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The International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS) is a well-established publication venue on novel research in computer science and information security. The year 2010 has been very eventful and encouraging for all IJCSIS authors/researchers and IJCSIS technical committee, as we see more and more interest in IJCSIS research publications. IJCSIS is now empowered by over thousands of academics, researchers, authors/reviewers/students and research organizations. Reaching this milestone would not have been possible without the support, feedback, and continuous engagement of our authors and reviewers. Field coverage includes: security infrastructures, network security: Internet security, content protection, cryptography, steganography and formal methods in information security; multimedia systems, software, information systems, intelligent systems, web services, data mining, wireless communication, networking and technologies, innovation technology and management. ( See monthly Call for Papers) We are grateful to our reviewers for providing valuable comments. IJCSIS December 2010 issue (Vol. 8, No. 9) has paper acceptance rate of nearly 35%. We wish everyone a successful scientific research year on 2011. Available at http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/ IJCSIS Vol. 8, No. 9, December 2010 Edition ISSN 1947-5500 � IJCSIS, USA.
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(IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,
Vol. 8, No. 9, 2010
Use of Computerized Web-Based Information System
For Determining Losses in 15-6.6 KV Feeders in
Traditional Electrical Network Managemment: Case
Study Goma Distribution Electrical Network
Ezekiel U. Okike Bakunzi G. Joseph
Department of Computer Science School of Computer Studies,
University of Ibadan Kampala International University
Ibadan, Nigeria Kampala, Uganda
euokike@gmail.com
Abstract— Electrical energy plays very vital role
in modern global economy. The aim of this study I. INTRODUCTION
is to develop a framework for a Web-Based Modern global economy has rapidly increased by
Information System (WIS) tool for computing means of the electrical energy. Electrical energy has
losses from 15 – 6.6 KV Feeders in Traditional also penetrated each area of human activities in
Electrical Network Management (TENM). The such way that it has become a second virtual life.
study was conducted in Goma District in the Furthermore, the availability of electrical energy
Democratic Republic of Congo. Data were and the quality of services (QoS) to consumers
collected from 26 key staff of Goma Distribution shapes and aids national development efforts.
Electrical Network who responded to the Goma electrical network is located in North Kivu
questionnaires and from metered reading Province East of Democratic Republic of Congo.
documents used in the study. The study With the volcanic stones covering the whole Goma
implemented a Computerized Web-Based town, laying underground electrical cables is very
Information System (CWIS) to compute difficult. Hence the whole electrical network is
different losses in Goma electrical distribution made up with overhead aluminum cables. The
network. The CWIS computed technical losses in electrical energy supplied to Goma town is from
five 15-6.6KV feeders of Goma electrical Ruzizi hydraulic generation power station located in
distribution network. The study revealed that the neighboring town of Bukavu in South-Kivu
among the five feeders, feeder 1 (Sud feeder) province.
consumes 1,469,172.6 KWH representing 66.3% In Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the
of the total annual energy loss while others company in charge of generation, management,
presented lower annual losses. This is an transmission, and distribution of electrical energy is
indication that Feeder 1 is overloaded and the “Societe Nationale d’Electricite” (SNEL). The
needed to be resized or on the alternative, the head office of SNEL is located in the DR. Congo
installation of another overhead cable that will capital town of Kinshasa which is 2000 kilometers
take the half of the load in charge. away. Therefore the use of a Computerized Web-
based information System (CWIS) can allow
Keywords- Electrical energy; energy distribution; managers to use the information resources from
feeder loss; computerized information system Goma electrical distribution network through a
communication medium.
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ISSN 1947-5500
(IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,
Vol. 8, No. 9, 2010
Since SNEL still uses manual reading of energy Goma distribution electrical network
metering and manual information system, a CWIS management?
becomes inevitable. Goma electrical network has
only one Transmission Substation being coded as 2x • What is the level (in percentage) of
10MW-70/15 KV, five primary feeders (1 feeder of maximum losses in 15kV and 6.6kV feeders
6.6kv and 4 feeders of 15kv), and fifty five of Goma distribution electrical network?
Distribution Substations with code 15/0.4kv-
6.6/0.4kv. II. RESEARCH METHOD
This research is aimed at implementing a
Computerized Web-Based Information System that A. The Traditional Approach to Electric Power
can compute losses based on data entry from For roughly a century, the developed world has
manual reading of the metering system, as well as delivered electric power using the same basic four-
compute technical losses (TL) in the 15kv and 6.6kv step approach: 1) generate power in large,
feeders. centralized plants; 2) step up the power to high
voltages and transmit it to regional utilities; 3) step
A. Statement of the Problem down the power to medium voltages to distribute it
locally; 4) step down the power a final time to
The use of manual information system does not deliver it to customer premises. (Figure 2.1.)
show the losses incurred at all the stages of the
generation, transmission and distribution of the
electrical energy in Goma electrical network
system. In addition to this major problem, the
manual information system management includes
poor data storage, slow and difficult retrieval,
inconsistency in data, data redundancy, and the high
probability of losing information stored in files on
shelves due to damage or theft. Hence the need for a
computerized information system which overcomes
these problems cannot be over emphasized.
B. Objectives of the study
The specific objectives of this study are as follows:
• To implement a Computerized Web-Based
Information System (CWIS) for four 15- Figure 2.1. Traditional Electric Power Approach
6.6KV feeder losses computation
• To demonstrate the current state of electrical
power supply equipment by showing the Figure 2.1: The “traditional “ electric power value
electrical power losses in the four 15-6.6KV chain encompassed centralized generation, high
feeder as a result of power assigned to Goma voltage transmission, medium-voltage distribution,
electrical network consumers by the use of and end use by industrial, commercial and
the manual information management system. residential customers (source: Global Environment
Fund, 2008)
C. Research Questions
The questions to be answered in this study are:
B. Goma Electrical Distribution Network Losses
• To which level (in percentage) can a
Computation procedure and framwork
Computerized Web-based Information
System (CWIS) be effectively useful for The electrical framework for energy losses in a
15-6.6KV feeder losses computation in distribution system is presented in the figure 2.2 .
152 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
ISSN 1947-5500
(IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,
Vol. 8, No. 9, 2010
The steps followed to compute losses at different LLF = 0.8 (LF)2 + 0.2 (LF) (5)
levels in the framework (figure 2.2) of the electrical • Peak- power loss (PPL)
distribution network are given below. The primary
feeders are five feeders that have a total length of 46 Peak- power loss (PPL) in 11kv
kilometers. line = 3 I2 R (UF)2 KW (6)
• Annual energy loss
Annual energy loss
Consumer Consumer
= PPL 8760 LLF KWH (7)
• Average power fed
Average power fed = V I (existing pf) (UF)
Distribution
Substation
Service Mains Service Mains
(LF) KW with pf as power factor (cosines phi)
and KW as kilowatt. (8)
The losses in 15kv lines are calculated as shown
Distributor (LT lines) below:
• Percentage 15/6.6 kv line losses
Primary feeder
Percentage 15kv line losses
Transmission = 100 (9)
Substation
III. SOFTWARE IMMPLEMENTATION
Figure 2.2 Electrical Distribution Network framework
A. General architecture of the System
• Utilization Factor (UF) at the existing power The general architecture of the system is
described by figure 3.1 below:
factor is given as
UF = (1)
Presentation GUI
• Load Factor (LF) and Loss Load Factor
(LLF) are given as 15.6 kv Transformer losses LT losses
Cable losses
Peak-Load = Vw ( ) (2) Losses Computation Software
Average Load = Vav ( ) (3) System losses Other Network User Login
where n is the number of feeders, Vw is Information
working voltage, Vav is average voltage, Ipn is
the peak current and is average current in
Persistence DB files
th
n feeder. The working voltage Vw and the Figure 3.1 General Architecture of the System
peak current Ipn are collected from the metering
system.
The Graphic User Interfaces (GUI) were
Hence , implemented for entering data in the database using
PhP 5 with Macromedia dreamweaver 8
LF = (4) programming approaches as proposed by Luke and
Laura (2003).
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ISSN 1947-5500
(IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,
Vol. 8, No. 9, 2010
The GUI was designed as form fields for input and TABLE 4.1 B
display of appropriate data as required by the Feeder Peak Avg Peak Avg Load
database for use by the various computational Name current current load load factor
processes. The computational processes were Sake 98.000 64.000 1974.087 1211.604 0.613
implemented using appropriate international Sous 191.000 140.500 1693.807 1170.528 0.691
standard empirical formulae (see section 2.2). Nord 100.000 55.000 2014.375 1041.222 0.516
Centre 70.000 45.000 1410.062 851.909 0.604
Forms for reporting errors from the system are Sud 200.000 165.000 4028.750 3123.667 0.775
generated automatically by the application software.
The database was implemented using MYSql. In TABLE 4.1C
order to access information in the system,
Feeder Loss Capacity Peak Annual
appropriate user authentication and authorization Name Load Of Utility Power Energy
checks were implemented through the system login factor transformer factor loss loss
prompt. The web based capability of the system was centres
Sake 0.424 5280.000 0.373 18.147 67421.7
implemented using PhP5 with Macromedia 0.520 5725.000 0.295 112.223 511465.2
Sous
dreammweaver8. In all, the entire system Nord 0.317 2960.000 0.680 53.874 149664.4
requirement are Mysql, PhP5, macromedia dream Centre 0.412 6510.000 0.216 5.341 19319.0
weaver, Apacher server, and Visio Modeler. Sud 0.635 5350.000 0.753 263.702 1469172.5
IV. SYSTEM RESULT: ELECTRICAL TABLE 4.1 D
NETWORK DATA PRESENTATION Feeder Total Total Cosine Avrage
AND INTERPRETATION Name Energy Energy phi Power
received demded fed
A. Feeder Losses Presentation and Interpretation Sake 529.864 345.500 0.837 232.891
The losses and loads in feeders as results of the Sous 529.864 345.500 0.837 200.472
system are presented and interpreted in this Nord 529.864 345.500 0.837 306.804
section. The resistor (Ω), peak load, average load, Centre 529.864 345.500 0.837 93.383
load factor, loss load factor, capacity transformer Sud 529.864 345.500 0.837 1527.712
power, utilization factor, peak power loss, annual
energy loss, cosines phi, and average power fed
for each feeder have been computed by the CWIS From table 4.1 (a-d) the cumulative sum was done
and presented in table 4.1. The peak power losses by the system to provide the results in table 4.2 (a-
(ppl) (kw), the average power (kw), and the 15kv- b). From table 4.2a, the total length of the 15/6.6 kv
6.6kv line annual energy loss (kwh) bar charts cable is shown in the first column and last row as
below show the repartition of loads and losses in 46.557 kilometers. The next column and last row
the five feeders in order to highlight and guide shows the total peak load computed as 11.121kva
managers on what decisions for corrective and
preventive maintenance may be necessary in (the metered value was 11kva). Other computed
order to balance or to reduce losses. values can be seen from the table with the last row
of each column accounting for total for total values
as follows: average load, utility factor, was equal to
TABLES 4.1(A-D). FEEDER LINE 7398.9 kw, utility factor is 2.31991, and total
capacity of transformer center is 25.825 kva.
TABLE 4.1 A Howerver the total power of the Substation which is
Feeder Cable Length(M) Ohm Working Avg
20 kva that shows there is extra power of 5.825
Name code (R) volt volt kva. The system computed the peak power loss in
Sake Alu 8761.500 4.505 11.630 10.9 all the feeders as 453.29 kw, and the annual energy
Sous Alu 16270.000 11.714 5.120 4.8 loss as 2,217043.14kwh for the year (2008). The
Nord Alu 5385.600 3.877 11.630 10.9 average power fed is computed as 2361.26 kw. The
Centre Alu 10758.000 7.745 11.630 10.9 loss load factor and utilization factor have been
Sud Alu 5382.300 3.875 11.630 10.9
calculated in order to use their average values
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ISSN 1947-5500
(IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,
Vol. 8, No. 9, 2010
(2.310337divided by 5 and 2.31991divided by 5) in
the electrical network losses calculation. It is noted
that the average power factor of 0.84 is less than
the standard minimum value of 0.90 as stated by
Pabla (2005). From these results the study shows
that the CWIS can provide information that can be
used in preventive and corrective maintenance of
the Goma electrical network distribution.
TABLES 4.2(A-B). SUMMING NUMERICAL VALUES
FROM FEEDER READABLE TABLE
TABLE 4.2 A
Feeder Length(M) Peak Avrage Utility
Factor
Name Load Load
Centre 8761.5
1974.08 1211.60 0.37
Fig 4.1 Sake Sous Nord Centre Sud
Sake 25031.5
3667.89 2382.13 0.66
The figure 4.1 reveals that the feeder named “Sud”
Nord 30417.1 is most overloaded, and has the highest peak power
5682.26 3423.35 1.35
loss (ppl). At the other hand the feeder named
Sous 41175.1 “Center” has the lower load. From this observation
7092.33 4275.26 1.56
the managers can well decide which steps can be
Sud 46557.4 taken in order to reduce the power loss in feeder
11121.08 7398.93 2.31 Sud, and how to balance loads on other feeders
which are lightly loaded.
TABLE 4.2 B KW
Feeder Loss Capacity Peak Annual Avrage
Load Transformer Power Energy power
Name
Factor Power loss Loss Fed
Centre
0.42 5280 18.14 67421.72 232.89
Sake
0.94 11005 130.37 578886.99 433.36
Nord
1.26 15965 184.24 728551.48 740.16
Sous
1.67 20475 189.58 747870.56 833.55
Sud
2.31 25825 453.29 2217043.14 2361.26
B. Descriptive Statistics of the System Results
Descriptive statistics of the system results are
shown in the bar charts presented in figure 4.1, 4.2,
and figure 4.3. The interpretation of results is given
Fig 4.2 Sake Sous Nord Centre Sud
below each bar chart.
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ISSN 1947-5500
(IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,
Vol. 8, No. 9, 2010
According to the formular LLF = 0.8 (LF)2 + 0.2
the Loss Load Factor (LLF) is highly proportional
The figure 4.2 shows that the same feeder named
to LF powered by 2. That means that at lower load
“Sud” was demanding the highest power compared
LLF is small. But at high load LLF is near to one
to others. It reveals that there is a relationship
so that the I2 (the current) is the one highly
between peak power loss and average power fed.
influencing the annual energy losses. The peak
Once again the managers have the precise
ampere recorded from the metering system being of
knowledge of the average power to be cut off from
200 A, it is visible that the annual energy losses in
feeder named “Sud”, or the size of the transformer
the feeder named “Sud” must be higher than they
that can supply that average power.
are in the other feeders where the peak current range
Normally the electrical distribution network
from 70 A to 100 A. The feeder named “Centre”
manager is interested in how to reduce losses in
still the one having the lower value of annual losses.
order to increase profit. The Computerized Web-
The bar charts in figure 5.10 are revealing that there
Based Information System has the capability to
is a correlation between the average power, the peak
compute annual losses to highlight managers about
power loss, and annual energy losses. Managers
the magnitude of them. The figure 4.3 shows the
cannot take decision on how and on which resource
annual energy losses magnitude for each feeder.
to be engaged to reduce losses if they do not know
KWH
their magnitude. Once again the Computerized
Web-Based Information System has shown it
capability to compute technical losses (power losses
and annual energy loss) for each feeder and has
shown how it is a powerful tool to be used in
making decisions for preventive and corrective
maintenance.
V. DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
C. Discussion of Findings
Technical losses do occur in electrical feeder
distribution networks. Pabla (2005) stated that the
typical maximum losses (in percentage) in 15KV
and 6.6KV Feeders, should be 4.0%. However,
Fig 4.3 Sake Sous Nord Centre Sud
technical losses in the Goma electrical distribution
network appear to be far above this range.
Out of the total annual energy loss (see table 4.2 -
The bar charts in figure 4.3 reveal that the same 2217043.14 kwh) the feeder called “Sud” takes
feeder Sud presents the higher annual losses. Out of 1,469,172.6 kwh (see table 4.1) which represents
the total annual energy loss (see table 4.2 - 66.3% of the total annual energy loss. Because the
2217043.14 kwh) the feeder Sud takes itself peak current (of 200 ampere) demanded was very
1,469,172.6 kwh (see table 4.1) which represents high therefore annual energy losses were also
66.3% of the total annual energy loss. Because the increased.
peak current (of 200 ampere) demanded was very D. Conclusion
high therefore annual energy losses were also The losses in 15-6.6 KV feeders (particularly in
increased according to the relation: “Sud feeder”) is very high. The implication of those
Annual Energy losses = 3 I2(UF)2 x 8760 x LLF = losses is that they reduce the Company profit, life of
K I2(UF)2LLF with K equal to 3 x 8760.
156 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
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(IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,
Vol. 8, No. 9, 2010
cables and transformers, and the number of Economy: New opportunities from the
transformation of the Electric Power Sector”,
customers to be supplied with electricity. This has Global Smart energy, 2008.
been hidden due the operational manual system in
place. However, with a Computerized Web-Based [3]W, Luke and T. Laura, PhP and MySQL Web
Development, 2nd, Samms Publishing,
Information System for computing losses, managers Indianapolis .
will have insight as to actual losses and be guided [4] A.S Pabla, Electric power distribution, 4th ed,
towards appropriate corrective and preventive McGraw-Hill , USA 2005.
maintenance necessary to minimize Goma
distribution network losses. [5] Y,Wilis and D, David, “A General guide to
writing research proposals and report, A hand
book for beginning researchers, 2nd ed,
E. Recommendation Makerere University, Kampala, 2008.
From this study, the following recommendations
becomes necessary for Goma electrical network AUTHORS PROFILE
distribution:
Ezekiel U. Okike received the BSc degree in
• Implementation of the Computerized Web-
computer science from the University of Ibadan
Based Information System in order to
Nigeria in 1992, the Master of Information Science
monitor losses over time for corrective and
(MInfSc) in 1995 and PhD in computer science in
preventive maintenance of the electrical
2007 all from the same University. He has been a
distribution network
lecturer in the Department of Computer Science,
• Immediate resizing of the overloaded “Sud University of Ibadan since 1999 to date. Since
feeder” or installation of another overhead September, 2008 to date, he has been on leave as a
cable that will take the half of the load in senior lecturer and Dean of the School of Computer
charge. Whenever the distribution Studies, Kampala International University, Uganda.
transformers are overloaded and additional His current research interests are in the areas of
loads are anticipated, then the existing software engineering, software metrics, compilers
transformers should be replaced by higher and programming languages. He is a member of
capacity transformers, or new transformers IEEE Computer and Communication societies.
may be provided to cater for the loads.
Bakunzi G. Joseph is an Electrical Engineer from
Institut Supérieur des Techniques Appliquées de
REFERENCES
Kinshasa and postgraduate student in the School of
Computer Studies, Kampala International
University . He holds the B.Eng. in Electrical
[1] B, G. Joseph, “ Use of commputerized wed-
based informmation system for determining Engineering and recently graduated with the degree
losses in traditional electrical network of Master of Science in Systems Software
management: case study of Goma electrical
distribution network”. MSc thesis, School of Engineering , MSc(SSE).
computer Studies, Kampala International
University, xv+ 120 pp, April 2010
[2]Global research Fund. “The Electricity
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