing plants.
Aerodromes operators should communicate with local authorities as active participants
in land-use planning decisions.
1.3.4 Dispersal techniques
Scare tactics and auditory deterrents are most common used to repel wildlife
immediately from the airport, include shell crackers, pyrotechnics, and gas cannons.
Unfortunately, their effectiveness is short-lived and requires repeated applications for
the control of persistent wildlife types which arbitrary become used to the methods.
1.3.5 Exclusion methods
Exclusion methods comprise man-made barriers such as fences and netting that keep
wildlife away from areas at airports where food, water and shelter can normally be
found. These barriers are commonly used to restrict mammal movement and manage
bodies of water. When successful, these measures provide permanent solutions to
wildlife problems in protected areas.
1.3.6 Removal methods
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Generally, removal methods—trapping, shooting, and poisoning—provide short-term
solutions to the presence of problem species. Removal methods will eliminate the
species temporarily, but if the attractant is not removed the population will simply
replenish itself.
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Chapter Two
Risk Assessment
2.1 Introduction
In accordance with the Aerodromes Regulations 2007, regulation 60(1) and (2) requires
an Aerodrome operator in consultation with the Authority responsible for wildlife, to take
all reasonable steps to minimize the risks associated with bird strike hazards and take
practical measures to control the bird habitat at or around the aerodrome and to
disperse birds, which are a potential hazard to aircraft operations.
2.1.1 These regulations are the result of the following considerations:
a) The populations of some wildlife species that are particularly hazardous to aircraft
are increasing at a rapid rate. This includes species such as: [Give species at local
aerodrome e.g. Herons, Cattle Egrets, Hamerkop, Storks, Black Kites Sandpiper,
Doves, and Pigeons etc.] Many of these species are also urban-tolerant, finding
suitable habitat in close proximity to human activity, including aerodromes.
b) There is an increasing number of aircraft flying today, particularly turbine-powered
aircraft that are most susceptible to damaging bird strikes.
c) Aerodrome operators play a key role in the management of risks associated with
wildlife. A large percentage of bird strikes take place during landing or takeoff
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phases of flight. Aerodrome operators, therefore, have a key role to fulfil in reducing
exposure to hazards and managing wildlife strike risk. They also have a role to play
in increasing general awareness of the wildlife hazard issue and influencing land use
policies and practices in the vicinity of aerodrome.
d) Information and management techniques are available and all aerodromes that meet
the criteria in section 2.2 should establish well-conceived, well-managed wildlife
management programs of consistent approach across the aerodrome and its
immediate vicinity of …………. [Insert name of aerodrome].
Much has been learned regarding the management of wildlife, the kinds of hazards
that exist and the technique of risk assessment. Aerodromes now have the
knowledge to prepare a systematic, science-based approach to aerodrome wildlife
management.
2.2 Criteria for the Application of the Wildlife Management Planning
Not all aerodromes are required to prepare a Wildlife Management Plan. As stated in
regulation 58, Wildlife Management Planning applies to aerodromes in categories A and
B. However, these will also apply to any aerodrome which meets one of the criteria
below:
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2.2.1 Receives commercial passenger-carrying aircraft.
2.2.2 Where the presence of wildlife hazards has been observed in an aerodrome flight
pattern or movement area.
2.2.3 Has a waste disposal facility within vicinity of the aerodrome.
Included as waste disposal facilities are: landfill sites, garbage dumps, waste
transfer and sorting facilities, recycling and composting facilities and commercial
fish processing plants.
2.2.4 Is located in a built-up area.
2.2.5 Where the aerodromes are located on the migratory routes.
2.3 Goals and Objectives
2.3.1 The Goal of this Aerodrome Wildlife Management Plan (AWMP) is to promote
aviation safety for passengers and flight crews and those who use the aerodrome
by reducing wildlife hazards and associated risks to aircraft and aerodrome
operations caused by wildlife activities on and in the vicinity of the aerodrome.
When a wildlife management plan is required, the results of the risk assessment
will be used to guide, plan and use it as a tool to measure future changes in the
hazard and risk assessments.
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2.3.2 The objectives of this chapter are to:
a) Identify and review existing sources of wildlife information for the area;
b) Identify wildlife hazards on and near the aerodrome;
c) Identify seasonal patterns related to hazards; and
d) Undertake a risk assessment and prioritize wildlife management efforts.
2.4 Description of Aerodrome Operations
[Insert here a brief description of the aerodrome location (e.g., surrounding land
use, geography and elevation, but not detailed biophysical characteristics),
information on aerodrome ownership, aerodrome operator, typical traffic profile,
runway characteristics, navigation aids, other facilities, hours of operation and
any other pertinent general information.]
Figure xxx. Location Map
[Provide here a general location map of the aerodrome, typically at 1:50,000 on a
topographic map base or similar.]
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2.5 Aircraft Movements and Types
The different patterns of flight operation between local and itinerant traffic may affect
exposure to wildlife hazards and should be considered in the risk assessment.
Without an effective AWMP, at any given aerodrome, wildlife strikes are likely to
increase as air traffic movement increase. Therefore, the risk assessment process
needs to consider the number of aircraft movements currently and, to the extent that
forecasts are available, in the future.
Aircraft are not equally susceptible to having a damaging strike occur. For example,
relatively slow-moving piston aircraft are not as likely to strike wildlife as are faster
moving jet aircraft.
Aircraft also vary greatly in their susceptibility to damage from a wildlife strike. For
example, turbofan engines, especially when mounted under-wing with their large, intake
areas, are at greater risk due to damage from a bird strike than turboprop and
turboshaft engines.
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To facilitate the risk assessment process Tables xx1 and xx2 provide estimates on
recent aircraft movements and types at this aerodrome.
[Insert here comments referring to Table xx, characterize the general traffic
profile and any higher risk flights such as MEDIVAC, air shows etc.]
Changes in traffic profile, such as an increase in jet powered aircraft, large increases in
traffic volume or special events such as air shows, can result in significant shifts in risk
and would require a re-assessment of risk.
Table xx1. Local Aerodrome Traffic
Annual Movements
Trend in
Classification [Indicate year] Comments
Movements
Piston under [General notation • [E.g., seasonal or weekend
[Indicate number]
5700 kg of forecast use] differences]
Piston over
5700 kg
Helicopter
Turbo prop
under 27000 kg
Turbo Jet
[others]
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Tablexx 1. Itinerant Aircraft Movements
Annual Movements
Classification Trend in Movements Comments
[Indicate year]
Piston under [Indicate number [General notation [Seasonal, or weekend data]
5700 kg and year] of forecast use]
Piston over
5700 kg
Helicopter
Turbo prop
under 27000 kg
Turbo prop
over 27000 kg
Turbo Jet
Turbo fan
[others]
The aerodrome typically receives between [xxx] and [xxx] movements of air traffic per
year.
2.6 Identification of Sources for Existing Information on Wildlife
The hazard and risk assessment in this document is based on existing information
sources and/or on wildlife inventories that have been undertaken expressly for the
purpose of developing this AWMP. Data from information sources listed here will be
used in Chapter 2 section 2.8 of this Plan, which is a description of wildlife habitat
resources.
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Table xx1. Sources for Wildlife Information – On the Aerodrome
[The examples of reports provided below are to be substituted.]
Table xx1
Document/Source Type of Information Located
• XXX Municipal Aerodrome: An • Flora and fauna of • Aerodrome
Assessment of Impacts on aerodrome; wildlife office
Wetland and Aquatic Resources. hazards, review wildlife
XYZ Consultants 2002. Report management actions
prepared for the aerodrome. taken
• Wildlife Management database • Detailed information on • Aerodrome
White-tailed Deer and office
Coyote occurrence and
location data. Also data
on wildlife kills
conducted under
permits
Table xxx2. Sources for Wildlife Information – Outside the Aerodrome
Document/Source Type of Information Located
• Regional Conservation • Limited available •
Authority information
• Local naturalist club • Some information on •
birds of the site,
reported in existing
documents
• Audubon Christmas Bird Count • Several CBCs in area • On-line at:
(CBC) data providing information http://cbcaudubon.
on typical winter birds org:90/appportal
in area /
Table xxx3. Sources for Information on Wildlife Species of Conservation Concern
Document/Source Type of information Located
Maintains occurrence
Natural Heritage
Information Centre data
for rare species
Species at Risk data
reports
Local Conservation
Authority
Local Naturalist database
NGOs
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2.7 Strike Data
Regulation 61(4) of Aerodrome Regulations 2007 requires an operator to collect and
keep records of strike data and forward to the Authority which will in turn ford it to ICAO
for inclusion in the ICAO Bird Strike Information System Data Base. These data can be
a valuable source of information on existing hazards. As a higher percentage of strikes
are recorded and reported, this source of information will increase in value.
[Provide table to give a brief summary of strike data for the aerodrome]
Example Table xx. Strike Data for XXX Aerodrome
Wildlife Species Phase of
Date Aircraft Effect on flight Comments
and Number Operation
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2.8. Description of Wildlife Habitats and Resources
It is important to understand the wildlife communities in as much detail as is practical so
that consequences of management actions might be considered prior to
implementation.
Using existing sources of information and including any wildlife studies undertaken for
the purpose of this AWMP, the following sections will describe the functions (i.e., roosts,
feeding habitat, breeding colonies, yarding areas) and attributes (i.e., species)
associated with wildlife at three landscape categories. Particular interest is in
determining the movement patterns, spatially and through time, of wildlife within the
aerodrome itself and across the landscape.
In terms of wildlife hazards, habitat extends to buildings and agricultural lands as well
as more typical wetlands, forests and meadows. All species known to be an issue at the
aerodrome should be described as some may not be direct hazards however they may
attract hazards (such as voles providing food for Coyotes and hawks).
The first category is the aerodrome itself, where habitats and the wildlife using them will
be described in detail. This will rely on site-specific field work and standard techniques
for describing vegetation communities (e.g., Ecological Land Classification) and wildlife
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communities, their use patterns and seasonal variations that have been observed or
that might be expected.
The second category is the nearby lands that are not under direct control of the
aerodrome. The physical area included in this category generally includes lands up to 8
km from the aerodrome reference point, which should include an area of sufficient size
to provide an adequate picture of wildlife movements through the airspace identified
later in this document. This assessment is largely based on existing information and
remotely sensed habitat analysis rather than site-specific field work.
It will describe the location of moderately hazardous land use practices such as
wastewater discharge plants and sewage lagoons, crop production, recreational sites
and managed or created wildlife habitats. There is no requirement under the regulation
to manage these lands however it is important to be aware of potentially hazardous off
aerodrome land uses.
The third category is the determination of the presence of extremely hazardous land use
practices that may be many kilometres from the aerodrome. At a minimum, food waste
disposal sites, outdoor composting and commercial fish plants will be mapped when
they occur within 15 km of the aerodrome reference point. Such features may be
mapped at greater distances where wildlife associated with them may become a hazard
to aircraft using the aerodrome.
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2.9 On the Aerodrome
Figure 2 illustrates the primary habitats found on the aerodrome lands.
[Figure 2 should be an aerial photograph or base mapping of the aerodrome at
1:10,000 or better, with primary wildlife habitats and vegetation communities
delineated. Habitats could include for example: short grass meadow, long grass
meadow, shrub wetland, marsh, ponds, deciduous forest, buildings, etc. Where
provincial standards exist for describing vegetation communities, these could be
used. Text should indicate which the most common habitats are occurring at the
aerodrome. This would be followed by a table listing species of wildlife,
separated into bird, mammal and other groupings. Thirty or more bird species
might be found and might include species such as: Herons, Cattle Egrets,
Hamerkop, Storks, Black Kites Sandpiper, Doves, Pigeons; while possible
mammals found might include: stray dogs, wild cut etc. Associated with each
species listed, will be information on the seasonal occurrence, abundance, and
location of use within the aerodrome lands. Text should make mention of the
commonest species found as well as addressing regulated species.]
– Breeding Birds
– Habitat for Migrant Birds
– Winter Wildlife Habitat
– Amphibians and Reptiles
– Mammals
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Table xx3 lists the wildlife species known to occur on the aerodrome.
[In this table list all species, not just hazardous ones; some examples are
provided below in each category.]
Tablexx 2. Overview of Wildlife Species Known to Occur on the Aerodrome
Scientific Seasonal
Common Name Locations, Abundance
Name Occurrence
Birds
Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias Regular March to Low numbers, ponds, ditches with
November amphibians or fish, flying over
airfield
Cattle Egrets Year round Attempts to breed at ponds, non-
breeders sometimes forage
airside on turf, fly-overs
Ring-billed Gull Larus February to Occasionally forages airside on
delawarensis November pavement or short grass, usually
small flocks, frequent fly-overs,
often present at landfill,
associated flightlines poorly
known
Downy Picoides Year round Breeds, low numbers in treed
Woodpecker pubescens areas
Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica April to Occasionally breeds in buildings,
September regular over airside areas July to
September, sometimes in
moderate-sized flocks (e.g., 50).
In cooler periods will rest on
runway, poor response to pyros
Red-winged Agelaius February to Breeds, migrants, prefers longer
Blackbird phoeniceus December grass, feeds on insects and grass
seeds, flocks, may be numerous,
often seen crossing airfield,
sometimes feeding in long or
short grass
Snow Bunting Plectrophenax December to Winter, migrants, feeds airside,
nivalis April runway, flocks, sometimes in
larger numbers (100s), prefers
seed heads over snow
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Scientific Seasonal
Common Name Locations, Abundance
Name Occurrence
Amphibians and Reptiles
Northern Rana pipiens April to October Breeds in ponds, forages airside,
Leopard Frog sometimes numerous
Common Chelydra April to October Occasionally seen crossing
Snapping Turtle serpentina runway from ponds, especially in
early June when nesting
Mammals
Stray dog Year round Present and persistent in
wetlands and drainage features
mostly not airside, numbers
variable, may be controlled by
Coyotes
Wild cut Year round Frequent outside airfield, now
rarely airside
2.10 Adjacent Lands and Extremely Hazardous Land use Practices.
Figure xx illustrates some of the moderately hazardous land use practices within 8 km
of the aerodrome reference points and the extremely hazardous land use practices
within 15 km [Or further if thought to be relevant.]
[A topographic map or aerial photograph mosaic should be provided with
attractants indicated (e.g., wastewater discharge plants, sewage lagoons, crop
production areas, recreational sites, managed and supplemental natural
habitats)].
[Land uses falling under the extremely hazardous category type (i.e., food waste
disposal sites, outdoor composting areas, commercial fish plants or other areas
where potential wildlife foods are exposed) should also be indicated with a
separate key on this map. Text should describe and summarize each of the
hazardous lands present.]
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2.11 Summary of Key Wildlife Hazards
The previous steps of the AWMP will have identified most of the wildlife species found
in and around the aerodrome environment. Not all of these species are particularly
hazardous to aerodrome operations. Some species are more hazardous because they
are large; others because they flock, or yet others because they soar at higher altitudes.
A few are particularly hazardous because they fit all three of these descriptors (e.g.,
gulls and geese). Occasionally, an unusual food resource (e.g., an insect hatch) causes
birds to concentrate in the aerodrome environment that might not otherwise be
considered a hazard (e.g., swallows).
The ………………….. (Name the document or research paper) provides information on
the most effective management techniques for hazardous wildlife species in the
aerodrome environment.
Figure XX. Locations of Key Hazardous Land Uses
Table XX provides details of the key wildlife hazards, in no specific order, based on the
previous steps in this AWMP.
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Table 3. Key Wildlife Hazards at XXX Aerodrome
On-site Off-site
Species
Issue Issue
Geese (all) Yes Yes
Gulls (all)
Hawks (buteos)
Ducks (all)
Rock Dove
Eagles (both)
Sandhill Crane
Sparrows (all)
Shorebirds (all)
Blackbirds/starlings (all)
Swallows (all)
Mourning Dove
Herons (all)
Turkey Vulture
Am. Kestrel
Wild Turkey
White-tailed Deer/Ungulates
Coyote/canids
[Supplement with any relevant
additional species]
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2.12 Discussion of Key Hazards
Each of the species (e.g., Turkey Vulture) or groups of similar species (e.g., gulls)
appearing in Table XX are discussed in this section.
This detailed discussion uses habitat information from Section 7 and addresses flight
lines, flocking behaviour and use of seasonal food sources or other attractants.
Seasonal, temporal (time of day) and spatial patterns of habitat use (where they are and
why) will also be discussed.
This section also reviews observed or known behavioural characteristics of the species
(e.g., flocking) and identifies the reasons for the presence of these species and their
movement patterns or particular behaviour that has led to their designation as Key
Hazards at this aerodrome.
2.13 Hazard Assessments
The Mass/flocking rank is a scale of 1 to 6 that considers the mass and flocking
characteristics of a species. Those with the most mass that also flock are ranked 1
(highest) while the smallest non-flocking are ranked 6 (lowest). See Section 11 (Risk
Assessment) for more details.
[Some example sheets are provided, text is to be substituted.]
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Gulls (mostly Ring-billed Gull)
Mass/Flocking Rank: Species Protection Status:
3 for Ring-billed Gull, 2 for Herring Gull Migratory Bird Treaty Act
Seasonality (time of year):
February to November, less common from late April to late July, most common in
spring and fall.
Temporal (time of day):
Move from roosts to feeding areas daily.
Spatial (where in the area the hazard exists, hotspots):
Concentrate at wet fields, hay while being cut, ploughing operations, landfill.
Forage on runway for worms (especially during and after wet weather), short and
mown grass for invertebrates. May move across high risk zones, may follow river
when moving from landfill to City.
Behaviours of Concern (e.g., flocking, loafing on apron, flightlines, feeding
in grass, crossing runway):
Flocking, use of airside areas, flightlines may be across high risk areas.
Discussion of Numbers (peak counts, low counts, breeding pairs):
No counts available.
Reasons Why Species is Present in Area (e.g., food source, landfill, roost):
Food sources as listed above, loafing on runway, flightlines to roost and feeding
areas (not known).
Sources of Information for Species in this Area (list reports and other
sources):
None known.
Strike Summary:
One significant strike, resulting in substantial engine damage.
Other Comments:
Need information on flightlines, numbers and movements to and from the local
landfill site.
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Blackbirds
(Red-winged Blackbird, Common Grackle, Brown-headed Cowbird)
Mass/Flocking Rank: Species Protection Status:
4 Fish and Wildlife Act
Seasonality (time of year):
February to December.
Temporal (time of day):
All day, no details on daily timing of flocking behaviour in fall.
Spatial (where in the area the hazard exists, hotspots):
Over and around runways, grass areas, shrub thickets.
Behaviours of Concern (e.g., flocking, loafing on apron, flightlines, feeding
in grass, crossing runway):
Flocking in fall, low flying, often crossing airfield. Flocks will also perch in trees
and circle around any raptors in area.
Discussion of Numbers (peak counts, low counts, breeding pairs):
No counts available, some flocks can number hundreds of birds.
Reasons Why Species is Present in Area (e.g., food source, landfill, roost):
Seeds and short turf for feeding. Feeding on long and short grass. Some nesting,
mainly in long grass and around ponds. Primary roost locations not known.
Sources of Information for Species in this Area (list reports and other
sources):
None known.
Strike Summary:
No strikes known or reported.
Other Comments:
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2.14 Risk Assessment
2.14.1 In the context of the AWMP, a hazard is a condition (e.g., the presence of gulls)
with the potential to cause injury to personnel or damage to equipment or
structures. Reducing exposure to hazards is a component of risk management.
Risk is the likelihood of injury or loss occurring, which is a function of exposure to
the hazards, as well as the likelihood of a strike occurring and the magnitude or
severity of the strike. It follows then, that high risk species are those that are
most frequently involved in strikes, as well as those that cause the greatest
damage.
Risk assessment is an important part of this plan because it serves to ensure that
wildlife management activities are directed at the species that create the highest
risk, in a prioritized fashion.
Risk is strongly influenced by the type of aircraft and their operations. The
likelihood of a catastrophic wildlife strike accident occurring with a small piston-
powered aircraft is much less than with turbine powered aircraft.
Table xx5 summarizes aerodrome traffic into three broad risk-categories based
on their vulnerability to damaging wildlife strikes.
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All classes have been retained in the risk assessment matrix in case use patterns
should change in the future. In addition, the severity or consequences are much
less.
Table xx 4. Aerodrome Traffic
Aircraft Classification Strike Approximat
Susceptibilit e Annual Other Considerations
y Level Movements
1 Turbofan & Turbojet High
Helicopter and
2 Moderate
Turboprop
3 Piston under 5700 kg Low
In addition to the immediate aerodrome environment, the risk assessment must
consider both approach and take-off areas.
The following are general characteristics of high risk species or behaviour:
a) Larger species which tend to cause greater damage due to higher impact
forces (e.g., waterfowl, gulls and hawks);
b) Flocking of birds (e.g., gulls, swallows, Snow Buntings) or herds of animals;
c) Large, slow-flying birds that are less maneuverable (e.g., herons, hawks);
d) Species that habitually hunt or forage on or over the airfield, especially
inexperienced animals (e.g., meadowlarks, Snow Buntings, Snowy Owls);
and
e) Birds that habitually fly or soar into airspace used by aircraft (e.g., gulls or
waterfowl on flightlines, vultures and gulls soaring).
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2.14.2 Mass/Flocking Hazard Rank
This ranking system uses flocking characteristics and mass to provide a relative index
of risk should an aircraft strike the species. Examples are provided in Table xx6 below.
Table xx6. Risk Assessment Using Flocking Characteristics and Mass
Level of Characteristics Example Species
Risk
Level 1 Very large (>1.8 kg), flocking Geese, swans, turkeys
Level 2 Very large (>1.8 kg), solitary Great Blue Heron
or Herring Gull,
Large (1-1.8 kg), flocking Mallard, Turkey Vulture
Level 3 Large (1-1.8 kg), solitary Red-tailed Hawk, Turkey
or Vulture
Medium (300g –1 kg), flocking Teals, Rock Dove
Level 4 Medium (300g –1 kg), solitary Blackbirds
or
Small (50 g – 300 g), flocking
Level 5 Small (50 g – 300 g), solitary
or Snow Bunting, swallows
Very small (<50g), flocking
Level 6 Very small (<50g), solitary Savannah Sparrow
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2.14.3 Relative Abundance
a) High Frequently present in conflict areas; may be seasonal; multiple
daily observations; often numerous;
b) Medium Occasionally and regularly present in conflict areas; not present
daily, but present weekly; sporadically numerous; and,
c) Low Occasionally and infrequently present; usually not numerous.
2.14.4 Hazardous Behaviour
a) High Frequently flocking in conflict areas; regular flightlines through
conflict zone; unpredictable response to aircraft
(e.g., inexperienced birds); frequently active in poor light;
b) Medium Sporadic flocking in conflict areas (e.g., when food supplies
dictate); sometimes active in poor light; and,
c) Low Rarely or never flocking; seldom feeding close to conflict zone;
usually active only in daytime.
The final three columns in the risk matrix represent qualitative assessments based on
air traffic type and volume at this aerodrome (using the three categories provided in
Table 9). The following criteria are used to help determine risk by aircraft type and
traffic volume:
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a)Severe Frequent high risk aircraft movements coinciding with high values for other
risk factors (i.e., relative abundance, hazardous behaviour, risk/hazard
rankings);
b)High Frequent high or moderate risk aircraft movements coinciding with high or
moderate values for other risk factors;
c) Moderate Occasional or regular moderate risk aircraft movements coinciding with
moderate or sometimes high values for other risk factors; and,
d) Low All other categories.
The risk assessment matrix does not provide numerical computations and none of these
values are absolute. Therefore, the purpose of the table xx7is to draw attention to high
risk species for management purposes and to guide management priorities rather than
absolutely quantify the risk.
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Table xx7. Risk Assessment Matrix for XXX Aerodrome
Species Risk and Hazard For this aerodrome Risk Assessment by
Group Ranking Tool Aircraft Type2 and
(Mass/ (volume)
Flocking Rank1 ) Relative Hazardous 1 2 3
Abundance Behaviour (XXX) (XXX) (X,XXX)
White-tailed 1 L H L L M
Deer
Turkey 2/3 L M L L L
Vulture
Canada 1 M M L M M
Geese
Mallard and 2/3 L M L M L
teal
Rock Dove 3 M L L L L
Ring-billed 3 H H L M M
Gull
Great Blue 2
Heron
Coyote 1
Killdeer 4
Blackbirds 4
Starlings 4
Savannah 6
Sparrow
Snow 5
Bunting
Swallows 5
White-tailed 1
Deer
Wild Turkey 1
Note:1 This mass/flocking score is based on mass and the propensity of a species to
flock. The scale is based on 1 being the highest hazard and 6 the lowest hazard
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2 This summary risk rank is based on the three aircraft categories listed in Table 9
and considers the type and number of traffic movements. The scale is based
on: Severe, High, Moderate and Low.
The final management priorities provided in Table xx8 will be consistent with the
information provided in the Risk Assessment Matrix. A change in habitat conditions,
wildlife attractants or aircraft type using the aerodrome (e.g., an increase in commuter
jets) will result in a re-assessment of risk.
Overall, the final management priority rank should make sense in the context of the
information provided in the previous sections of this AWMP. The final rank does not
consider how manageable the species might be, just what the current assessment of
priority is for this aerodrome.
Table xx8. Wildlife Management Priorities for XXX Aerodrome
[Examples are provided in the following table, to be replaced with site specific
data based on the previous sections of this plan.]
Management Priority Species Group
Goose
High Ring-billed Gull
White-tailed
Moderate Deer
Blackbirds
Turkey Vulture
Low Coyote
Killdeer
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INTERNTIONALY LEFT BLANK
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Chapter Three
Aerodrome Wildlife Management Plan
3.1 Goals and Objectives
The purpose of chapter is to identify management techniques that will be
implemented to address the hazards and risks identified in chapter two of this
document.
The Goal of this Aerodrome Wildlife Management Plan (AWMP) is to promote
aviation safety for passengers and flight crews by reducing wildlife hazards
and associated risks to aircraft and aerodrome operations caused by wildlife
activities on and in the vicinity of the aerodrome.
The objectives are to:
a) Determine and implement wildlife management actions for the
aerodrome;
b) Identify required actions around the aerodrome;
c) Establish a monitoring program for all aspects of the AWMP,
including performance monitoring and annual reporting;
d) Establish communication procedures with respect to wildlife
hazards;
e) Describe the training program, roles and responsibilities; and
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f) Identify research needs that would assist the improvement of the
XX Aerodrome Wildlife Management Plan.
3.2 Review of Available Wildlife Management Measures
Generally, there are tools and techniques available to manage wildlife
hazards associated with aerodromes at an acceptable risk level. Approaches
to minimizing the potential for serious strikes at aerodromes have focused on
five primary areas. These are:
a) Manipulating habitat and access to habitat at or near the aerodrome
(“passive methods”);
b) Dispersing, removing or excluding wildlife from the aerodrome (“active
methods”); and
c) Influencing land use decisions around the aerodrome where they may
increase the hazard to aircraft.
Critical to the success of any wildlife management program is the human
factor and the development of a Safety Management Systems approach. This
encourages the application of the three “Cs” of leadership. These are:
a) Commitment: wildlife management requires commitment at all
levels from Senior Management to technical field staff. The
available tools must be made to work effectively;
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b) Cognizance: recognizing the hazards and risks and what needs
to be done, when, and how, are key to wildlife successful wildlife
management; and
c) Competence: having adequately trained staff that have the ability
to “out-think” the wildlife, identify and properly apply the appropriate
tools is critical to successful wildlife management.
In this Section a brief overview of wildlife management techniques is provided
in tabular format. It is important to link the actions being taken back to the
hazard and risk assessment, as these prioritize the actions to be undertaken.
3.3 Passive Techniques
3.3.1 These techniques are generally those that alter habitat or permanently
exclude entry (Table xx1). It is known that measures to deter or
exclude one species (e.g., short grass) will inevitably attract another
species. There is an overriding principle that should be followed with
habitat alteration: the minimization of habitat diversity. More diverse
habitat means more diverse wildlife species. Managing one particular
group of wildlife species can be easier than addressing a mosaic of
species attracted by a variety of habitats through the seasons.
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Table xx1. Passive Wildlife Management Techniques
Examples Suggested Approaches
Cropland • Generally not within boundaries of airport;
• Limit to cereals;
• Avoid ploughing and other harvesting controls and no
standing bales
Grass • Manage height according to hazards at the aerodrome
• Adaptive management, experimental manipulation at
individual aerodromes
• Avoid allowing grass to set seed, seed-head
suppression
Buildings • Ensure entry holes/crevices blocked, screened, netting
• Influence design of new buildings, slope ledges
• Porcupine wire, electric shocking, sticky caulking
Open water, ponds, • Drain, improve drainage
ditches, • Fill, over-wire, netting,
stormwater ponds, • Grade slopes steeply, remove vegetation
poorly • Trap mammals .
drained areas
Shrubs, trees, • Remove, including undergrowth and understorey layers
brush, hedges, • Reduce biodiversity, habitat niches
woodland
Infield perching • Remove
features • Apply spikes when required
Waste storage • All disposal containers must be wildlife proof
• Eliminate dumps on the aerodrome
Outdoor picnic • Signage
areas • Provide wildlife proof garbage containers
All remaining • Chain-link fencing, high-tensile fixed knot fencing,
habitats, • Buried fences,
aerodrome • One-way gates, cattle gates.
perimeter
Aircraft • Ensure that bird nesting does not occur within parked
aircraft.
3.3.2 Summary of Passive Techniques:
1. Short grass length at the aerodrome will maintained at appropriate
required height.
2. Both grass lengths will include efforts to cut prior to seeding and in the
late fall to remove high standing seed-heads.
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3. A grass management plan will be developed to reduce forbs and promote
good grass growth without the use of fertilizer.
4. Efforts will be made to find a grass-cutting method for tall grass in wet
conditions.
5. Wetland vegetation associated with drainage features will be cut and
minimized.
6. Drainage features, if and when re-built, will have good side slopes,
preferably with hard edges, and will be piped where feasible.
7. No crops will be grown at the aerodrome.
8. In conjunction with aerodrome development, the ponds on aerodrome
property will be filled.
9. Any ponds necessary for stormwater management will be subject to
engineered overwiring.
10. Future stormwater outflows must be beaver-proof.
11. All garbage bins on site will be wildlife proofed.
12. Aerodrome policy to ban feeding of wildlife by staff and visitors will be
initiated and posted.
13. Breeding ledges for Rock Doves will be wire netted to reduce nesting
opportunities.
14. Entry holes for starlings, Rock Doves and swallows will be identified and
filled or covered.
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15. Masting tree species (e.g., maple, oak and beech) will be
opportunistically removed.
3.4 Active Techniques
3.4.1 Active techniques fall into two major subgroups. These are:
a) Dispersal (various kinds of deterrents, hazing); and
b) Removal (live capture, killing).
In the following table (Table XX2), the relative effectiveness of various
techniques is also indicated. Many of these techniques are effective
when used as part of an integrated program (e.g., playback of distress
calls), but can be markedly ineffective when used incorrectly. For
example, birds easily habituate to the playback call in the absence of
other management techniques.
Because wildlife species often habituate to non-lethal threats within a
few weeks, in the long-term, dispersal techniques are rarely effective
unless a clear and present danger is presented to the target species
(e.g., with a dog, raptor or live gunshot). The management challenge is
to keep wildlife guessing when the threat is real, and when it is not.
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Table XX2. Active Wildlife Management Techniques
Potential effectiveness as
Technique Primary Targets Part of an Integrated
Program
Pyrotechnics Birds, some mammals High
Gas cannons Birds, especially Moderate
migrants
Report Shells Soaring birds (e.g., High
gulls)
Falconry Birds High
Border Collies Birds, some mammals High to moderate
Live trapping Birds, some mammals Low to moderate
Non-lethal Chemical – irritants Birds Low
Playback of distress calls Birds Low to moderate
– remote system
Playback – mobile Birds Moderate to high
Flags Birds Low to moderate
Dead specimen birds Birds Moderate
Chemical - behavioural Birds, mammals (on Moderate
repellents cables)
Radio-controlled models Birds Low (can be higher)
Lethal trapping Small mammals Low
Chemical – lethal control Birds in buildings, High to moderate
mammals
Chemical – Fungus in turf but kills Moderate
Lethal Benomyl/Tersan fungicide earthworms
Earthworm sweeping Earthworms on hard Moderate to high
surfaces
Surfactant water sprays Roosting birds Moderate
Live-ammunition shooting Birds, some mammals High
3.4.2 Summary of Active Techniques:
1. Wildlife patrols will be maintained at irregular intervals throughout the
times when the aerodrome is open.
2. Sweeping of runway and taxiway areas will be undertaken following
mass emergence of earthworms.
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3. The dangerous bird species will be selectively shot at the aerodrome to
reinforce or act as deterrents.
4. Wildlife patrols will note any dead wildlife as strikes within 60 m of the
runway.
5. Wildlife patrols will photograph any struck wildlife and if necessary bag
some specimen material for identification by specialists.
6. Any animal carcasses on the aerodrome or the adjacent road will be
recorded, removed by wildlife patrols and disposed of in a manner that
makes them unavailable to scavengers.
7. Wildlife patrols will inspect the aerodrome fence daily, especially at
drainage features, and will ensure rapid repairs.
8. Pyrotechnics and report shells (reinforced with live shooting where
appropriate) will be used whenever high or moderate risk species are
seen during wildlife patrols.
9. Wildlife patrols will be increased when monitoring shows increased use
of the aerodrome by dangerous species.
10. Wildlife patrols will be undertaken prior to take off or landing of aircraft, or
when night time flights are due, provided advance notice is given and
staff are available.
11. Active mammalian dens within the aerodrome will be destroyed.
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3.5 Firearms
Firearms are heavily restricted and special permits are required. Special
training is required before they are used in or around this aerodrome. When
using firearms, empty casings shall be recovered; they can cause serious
damage when ingested into turbine aircraft engines.
3.6 Outside Aerodrome Boundaries
Although most wildlife management activities detailed in this plan will take
place within the aerodrome limits, where most wildlife strikes occur, the
immediate surroundings of aerodromes are increasingly being scrutinized as
critical sources for wildlife species that either visit the aerodrome or pass
through conflict zones.
In some circumstances, aerodromes may extend their active or passive
wildlife management activities beyond the aerodrome boundary. However, the
typical tool kit for influencing land use activities outside of the aerodrome
includes: regulation, outreach, education (wildlife hazard awareness
program), discussion and persuasion. The following approaches can be used
to influence activities outside the aerodrome.
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3.6.1 Aerodrome Zoning Regulations:
Aerodrome Zoning Regulations that could be established under the Authority
could prohibit land use activities that have been identified as hazardous to
aircraft operations.
3.6.2 Government Planners
Engagement in the local planning process is critical to influencing land use
change around the aerodrome. The aerodrome operator can open a dialogue
with planners, provide materials and copies of the AWMP, and provide a
presentation on land use issues that affect the aerodrome. It is important to
keep this information current and to include all planning partners (i.e., in the
case where the aerodrome zone of influence straddles two jurisdictions or
where there are two or more tiers of planning authority). In some cases, local
Official Plans refer applicants to seek consultation with the Aerodrome
Authorities when certain changes in land use activities are proposed near the
aerodrome.
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3.6.3 Local Government
Providing an occasional presentation on wildlife issues at the aerodrome to
local, city or regional council is an important step in influencing future land use
change applications. Having wildlife concerns identified at the earliest
possible stage will help encourage positive outcomes.
3.6.4 Land Users
The users of lands around the aerodrome can be engaged in a dialogue with
the aerodrome authorities. This may be more easily facilitated when these
landowners have a direct interest in the aerodrome. However, this does not
mean that other land users should be excluded. An open house to discuss
hazard issues, safety, potential liability, what land users can do to help and
how the aerodrome might able to assist the land users is a useful start.
Specific problems may indicate a need to contact individual land users.
3.6.7 Regulatory Agencies
Regulatory agencies may influence a variety of projects from wildlife habitat
creation. Without knowledge within the agency of wildlife strike issues,
proponents of land use change may find themselves pulled in two different
directions. The kinds of agencies that need to be regularly updated on
aerodrome wildlife issues include (City Council, Local government, Fisheries,
Veterinary etc.) ….[substitutes with local authorities]
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3.7 Determination of Wildlife Management Activities for ….[ XXX]
Aerodrome
This section has been broken into first, second and third priority. The planned
activities have been developed from a review of the problem species, what
attracts them into the conflict zone (whether on or off the aerodrome) and
steps taken to address both the attractants (e.g., short grass, open water,
small mammals or worms as food) and the species themselves (e.g.,
dispersal of gulls).
[The following sections must be developed from the previous
information that has been presented in this document. Provided here are
two fictitious examples of first priority and one each of second and
third. These should be deleted and completed for your aerodrome.].
3.7.1 First Priority
Goose... [Substitute with highest ranked species]
Highest Aerodrome Risk Ranking: Moderate
Management Priority: High
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Summary: [substitute with local habitual characteristics]
This species was ranked high priority because it is frequently seen at the
aerodrome, and can fly across aircraft approaches in the afternoons, when
they move to a frequently used portion of the XYZ zone. The species
occasionally hunt on the aerodrome grass and annually attempt to nest at the
ponds. It is a large-sized bird, has flocking habits and a relatively slow flight.
The species is generally present from…..to ….months of the year
[substitute with actual month when the species is prevalent].
The following steps will be undertaken:
1. A zero-tolerance policy will be implemented for geese at the
aerodrome.
2. The ponds on the aerodrome will be filled to the extent possible.
3. Ponds to remain for stormwater management will be overwired.
4. Any future redesign of drainage features will minimize waterfowl
habitat, steep sides, hard edges and no vegetation where
possible, pipes should be used where possible.
5. Wetland vegetation associated with drainage features will be cut
and minimized in extent.
6. Grass length at the aerodrome in wetter areas that cannot be cut
by traditional methods will be maintained at a required minimum
height.
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7. Pyrotechnics (reinforced with live shooting) will be used whenever
geese are seen during wildlife patrols or reported by staff or pilots.
Patrols specifically for geese will be increased when geese begin
to occur at the aerodrome again after their flightless period.
8. The awareness program will be presented to: a) the local authority
to seek assistance with managing the storm water pond; and c)
local farmers to encourage stubble ploughing and avoidance of
grain crops, where feasible.
3.7.2 Second Priority
Deer... [Substitute with second highest ranked species]
Highest Aerodrome Risk Ranking: Moderate
Management Priority: Moderate
Summary: [substitute with local habitual characteristics]
Deer cause significant damage when they are struck by aircraft. They are also
particularly active at dawn and dusk and during the night when low light
conditions make them hard to see. They frequent the ponds, especially in
summer, as well as long grass area, they use to frequently cross the
aerodrome area. They are infrequent or absent in typical
….month…[Substitute].
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The following steps will be undertaken:
1. A zero tolerance policy for deer incursions will be continued.
2. Once weekly during the growing season, vegetation will be cut
along the entire electric fence with a trimmer to avoid short
circuits.
3. Long grass areas will be maintained at a required height.
4. The small ponds will be eliminated at the aerodrome or overwired.
3.7.3 Third Priority
Coyote... [Substitute with lowest ranked species]
Highest Aerodrome Risk Ranking: Low
Management Priority: Low
Summary: [substitute with local habitual characteristics]
This species is ranked low, rather than moderate, because it is likely that only
one or two pairs frequent the area. They also tend to displace Red Fox and
control a number of other potentially hazardous species, or provide
disturbance to other species. The active control of this species is not currently
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anticipated unless hideaway are actually located on the site, but this could
change if numbers increase or behaviour changes.
The following steps will be undertaken:
1. This species will be carefully monitored for changes in numbers or
behaviour.
2. The hideaway on the aerodrome property will be removed or
destroyed to reduce the potential for young, inexperienced
animals wandering airside.
3.8 Monitoring
Monitoring is a critically important wildlife management tool. Monitoring
provides information to assist the Wildlife Management Officer (WMO) in
adjusting the program in response to shifts in hazard and risk. It also provides
a tool to demonstrate, to regulators and others what the aerodrome has been
doing to minimize risks, and to maximize safety for its staff and the traveling
public. This can be particularly important should a litigious situation arise.
3.8.1 Summary of monitoring activities:
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1. A Daily Wildlife Management Log will be established using prepared field
data sheets and computer software for data storage and analysis (if
available).
2. Monthly summaries will be established within the wildlife log.
3. An annual strike report will be prepared and submitted to the Authority.
4. A combined hazardous awareness program will be prepared for general
audience use (e.g., local authorities).
5. The AWMP will be reviewed and updated prior to [Enter date two years
hence].
3.8.2 Daily Wildlife Management Log
A good monitoring program requires good record keeping. The most efficient
manner to collate daily wildlife logs is by using appropriate methods/software
designed for the task. The records will include: date, start and finish, numbers
and species, control activity, details of lethal control, results/evaluation,
location of wildlife, weather, personnel, and other pertinent information.
At the end of each month, a written summary will be provided within the
Wildlife Management Log that discusses any environmental changes or
unusual conditions that may have led (or might lead) to unusual wildlife
hazard situations or changes in risk assessment.
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The monthly summary provides an opportunity for any new information on
policies, new laws, changes in the status of rare species known to frequent
the aerodrome, training programs or management reviews to be written and
stored in a readily accessible location.
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3.8.3 Wildlife Strikes
The regulations now require aerodrome operator to report all wildlife strikes to
the authority as they occur or to file an annual report detailing all wildlife
strikes. [Identify here which method xx aerodrome is going to
implement.]
Any information that the aerodrome operator has, that is outlined on the form,
should be included. If strike data become increasingly reliable sources of
information, they will also assist in the risk analysis procedure for this
aerodrome and future updates to this AWMP.
Wildlife strike occurs when:
a) a pilot reports the striking of wildlife;
b) aircraft maintenance personnel identify damage to an aircraft as
having been caused by a wildlife strike;
c) personnel on the ground report seeing an aircraft strike wildlife; or
d) wildlife remains are found on an airside pavement area or within
60 meters of a runway centerline, unless another cause of death is
identified.
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At this aerodrome, regular wildlife patrols will note any dead wildlife found
within 60 m of the runway centreline, for struck wildlife species. Notation will
also be made of any animal remains that are considered non-strikes, prior to
their removal.
Where the identity of remains of wildlife species that have been struck is in
doubt, parts will be preserved for identification. After taking a digital
photograph for the Wildlife Log, remains will be bagged in zip-lock bags.
Specialists may be able to identify a bird from a single small feather, so even
if they look unidentifiable, remains should be recovered.
Wildlife Management Officers (WMO) should also consider the collection of
any strikes (even those identified) should stomach contents or bird age be a
factor for future consideration (i.e., what food source was attracting the bird to
aerodrome?).
In addition to any studies, research, or other new information that is available,
the Daily Wildlife Management Log and the Monthly Summaries will be
carefully examined for information that will assist the required two-year update
to this AWMP.
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Chapter Four
Establishment of Performance Indicators and Self-Assessment
4.1 The establishment of performance indicators is critical to help
determine the need for enhancement or modification. It is also very
necessary because actions to reduce one wildlife hazard will inevitably
result in improved conditions for some other wildlife species. When
inadvertent effects such as these result in an increase in hazards, this
must be recognized and addressed.
The seven primary measurements of performance in this plan are:
1. The number of wildlife strikes;
2. Strike rate;
3. Damage associated with strikes;
4. Individual species’ hazard assessments;
5. Feedback from aerodrome users;
6. Risk rankings for this aerodrome; and
7. The status of action items that have been recommended in
the plan.
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4.2 Strike data will be generated from the monitoring program and the
annual strike report that must be filed. Although this aerodrome is
interested in reducing the overall strike rate independent of air traffic
movements, it is true that more strikes are likely when air traffic
increases. Therefore, the strike rate will also be measured 10,000 air
traffic movements. A discussion of damage related to strikes will also
be provided, as strikes that do not produce much or any damage may
not be treated with the same level of concern as damaging strikes.
4.3 The hazard and risk assessment will be updated and compared to the
previous assessments in the AWMP every two years. A discussion of
any changes will be provided.
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Chapter Five
Communications Procedures
[Delete or amend any of these recommendations as applicable.]
The following communication procedures have been established for the
purposes of wildlife management at this aerodrome.
1. Information will be provided directly from the field staff on duty to
Air Traffic Services (ATS) via radio contact.
2. Field staff will be responsible for ensuring that updated wildlife
information is provided to ATS immediately if an urgent situation
arises and on a regular basis depending on the current conditions,
or when requested by ATS. ATS will also relay any information
received regarding wildlife observations to field staff in a timely
manner.
3. ATS will provide information to pilots on current wildlife hazards
and will ask pilots to report any wildlife observations to ATS,
especially those observed while taxiing.
4. Wildlife activity will be regularly updated on the Automatic
Terminal Information Service (ATIS).
5. Entry in the NOTAM Class……… [Fill in class] to warn pilots of
hazardous wildlife.
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Chapter Six
Training Program
6.1 Training program be established for the AWMP in accordance with the
Manual of Aerodrome Standards. Properly trained staff to implement
the plan, to reassess risks and to provide updates to this plan every
two years, is an essential requirement.
Effective wildlife management is critically dependant on staff with the
tools, knowledge and motivation to complete the task at hand.
6.2 The training program for the wildlife management staff will address the
following:
1) Nature and Extent of the Wildlife Management Problem;
2) Regulations, Standards and Guidance;
3) Ecology and Biology of Key Species;
4) Wildlife Control Procedures Manual;
5) Species of Conservation Concern;
6) Liability;
7) Habitat Management;
8) Issues Outside of the Aerodrome Boundary;
9) Active Management;
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10) Removal Techniques;
11) Firearm Safety;
12) Wildlife Management Planning;
13) Development and Implementation of Awareness Programs;
14) Monitoring; and,
15) Training Record and Schedule.
6.3 In addition to training directly associated with wildlife behaviour and the
application of management techniques as part of the AWMP, it is
essential that safety requirements are fully reviewed and addressed.
This should include at a minimum:
1) Safe use and storage of pyrotechnics;
2) Safe use, storage and maintenance of pyrotechnic launchers;
and
3) Identification and mandatory use of safety equipment.
The following table (Table xx3) details the members of staff who have
attended the training program or are proposed to do so.
Tablexx3. Training Program
Responsibility/ Attended Will Attend
Name Title Training Training
Program Program by
• Aerodrome
Manager
• Wildlife
Management
Officer
• Duty Manager
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• Back-up WMO
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Chapter Seven
Roles and Responsibilities
[Amend this section according to circumstances prevalent at your
aerodrome. It may be that at smaller facilities, these responsibilities will
be shared among fewer personnel.)
7.1 Senior aerodrome staff will be responsible for the implementation of
this AWMP. This includes the acquisition of the various permits, the
provision of training and awareness programs and the review and
submission of the annual strike reports and two-year updates.
7.2 Senior management, or their designate, will be responsible for
coordinating, supervising and the overall management of the AWMP on
a long-term and a daily basis at the site-specific level. This will include
the nomination of the key Wildlife Management Officer, co-ordination of
training, safety assurance and ensuring that the necessary equipment
is available.
7.3 The Wildlife Management Officer will be responsible for:
a) establishment and maintenance of the Wildlife
Management Log
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(e.g., including strike data, details on wildlife numbers and
activity; AWMP measures undertaken, firearm use details;
details on the use of lethal reinforcement and monthly
summaries);
b) co-ordination of the entire monitoring program;
c) preparation of the annual strike report;
d) ensuring that Aerodrome operations are consistent with the
requirements of the AWMP;
e) ensuring that the appropriate permits are current and
present on-site;
f) undertaking deterrent activities;
g) ensuring all activities are undertaken following standard
practices and safety protocols; and
h) The identification of equipment, resource and training
needs.
7.4 The WMO shall have the following facilities and equipment:
a) Radio equipped Patrol Vehicle for airfield inspection
b) Binoculars
c) Pistols, shot gun, Catapult or equivalents
d) Freezer for keeping animal remains
e) Bird Alarm and Distress call equipment
f) Torches, clothing and other protective materials.
g) Wildlife Books and other literature.
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NOTE it is recommended that: The shotgun must be stored at the Airport
Police when not in use. It may be collected from the police only by persons
trained and authorized to use it.
The following table xx1 identifies the key roles and responsibilities under this
plan.
Tablexx1. Key Roles and Responsibilities
Name and
Contact
Title Key AWMP Responsibilities
Telephone
Number
Aerodrome Manager • Implementation of this AWMP
[insert the • Acquisition of the various permits
appropriate title] • Provision of training and awareness
programs
• Review and submission of the annual
strike reports and two year updates
Assistant Manager • Coordinating, supervising and the overall
[insert the management of the AWMP. Nomination of
appropriate title] the key Wildlife Management Officer
(WMO)
• Co-ordination of training, safety
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assurance
• Ensuring that the necessary equipment is
available
Wildlife Management • Maintenance of the Wildlife Management
Officer (WMO) Log (e.g., including strike data, details on
[insert the wildlife numbers and activity; AWMP
appropriate title] measures undertaken, firearm use details;
details on the use of lethal reinforcement
and monthly summaries);
• Co-ordination of the monitoring program;
• Preparation of the annual strike report;
• Ensuring that Aerodrome operations are
consistent with the requirements of the
AWMP;
• Ensuring that the appropriate permits are
current and present on-site;
• Undertaking deterrent activities;
• Ensuring all activities are undertaken
following standard practices and safety
protocols; and,
• The identification of equipment, resource
and training needs.
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Back-up to WMO • Filling in for WMO during vacations, lunch,
[insert the
appropriate title] sick time etc.
Air Traffic Services • Carry out a visual survey of the
movement, approach and take off areas
before each aircraft landing or take off to
make an assessment of the presence and
the extent of threat of wildlife.
• Inform the pilot of the presence and
position of wildlife hazardous to his
aircraft as assessed by his own
observation or as informed by Wildlife
Control Unit or other Airport management
section.
• As deemed necessary shall request the
Wildlife Control Unit to scare off or
otherwise disperse birds and other wildlife
that are threatening to particular aircraft.
• Shall receive reports of wildlife
concentration/presence from pilots and
relay this to the Wildlife Control Unit.
• Shall receive from pilots’ reports of bird
strikes and submit reports as required by
the Station Standing Instructions.
• When carrying out aerodrome inspection
shall inform the wildlife control unit of any
remains of bird or animal struck by aircraft
and submit the strike reports as
appropriate.
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Airline/Aircraft • Monitor the efforts of Aerodrome
Operator
Management in controlling the wildlife
hazard and provide feedback to the
management.
• Ensure that their ground operations or
those of their agents do not exacerbate
the problem of birds or other wildlife at the
aerodrome.
• Ensure that their pilots inform Control
Tower, when they see a hazardous
presence of wildlife on or in the vicinity of
the aerodrome.
• Ensure that their pilots inform the Control
Tower when their aircraft are involved in
air misses with wildlife.
• Participate in the preparation and reviews
of the wildlife Hazard Management
Programme directly or through their
designated representative.
7.5 The Aerodrome Wildlife Hazard Management Committee
The Aerodrome Operator will establish a Wildlife Hazard Management
Committee comprising of various officers relevant to wildlife problems.
The committee will includes the following membership:
1) Aerodrome Manager - Chairman
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2) Ground handling Companies
3) RFFS
4) Civil Aviation Authority
5) Aerodrome duty officer
6) Aerodrome Safety Officer
7) Fixed based operators
8) Ministry of Agriculture
9) Wildlife Authority
10) Municipal Council
11) Airport Police
12) Head, Wildlife Control Unit - Secretary
The functions of wildlife hazard management committee are as follows:
a) To review wildlife hazard management programmes as prepared by
Wildlife Hazard Control Unit and make proposals for addition, deletion
or other amendments before they are approved by the appropriate
Authority.
b) To monitor and review the progress of the implementation of wildlife
hazard management programmes and propose changes as necessary.
c) To analyse studies/researches made by specialist or consultants on
the subject and make recommendations as necessary.
d) To review reports of bird strike and other incidents involving wildlife
e) Exchange ideas, lessons and experiences on wildlife hazard
management.
The Committee shall make its own rules of procedures.
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7.6 Research Projects
Occasionally a research need will be identified. This may be related to a
proposed change in habitat management. A small-scale research project may
be needed to determine which option works best in the overall framework of
wildlife management.
Any necessary studies to ensure that unacceptable effects of the proposed
habitat change do not outweigh the benefits, will be documented in this
section in future updates to this AWMP. Documentation will include a
summary of the purpose and objectives of any initiatives, the methods to be
employed to satisfy the objectives, and timelines for the project. Future
updates or special reports (e.g., to Bird Strike Committee) will provide the
results of the research.
EAC Wildlife Hazard Management plan 12th October 2007
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