Summary of Losses from Insect Damage and Cost of

Summary of Losses from Insect Damage and Cost of Control in Georgia 2001 Editors Paul Guillebeau, Nancy Hinkle & Phillip Roberts Contents Subcommittee Chair & Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv Subcommittee Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I. Apiculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Apple Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 III. Blueberry Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 IV. Cotton Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 V. Field Corn Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 VI. Forest Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 VII. Grain Sorghum Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 VIII. Grape Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 IX. Household and Structural Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 X. Livestock and Poultry Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 XI. Ornamental, Lawn and Turf Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 XII. Pasture and Forage Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 XIII. Peach Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 XIV. Peanut Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 XV. Pecan Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 XVI. Public Health and Recreational Area Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 XVII. Small Grain Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 XVIII. Soybean Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 XIX. Strawberry Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 XX. Tobacco Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 XXI. Vegetable Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Summary of Losses Resulting from Insect Damage and Control Costs in Georgia in 2001 by Commodity or Other Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 List of the 20 Most Damaging Insect Species or Complexes in Georgia in 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Scientific Names or Other Taxonomic Classifications of the Insect Species or Insect Complexed for Which Economic Loss Estimates Have Been Made In Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON INSECT SURVEY AND LOSSES FOR 2001 Paul Guillebeau, Phillip Roberts & Nancy Hinkle Co-Chairs Subcommittee Apiculture Apple Blueberries Cotton Field Corn Forest Grain Sorghum Grapes Household & Structural Livestock & Poultry Ornamental, Lawn & Turf Pasture & Forage Peach Peanut Pecan Public Health & Recreational Area Small Grain Soybean Strawberry Tobacco Vegetables Subcommittee Chair & Members K. Delaplane, (chair) D. Horton (chair), J. Dutcher D. Horton (chair) P. Roberts (chair), D. Jones, J. Ruberson D. Buntin (chair), J. All K. Douce (chair), W. Berisford D. Buntin (chair), J. All D. Horton (chair), J. All, J. Dutcher D. Suiter (chair), B. Forschler N. Hinkle (chair), D. Sheppard, E. Gray R. Oetting (chair), W. Hudson, K. Braman W. Hudson (chair), D. Buntin, W. Gardner D. Horton (chair), J. Dutcher S. Brown (chair), J. Todd W. Hudson (chair), J. Dutcher E. Gray (chair), B. Sparks D. Buntin (chair), J. All B. McPherson (chair), D. Jones D. Horton (chair) B. McPherson (chair), D. Jones A. Sparks (chair), D. Riley iii Introduction This publication summarizes the economic losses resulting from insect damage and cost of their control in 2001. The loss estimates are prepared by subcommittees of The University of Georgia, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Entomology Special Committee on Insect Surveys and Losses. The estimates of yield loss on units treated and untreated for a given insect pest can vary greatly between commodities. This reflects differences in pest populations pressure, efficacy of control, management practices, etc., and the loss is not always lower for the treated units. iv Acknowledgments Many people other than the members of The University of Georgia Department of Entomology Special Committee on Insect Surveys and Losses have contributed significantly in this publication. Committee members had considerable aid from representatives of agribusiness, the United States Department of Agriculture, research and extension workers in other states, and County Extension Coordinators and Agents of The University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service, the Committee thanks them all. We sincerely thank Ms. Detsy Bridges and Terry All in the Entomology Unit in Athens for their assistance in compiling, typing, proofreading and preparing the web version of this report. v Subcommittee Reports I. Apiculture K. Delaplane The number of managed bee hives in Georgia stayed fixed at 55,000 from 2000 to 20011. This welcome stability follows generally favorable honey prices in 2001. Beekeepers continue to sustain colony losses and control costs associated with parasitic Varroa mites. Locally high colony losses were sustained in 1998-1999 from the newly-introduced small hive beetle Aethina tumida, but for unknown reasons acute colony losses from this pest were diminished in 2001. Beekeepers report high nuisance levels of small hive beetles in honey houses and stored equipment. Sustained drought did not make a measurable impact on honey production in 2001; yields were within a range normal for the past decade. The summed production of beekeepers with five or more hives was 3,135,000 pounds of honey, identical to 2000. Production per hive (57 pounds) likewise did not change from 2000. Value of the 2001 crop was $2,195,000 compared to $1,975,000 in 2000. In 2001, average price per pound rose to 70¢ from 63¢ in 20001. Extension programs reached 452 people in educational efforts aimed at honey bee parasite biology and control, optimum bee management, and public awareness of the value of bee pollinators. The tenth annual Young Harris College/University of Georgia Beekeeping Institute drew over 100 participants. Research focused on identifying economic treatment thresholds for Varroa mites, small hive beetle IPM, and the pollination of rabbiteye blueberry. ______________________________ 1 Georgia Agric. Statistics Service, Mar. 15, 2002 1 II. Apple Insects D. Horton and J. Dutcher Georgia’s 2001 apple crop was valued at 5,294,000 from 1,474 bearing acres. Average price was $14.00/bushel*. Yields varied considerably, with some sites experiencing substantial losses to early-season cold. Control of San Jose scale, rosy apple aphid, plant bugs, leafminers, leafhoppers, codling moths, leafrollers and mites was good. Increased use of pheromone monitoring and developmental models for codling moth, oriental fruit moth and tufted bud moth has improved control. Newer miticides have also improved control. _________________________________________________ *2001 Georgia Farm Gate Value Report. Doherty, B., N. Dykes and J. McKissick. UGA Cooperative Extension Service, AR-02-02, May 2002. Estimates of Losses and Control Costs Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 Insect Codling moth Tufted bud moth Oriental fruit moth San Jose scale Aphids Mites Total Cost of Control $123,816 114,972 30,954 26,532 23,584 9,300 $329,158 Damage $21,727 10,863 10,863 6,518 4,345 884 $55,200 Total $145,543 125,835 41,817 33,050 27,929 10,184 $384,358 2 Information Pertaining to Control of Major Apple Insect Pests in Georgia in 2001 Yield (Bu) Loss on Treated Trees 0.01 0.005 0.005 0.003 0.002 0.002 Yield Loss (Bu) on Untreated Trees 0 0 0 0 0 0 Insect Codling moth Tufted bud moth Oriental fruit moth San Jose scale Aphids Mites No. Trees Needing Control 1,474 1,474 1,474 1,474 1,474 300 No. Trees Treated 1,474 1,474 1,474 1,474 1,474 300 No. of Applic. 4 3 1 1 1 1 Avg. Cost Per Tree $21.00 26.00 21.00 18.00 16.00 31.00 3 III. Blueberry Insects D. Horton Georgia blueberries were valued at $23,134,258 from 6,639 bearing acres. Emerging pests gall midge and flower thrips (pre-bloom and bloom), as well as the blueberry maggot (late season) are an under-researched concern. Our understanding of biology and controls for these pests under southeastern conditions is wanting. Estimates of Losses and Control Costs Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 Insect Pre-bloom/Bloom complex (gall midge and flower thrips) Blueberry maggot Cranberry fruit worm Defoliating caterpillars Fire ants Stem borers Total 12,000 8,000 5,000 1,500 $494,500 Cost of Control $468,000 Damage $ 39,000 174,250 40,000 40,000 0 2,000 $295,250 Total $507,000 174,250 52,000 48,000 5,000 3,500 $789,750 Information Pertaining to Control of Major Blueberry Insect Pests in Georgia in 2001 Yield ($) Loss on Untreated Acre $100.00 Insect Gall midge and flower thrip Cranberry fruit worm Caterpillars Fire ants and wasps Acres Needing Control 4,000 Acres Treated 2,000 No. of Applic. 1 Application Cost Per Acre $18.00 Yield ($) Loss on Treated Acre $35.00 1,000 1,000 500 1,000 1,000 0 1 1 0 12.00 10.00 0 40.00 40.00 0 0 0 40.00 4 Blueberry maggot 100 0 0 0 0 174,250.00 5 IV. Cotton Insects P. Roberts, D. Jones and J. Ruberson Approximately 1.49 million acres of cotton were planted in Georgia during 2001. After several years of hot and dry seasons, rainfall and temperatures were much more conducive for cotton production. As a whole insect populations were light, but some sporadic problems occurred. This season was a prime example of why each individual field is scouted and treated on an as needed basis. Thrips populations were moderate but appeared to peak later than normal during the season. The highest infestation levels occurred on early to mid May planted cottons. Preventive treatments applied at planting performed very well, suppressing thrips numbers below economic levels in most areas. Isolated problems of cutworms, grasshoppers, and false chinch bugs were reported and were generally associated with reduced tillage systems. Plant bug numbers were higher than in previous years probably due to more abundant rainfall during early spring. However, few acres required treatment prior to bloom. During early to mid bloom, internal boll injury was apparent and plant bugs are believed to be responsible for some of this injury. Aphid populations were much lower when compared to recent years. As numbers built, the naturally occurring fungus quickly eliminated populations. The first report of this fungus was on June 25 which was a week to ten days earlier than in recent years. Tobacco budworm and corn earworm populations varied significantly from area to area and even field to field. A small percentage of acres were treated during June and July, but economic infestations were more common during August and early September. Control of tobacco budworm with pyrethroids was difficult in parts of the state and is probably associated with resistance levels. Bt cotton provided excellent control of tobacco budworm and only a small percentage of Bt acres were treated for corn earworm. Stink bugs and other boll feeding bugs continue to be a primary pest of cotton in Georgia. Threshold levels of boll feeding bugs (stink bugs, plant bugs, leaf-footed bugs, etc.) were found in most areas during late July and August. However, significant variation did occur on a field by field basis. Fall and beet armyworm populations were unusually light. Soybean loopers required treatment on a limited number of late planted fields. Although rainfall was more abundant, isolated fields were infested with spider mites. Silverleaf whitefly has been a troublesome pest in Tift and surrounding counties during recent years but infestations did not materialize this past season. Four boll weevils were captured in Turner County. Boll weevil eradication personnel reacted in a timely manner to manage this situation. 6 Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Insect Tobacco Budworm2 Corn Earworm2 Stink Bugs Thrips Boll Weevil3 Plant Bugs Grasshoppers Aphids Soybean Looper Cutworms Fall Armyworm Beet Armyworm Whiteflies Spider Mites Total Cost of Control $21,150,000 11,750,000 8,400,000 13,750,000 6,332,500 420,000 8,000 45,000 22,000 0 0 0 0 0 $61,877,500 Damage1 $4,464,369 5,012,280 7,021,404 0 0 70,256.16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 $16,568,309 Total $25,614,369 16,762,280 15,421,404 13,750,000 6,332,500 420,000 78,256.16 45,000 22,000 0 0 0 0 0 $78,445,809 1 Average price received, $0.351lb. lint (Georgia Agricultural Facts 2002 Edition, Georgia Department of Agricultural). 2 Bt transgenic cotton costs: $26.00/A technology fee on 700,000 acres. Seventy-five percent of total costs charged to tobacco budwo rm ($13,650 ,000) and 25 p ercent to bollworm ($4,550,000). 3 Grower costs of Boll Weevil Eradication Program. 7 Information Pertaining to Control of Major Cotton Insect Pests in Georgia in 2001 No. Acres Needing Control 350,000 650,000 1,000,000 1,400,000 1,490,000 70,000 2,000 5,000 2,000 5,000 0 0 0 0 No. of Acres Applic. 2 1.5 1.5 1.1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Avg. Co st Per Unit Treated 1 12.5 8 7 10 4.25 6 8 9 11 6 10 10 15 10 Yield Loss on U nits Treated 9,878,000 11,424,000 5,760,000 0 0 0 56,160 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Yield Loss on U nits Untreated 2 2,841,000 2,856,000 14,244,000 0 0 144,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Insect Tob acco Bud worm 2 Corn Earwo rm 2 Stink Bugs Thrips Bo ll Weevil 3 Plant Bugs Grasshoppers Aphids Soybean Looper Cutworms Fall Armyworm Beet Armyworm W hiteflies Spider Mites 1 2 No. Acres Treated 300,000 600,000 800,000 1,250,000 70,000 1,000 5,000 2,000 5,000 0 0 0 0 Includes ap plication costs. Yield units measured in p ound s of lint. 3 Do es not include costs o f Bt transgenic cotton; foliar insecticides only. 4 Gro wer co sts of Boll W eevil E radication P rogra m (B W EP ). All cotton produced in Georgia is required to participate in BWEP. The annual per acre assessment for participation was $4.25 per acre during 2001. 8 V. Field Corn Insects G. Buntin and J. All Corn was harvested from 220,000 acres in 2001, which was reduced from 1999. Yields averaged 134 bushels per acre with an average price of $2.15 per bushel. 2000 was an extremely dry year with some dryland plantings being abandoned before harvest. Soil insects as a group were the number one insect pest of field corn in Georgia. Stink bugs, which damage seedling plants and developing grain ears, were second. An outbreak of true armyworm damaged seedlings early, but yield losses were not large. Grasshoppers also were abundant early and damaged some fields. Generally, corn earworm and fall armyworm numbers were low in corn in 2001. Cereal leaf beetle populations continue to increase in the coastal plain region. Newly emerged adults moved from small grain fields to corn fields where they defoliate whorl-stage corn. Most defoliation is along corn field edges and does not reduce grain yield. Estimated Losses and Control Costs in 2001 Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Insect Soil insects1 Stink bugs True armyworm Corn armyworm Fall armyworms Grasshoppers Cereal leaf beetle Total 1 Cost of Control $528,000 77,000 88,000 18,000 35,000 0 66,000 $812,000 Damage $ 889,000 824,000 539,000 330,000 254,000 127,000 0 $2,963,000 Total $1,417,000 901,000 627,000 348,000 289,000 127,000 66,000 $3,775,000 Includes wireworms, southern corn rootworm, western corn rootworm, lesser cornstalk borer, billbugs and sugarcane beetles. 9 Information Pertaining to Control of Major Field Corn Insect Pests in Georgia in 2001 No. Acres Needing Control 66,000 44,000 44,000 24,000 11,000 11,000 4,000 No. Acres Treated 44,000 11,000 11,000 2,200 4,000 0 7,000 No. of Acres Applic. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Avg. Cost Per Unit Treated1 12.00 7.00 7.00 8.00 8.00 7.00 6.00 Yield Loss on Units Treated 119,000 30,000 30,000 6,600 29,000 0 0 Yield Loss on Units Untreated 295,000 354,000 221,000 133,000 88,000 56,000 0 Insect Soil insects2 Stink bugs True armyworm Corn earworm Fall armyworm Grasshoppers Cereal leaf beetle 1 2 Application cost not included. Includes wireworms, southern corn rootworm, western corn rootworm, lesser cornstalk borer, billbugs and sugarcane beetles. 10 VI. Forest Insects K. Douce and W. Berisford Southern pine beetle activity was reported moderate to heavy during 2001. Twenty eight counties had populations rated as “epidemic”. A county is declared endemic if there is an average of 1 beetle spot per 1,000 acres of pine type in the county. Overall, a total of 2,438 beetle spots were reported from 55 Georgia counties. In general, Ips and black turpentine beetles were not a problem. Pine tip moths, mostly Nantucket pine tip moth, were common in east central Georgia in young loblolly pine plantations. A number of commercial growers successfully managed stands using the Nantucket pine tip moth degree-day model by Fettig, Dalusky and Berisford (see: http://www.forestpests.org/Nptm/index.html). White-fringed beetle larvae caused seedling mortality in many young seedling pines across the coastal plain on land that had been converted from agricultural to pine plantations. Damage to young longleaf pine shoots by Dioryctria spp. larvae were reported in young planted longleaf pine stands in central Georgia. Six thousand two hundred and sixty-one (6,261) gypsy moth delta-style pheromone traps were set and monitored in 77 Georgia counties as part of the national gypsy moth detection and monitoring program. One moth was captured in a coastal county. Two delimiting trap grids operated in areas where moths were captured in 2000 did not result in any captures. The Georgia Forestry Commission has primary responsibility for gypsy moth programs in Georgia in cooperation with USDA-APHIS-PPQ and other state and federal agencies. Surveys for the Exotic Asian longhorned beetle - ALB (Coleoptera Cerambycidae: Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky)) and several species of bark beetles not indigenous to North America were carried out as part of the USDA-sponsored Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey program (www.ceris.purdue.edu/napis) in several locations where the potential for introduction of these potential pests was considered high. None were trapped or seen during surveys. 11 Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Insect Southern pine beetle Pine tip moths1 Other insects2 Defect and degrade causing insects3 Seed and cone insects4 Ips spp. Beetles5 and Black turpentine beetle Reproduction weevils6 Gypsy moth7 Total Cost of Control $1,850,000 650,000 250,000 120,000 150,000 510,000 90,000 94,000 $3,714,500 Damage $14,292,000 2,650,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,100,000 1,380,000 1,150,000 0 $26,572,000 Total $16,142,000 3,300,000 2,750,000 2,620,000 2,250,000 1,890,000 1,240,000 94,000 $30,286,000 1 2 Includes Nantucket pine tip moth, pitch pine tip moth and subtropical pine tip moth. Includes white-fringed beetle larvae, Dioryctria larvae, aphids, scale insects, lace bugs, sawflies, and lepidopterous defoliators. 3 Includes carpenter ants, ambrosia beetles, lepidopterous wood borers, shothole borers and various other cerambycid, buprestid and scolytid beetles 4 Includes coneworms, seedworms, seed bugs and cone beetles. 5 Ips avulsus, I. grandicollis, I. calligraphus and I. pini. 6 Pales weevil and pitcheating weevils. 7 The gypsy moth is not known to be established in Georgia, although isolated infestations have been detected. Therefore, there are no damage estimates and only monitoring and/or control costs are included. 12 VII. Grain Sorghum Insects D. Buntin and J. All Grain sorghum was harvested from 25,000 acres in 2001, which was reduced from 2000. Yields averaged 48 bushels per acre with an average price of $2.05 per bushel. 2001 was an extremely dry year. Chinch bugs continue to be the number one insect pest of grain sorghum in Georgia. Swarming birds also eat grain especially along field margins and in smaller fields. Sorghum midge caused losses mainly in late-planted sorghum. Head worms, including corn earworm, sorghum webworm and fall armyworm, stink bugs in grain heads and soil insects at planting caused sporadic damage in some fields. Estimated Losses and Control Costs in 2001 Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 Insect Chinch bug Sorghum midge Bird damage Soil insects Head worms1 Stink bugs Total 1 Cost of Control $30,000 17,000 0 3,000 13,000 1,000 $64,000 Damage $ 43,000 25,000 50,000 12,000 6,000 9,000 $145,000 Total $ 73,000 42,000 50,000 15,000 19,000 10,000 $209,000 Includes corn earworm, sorghum webworm and fall armyworm 13 Information Pertaining to Control of Major Grain Sorghum Insect Pests in Georgia in 2001 No. Acres Needing Control 6,300 5,000 5,000 1,300 1,300 2,000 No. of Acres Applic. Avg. Co st Per Unit Treated 1 8.00 7.00 –2 10.00 8.00 7.00 Yield Loss on U nits Treated 9,000 0 0 0 0 0 Yield Loss on U nits Untreated 12,000 12,000 24,000 6,000 3,000 675 Insect Chinch bugs Sorghum midge Bird damage Soil inse cts Head worms Stink bugs 1 2 No. Acres Treated 3,800 2,500 0 0 1,300 1,200 1 1 –2 1 1 1 Application cost not included. Not legal to control birds with pesticides. 14 VIII. Grape Insects D. Horton, J. All and J. Dutcher Georgia’s 2001 grape crop was valued at $6,198,274 from 1,876 bearing acres. Insect control was generally good. Pierce’s disease, Xylella fastidiosa, a significant cause of premature vine death, is vectored by leafhopper. Options for suppression of Pierce’s disease vector are limited. Estimates of Losses and Control Costs Rank 1 2 3 4 Insect Grape root borer Japanese and June beetles Grape curculio At-harvest nuisance pests Total Cost of Control $22,100 7,200 3,600 2,700 $35,600 Damage $92,472 19,824 9,912 9,912 $132,120 Total $114,572 27,024 13,512 12,612 $167,720 Information Pertaining to Control of Grape Insects in Georgia in 2001 No. of Acres Needing Control 1,600 600 Average Application Cost Per Acre $17.00 12.00 Yield Loss ($) on Treated Acres $33.04 33.04 Insect Grape root borer Japanese and June beetles Grape curculio At-harvest nuisance pests No. of Acres Treated 1,300 600 No. of Applic. 1 1 Yield Loss on Untreated Acres $120.00 75.00 300 300 300 300 1 1 12.00 9.00 33.04 0 90.00 30.00 15 IX. Household and Structural Insects D. Suiter and B. Forschler Over 1,000 pest control companies in Georgia employ in excess of 8,500 people. Annually, Georgia companies pay over $200 million in salaries and benefits to their employees. A recent nationwide survey indicated that over 18,000 pest control firms amass an estimated $5.65 billion in annual service revenues. Job opportunities in the pest control industry are abundant. Generally, service technicians can expect to earn about $9-$11.50 base salary/hourly rate plus commissions and bonuses. Many companies provide medical, dental, and life insurance; some form of savings plan; and paid vacation, holidays, and sick leave/personal days. Companies commonly provide various other perks and fringe benefits, such as uniforms and the take-home of company vehicles. The estimates provided in this report (below in tabular form) are the total, estimated revenue generated by the structural pest control industry in Georgia for the control of termites (including an estimate of repair to damaged homes) and general household pests in residential accounts. Previous surveys (i.e., Pest Control, Pest Control Technology magazines, and National Pest Management Association) indicate that still, the bulk of the pest control industry remains residential services. As such, the numbers provided in this report do not include revenue generated by commercial and/or institutional pest control in Georgia or revenue generated by the sale of pest control products and equipment by manufacturers, distributors, and suppliers. Numbers in this report have been gleaned from information provided by various sources, including the Georgia Department of Agriculture, the National Association of Realtors, and the U.S. Census. In 2001, The Georgia pest control industry consisted of about 1,000 licensed companies and 6,200 employees, excluding secretaries and other office personnel. Just 5% of Georgia’s companies hold a fumigation license, while 95% and 80% hold a household pest control and wood destroying organism license, respectively. In 2001, there were 1,800 certified operators in Georgia. Six percent were certified in the category of fumigation , while 95% and 75% held a household pest control and wood destroying organism certification, respectively. There were 4,400 registered employees (i.e., service technicians) in Georgia. Two percent were registered in fumigation, while 95% and 80% held a household pest control and wood destroying organism registration, respectively. Termites. Subterranean termites continue to be the most important structural insect pest encountered by Georgia homeowners. They account for over $120 million in combined pest control industry revenue and repair of termite-damaged homes. Drywood termites are of minor importance, and largely a regional pest along Georgia’s southeast coastline. Other, less important, wood-destroying insect pests encountered by the structural pest control industry include powderpost beetles (mainly Anobiids), old house borers, and to a lesser extent carpenter bees. Collectively, though, drywood termites and all wood-infesting beetles account for a small 16 fraction of the economic impact in comparison with subterranean termites. The Formosan subterranean termite (FST) was accidentally introduced into the southern U.S. by maritime traffic following World War II, and has since been found in nine southern states, including Georgia. The FST is the most destructive termite pest in the U.S. In New Orleans alone, it is annually responsible for an estimated $100 million in damage to homes and businesses. Since the mid-90s the Formosan termite has been found in ten Atlanta communities, and recently Savannah. To date, the economic impact of the Formosan termite in Georgia has not been significant, but its potential negative impact on the state is enormous. Household Pests. The most important household pests continue to be ants (Argentine, fire, carpenter, and odorous house), cockroaches (German, smokybrown, American), flys (houseflies, moth flys, fruit flys), biting and stinging insect pests (spiders, fleas, ticks, yellow jackets, hornets, bees, stinging caterpillars, mosquitoes), pantry and fabric pests (Indianmeal moths, cowpea weevils, drugstore and cigarette beetles, and carpet beetles), and various perimeter pests (millipedes, centipedes, crickets, pillbugs and sowbugs, and springtails). Pest Group Termites Household Pests Specific Pests Subterranean and drywood termites Ants, cockroaches, flys, biting and stinging pests, pantry and fabric pests, and perimeter pests Cost of Control/Damage $121,610,170 $118,944,000 Total $240,554,170 Estimates (1) Household Pest Control: a. A residential pest control technician services 25-50 accounts per week (data from surveys conducted by our group) during the busy part of the year (assumed to be April through September; n = 24 weeks). Assuming an estimated service price of $40, and 3,540 employees (i.e., 60% of the 5,900 employees certified or registered in household pest control [statistic from the Georgia Department of Agriculture, GDA]), then the yearly household pest control revenue estimate is: (35 jobs/week) x (24 weeks) x (3,540 employees) x ($40/job) = $118,944,000. b. Household Pest Control sub-total = $118,944,000. Termites: a. Post-Construction Termite Treatments: 2,922 WDO employees (i.e., 60% of the 17 (2) b. c. d. e. f. g. 4,870 employees certified or registered in wood destroying organisms [a GDA figure]) x (an estimated mean of 30 post-construction termite jobs per employee per year) x ($800 per treatment average) = $70,128,000. Pre-Construction Termite Treatments: 91,198 pre-construction termite treatments (this number is 98% of the actual number of new housing unit permits issued in Georgia in 2001 because 2% of permits issued never result in construction, according to the U.S. Census. Furthermore, this number is likely a low estimate of the value of pre-construction termite treatments in Georgia as it does not include permits issued for commercial and other building types in 2001]; data are from www.census.gov) at an estimated $150 each = $13,679,700. Contract Renewals: Assume that 5% of the 2,099,254 owner-occupied housing units (i.e., 104,963 single-family homes) in Georgia are under termite contract. FYI, 2,099,254 = the number of owner-occupied housing units in Georgia in 2000 (i.e., 2,029,154; U.S. Census) plus 98% (or 70,100, data from U.S. Census) of the number of 1-unit housing permits (single-family homes) issued in Georgia in 2001. The estimate that follows DOES NOT include rental or commercial properties, and as such is likely low. Assume that the average renewal price per year is $200 and that the average renewal rate is 50% (i.e., half of the 104,963 homes estimated to be under contract, or 52,481 annual renewals) times $200 per renewal = $10,496,200. Real-Estate Inspections: 164,100 existing homes were sold in Georgia in 2001 (data from the National Association of Realtors) and, by law, a wood destroying organism report issued for each at, on average, $100 = $16,410,000. Fumigation: Gross estimate of 100 structural fumigations in Georgia in 2001 at $4,000 each = $400,000. Damage to Homes: Estimate that in 2001 0.5% of the 2,099,254 owner-occupied housing units (or 10,496 homes) in Georgia suffered $1,000 in structural damage = $10,496,270. Termite sub-total = $121,610,170. 18 X. Livestock and Poultry Insects N. Hinkle, D. Sheppard and E. Gray Darkling beetles cause major losses to Georgia’s poultry producers, particularly in the state’s large broiler industry. House flies are present at virtually all animal agriculture sites, causing annoyance to humans and animals, affecting production as well as community relations. Stable flies and horn flies cause distress to cattle, horses, and the people working around them. Northern fowl mites are common in poultry, reducing egg production and fertility. Estimates of Losses and Control Costs Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Insect Darkling beetles House flies Horn flies Stable flies Northern fowl mites Lice Grubs and bots Horse flies Total Cost of Control $2,321,000 2,384,000 1,163,600 917,000 339,000 339,000 274,000 37,000 $7,774,600 Damage $ 7,277,000 2,758,000 1,615,500 1,284,000 1,238,000 406,800 138,000 143,000 $14,860,300 Total $ 9,598,000 5,142,000 2,779,100 2,201,000 1,577,000 745,800 412,000 180,000 $22,634,900 Estimates of Losses and Control Costs for Each Group of Livestock and Associated Pests in Georgia in 2001. Insect Beef Cattle Horn fly Lice Stable fly Grubs Subtotal $1,154,000 192,000 115,000 111,000 $1,572,000 $1,564,500 346,800 283,000 54,000 $2,248,300 $2,718,500 538,800 398,000 165,000 $3,820,300 Control Cost Damage Total 19 Insect Dairy Cattle Horn fly Lice Stable fly Grubs House fly Subtotal Horses Lice Stable fly House fly Horse fly Bots Subtotal Poultry (Layers) Lice House fly Darkling beetle Mites Subtotal Poultry (Breeders) Lice House fly Darkling beetle Mites Subtotal Poultry (Broilers) House fly Darkling beetle Subtotal Grand Total Control Cost Damage Total $ 9,600 28,000 92,000 92,000 165,000 $ 51,000 53,000 928,000 9,000 924,000 $ 60,600 81,000 1,020,000 101,000 1,089,000 $386,600 $ 69,000 710,000 631,000 37,000 71,000 $1,518,000 $ 20,000 289,000 40,000 143,000 $492,000 $ 30,000 399,000 31,000 196,000 $656,000 $ 900,000 2,250,000 $3,150,000 $7,774,600 20 $1,965,000 $ 7,000 73,000 64,000 143,000 75,000 $362,000 $ 0 77,000 338,000 $705,000 $ 0 580,000 200,000 900,000 $1,680,000 $ 900,000 7,000,000 $ 7,900,000 $14,860,300 $2,351,600 $ 76,000 783,000 695,000 180,000 146,000 $1,880,000 $ 20,000 579,000 117,000 481,000 $1,197,000 $ 30,000 979,000 231,000 1,096,000 $2,336,000 $ 1,800,000 9,250,000 $11,050,000 $22,634,900 290,000 21 XI. Ornamental, Lawn and Turf Insects R. Oetting, W. Hudson, and K. Braman The ornamentals, lawn, and turf section covers estimates for both the production and maintenance industries. The economic impact is inflated more by the maintenance industry than production industry. The use of pesticides by homeowners and professional pest control operators for control of pests around public areas (schools, industrial sites, hotels and motels, financial institutions, hospitals, municipal and private parks, shopping centers, higher education institutions, churches, cemeteries, golf courses) contribute to determining the costs of control and damage. Ornamental production of floricultural crops is primarily under greenhouse culture and has spring and fall pest problems. Field production has been on a decline and there are only a few commercial field production operations left. There is a substantial amount of outdoor production of bedding plants near greenhouses as part of the overall production. In 2001 sales were down substantially as a result of the continued drought. As a result many growers were not as concerned about pest problems. Mites were constantly present with the hot dry weather but an abundance of effective miticides allowed growers to keep them in check. Mealybugs, especially Phenacoccus madeirensis, were difficult to control and resulted in more insecticides being applied and more plants being discarded. Thrips, leafminers, and whiteflies were the other major pests that required the most management. Leafminers had not been a serious problem since the 80s, but they have returned and populations were present in greenhouse production that were extremely difficult to manage. Approximately 24% of Georgia homeowners purchase lawn care and landscape maintenance services (Jordan et al., 1999) and the Atlanta Metro Area is consistently one of the largest lawn care markets in the United States. The number of landscape installation and maintenance firms in Georgia exceeded 2,300 and provided employment for 42,588 individuals. The majority of these firms (63%) serviced at least 100 acres of lawns and landscapes, and it is estimated that all firms serviced approximately 225,000 landscape acres. In 2001, the major insect problems on woody ornamentals, both in home landscapes and commercial landscape maintenance, included various species of scale insects, mealybugs, mites, aphids, whiteflies, various caterpillars, foliage feeding beetles, borers, and lace bugs. Due to drought conditions throughout much of the state there were limitations on outdoor watering and many people did not plant annuals, perennials, or woody ornamentals. There was also a reduction in maintenance of existing plants. The turf industry in Georgia, including production, sales, installation and maintenance, is estimated to be worth over $1.6 billion annually. There are currently 445 golf courses in operation in the state, with more under construction or in planning. There are over 750 football fields, thousands of acres of turf on school grounds (public and private), and more than 25,000 acres of turf in parks. In total, there are almost 2 million acres of turf grass in the state. The Atlanta metro area has been the strongest housing market and largest lawn care market in the 22 country. Continued demand for quality sod has fueled an expansion of the state’s sod production industry to over 38,000 acres, more than double the acreage in 1998. Although mole crickets are found only in the coastal plain region, they are so destructive and difficult to control that a significant proportion of the losses and control costs due to insects statewide are due to these pests. The expense has been dropping for the last three years, however, as hot dry weather during the critical May-June period of egg hatching and early nymphal development has had an impact on mole cricket survival. The continuing drought has also reduced populations of white grubs, and survival of overwintered spittlebug eggs and young nymphs declined as well. Weather probably also contributed to the lower losses from chinch bugs. The modest increase in losses in the ‘miscellaneous’ category was due to more widespread problems with billbugs as the sod production industry has boomed in Georgia. These pests attack most types of turfgrass but zoysia is most seriously damaged. If production of susceptible grasses continues to expand, problems with billbugs will become even more important and costly. Private units considered in preparing the loss estimates for 2001. Households Floriculture (18.4 million ft2) Nurseries (3,600 acres containers) Nurseries (5,825 acres field) Sod farms (38,000 acres) 3,006,000 1,025 1,285 1,800 100 Estimates of Losses and Control Costs Insect Ornamentals Scale insect & mealybugs Mites Aphids Whiteflies Thrips Caterpillars1 Slugs and snails $32,382,700 26,750,000 9,300,000 7,550,000 5,435,000 5,300,000 2,500,000 23 $38,400,300 28,800,000 5,580,000 5,895,000 6,295,000 3,415,000 1,100,000 $ 70,783,000 55,550,000 14,880,000 13,445,000 11,730,000 8,715,000 3,600,000 Cost of Control Damage Total Insect Beetles2 Lace bugs Spittle bugs Miscellaneous3 Subtotal Cost of Control 1,466,400 1,140,000 585,000 5,165,000 $97,574,100 Damage 2,350,000 285,000 125,000 2,625,000 $94,870,300 Total 3,816,400 1,425,000 710,000 7,790,000 $192,444,400 Lawns and Turf Mole crickets Caterpillars4 White grubs Chinch bugs Spittle bugs Miscellaneous5 Subtotal Grand Total 1 $ 10,950,000 4,000,000 2,790,000 940,000 900,000 2,700,000 $ 22,280,000 $119,854,100 9,100,000 7,000,000 5,000,000 1,500,000 1,710,000 2,700,000 $ 27,010,000 $121,880,300 20,050,000 11,000,000 7,790,000 2,440,000 2,610,000 5,400,000 $ 49,290,000 $241,734,400 Primarily bagworm, cutworms, corn earworms, loopers, azalea caterpillars, tent caterpillars, webworms, and leaf rollers. 2 Primarily leaf beetles, Japanese weevils, Fuller Rose weevils, Japanese beetles, whitefringed beetles, and borers. 3 Includes grasshoppers, fungus gnats, millipedes, sowbugs, psocids, springtails, ants, earwigs, and leafminers. 4 Sodwebworms, armyworms, cutworms. 5 Ants (fire ants are included in a separate report), billbugs, leafhoppers, bermudagrass mites and stunt mites. 24 XII. Pasture and Forage Insects W. Hudson, D. Buntin and W. Gardner Acreages of forage and pasture crops have declined in recent years to about 1.3 million acres of grass pastures and an additional 600,000 acres of grass hay pastures in 2001. Although losses per acre generally are low and treatment thresholds are large, this extensive acreage produces large combined losses for forage and pasture insects in Georgia. Losses are greater for hay than pastures because hay crops have greater yield potential and market value. Rainfall was much below normal which reduced forage yields. The number one pest of perennial grass forages, primarily bermudagrass was mole crickets. Mole crickets damaged grass pastures in southern Georgia especially in the Flatwoods region sometimes requiring replanting. Mole cricket damage has declined in some fields in counties where the parasitic nematode Steinernema scapterisci has been released. The white grub complex, mostly Phyllophaga spp., Cyclocephala sp. and Green June beetle larvae caused damage in some fields. Green June beetle larvae were particularly damaging to fescue pastures in northern Georgia. Fall armyworm, 2lined spittlebug, and leafhoppers/planthoppers caused damage in some fields. Alfalfa acreage in Georgia was about 30,000 acres in 2000. The alfalfa weevil was the number one pest of alfalfa with most fields being treated to control this insect. Dry weather induced damage by the potato leafhopper in some fields. Estimated Losses and Control Costs in 2001 Rank Insect GRASS HAY PASTURES 1 Mole crickets 2 White grubs 3 Fall armyworm 4 2-lined spittlebug 5 Leafhoppers/planthoppers Subtotal GRASS PASTURES 1 Mole crickets 2 White grubs 3 Fall armyworm 4 2-lines spittlebug 5 Leafhoppers/planthoppers Subtotal ALFALFA 1 Alfalfa weevil 2 Potato leafhopper Subtotal Cost of Control $ 0 480,000 90,000 42,000 60,000 $672,000 $ 0 940,000 520,000 91,000 91,000 $1,642,000 $ 189,000 0 189,000 $ Damage $7,140,000 1,008,000 54,000 99,000 54,000 $8,355,000 $3,575,000 629,000 100,000 79,000 43,000 $4,426,000 403,000 36,000 439,000 $ Total $7,140,000 1,488,000 144,000 141,000 114,000 $9,027,000 $3,575,000 1,569,000 620,000 170,000 134,000 $6,068,000 592,000 36,000 628,000 25 Total $2,503,000 $13,220,000 $15,723,000 Information Pertaining to Control of Major Pasture and Forage Insect Pests in Georgia in 2001. No. Acres Needing Control No. of Acres Applic. Tons Loss on Units Untreated Insect No. Acres Treated Avg. Cost Per Unit Treated1 Ton Loss on Units Treated GRASS HAY PASTURES Mole crickets White grubs Fall armyworm Spittlebug Leafhop pers/ planthoppers GRASS PASTURES Mole crickets White grubs Fall armyworm Spittlebug Hop pers ALFALFA HAY Alfalfa weevil Potato leafhopper 28,500 1,500 27,000 0 1 1 7.00 7.00 2,160 0 1,200 300 260,000 156,000 78,000 39,000 26,000 0 104,000 52,000 26,000 13,000 1 1 1 1 12.00 10.00 10.00 7.00 7.00 0 4,160 520 130 130 65,000 10,400 1,300 1,300 650 192,000 72,000 12,000 18,000 12,000 0 48,000 6,000 12,000 6,000 1 1 1 1 12.00 10.00 10.00 7.00 7.00 0 4,800 150 150 150 119,000 12,000 750 1,500 750 NOTE: Hay crops consisted of 600,000 acres of grasses (hybrid bermudagrass 75%; tall fescue 20%; and other grasses 5%), with an average yield of 2.5 tons per acre. Alfalfa acreage was 30,000 acres with an average yield of 3.5 tons per acre. Grass and clover hay were valued at $60 per ton and alfalfa hay was worth $120 per ton. Permanent pasture consisted of 500,000 acres of bahiagrass and 800,000 acres of fescue, fescue/clover mixtures and fescue/common bermudagrass. Average yield was estimated at 1.0 ton per acre with a value of $55 per ton. An additional 400,000 acres of temporary pasture (mostly small grains and sorghum) was grazed. There was 150,000 acres of sorghum, and millet silage was harvested. Silage and temporary pasture crops were included as pasture grasses. 1 Application cost not included. 26 XIII. Peach Insects D. Horton and J. Dutcher Georgia’s 2001 peach crop was valued at $47,200,222 from 15,971 bearing acres. Insect control was acceptable. Scale, and in isolated orchards lesser peachtree borer, continue to rise in pest status. Estimated of Losses and Control Costs Rank 1 2 3 4 Insect Fruit attacking pests Scale Borers Leafhoppers Total Cost of Control $1,533,216 190,000 133,000 0 $1,856,216 Damage $399,275 798,550 20,762 199,638 $1,418,225 Total $1,932,491 988,550 153,762 199,638 $3,274,441 Information Pertaining to Control of Major Peach Insect Pests in Georgia in 2001 No. Acres Needing Control 15,971 Yield Loss ($) on Treated Acres $25.00 Yield Loss on Untreated Acres 0 Insect Fruit attacking pests (plant & stink bugs, plum curculio, oriental fruit moth) Scale Borers No. Acres Treated 15,971 No. of Applic. 8 Application Cost Per Acre $12.00 19,000 19,000 19,000 19,000 1 1 10.00 7.00 50.00 13.00 0 0 27 XIV. Peanut Insects S. Brown and J. Todd Peanut yields averaged 3330 lbs/A on 514,000 harvest acres. Total production was 1.712 billion pounds up 28.9% from 1.328 billion pounds in 2000. Prices received by farmers averaged $0.227 down 14.3% from $0.265 in 2000. Timely rains and the lowest incidence of spotted wilt in 10 years resulted in the second longest peanut yield on record. Insect pressure was generally light. A dry April and May allowed lesser cornstalk borers to become established in many fields, but June rains suppressed further development. Thrips pressure was heavy and dry weather slowed the uptake of in-furrow insecticides. Foliage feeding caterpillar populations were unusually light. Estimates of Losses and Control Costs Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Insect Lesser cornstalk borer Spider mites Thrips 3-cornered alfalfa hoppers Leafhopper Wireworms Velvetbean caterpillar Total Cost of Control $1,100,000 70,000 4,750,000 68,750 150,000 550,000 90,000 $6,778,750 Damage $ 968,382 1,112,300 1,112,300 1,266,660 272,400 1,280,280 0 $6,012,322 Total $ 2,068,382 1,182,300 5,862,300 1,335,410 422,400 1,830,280 90,000 $12,791,072 28 Information Pertaining to Control of Major Peanut Insect Pests in Georgia in 2001. No. Acres Needing Control 50,000 Avg. Co st per U nit Treated 1 22.00 Yield Loss on U nits Treated 2 1,250,000 Yield Loss on U nits Untreated 2 3,016,000 Insect Lesser corn stalk borer Thrips3 3-cornered alfalfa hoppers Spider mites Leafhopper Velvetbean caterpillar Wireworms 1 2 No . Units Treated 50,000 No . of Un it Applic. 1.0 460,000 90,000 500,000 11,000 1.0 1.0 9.50 6.25 0 550,000 4,900,000 5,030,000 10,000 100,000 10.500 5,000 30,000 15,000 1.0 1.0 1.0 14.00 5.00 6.00 500,000 1,200,000 0 0 0 0 20,000 25,000 1.0 22.00 750,000 4,890,000 Includes ap plication costs. Yield units measured in po unds. 3 Losses due to Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSW V) are not included. 29 XV. Pecan Insects W. Hudson and J. Dutcher Georgia’s pecan production was 110 million pounds in 2001. Extremely dry weather early continued for most of the season, leading to drought stress even in irrigated orchards. Prices were also very low, and many lower quality nuts were not worth harvesting and were simply abandoned. The total crop value was estimated at $67 million. Overall, losses to pecan arthropods were lower in 2001, primarily due to decreased value of the crop. Black pecan aphids and pecan leaf scorch mites were active late in the season. Damage from late-season aphid populations can be difficult to assess, as most of the effect is expressed in reduced yield the following crop year. Grower awareness of hickory shuckworm and pecan nut casebearer resulted in more and better-timed insecticide applications, and effective control in treated orchards. Extremely dry conditions early in the season reduced spittlebug damage overall. Yellow aphids appeared early, but populations remained relatively low throughout the season and few treatments were required other than early applications of systemic materials. Estimate of Losses and Control Costs Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 Insect Pecan weevil Black pecan aphids Hickory shuckworm Yellow aphids1,2 Mites3 Pecan nut casebearer Spittlebugs Kernel feeding hemipterans Others4 Total Cost of Control $ 4,050,000 3,125,000 900,000 1,600,000 720,000 715,000 120,000 225,000 300,000 $11,755,000 Damage $ 4,296,000 3,794,000 1,071,000 321,000 848,000 204,000 76,000 287,000 187,000 $11,084,000 Total $8,346,000 6,919,000 1,971,000 1,921,000 1,568,000 919,000 196,000 512,000 487,000 $22,839,000 “Yellow aphids” include the yellow pecan aphid and the blackmargined aphid. The cost of control of yellow aphids includes $60 per acre for application of aldicarb or imidacloprid on 20,000 acres and $ 10 per acre for foliar sprays o n 105 ,000 acres. 3 “M ites” refers primarily to the p ecan leaf scorch mite. 4 “Others” include the pecan bud moth, casebearers, leaf miners, fall webworm, phylloxeras, walnut caterpillar, boring insects, Prionus spp., hickory nut curculio, and hickory shoot curculio. 30 Information Pertaining to Control of Major Pecan Insect Pests in Georgia in 2001. No . Units Needing Control 113,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 45,000 50,000 20,000 No. of Unit Applic.1 3.0 2.5 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 Avg. Co st Per Units Treated $15.00 10.00 9.00 13.33 12.00 11.00 12.00 Yield Loss on U nits Treated 2 1,283,000 4,428,125 650,000 281,000 541,000 334,000 25,000 Yield Loss on U nits Untreated 3 5,737,000 1,771,250 1,100,000 243,000 845,000 0 100,000 Insect Pec an weevil Black pecan aphids Hickory Shuckworm Yellow pecan aphids4 Mites5 Pecan nut casebearer Spittlebugs Kernel feeding hemipterans 6 Others 7 1 No . Units Treated 90,000 125,000 50,000 60,000 40,000 65,000 10,000 30,000 30,000 25,000 25,000 1.0 1.0 9.00 12.00 335,000 125,000 134,000 180,000 Som e app lications contro l more than one pe st and the num ber o f applications indicated we re not made in all orchards. 2 Exclud ing application co sts. 3 Yield units measured in po unds. 4 “Yellow aphids” include the yellow pecan aphid and the blackmargined aphid. 5 “Mites” refers to primarily to the pecan leaf scorch mite. 6 “kernel feeding hemipteran” include the southern green stink bug, the brown stink bug, the leaffooted bug and others 7 “Others” include the pecan bud moth, pecan leaf casebearer, leaf miners, fall webworm, walnut caterpillar, phylloxeras, boring insects, Prionus spp., hickory nut curculio, and hickory shoot curculio. 31 XVI. Public Health and Recreational Area Insects E. Gray and B. Sparks In 2001, mosquitoes became the most important and expensive public health insects to control in Georgia. The introduction of the West Nile Virus into the United States and it’s rapid spread has spurred new interest in mosquito control and as a consequence the number of organized programs has increased. As a result of significant levels of WNV found in the metroAtlanta area, significant funding has been allocated for mosquito education and control in counties that had little or no funding only a few years ago. Government agencies that were dedicated to the control of a single pest were primarily concerned with mosquitoes. Approximately 84 counties in the state had one or more mosquito control programs, up from our last report of 79 in 2000. Mosquito numbers were moderate to low, most of the season, due to continued drought conditions throughout the state. No cases of any of the other endemic types of mosquito borne encephalitis (LaCrosse, St. Louis or Eastern Equine) were reported. Surveillance for all types of mosquito borne encephalitis has been greatly expanded due to the recent WNV introduction. Imported malaria continues to be relatively common with 50 cases being reported. Houseflies also continue to be significant pests, particularly concern garbage management and exclusion aspects. Ticks, mostly lone star ticks, American dog ticks and blacklegged ticks were present in many sections of the state. Their bite and their ability to serve as vectors of Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) made them important public health arthropods. There was only 1 case of Lyme disease in 2001, up from no cases in 2000 and 1999. In 1998 there were 5 cases, 9 cases in 1997, 1 case in 1996 and 14 in 1995. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever continues to be the most common tick borne disease in the state with 9 cases reported in 2001. This figure is down from 2000 when there were 19 cases of RMSF. There were 14 cases in 1999, 4 in 1998, 11 in 1997, 66 in 1996 and 59 in 1995. (Data on vector borne disease provided by the Office of Epidemiology and Prevention Branch, Georgia Department of Human Resources). 32 Estimates of Losses and Control Costs Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 Insect Mosquitoes Flies (non-biting) Others1 Head Lice Ticks and Chiggers Yellow Jackets Total 1 Cost of Control $49,584,427 48,372,805 28,715,197 5,648,509 13,520,137 4,184,213 $150,025,288 Others include eye gnats, spiders, biting flies, bees and other stinging insects (other than yellow jackets). Summary of Insect Control and Losses Estimates Insect Flies Item window screens screened doors aerosol sprays garbage removal garbage dumpsters garbage cans fly swatters Subtotal Cost $ 5,907,127 9,188,864 13,126,948 16,408,685 164,087 1,640,869 1,936,225 $48,372,805 Mosquitoes window screens screened doors aerosol sprays repellents abatement programs hospitalization doctor fees druggist fees Subtotal $ 5,907,127 9,188,864 13,126,948 13,783,295 7,051,347 200,000 289,029 37,817 $49,584,427 33 Insect Other Item window screens screened doors aerosol sprays repellents doctor fees druggist fees Subtotal Cost $ 2,953,563 4,594,432 6,563,474 13,783,295 656,348 164,085 $28,715,197 Head Lice doctor fees druggist fees Subtotal $1,772,080 3,876,429 $5,648,509 Ticks and Chiggers repellents doctor fees druggist fees hospitalization acara cides (reside ntial) acaracides (organizations) Subtotal $11,814,253 4,000 1,000 40,000 1,640,884 20,000 $13,520,137 Yellow Jackets window screens screened doors aerosol sprays doctor fees druggist fees Subtotal TOTAL $ 738,390 1,148,608 1,640,869 525,078 131,268 $4,184,213 $150,025,288 Cost of Control Estimates Mosquitoes - 40%, Flies - 40%, Eye gnats - 5% Yellow Jackets - 5%, Others 1,2 - 10% 1. W indow screens - 10 screens/residence x $12.00/screen = $120/residence x 3,281,737 3 residences = 393,810,000. 20 year life/screen = $19,690,422/year x 75% who have window screens $14,767,817 34 2. Screened doors - 2 screened doors/residence x $70/screened door = $140/residence x 3,000,000 residences = 459,440,000. 15 year life span/screened door = 30,629,545/ year x 75% who have screened doors Aerosol sprays - 2-15 oz. aerosol insecticide spray can/residence. $5/can x 2 can x 3,000,000 residences = 30,000,000 $22,972,159 3. $32,817,370 Subtotal $70,557,346 ................................................................................................................................................................................. Mosquitoes - 35%, Ticks and Chiggers - 30%, Eye gnats - 25%, Others 1 - 10% 4. Repellents - 2-15 oz. aerosol spray can/residence. $6/can x 2 x 3,000,000 residences = $36,000,000 $39,380,844 ................................................................................................................................................................................. Mosquitoes - 100% 5. Mosquito Abatement Program (a) Twelve major programs (Bibb, Camden, Chatham, Clayton, Cobb, DeKalb, Dougherty, Fulton Glynn, Liberty, M uscogee and Richmond Counties) (b) About 84 county/city programs @ approximately $18,832/ program $5,695,398 $1,355,949 6. Doctor fees - 50 imported malaria cases $400 5/case x 50 cases = $20,000 Hospitalization - $4,000 5/case x 50 cases = $200,000 Druggist Fees - $100 5/case x 50 = $5,000 Encephalitis - average inpatient medica l costs 7 = $17 ,219/case $20,000 $200,000 $5,000 $137,759 7. 8. 8a. Subtotal $7,414,106 ................................................................................................................................................................................. Flies - 100% 9. Garbage removal - $50/residence/year x 3,281,737 residences = $164,090,000 x 10% (portion attributed to insect control) = $15,000,000/year Garbage disposal units (dumpsters - county, commercial and industrial) - $50 0/unit; 1 unit/100 reside nces. 32,8 17 units x $5 00 x 10% (portion attrib uted to insect control) = $1,640,86 9. 10 year life span/ unit = $164,087 Garbage cans (residential) - 2/residence = $15/can x 2 x 3,000,000 residences = $98,452,110 x 10% (portion attributed to insect control) = $9,845,211. 6 year $16,408,685 10. $164,087 11. 35 life span/can = $1,640,869 $1,640,869 36 12. Fly swatters - 1 fly swatter/residence $0.59/fly swatter x 1 x 3,000,000 residences = $1,770,000 $1,936,225 Subtotal $20,149,866 ................................................................................................................................................................................. Ticks and Chiggers - 100% 13. Acarac ides (residential) - of 3,281 ,767 residences, estimated 5% purchase $10.00 acaracide for tick control in yards Acarac ides (public and private organizations) Doctor fees - 9 RM SF cases and 1 Lyme case $400 5/case x 10 cases = $4,000 Hospitalization - $4,000 5/case x 10 cases = $40,000 Druggist fees - $1006/case x 10 cases = $1,000 $1,640,884 $20,000 14. 15. $4,000 16. $40,000 $1,000 17. Subtotal $1,705,884 ................................................................................................................................................................................. Yellow jackets - 40%, Others 1 - 49%, Eye gnats - 1%, Mosquitoes - 10% 18. Doctor fees (bites and stings) 1 visit/100 residences at $40/visit = 32,817 residences x $40/visit = $1,312,695 Druggist fees - 1 visit/100 residences at $10/visit = 32,817 residences x $10 = $328,170 $1,312,695 19. $328,170 Subtotal $1,640,865 ................................................................................................................................................................................. Head lice - 100% 20. Doctor fees - 3% of 1,476,735 6 school children in ages 5-17 = 44,302 at $40/visit x 32,291 = $1,772,080 Druggist fees - pediculicides for head lice $17.50/pediculicide x 1,476,735 6 school children in ages 5-17 15% estimated infestation = $3,876,429 Subtotal $1,772,080 21. $3,876,429 $5,648,509 1 2 "Others include eye gnats, spiders, biting flies, bees and other stinging insects (other than yellow jackets). Estimated p ercen t impo rtance insect has to control. 3 Estimate of number households, Georgia 2000 Information System, UGA. 4 Based on survey for mosquito control programs by county (GEM A 8/22/200 1). 5 Based on N ew Yo rk State De partment of Health report of over $ 4,000 hospital cost/care o f Lyme disease 37 6 reported by CDC, Lyme Disease Surveillance, Volume 4, Number 2, March 1993. Based on 2000 Georgia County Guide, Cooperative Extension Service 7 CDC National WNV Conference 2003 38 XVII. Small Grain Insects D. Buntin and J. All Winter small grain crops in Georgia include wheat, rye, oats and barley. Planted acreage of wheat was 300,000 but harvested acreage was 200,000 in 2001, which was the same as 2000. Yields averaged 53 bushels per acre with an average price of $2.05 per bushel. A total of 300,000 acres of rye and 100,000 acres of oats were planted. Rye was harvested for grain from 35,000 acres with an average yield of 25 bushels per acre and a price of $6.00 per bushel. Oats were harvested for grain from 35,000 acres with an average yield of 65 bushels per acre and a price of $1.75 per bushel. Barley acreage is very limited in Georgia. The 2000/2001 growing season was variable with a dry spring. Cost estimates and damage are mostly for the wheat crop. An outbreak of true armyworm occurred infesting many fields during dough stage in the spring. Hessian fly also caused losses in some susceptible varieties in southern Georgia. Aphid transmission of barley yellow dwarf virus was reduced from the previous year. Cereal leaf beetle populations continue to spread and increase in severity in the upper coastal plain region. Hessian fly is not a problem on rye or oats, and rye is not severely affected by barley yellow dwarf. Some fields were treated for stink bugs to prevent movement of these insects to adjacent crops. However, stink bug numbers almost always are too low to cause significant direct damage to wheat. Estimated Losses and Control Costs in 2001 Rank 1 2 3 4 5 Insect Armyworm Hessian fly Aphids Cereal leaf beetle Stink bugs Total Cost of Control $200,000 100,000 70,000 180,000 50,000 $600,000 Damage $ 652,000 428,000 250,000 106,000 0 $1,436,000 Total $ 852,000 528,000 320,000 286,00 50,000 $2,036,000 39 Information Pertaining to Control of Major Small Grain Insect Pests in Georgia in 2001 No. Acres Needing Control 40,000 33,000 30,000 40,000 0 Avg. Cost Per Unit Treated1 5.00 7.00 10.00 6.00 5.00 Yield Loss on Units Treated 106,000 0 0 0 0 Yield Loss on Units Untreated 212,000 117,000 160,000 106,000 0 Insect Armyworm Aphids Hessian fly Cereal leaf beetle Stink bug 1 No. Acres Treated 40,000 10,000 10,000 30,000 10,000 No. Acres Applic. 1 1 1 1 1 Application cost not included. 40 XVIII. Soybean Insects R.M. McPherson and D.C. Jones Soybeans were harvested from 155,000 acres in 2001, a decrease of 5,000 acres from the previous year. Georgia’s average yield in 2001 was 27.0 bushels per acre, up three bushels from the 2000 production. Soybean prices were down, averaging $4.05 per bushel, making the value of the crop $16.9 million. Stink bugs (southern green, brown and green) were once again the number one pest on Georgia’s soybeans in 2001. Heaviest infestations were in the southeastern and southern parts of the state. The southern green stink bug was the most abundant species and population densities were highest in September in the later-maturing soybean varieties. Early-maturing soybean varieties planted in April (the Early Soybean Production System) escaped heavy stink bug populations. The total loss due to stink bugs was $979,000 up some from the 2000 loss estimates. Control costs accounted for most of the losses due to stink bugs. Velvetbean caterpillar losses were down some in 2001, costing growers $506,000, but still making this the second most costly pest. Insecticide controls were very good for this pest. Thus, damage losses were not very heavy, except in a few fields where treatments were applied late or not at all even through economic threshold populations were present. Many producers applied a low rate of Dimilin (2-4 oz/a) along with Boron during early pod formation (around mid-Aug.) and achieved season-long caterpillar control at a low cost. Soybean loopers and corn earworms also were economically important soybean pests in 2001, causing a total of $152,000 and $73,000 respectively. All other insect pests accounted for $59,000 in total revenue losses in 2001. These losses were due to threecornered alfalfa hoppers, armyworms, beetles (bean leaf beetles, cucumber beetles, whitefringed beetles), and whiteflies. Most of these pests were in localized or isolated areas throughout the state. Estimates of Losses and Control Costs for Soybean Insect pests in 2001. Cost of Control $ 860,000 456,000 98,000 53,000 40,000 $1,507,000 Rank 1 2 3 4 5 1 Insect Stink bugs1 Velvetbean caterpillar Soybean looper Corn earworm Other pests2 Total Damage $119,000 50,000 54,000 20,000 19,000 $262,000 Total $ 979,000 506,000 152,000 73,000 59,000 $1,769,000 Includes southern green, green, and brown stink bugs. 41 2 Other pests include threecornered alfalfa hoppers, armyworms, beetles and whiteflies. 42 Information Pertaining to Control of Major Soybean Insect Pests in Georgia in 2001. No. Acres Needing Control Stink bugs 3 Velvetbean caterpillar Soybean looper Corn earworm Other pests4 1 2 No. Acres Treated 62,000 58,900 9,300 6,200 4,650 No. of Acre Appl. 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Ave. Cost Per Unit Treated1 $10.50 7.75 10.50 8.50 8.50 Yield Loss on Units Treated2 18,832 3,976 753 837 628 Yield Loss on Units Untreated2 10,463 8,370 12,555 4,185 4,185 77,500 62,000 15,500 7,750 7,750 Includes application costs. Yield units measured in bushels. 3 Includes the southern green, green, and brown stink bugs. 4 Other pests include threecornered alfalfa hoppers, armyworms, beetles and whiteflies. 43 XIX. Strawberry Insects D. Horton Georgia’s 2001 strawberry crop was valued at $4,023,330 from 227 acres. Mites were the most significant arthropod pests. Controls for insects and mites were generally good. Estimates of Losses and Control Costs Rank 1 2 Insect Mites Caterpillars, plant & stink bugs Total Cost of Control $9,080 4,540 $13,620 Damage $20,117 20,117 $40,234 Total $29,197 24,657 $53,854 Information Pertaining to Control of Strawberry Insects in Georgia in 2001 No. of Acres Needing Control 227 227 Insect Mites Caterpillars, plant & stink bugs No. of Acres Treated 227 227 No. of Applic. 1 1 Application Cost Per Acre $80.00 $40.00 Yield Loss on Treated Acres $88.62 $88.62 Yield Loss on Untreated Acres 0.005 0.005 44 XX. Tobacco Insects R.M. McPherson and D.C. Jones Tobacco was harvested from 26, 100 acres in 2001, down nearly 5,000 acres from 2000. Georgia’s average yield was 2,460 pounds per acre, just below the record of 2,470 in 1996. The average price received in 2001 was $172.42 per cwt, down slightly from the previous year, making the value of the crop over $110 million.* The tobacco budworm was once again the number one insect pest on flue-cured tobacco in Georgia, with total losses exceeding $1.8 million. This was down some from 2000, when this pest caused $2.0 million in losses. The losses in 2001 were almost equally divided between the cost of controlling this pest plus crop damage caused by this pest. Thrips were the second most economically damaging pest, costing Georgia producers over $1.6 million. This was up some from the $1.33 million reported in 2000. All of the 2001 losses were due to control costs, although another $1.74 million was reported as crop damage due to tomato spotted wilt virus that is vectored by thrips. Tobacco hornworms were the third ranked insect pest in 2001, costing producers over $1.4 million. Wireworms and mole crickets were also reported as economic pests in 2001, totaling $0.6 and $0.4 million in losses, respectively. All other pests accounted for $216,000 in losses in 2001. These other pests were primarily aphids, splitworms, cutworms, flea beetles, grasshoppers, stink bugs and whiteflies. 2001 Estimate of Losses and Control Costs Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 a/ Pest Species Tobacco budworm Thrips Tobacco hornworm Wireworms Mole crickets Other pestsa/ Cost of Control $ 890,000 1,603,000 503,000 454,000 189,000 77,000 Damage $944,000 0b/ 967,000 167,000 251,000 139,000 Total Losses $1,834,000 1,603,000 1,470,000 621,000 440,000 216,000 Totals $3,716,000 $2,468,000 $6,184,000 Other pests included aphids, flea beetles, cutworms, splitworms, grasshoppers, stink bugs and whiteflies. The tobacco splitworm is also known as the potato tuberworm. b/ Does not include $1.74 million losses due to spotted wilt virus that is vectored by thrips. __________________ 45 * Georgia Agricultural Facts, 2002 Edition. 46 Information Pertaining to Control of Major Tobacco Insect Pests in Georgia in 2001 Yield Loss on Units Untrt.2 0 0 97,000 0 65,000 0 Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 Insect Tobacco budworm Thrips Tobacco hornworm Wireworms Mole crickets Other pests3 Number Acres Needing Control 22,950 25,480 20,250 16,200 8,100 6,750 No. Acres Treated 22,950 25,480 19,440 16,200 6,750 6,750 No. of Acre Appl. 3.25 2.5 2.25 1.0 1.0 1.0 Ave. Cost Per Unit Treated1 11.93 25.16 11.50 28.00 28.00 11.50 Yield Loss on Units Treated2 549,000 0 465,000 97,000 81,000 81,000 Includes application costs. Yield units measured in pounds. 3 Others include aphids, flea beetles, cutworms, splitworms, grasshoppers, stink bugs, and whiteflies. 47 XXI. Vegetable Insects A. Sparks and D. Riley Estimates in this report are provided for only those vegetable crops with an estimated total value of yield exceeding one million dollars in Georgia, thus, these values represent a conservative estimate for the total industry. These major vegetable crops were planted on a estimated 155,800 acres, with a total value in excess of $350 million (based primarily on data from the Georgia Agricultural Statistics Service). The estimated insecticide costs and losses due to insects exceeded $33.7 million, or approximately 9.6% of the total value of these crops. This is also a conservative estimate as it does not include costs associated with insecticide application or costs associated with non-insecticidal controls, such as use of reflective mulches. Insect pest management in vegetables in Georgia is very dynamic because of the diversity of crops and multiple, overlapping growing seasons for many of these crops. Pest pressure and management requirements in a single crop with distinct spring and fall seasons can vary greatly between seasons as well as with location within the state. The estimates reported have been adjusted to reflect seasonal distribution of specific crops, differences in pest pressure between seasons, and estimated costs of the most common insecticides used for specific pests. Thus, for a pest that requires treatment on 100% of the fall acreage on a crop with only 10% of the acreage in the fall, a total of 0.1 applications is shown. Specific insecticide cost estimates varied from $5 to $7 per acre per application for organophosphate insecticides to $70 per acre for a high rate of Admire. Estimated yield losses include direct losses, losses associated with lack of marketability (aesthetic damage), and losses associated with diseases specifically vectored by insects (mostly viruses which would not occur without the insect vectors). Overall, these costs and loss estimates are not intended to reflect specific crop production in a given season, but reflect overall impact for the 2001 calendar year. The following list of pests by crop illustrates in part the complexity of insect pest management in vegetables. In addition to the normal occurrence of vegetable pests in Georgia, 2001 was marked by occurrence of insecticide resistant diamondback moth (DBM) and severe losses in snap beans due to silverleaf whitefly (SLWF). DBM resistance to spinosad was detected in southwest Georgia, which represents the first case of this resistance in the continental United States. Severe yield losses were reported for SLWF in fall grown snap beans as a result of fields rejected for harvest. Beans were reportedly rejected because of streaking of the pods, but this effect has not been documented. Estimated acreage, average yields and total value of the top commercial vegetable crops1 in Georgia, 2001. Crop 1 2 3 4 5 Onions Sweet corn Cucumbers W atermelons To mato Acreage Planted 14,500 25,500 15,000 24,000 2,700 Yield p er Acre (un its) 475 (40 # box) 309 (42# crate) 318 (55 # box) 265 (cwt) 1460 (2 5# carton) To tal Value of Y ield $70,538,000 47,450,000 32,486,000 29,150,000 23,725,000 48 Crop 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Cabbage Snap B eans Squash Collard greens Carrots Bell Pepper Cantaloupe Southern Peas Mustard greens Turnip Greens Eggplant Lima Beans Kale Total 1 Acreage Planted 8,600 16,500 9,000 8,000 4,100 2,200 5,900 7,400 2,300 5,000 500 3,900 700 155,800 Yield p er Acre (un its) 600 (50 # box) 200 (30# bu.) 416 (30# 3/4 -bu.) To tal Value of Y ield 21,141,000 21,120,000 20,990,000 17,330,000 13,920,000 11,760,000 10,176,000 8,246,000 7,574,000 6,366,000 5,058,000 2,520,000 1,129,000 $ 350,679,000 520 (25 # box) 604 (48 # master) 714 (28# 1 1/9 -bu.) 160 (cwt) 103 (25# bu.) 600 (25 # box) 480 (25 # box) 1894 (33# 1 1/9 -bu.) 113 (30# bu.) 560 (25 # box) Table includes only those vegetables with an estimated value of yield exceeding $1,000,000. Estimates of Insect Control Costs and Losses for Georgia Vegetables, 2001. Crop 1 Insect Insecticide C osts 2 Yield Losses Total Losses Lima beans (1.75 insecticide applications p er season) [8 % yield loss] Soil insects (.5) Pod feeders (Leps, stink bugs) (1.25) Crop tota ls $ 37,000 28,300 $ 65,300 $ 126,000 75,600 $ 201,600 $ 163,000 103,900 $ 266,900 Snap Beans (2.75 insecticide applications p er season) [1 3% yield loss] Whitefly (0.75) Pod feeders (1.25) Thrips (0.5) ECB Program (0.25) 154,700 119,600 43,300 26,800 2,112,000* 422,400 211,200 0 2,266,700 542,000 254,500 26,800 * Loss as result of fields turned do wn for harvest (rep orted as streaks in pods) Crop tota ls $344,400 $2,745,600 $3,090,000 49 Crop 1 Insect Insecticide C osts 2 Yield Losses Total Losses Cabbage (5.9 insecticide ap plications per season) [6.5% yield loss] Leps. (DBM, loopers)(5.0) Whitefly (.7) Aphids (0.1) Seedcorn maggot (0.1) Crop tota ls 412,800 75,200 5,000 4,500 $497,500 1,057,000 211,400 52,800 52,800 $1,374,000 1,469,800 286,600 57,800 57,300 $1,871,500 Collard greens (5.6 insecticide ap plications per season) [6.75 % yield loss] Leps. (DBM, loopers)(4.5) Aphids (0.5) Grasshoppers (0.1) Whitefly (.45) Yellow-margined leaf beetle (0.05) Crop tota ls 345,600 23,200 4,200 45,000 2,100 $420,100 866,500 173,300 86,600 43,300 (<0.05%) $1,169,700 1,212,100 196,500 90,800 88,300 2,100 $1,589,800 M ustard greens (3.15 insecticide applications p er season) [3 .5% yield loss] Leps. (DBM, loopers) (2.5) Aphids (0.5) Grasshoppers (0.1) Yellow-margined leaf beetle (0.05) Crop tota ls 55,200 6,700 1,200 600 $63,700 151,500 75,700 37,900 (<0.05%) $265,100 206,700 82,400 39,100 600 $328,800 Turnip greens (3.15 insecticide applications p er season) [4 .5% yield loss] Leps. (DBM, loopers) (2.5) Aphids (0.5) Grasshoppers (0.1) Yellow-margined leaf beetle (0.05) Crop tota ls 120,000 14,500 2,600 1,300 $138,400 191,000 63,600 31,800 (<0.05%) $286,400 311,000 78,100 34,400 1,300 $424,800 50 Crop 1 Insect Insecticide C osts 2 Yield Losses Total Losses Kale (3.25 insecticide applications p er season) [8 % yield loss] Leps. (DBM, loopers, etc.) (2.0) Aphids (0.5) Whitefly (0.25) Leaf & flea beetles (0.5) Crop tota ls 13,400 2,000 2,200 1,800 $19,400 50,800 28,200 5,600 5,600 $90,200 64,200 30,200 7,800 7,400 $109,600 Carrots (1.2 insecticide ap plications per season) [3% yield loss] Soil insects (1.0) Leps. & aphids (0.2) Crop tota ls 77,900 4,700 $82,600 417,600 0 $417,600 495,500 4,700 $500,200 Sweet corn (16 insecticide applications pe r season) [8% yield loss] CEW /FAW/ECB (16) (include ECB Program) Crop tota ls 3,468,000 3,796,000 7,264,000 $3,468,000 $3,796,000 $7,264,000 Cucumbers (3.9 insecticide ap plications per season) [3% yield loss] Pickleworm, melonworm (3) Whitefly (0.4) Cucumber beetles (0.5) Crop tota ls 337,500 333,700 39,400 $710,600 649,700 162,400 162,400 $974,500 987,200 496,100 201,800 $1,685,100 Cantaloupe (4 insecticide application per season) [3.25 % loss] Pickleworm (3.0) Cucumber beetles (1.0) Crop tota ls 132,700 31,000 $163,700 305,300 25,400 $330,700 438,000 56,400 $494,400 51 Crop 1 Insect Insecticide C osts 2 Yield Losses Total Losses Watermelons (1 insecticide application per season) [1.75% yield loss] Cucumber beetles (0.25) ‘Rindworms’ (0.5) Aphids (0.25) Crop tota ls 31,500 90,000 34,800 $156,300 291,500 145,800 72,900 $510,200 323,000 235,800 107,700 $666,500 Squa sh (5.75 insecticide applications p er season) [1 8.5% yield loss] Aphids/mosaic viruses (2.5) Whitefly (1.5) Pickleworm, melonworm (1.5) Cucumber beetles (0.25) 298,100 427,500 101,200 11,800 2,518,800 * 1,049,500 209,900 104,900 2,816,900 1,477,000 311,100 116,700 * Losses associated with transmission of mo saic viruses in late spring and fall crops. Crop tota ls $838,600 $3,883,100 $4,721,700 Eggplant (8.5 insecticide ap plications per season) [6.75 % yield loss] Plant bugs (3.0) Mites (3.0) Leps. (BAW, CEW ) (1.0) Thrips (0.5) Aphids (1.0) Crop tota ls 8,700 30,000 3,500 1,300 2,900 $46,400 202,300 50,600 37,900 37,900 12,600 $341,300 211,000 80,600 41,400 39,200 15,500 $387,700 Onions (3.75 insecticide applications p er season) [6 % yield loss] Thrips (3.0) Seedcorn maggot (0.75) 304,500 57,100 3,879,000 * 352,700 4,183,500 409,800 * Suspected vectoring of bulb rots is not considered and impact may be underestimated. Crop tota ls $361,600 $4,231,700 $4,593,300 52 Crop 1 Insect Insecticide C osts 2 Yield Losses Total Losses Bell Pepper (10.75 insecticide applications per season ) [15% yield loss] Thrips/TSWV (3.0) Pepper weevil (2.5) Leps. (Includes ECB Program) (5.0) Whitefly (0.05) Broad mite (0.2) 38,300 35,800 84,700 1,400 11,400 1,176,000 * 352,800 176,400 29,400 29,400 1,214,300 388,600 261,100 30,800 40,800 * Losses associated with vectoring of Tomato Spo tted Wilt Virus Crop tota ls $171,600 $1,764,000 $1,935,600 Toma to (10.9 insecticide applications p er season) [1 0% yield loss] Thrips/TSWV (5.0) Leps. (CEW, others) (3.0) Whitefly (1.4) Stink bugs (1.0) Leafminer, others (0.5) 78,300 60,700 47,300 15,600 43,200 1,898,000 * 177,900 118,600 118,600 59,000 1,976,300 238,600 165,900 134,200 102,200 * Losses associated with vectoring of Tomato Spo tted Wilt Virus Crop tota ls $245,100 $2,372,100 $2,617,200 Southern Pea (5 insecticide applications per season) [11 .5% yield loss] Cowpea curculio (3.5) Thrips (0.5) Leps. (BAW, etc.) (0.5) Stink bugs, aphids (0.5) Crop tota ls Totals 1 168,400 19,400 24,100 21,500 $233,400 $ 8,026,700 824,600 61,800 41,200 20,600 $948,200 $ 25,702,000 993,000 81,200 65,300 42,100 $1,181,600 $ 33,728,700 Numbers in () after each crop or pest indicate the estimated average number of insecticide applications on that crop or for the specific pest. These estimates are adjusted for differences in pest pressure in fall and spring crops and estimated acreage of each crop in the fall and spring. Thus, estimates are not intended to reflect specific crop production in a given sea son, but reflect o verall impact for 20 01. S imilarly, num bers in [] reflect o verall estimated yield losses adjusted for spring and fall pest pressure and acreage. 2 Values represent estimated costs of insecticides only. Va lues are adjusted for estimated co sts of the most commonly used insecticides and rates for the specific pests, which range from $5.25 per acre to $70.00 per acre. App lication costs are not included as these costs can be shared with fungicide ap plications and multiple 53 insecticides can be applied in a single application. Thus, these values represent a conservative estimate of insect contro l costs. 54 Summary of Losses Resulting from Insect Damage and Control Costs in Georgia in 2001 by Commodity or Other Category. Com modity Apples Blueberries Cotton Field Corn Forest Grain Sorghum Grapes Household and Structural Lawn and T urf Livestock and Poultry Ornamentals Pasture and Forages Peaches Pea nuts Pecans Public Health and Recreational Areas Small Grains Soybeans Strawberry Tobacco Vegetables Total Control $ 123,816 494,500 61,877,500 812,000 3,714,000 64,000 35,600 230,057,900 22,280,000 7,774,600 97,574,100 2,503,000 1,856,216 6,778,750 11,755,000 150,025,288 Damage $ 21,727 295,250 16,568,309 2,963,000 26,572,000 145,000 132,120 10,496,270 27,010,000 14,860,300 94,870,300 13,220,000 1,418,225 6,012,322 11,084,000 0 Total Losses $ 145,543 789,750 78,445,809 3,775,000 30,286,000 209,000 167,720 240,554,170 49,290,000 22,634,900 192,444,400 15,723,000 3,274,441 12,791,072 22,839,000 150,025,288 600,000 1,507,000 13,620 3,716,000 8,026,700 $611,589,590 1,436,000 262,000 40,234 2,468,000 25,702,000 $255,577,057 2,036,000 1,769,000 53,854 6,184,000 33,728,700 $867,166,647 55 List of the 20 M ost Damaging Insect Species or Complexes in Georgia in 2001. Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Insect Subterranean & Drywood Termites1 Ho useho ld Pests Scale Insects Mites Flies 4 5 6 7 3 2 1 Control $111,113,900 118,944,000 32,572,700 27,479,080 50,756,805 49,584,427 11,139,000 21,150,000 15,838,100 9,830,484 10 11 Damage $ 10,496,270 0 39,198,850 29,668,117 2,758,000 0 20,066,000 4,464,369 7,263,900 8,832,245 5,032,280 14,292,000 7,070,117 7,277,000 4,296,000 3,891,262 2,650,000 1,637,000 806,000 39,000 $169,738,410 Total Losses $121,610,170 118,944,000 71,771,550 57,147,197 53,514,805 49,584,427 31,205,000 25,614,369 23,102,000 18,662,729 16,835,280 16,142,000 11,620,657 9,598,000 8,346,000 6,668,162 3,300,000 3,057,000 1,616,000 507,000 $648,846,346 Mosquitoes Mole C rickets 8 9 Tob acco Bud worm Thrips Aphids Corn Earwo rm 12 11,803,000 1,850,000 4,550,540 13 Southern P ine B eetle Caterpillars Darkling Beetles Pec an W eevil Soil Insects 15 11 14 2,321,000 4,050,000 2,776,900 650,000 1,420,000 Pine Tip Moth White Grubs 16 Fall Armyworm 17 18 810,000 468,000 $479,107,936 10 11 Blueberry Midge Total (Top 20) 1 2 Household and Structural Ornamentals, Peaches 3 Ornamentals, Pecans, Strawberries 4 Public Health, Livestock & Poultry 5 Pub lic Health 6 Lawn & Turf, Pastures & Forages, Tobacco 7 Cotton 8 Cotton, Tobacco, Vegetables 9 Apple, Cotton, Ornamentals, Small Grain, Vegetables Cotton, Soybean Forest 12 Lawn & Turf, Soybeans, Strawberries 13 Livestock & Poultry 14 Pecan 15 Field Corn, Grain Sorghum, Peanuts, Tobacco, Vegetables 16 Pastures & Forages 17 Small Grain, Pastures & Forages 18 Blueberries 56 Scientific Names or Other Taxonomic Classifications of the Insect Species or Insect Complexed for Which Eco nom ic Lo ss Estim ates H ave Been M ade In Georgia Insect or Insect Complex Alfalfa weevil Almo nd moth Ambrosia beetles Angoum ois grain moth Ano biid b eetle Aphids Apple ap hid Arctiid larvae Armyworm Azalea caterpillar Bagworm Bahiagrass borer Bandedwing ed whitefly Bees Beet armyworm Billbug Bird cherry-oat ap hid Biting midge Blackmargined aphid Black pe can aphid Black turp entine b eetle Blister beetles Blueberry gall midge Blueberry maggot Bo ll weevil Bollworm Bollworms Borers (on orna mentals) Bo ts Brown stink bug Cab bage aph id Cabbage looper Cab bage seed pod weevil Cabbageworms Cad elle Scientific Name or Other Taxonomic Classification Hypera postica (Gyllen hal) Ephestia cautella (Wa lker) various species of Scolytidae Sitotro ga cerealella (Olivier) Anobiidae various species of Aphididae Aphis pomi DeGeer various species of Arctiidae Pseuda letia un ipun cta (Haworth) Datana major (Grote & Ro binson) Thy ridop teryx ephe meraefo rmis (Haworth) Derobrach us brevico llis (Audinet-Serville) Trialeurodes abutilonea (Haldeman) various species of Hymenoptera Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) various species of Curculionidae Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) primarily Culiocoides species Mo nellia c aryella (Fitch) Melanocallis caryaefoliae (Davis) Dendroctonus terebrans (Olivier) species of Meloidae Dasineura oxycoccana Rhagoletis mendax Curran Anthon om us grand is gran dis Boheman Helicoverpa [=Heliothis] zea (Boddie) Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea various species of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera various species of Oestridae Euschistus servus (Say) Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus) Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) Ceutorhynchusassimilis (P aykull) mostly Pieris rapae (Linnaeus) and Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) Tenebroides mauritanicus (Linnae us) 57 Insect or Insect Complex Carpet beetles Carpenter ants Carpenter bees Carpenterworm Cattle grub Chinch bug Cigarette be etle Clothes mo th Cockroaches Codling m oth Colorad o po tato beetle Coneworms Corn earworm Corn leaf ap hid Corn rootworm Cotton ap hid Cowpea curculio Cranberry fruitworm Cutworms Darkling beetle complex Diamon dba ck mo th Disease vectors (on corn) Dogwood borer Earwigs Eastern tent caterpillar English grain aphid European corn borer Europe an red mite Eye gnats Face fly Fall armyworm Fall webworm False chinch bug Field crickets Fire A nts Flat grain beetle Flea beetles Scientific Name or Other Taxonomic Classification various species of Dermestidae Cam ponotus spp. Xylocopa virginica (Linnaeus) Prionoxystus robiniae (Peck) Hypoderma lineatum (Villers) Blissus leucopterus leucopterus (Say) Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricuis) primarily Tinea pellionella L. and Tineola bisseliella (Hummel) various species of Blattelidae Cyd ia po mo nella (Linnaeus) Lep tinotarsa decem lineata (Say) Dioryctriaspp. Helicoverpa [=Heliothis] zea (Boddie) Rhopa losiph um ma idis (Fitch) Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi (Barber) Aphis go ssypii Glover Chalcodermus aeneus Boheman Acroba sis vaccinii Riley primarily Feltia subterranea (Fabricius) various species of Tenebrionidae Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) various species of Aphididae and Cicadellidae Syn anth edo n scitula (Harris) various species of Dermaptera Malacosoma americanum (Fabricius) Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) Ostrin ia nu bilalis (Hubner) Panonychus ulmi (Koch) Hippelatesspp. Mu sca a utum nalis De Geer Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) Hyphantria cunea (Dru ry) Nysius raphanus Howard Gryllusspp. Solenop sisspp. Cryptolestes pusillus (Schnherr) various species of Alticinae 58 Insect or Insect Complex Fleas Forbes scale Forest tent caterpillar Fuller ro se beetle Fungus beetles Fungus gnats German cockroach Granulate cutworm Grape root borer Grasshoppers Green cloverworm Green fruitworm Gre en June be etle Gre en pe ach aphid Greenbug Grub (cattle) Gyp sy moth Hessian fly Hickory nut curculio Hickory shoot curculios Hickory shuckworm Honey bees Ho ney be e (trach eal) mite Ho rn fly Horse flies Ho use fly Imported cabb ageworm Indian mea lmoth Ips beetles Iris borer Japanese beetle Lace bugs Leafminers Leaf rollers Leaffooted bugs Leafhoppers Lesser appleworm Scientific Name or Other Taxonomic Classification various species of Siphonaptera Quadraspidiotus forb esi (Johnson) Ma lacosom a disstria Hubner Asynonychus godmani Crotch various species of Tenebrionidae various species of Mycetophilidae and Sciaridae Blattella germanica (Linnaeus) Agrotis subterranea (Fabricius) Vitac ea polistiform is (Harris) various species of Orthoptera Plathypena scabra (Fabricius) Litho pha ne antennata (Wa lker) Cotinis nitida (Linnaeus) Myzus persicae (Sulzer) Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) Hypoderma lineatum (Villers) Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus) Mayetiola destructor (Say) Conotrachelus hickoriae (Schoof) Conotrachelusspp. Cydia caryana (Fitch) Apis m ellifera (Linnaeus) Acarapis woodi (Rennie) Haematobia irritans (Linnaeus) various species of Tabanidae Musca dom estica Linnaeus Pieris rapae (Linnaeus) Plodia in terpu nctella (Hubner) Ips avu lsus, I. grandico lis, I. calligraphis and I. pini Ma cron octua on usta Gro te Popillia japonica Newman various species of Tingidae various species of Coleoptera, Diptera and Lepidoptera various species of Lepidoptera various species of Coreidae various species of Cicadellidae Grapholitha prun ivora (Wa lsh) 59 Insect or Insect Complex Lesser cornstalk borer Lesser peachtree borer Lice (on livestock) Lyctid beetles Magnolia borer May beetles Mealworms Mea lybugs Mexican bea n bee tle Millipedes Mites (on livestock) Mites (on plants) Mole crickets Mosquitoes Moth flies Nantucke t pine tip moth No rthern fo wl mite Oak skeletonizer Old house borer Onion maggot Oriental fruit mo th Pales weevil Pea aphid Peachtree borer Pec an bud mo th Pecan leaf casebearer Pecan leaf phylloxera Pecan spittlebug Pec an weevil Pep per weevil Pickleworm Pitch-eating weevil Pitch pine tip moth Plant bugs Planthoppers Plum curculio Powderpost beetles Scientific Name or Other Taxonomic Classification Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller) Synanthedon pictipes (Grote & Ro binson) various species of Anoplura and Mellophaga Lyctidae Euzophera magnolialis Capps various species of Scarabaeidae Ten ebrio spp. and Alphitobius spp. various species of Pseudococcidae Epilachna varivestis Mulsant various species of Diplopoda various species of Acari various species of Acari primarily Scapteriscus spp. various species of Culicidae Psychodidae Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock) Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini & Fanzago) Bucculatri ainsliella Murtfeldt Hylotrupes bajulus (Linnaeus) Delia antiqua (Meigen) Gra pho lita mo lesta (Busck) Hylobius pales (Herbst) Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) Syna nthedon exitiosa (Say) Gretchena bolliana (Slingerland) Acroba sis jugla ndis (LeBaron) Phylloxera no tabilis Pergande Clastoptera achatina Germar Curculio caryae (Horn) Anthon om us eu gen ii Cano Diapha nia n itidalis (Stoll) Pachylobius picivorus (Germar) Rhyacionia rigidana (Fernald) various species of Miridae various species of Delphacidae and Fulgoridae Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) various species of Lyctidae 60 Insect or Insect Complex Prionus borers Psocids Red flour beetle Red impo rted fire ant Redbanded leafroller Rice weevil Rosy app le aphid San J ose scale Sawflies Sawtoothed grain beetle Scale insects Seed bugs Seedcorn maggot Seedworms Shield bugs Shothole borers Silverfish Slugs Smokybrown cockroach Snails Sod webworms Sorghum midge Sorghum webwo rm Southern corn rootworm Southern green stink bug Southern p ine beetle Sowbugs Soybean looper Spiders Spider mites Spittlebugs (on orname ntals) Spotted tentiform leafminer Springtails Squash vine borer Stable fly Stink bugs Suga rcane beetle Scientific Name or Other Taxonomic Classification Prionusspp. various species of Psocoptera Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) Solenop sis invicta Buren Argyrotaenia velutinana (Wa lker) Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus) Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini) Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) various species of S ymph yta Oryzaep hilus su rinam ensis (Linnaeus) various species of Homoptera Nysiusspp. Delia p latura (Meigen) Cyd iaspp. various species of Scutelleridae species of Scolytidae Lepisma saccharina Linnaeus various species of Stylommatophora Periplan eta fuliginosa (Serville) various species of Stylommatophora Crambusspp. Contarin ia sorg hicola (Coquillett) Nola sorg hiella (Riley) Diabrotica undecimpunctata horwardi Barber Neza ra viridula (L.) Dendroctonus fronta lis Zimmerman various species of Isopoda Pseudoplusia includens (Wa lker) Araneida Tetranychusspp. various species of Cercopidae Phyllonorycter blanca rdella (Fabricius) various species of C ollembola Melittia cucurbitae (Harris) Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus) various species of Pentatomidae Eutheola humilis rugiceps (LeConte) 61 Insect or Insect Complex Sugarcane borer Sweetpotato whitefly Tarnished plant bug Termite (eastern subterranean) Threecornered alfalfa hopper Thrips Ticks Tip mo ths To bacco ap hid Tob acco budwo rm Tob acco hornworm Tob acco splitworm Tom ato fruitworm Tufted ap ple budm oth Turkey chigger Turnip ap hid Twolined spittlebug Tw ospotted spider mite Varroa mite Vectors (of corn d iseases) Velvetbean caterpillar W alnut caterpillar Wasps W ebbing coneworm Western flower thrips White grubs W hite peach scale W hiteflies W hitefringed beetle Wireworms W ooly apple aphid Yellow jackets Yellow pecan aphids Yellow sugarcan e aph id Yellownecked caterpillar Yellowmargined leaf b eetle Scientific Name or Other Taxonomic Classification Diatraea saccharalis (F.) Bemisia tabaci (Grennadius) Lyg us lineolaris (Palisot de B eauvois) Recticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) Spissistilus festinus (Say) various species of Thripidae various species of Argasidae and Ixodidae primarily Dioryctria spp. and Rhyacionia spp. Myzus nicotianae Blackman Heliothis virescnes (F.) Ma ndu ca sexta (L.) Phthorim aea operculella (Zeller) Helicoverpa [=Heliothis] zea (Boddie) Platynota ida eusa lis (Wa lker) Neoschoengastia americana (Hirst) Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) Pro sapia bicincta (Say) Tetranychus urticae Koch Varroa jacobsoni Oudem ans various species of Aphididae and Cicadellidae Anticarsia gem ma tialis Hubner Datana integerrima Grote & Robinson various species of Hymenoptera Dioryctria disclusia Heinrich Fra nkliniella oc ciden talis (Pergande) various species of Scarabaeidae Pseudaulacapis pentagona (Ta rgioni-Tozzetti) various species of Aleyrodidae Graphognathusspp. various species of Elateridae Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) Vespula spp. primarily Mo nelliop sis pecanis (Bisse ll) Sipha flava (Forbe s) Datana m inistra (Dru ry) Microtheca ochroloma Stal 62 References Suber, E. F. and J. W. T odd (eds.). 1980. Summ ary of economic losses due to insect damage and costs of control in Georgia, 1971-1976. Univ. of Ga. Col. of Agr. Exp. Stn. Special Pub. No . 7, 69p. Tod d, J. W. and E. F. Suber (eds.). 1980. Sum mary of economic losses due to insect damage and costs of control in Georgia, 1977. Univ. of Ga. Col. of Agr. Exp. Stn. Special Pub. No. 8, 49p Suber, E. F ., D. C. Shep pard , and J. W . To dd (eds.). 1 981 a. Sum mary o f economic losses d ue to insect damage and costs of control in Georgia, 1978 . Univ. of Ga. Col. of Agr. Exp. Stn. Spe cial Pub. N o. 13 , 53p . Suber, E. F ., D. C. Shep pard , and J. W . To dd (eds.). 1 981 b. Summary of ec onomic losses due to insect damage and costs of control in Georgia, 1979 . Univ. of Ga. Col. of Agr. Exp. Stn. Spe cial Pub. N o. 14 , 49p . Suber, E. F., D. C. Sheppard, and W . A. Gardner (eds.). 1982. Summary of econom ic losses due to insect damage and costs of control in Georgia, 1980. Univ. of Ga. Col. of Agr. Exp. Stn. Sp ecial P ub. N o. 20 , 51p . Suber, E. F., D. C. Sheppard, and W. A. Gardner (eds.). 1983. Summary of losses due to insect damage and costs of control in Georgia, 1981. Univ. of Ga. Col. of Agr. Exp. Stn. Special Pub . No. 26, 53p. Suber, E. F., D. C. Sheppard, and W. A. Gardner (eds.). 1984. Summary of losses from insect damage and costs of control in Georgia, 1982. Univ. of Ga. Col. of Agr. Exp. Stn. Special Pub . No. 27, 41p. Suber, E. F., D. C. Sheppard, and W. A. Gardner (eds.). 1985. Summary of losses from insect damage and costs of control in Georgia, 1983. Univ. of Ga. Col. of Agr. Exp. Stn. Special Pub . No. 30, 42p. Douce, G. K. and E. F. Suber. 1985. Summary of losses from insect damage and costs of control in Georgia, 198 4. Univ. of G a. Co l. of Agr. Exp . Stn. Sp ecial P ub. N o. 36 , 44p . Douce, G. K. and E. F. Suber (eds.). 1986. Summary of losses from insect damage and costs of control in G eorgia, 1985. U niv. of G a. Co l. of Agr. Exp . Stn. Sp ecial P ub. N o. 40 , 55p . Douce, G. K. and E. F. Suber (eds.). 1988. Summary of losses from insect damage and costs of control in G eorgia, 1986. U niv. of G a. Co l. of Agr. Exp . Stn. Sp ecial P ub. N o. 46 , 41p . Douce, G. K. and R. M. McPherson. 1988. Summary of losses from insect damage and costs of control in G eorgia, 1987. U niv. of G a. Co l. of Agr. Exp . Stn. Sp ecial P ub. N o. 54 , 41p . Douce, G. K. and R. M. McPherson. 1989. Summary of losses from insect damage and costs of control in G eorgia, 1988. U niv. of G a. Co l. of Agr. Exp . Stn. Sp ecial P ub. N o. 64 , 52p . Douce, G. K. and R. M. McPherson. 1991. Summary of losses from insect damage and costs of control in G eorgia, 1989. U niv. of G a. Co l. of Agr. Exp . Stn. Sp ecial P ub. N o. 70 , 47p . Douce, G. K. and R. M. McPherson. 1992. Summary of losses from insect damage and costs of control in G eorgia, 1990. U niv. of G a. Co l. of Agr. Exp . Stn. Sp ecial P ub. N o. 77 , 47p . 63 McP herson, R. M. and G. K . Douce (eds.). 1992. Summ ary of losses from insect damage and costs of control in Georgia, 1991. Univ. of Ga. Col. of Agr. Exp. Stn. Special Pub. No. 81, 6 5p. McP herson, R. M. and G. K . Douce (eds.). 1993. Summ ary of losses from insect damage and costs of control in Georgia, 1992. Univ. of Ga. Col. of Agr. Exp. Stn. Special Pub. No. 83, 5 5p. Douce, G. K. and R. M. McPherson. 1995. Summary of losses from insect damage and costs of control in G eorgia, 1993. U niv. of G a. Co l. of Agr. Exp . Stn. Sp ecial P ub. N o. 87 , 56p . Douce, G. K. and R. M. McPherson. 1997. Summary of losses from insect damage and costs of control in Georgia, 1994. Univ. of Ga. Col. of Agr. Exp. Stn. Special Pub. No. 89, 56p. McP herson, R.M., G. K. Do uce and D.G . Riley. 1996. Summ ary of losses from insect damage and costs of control in Georgia, 1995. Univ. of Ga. Col. of Agr. Exp. Stn. Special Pub. No. 90, 55p. Riley, D. G., G. K. Douce and R . M. M cPherson. 1997 . Summary of losses from insect damage and costs of control in Georgia, 1996. Univ. of Ga. Col. of Agr. Exp. Stn. Special Pub. No. 91, 58p. Guillebeau, P, N . Hinkle and P. Robe rts. 200 3. Sum mary o f losses from insec t damage and co sts of control in Georgia, 2000. Univ. of Ga. Col. of Agr. and Environ. Sci. Miscellaneous Pub. No. 106, 56 p. 64 When you have a question... Call or visit your local office of The University of Georgia's Cooperative Extension Service. You'll find a friendly, well-trained staff ready to help you with information, advice and free publications covering agriculture and natural resources, home economics, 4-H and youth development and resource development. The University of Geo rgia and Ft. V alley State College, the U .S. Department of Agriculture and co unties of the state cooperating. The Coo perative Extension Service, the University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences offers educational programs, assistance and materials to all people without regard to race, color, national origin, age, sex or disa bility. An Equal Opportunity Employer/Affirmative Action Organization Committed to a Diverse Work Force Miscellaneous Publication Number 106 July 2003 Issued in futherance o f Coo perative Extension work, Acts of Ma y 8 and June 30, 1 914 , The University of Geo rgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences and the U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperating. Gale A. Buchanan, Dean and Director 65