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11/5/2009
What is the System Development Cycle?
• What is an information system (IS)?
Hardware, software, data, System—Set of components
people, and procedures that that interact to achieve
work together to produce common g goal
quality information
Businesses use many types of
Discovering
systems
Computers 2010
Living in a Digital World
p. 620 Next
What is System Development? What is the System Development Cycle?
• What is a systems analyst?
Responsible for designing and
developing information system
Liaison between users and IT
professionals
Pages 620 – 621 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 3 p. 622 - 623 Next
Figure 12‐1 Chapter 12
1
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What is System Development? What is the System Development Cycle?
• What is a Gantt chart?
• Project management is the process of planning, Popular tool used to plan and schedule large, complex
scheduling, and then controlling the activities during projects
system development
• To plan and schedule a project efficiently, the project
leader identifies:
Required Time estimates
Project scope
activities for each activity
Activities that
Cost estimates Order of
can take place at
for each activity activities
the same time
Page 623 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 5 p. 623 - 624 Fig. 12-3 Next
Chapter 12
What is System Development? What is System Development?
• Documentation is the collection and
summarization of data and information
A PERT chart – A project notebook contains all documentation for a
also can be
single project
single project
used for
planning and • Users and IT professionals refer to existing
scheduling time documentation when working with and modifying
current systems
Page 624 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 7 Page 625 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 8
Figure 12‐3b Chapter 12 Chapter 12
2
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Planning Phase Analysis Phase
• The planning phase for a project begins when the • The analysis phase consists of two major
steering committee receives a project request activities:
• Four major activities are performed: Conduct a preliminary Perform detailed
investigation analysis
• Determines and • Study how the current
defines the exact system works
Review and Form a project
approve the
Prioritize the Allocate
development nature of the problem • Determine the users’
project requests resources
project requests team or improvement wants, needs, and
• Interview the user who requirements
submitted the request • Recommend a solution
Page 628 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 9 Pages 629 ‐ 631 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 10
Chapter 12 Chapter 12
What is System Development? Analysis Phase
• During system development, members of the project • Process modeling (structured analysis and design) is an
team gather data and information using several analysis and design technique that describes processes
techniques that transform inputs into outputs
Entity
Entity‐
Data flow
Review relationship
documentation
Observe Survey diagrams
diagrams
JAD Sessions
Interview Research
(Joint App. Design/Focus
Group Project
dictionary
Pages 625 – 626 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 11 Page 631 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 12
Figure 12‐4 Chapter 12 Chapter 12
3
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Analysis Phase Analysis Phase
• An entity‐relationship • A data flow diagram
diagram (ERD) is a tool (DFD) is a tool that
that graphically shows graphically shows the
the connections among flow of data in a system
entities in a system – Data flows
• Entities are objects in – Processes
the system that have – Data stores
data – Sources
Page 632 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 13 Page 632 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 14
Figure 12‐7 Chapter 12 Figure 12‐8 Chapter 12
Analysis Phase Analysis Phase
• What is a decision table?
• The project dictionary contains all the Lists variety of conditions and actions that correspond
to each condition
documentation and deliverables of a project
• Structured English is a
style of writing that
style of writing that
describes the steps in
a process
Page 633 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 15 p. 634 Fig. 12-12 Next
Figure 12‐9 Chapter 12
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Analysis Phase Analysis Phase
• What is a decision tree?
Shows conditions and actions graphically • The data dictionary stores the data item’s name,
description, and other details about each data
item
p. 634 Fig. 12-13 Next Page 634 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 18
Figure 12‐12 Chapter 12
Analysis Phase Analysis Phase
• A use case diagram • A class diagram
graphically shows how graphically shows
actors (users) interact classes and subclasses
with the information in a system
system Each class can have one
• Each class can have one
or more subclasses
• Diagrams are
• Subclasses use
considered easy to inheritance to inherit
understand methods and attributes
of higher levels
Page 634 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 19 Page 635 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 20
Figure 12‐13 Chapter 12 Figure 12‐14 Chapter 12
5
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Analysis Phase Design Phase
• The system proposal assesses the feasibility of • The design phase consists of two major activities
each alternative solution
• The steering committee discusses the system
proposal and decides which alternative to pursue
proposal and decides which alternative to pursue
Develop all of the
Acquire hardware details of the new
Packaged Custom and software or modified
Outsourcing information system
software software
Pages 635 ‐ 636 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 21 Page 638 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 22
Chapter 12 Chapter 12
Design Phase Design Phase
• The next step is to develop detailed design • Systems analysts typically develop two types of
specifications designs for each input and output
– Sometimes called a physical design Mockup Layout chart
Input and
Database Program
output
design design
design
Page 640 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 23 Page 641 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 24
Chapter 12 Figures 12‐18 – 12‐19 Chapter 12
6
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Design Phase Design Phase
• What is a prototype?
• Computer‐aided software engineering (CASE)
tools are designed to support one or more
Working model of activities of system development
proposed system
CASE tools sometimes contain the following tools:
• CASE tools sometimes contain the following tools:
Beginning a prototype too early Project
Graphics Prototyping
may lead to problems repository
Quality Code
Housekeeping
assurance generator
p. 642 Next Page 642 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 26
Chapter 12
Implementation Phase Implementation Phase
• What is the implementation phase? • What is the program development life cycle?
Purpose is to construct, or build, new or modified Programmers write
system and then deliver it to users programs from Analyze
requirements
specifications
Convert to new system
Follows six steps Document Design
solution solution
Train users
Test Validate
Install and test new system
solution design
Implement
design
Develop programs
p. 643 Next p. 643 Next
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Implementation Phase Implementation Phase
• Training involves showing users exactly how they • One or more of four conversion strategies can be
will use the new hardware and software in the used to change from the old system to the new
system system
One‐on‐one sessions
– One‐on‐one sessions
– Classroom‐style lectures
– Web‐based training
Page 644 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 29 Pages 644 – 645 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 30
Figure 12‐21 Chapter 12 Figure 12‐22 Chapter 12
Operation, Support, and Security Phase Operation, Support, and Security Phase
• The purpose of the operation, support, and • A computer security plan should do the following:
security phase is to provide ongoing assistance for
an information system and its users after the
system is implemented
system is implemented For each risk,
Identify all identify the
Identify all
security risks safeguards that
Perform Monitor information
Assess system that may cause exist to detect,
maintenance system assets of an
security an information prevent, and
activities performance organization
asset loss recover from a
loss
Page 645 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 31 Page 646 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 32
Chapter 12 Chapter 12
8
11/5/2009
Discovering
Computers 2010
Living in a Digital World
Chapter 12 Complete
9
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