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Computer Age:
Past, Present, and Future
Generations of Computer
The First generation
The Second Generation
The Third Generation
The Fourth Generation
The Fifth Generation
The Computer Age
Rapid changes
Four generations over 50 years
Trends across generations
– Decrease size
– Increase speed
The First Generation
1951-1958 Magnetic core
Vacuum Tube memory
– Heat Storage
– Burnout – Punched cards
Machine language – Tape (1957)
Characteristics of 1st Generation Computers
Computers big and clumsy
Electricity consumption is high
Electric failure occurred regularly - computers not
very reliable
Large air conditioners was necessary because the
computers generated heat
Batch processing
The First Generation
1951, UNIVAC
Eckert and Mauchly completed the first
commercial computer in the USA – the
UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)
First computer built for business
Short Code - A set of instructions called
Short Code is developed for the UNIVAC.
Programmers
The First Generation
1951, SAGE - Semi Automatic Ground Environment was
developed.
IBM built the SAGE computers and became leaders in
real-time applications and used the technology of
Whirlwind.
SAGE computers were used in an early U.S. air defense
system. They were fully deployed in 1963, that consisted
of 27 centers throughout North America, each with a
duplexed AN/FSQ-7 computer system containing over
50,000 vacuum tubes, weighing 250 tons and occupying
an acre of floor space.
SAGE was the first large computer network to provide
man-machine interaction in real time.
The First Generation
1952, EDVAC-
Electronic Discreet
Variable Computer
– John Von Neumann,
designed with a central
control unit which would
calculate and output all
mathematical and logical
problems and a memory
which could be written to
and read. (RAM in
modern terms) which
would store programs
and data.
The First Generation
1953, IBM 701
– The 701 was formally announced
on May 21, 1952. It was the unit of
the overall 701 Data Processing
System in which actual
calculations were performed. That
activity involved 274 assemblies
executing all the system's
computing and control functions
by means of electronic pulses
emitted at speeds ranging up to
one million a second.
1953, The Whirlwind
– Whirlwind was a large scale,
general purpose digital computer
begun at the Servomechanisms
Laboratory of the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology in 1946.
The Second Generation
1959-1964 Storage
– Removable disk pack
Transistor (1954)
– Smaller – Magnetic tape
– No warm-up time
Programming languages
– Less energy – Assembly language
– Less heat – FORTRAN (1954)
– Faster – COBOL(1959)
– More reliable
Used primarily by business,
university, government
The Second Generation
Computers became smaller
Generate less heat
Electricity consumption lower
More reliable and faster
Core memory developed
Magnetic tapes and disks used
First operating systems developed
A new processing method was needed.
Time-sharing (processing technique)
The Second Generation
• 1963, Mini-computer: PDP-8
– Digital introduces the first successful
minicomputer – the PDP-8. It was
about as large as a fridge and used
transistors and magnetic core
memory.
• 1964 Real-time reservation
system IBM developed a real-
time computerised ticket
reservation system for American
Airways.
– It was smaller than SAGE and was
called SABRE (Semi-Automatic
Business-Related Environment).
The Second Generation
1964, IBM’s System 360
– It consisted of 6
processors and 40
peripheral units.
More than 100
computers per
month were ordered.
1964, BASIC
(programming
language)
– A programming language
was necessary that could
be used in a time-sharing
environment and that
could serve as a training
language.
The Third Generation
1965-1970
Integrated Circuit
– Electronic circuit on
1. Computers smaller,
faster and more
small silicon chip
reliable
– Reliability
2. Power consumption
– Compactness
lower
– Low cost
3. High-level
– Inexpensive – mass-
languages appeared
produced
The Third Generation
1965, Gordon Moore
– The semi-conductor pioneer, Gordon Moore (founder
of Intel), predicted that the number of transistors that
occurred on a microchip would double every year. It
became known as Moore’s Law and is still valid
today.
Burroughs used integrated circuits in parts of
two computers - the B2500 and the B3500.
Control Data and NCR made two computers
using only integrated circuits - the CDC 7600
and the Century series respectively.
The Third Generation
1968, Intel was founded (INTegrated Electronics).
– They developed more sophisticated memory chips.
1968, Magnetic core memory was replaced by a
microchip.
– The first 256 bit RAM microchips, and later the first 1Kb
RAM (1024 byte) chips, caused the disappearance of
Magnetic Core Memory that was used since the mid
1950's.
1969, IBM System/370 replaced their System/360
with the System/370 that only used integrated
circuits.
The Fourth Generation
1971-Present Integrated circuits, smaller
Microprocessor and faster
– General-purpose Micro computer series
processor on a chip such as IBM and APPLE
Explosive growth developed
– Digital watches Portable computers
– Pocket calculators developed
– Personal computers
Great development in data
– Cars
communication
– Copy machines
– Television sets Different types of
secondary memory with
high storage capacity and
fast access developed
The Fourth Generation
1971, 1971, Pascal (programming
Microprocessor language) Early programming
languages
Intel developed the – Niklaus Wirth - a Swedish
first microprocessor - a computer scientist - developed
CPU on a microchip. the Pascal language in 1971.
This language was specifically
– It was called the 4004
designed to teach the concepts
and consisted of 2-250 of structured programming.
transistors capable of Pascal remains the most
processing 4 bits at a popular language for learning
rate of 60,000 transac- the basic principles of good
tions/second. programming.
1972, 8008
– Intel released the 8008 - an 8
bit processor powerful enough
to be used as the CPU of a
minicomputer
The Fourth Generation
1972, CP/M (Operating MARK-8 Johnathan Titus
system) (a chemist with an interest
– The first operating in electronics) ordered an
system for
microcomputers was 8008 processor from Intel.
developed by Gary – He built a computer with
Kildall and John six(6) circuit boards
Torode. which had 256 bytes RAM.
– Torode developed
hardware to connect a Motorola’s 6800
diskette (floppy disk) to processor developed a
the CPU. processor
1974 – the 6800. which could
– 8080 Microprocessor, perform all the functions of
was released - it made the 8080.
the development of the
microcomputer possible.
The Fourth Generation
1975 - January Apple- Steve Wozniak and
Altair 8800- Popular
Steve Jobs founded the Apple
Mechanics published an Company .
article which announced the – They built a micro-
development of a true computer motherboard that
personal computer used a 8-bit processor.
Developed by MITS (Micro – The motherboard was a
Instrumentation and single circuit board and
Telemetry Systems). It used held 4 Kb RAM.
the 8-bit Intel 8080 1976, MOS 6502 processor
microprocessor and was – MOS technologies
made available in a
complete kit, including all announced the develop-
components and assembly ment of the 6502
instructions. processor, an 8-bit
256 bytes of RAM was processor with very few
available. 16 slots were left registers and 16-bit
open to include more RAM address bus.
when necessary. – It was used in the design
of the Apple II
The Fourth Generation
1977. Apple II Wozniak 1978 Intel’s 8086
and Jobs released the processor that con-
Apple II. It was cheap, tained 16-bit registers
had 16 Kb RAM and was and used segmented
ideal for playing video memory addressing.
games. – All x86 processors had to
– It was sold with a be compatible with the
keyboard, a power supply set of instructions, first
and included 8 slots for used in this processor.
peripherals. It could 1979, Motorola’s 68000
therefore be used with a processor which was used
wider variety of in the Apple Lisa and
peripherals and Macintosh computers.
programs.
The Fourth Generation
First spreadsheet : 1981, IBM PCIBM
– VisiCalcDan Bricklin and announced it's first
Bob Frankston of the
Software Arts Company Personal Computer -
developed the first the IBM PC - an Intel
spreadsheet program for
use on microcomputers, 8088 processor
namely VisiCalc. It was
distributed by Personal 1982, Intel’s 286
Software for use on all processor. Intel
Apple computers.Word
processor announced the 80286
WordStar microprocessor.
– The word processing – This was used in the IBM
program WordStar was PC AT (Advanced
developed by Seymour
Rubenstein's firm Technology).
MicroPro and became the
best seller in the CP/M
operating environment.
4th Generation
1983, Apple’s Lisa
–Apple announced the Lisa, a computer that used a mouse to
move a cursor on the screen in order to select commands.
The Lisa was the first commercial computer to use a
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
1983, IBM announced the PC XT (eXtended
Technology). Memory was expanded to 640 Kb and it featured:
– 4,77 MHz processor speed
– Double floppy disks
– MS DOS version 3.3
– Later versions also had 10 or 20 Mb hard disk drives
available.
1990, Windows 3.0 (operating system)
– Microsoft released Windows 3.0.
The Fifth Generation
Mid 1990’s Applications for 5th Gen computers
Intelligent Intelligent robots that could ‘see’ their
computers environment (visual input - e.g. a video
camera) and could be programmed to
– Artificial carry out certain tasks and should be able
intelligence to decide for itself how the task should be
– Expert accomplished, based on the observations
systems it made of its environment.
– Natural Intelligent systems that could control the
language route of a missile and defence-systems
that could fend off attacks.
Word processors that could be controlled
by means of speech recognition.
Programs that could translate documents
from one language to another.
5th Generation
Some technological developments that could make
the development of fifth-generation computers
possible, include:
Parallel-processing - many processors are grouped to
function as one large group processor.
Superconductors - a superconductor is a conductor through
which electricity can travel without any resistance resulting in
faster transfer of information between the components of a
computer.
Expert Systems helps doctors to reach a diagnosis by
following the logical steps of problem solving just as if the
doctor would have done it himself.
Speech recognition systems, capable of recognising dictation
and entering the text into a word processor, are already
available.
The Fifth Generation
AI – Artificial Intelligence
How computers can be used for tasks that
required human characteristics
Problem Solving by Search
An important aspect of intelligence is goal-based problem solving.
The solution of many problems (e.g. noughts and crosses,
timetabling, chess) can be described by finding a sequence of
actions that lead to a desirable goal. Each action changes the state
and the aim is to find the sequence of actions and states that lead
from the initial (start) state to a final (goal) state.
A well-defined problem can be described by:
1. Initial state
2. Operator or successor function - for any state x returns
s(x), the set of states reachable from x with one action
3. State space - all states reachable from initial by any
sequence of actions
4. Path - sequence through state space
5. Path cost - function that assigns a cost to a path. Cost of a
path is the sum of costs of individual actions along the path
6. Goal test - test to determine if at goal state
The Fifth Generation
Expert Systems
Software used with an
extensive set of organized
data that presents the
computer as an expert on a
particular topic
The Fifth Generation
Natural Language
Humans communicate
with computers in the
language they use on a
daily basis
The Fifth Generation
Robotics
Computer-controlled
device that can
physically manipulate its
surroundings
Robot development firm
Speecys Corp. of Tokyo
developed a small
humanoid robot, powered
entirely by easy-to-replace,
environmentally friendly
fuel-cell batteries.
THOR on display and demonstration circa 1981
The Fifth Generation
VR – Virtual Reality
Engage a user in a
computer-created
environment
– User physically interacts
with computer-created
environment
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