Blank Mind Maps or Templates for High School Service Learning www empower org au

							            Service-Learning.




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              Service-learning.

   Service-learning is a pedagogy that links academic
    learning to student-directed community service and
              intellectual enquiry and reflection.
           It enriches the learning experience,
                 teaches civic responsibility
               and strengthens communities.




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   Changing a Service Program to a
     Service-Learning Program.
Service Program:
For Clean Up Australia Day, a teacher at a local school
  decides that students will clean up part of the banks of
  the Cooks River.




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       Re-orient to include student
    direction and academic learning.
•   consult with the local community
•   vote to clean up part of the banks of the Cook’s River
•   plan the project
•   observe, take inventory and clean up the river bank
•   analyse what they found; hypothesise about its sources
•   look at the impact of the pollutants on flora and fauna
•   share the results with the local council and residents
•   offer suggestions for reducing pollution – perhaps by
    writing a brochure and developing a web site.



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               Links to curriculum
• Maths – analysing survey results
• C & C. – voting, contacting the council
• Science – analysing water and pollutants
• Geography – comparing water quality of different rivers
  and maps of watersheds
• English – writing a brochure or a report
• Art – designing a brochure or a map
• Information Technology – developing a web site with
    resources for preventing pollution.



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 Enrich the process with intellectual
       inquiry and reflection.
• Investigate a wide range of concepts and values
  including, for example: “community” and “responsibility”.
• Draw distinctions between different kinds of
  responsibility – students may not be causally or legally
  responsible for the pollution, but do they have some
  social or moral responsibility to improve the situation?
• Examine their assumptions about moral responsibility by
  asking, for example: “What is the extent of our moral
  responsibility? How do we judge this? What is it to be a
  good citizen?”
Making such distinctions develops and sharpens thinking
  skills.


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               Service-learning:
• links to academic content and standards
• involves young people in helping to determine and meet
  real, defined community needs
• includes on-going, meaningful reflection and analysis
• is reciprocal in nature, benefiting both the community
  and the service providers
• can be used in any subject area so long as it is
  appropriate to learning goals
• works at all ages, even among young children.
                         (America’s National Commission on Service-learning)




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          Service-learning is not:
• an episodic volunteer program
• an add-on to an existing school curriculum
• logging a set number of community service hours in
  order to graduate
• compensatory service assigned as a form of punishment
  by the school or the courts
• only for high school or tertiary students
• only for “at risk” students
• one-sided - benefiting only students or only community.
                     (America’s National Commission on Service-Learning)




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               Types of service.

Formal Service                 Informal Service:

For example:                   For example:
driving for meals-on-wheels.   shopping for an elderly
                                 neighbour.




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          Types of formal service.
• Direct service which involves hands on, direct contact,
  for example working on the Mission Beat Bus.
• Indirect service which involves hands-on, but not direct
  contact, for example knitting blankets for a Winter
  Appeal.
• Advocacy which requires speaking out on behalf of an
  issue.
• Research which requires finding out information.

Combining research, service and advocacy achieves very
  powerful outcomes for students learning about society.


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                         BENEFIT CONTINUUM
     RECIPIENT   --------------------------------------   PROVIDER


                          FOCUS CONTINUUM
     SERVICE     -------------------------------------    LEARNING

                               Service-
                               Learning


               Community                  Internship
               Service


       Volunteerism                            Work
                                               Experience




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       Models of service-learning.
• Embed service-learning into the curriculum of a single
  subject in a single year.
• Use service-learning as the vehicle for a “rich task”
  approach.
• Have service-learning as a single, stand-alone course -
  elective or compulsory.
• Take a whole-of school approach, in which each year
  works on a facet of the project.
• Take an inter-school approach.
• Have a “service event” which individual teachers then
  link to their curriculum.



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          Implementation Overview.
• Decide what you want to achieve – learning and service.
• Start small -
    – Extend existing service activities into service-learning activities.
    – Focus on projects within the class, within the school, with a
      feeder school, or with projects that require limited external visits.
• Get support from the Principal.
• Develop a support team within the school.
• Plan, plan, plan - thoroughly.
• Involve students as much as possible - in the initial
  planning and throughout the project.
• Get help - trainee teachers, retired teachers, parents etc.
• Publicise your success – throughout and finally.
• Make a school copy of your service-learning folder.

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                Getting Started.
Identify “starting points”, for example:
• curriculum outcomes achieved through activities -
   “Develops and implements own ideas in response to an
   investigation of needs and wants.”
• curriculum outcomes which address values -
   “Describes how Australian people, systems and
   communities are globally interconnected and recognizes
   global responsibility.”
• existing programs – Anti-Bullying.
• existing community engagement activities - Anzac Day.
• interests of parents and/or students.
• work of local community organisations.



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     Enriching the “Starting Points”
When enriching the “starting points”, ask: - “In this
  activity/area of the curriculum/area of interest, how can:
• values that are implicit be made explicit, reflected upon,
  modeled by teachers and acted upon
• student direction be encouraged
• links be made to the curriculum
• intellectual inquiry and reflection be included
• the community be included (initially it might be the school
  community)
• parents be involved
• the project be celebrated
• the project be evaluated?


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   Introducing Service-Learning –
               Step 1.


                       Quality matters!
        First - design good quality service-learning.




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   Researched-Based Practices that
     Improve Student Outcomes.
Eight characteristics of effective service-learning practice.
1. Curriculum integration.
2. Ongoing, cognitively challenging reflection activities.
3. Student direction.
4. Respect for diversity.
5. Service is meaningful.
6. Both progress monitoring and process monitoring.
7. Sufficient duration.
8. Reciprocal partnerships.


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           1 - Curriculum Integration.

Good quality service-learning is planned and implemented
  with specific learning objectives in mind that are tied to
  content standards.

With strong integration, students’ test scores in the subject
  matter area with which service-learning is integrated can
  increase significantly.
(Billig and Klute 2003, Billig and Sandel 2003, Meyer, Billig and Hofschire 2004;
                                            Santinire, Giraud and Groskopf 1999)




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        1 - Curriculum Integration.

Factors related to higher academic impacts are:
• Clarity of academic goals.
• Clear connection between goals and activities.
• Reasonable scope.
• Support through focused reflective activities.
                           (Ammon, Furco, Chi and Middaugh 2001)




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    1 - Curricular Integration –
Be Clear About Learning Objectives
• Academic learning in any subject.
• Learning to be a learner:
   – Critical thinking, problem-solving, communication skills
• Learning about community:
   People, issues, resources, policies
• Inter and intra-personal learning:
   –   Working collaboratively with others
   –   Learning about other cultures
   –   Exploring personal values, ethics; appreciating different values
   –   Developing self-efficacy and empathy
• Career learning.
• Civic learning.


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2 - Ongoing, Cognitively-Challenging
        Reflection Activities.
Reflection is the critical link. Through reflection, students:
• Connect experience with learning
• Develop a sense of community in the school/class
• Improve observation and communication skills
• Develop an appreciation of community assets
• Deepen knowledge of issues or policy
• Develop an interest in taking action
• Develop greater understand personal values
• Develop inquiry skills.



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2 - Ongoing, Cognitively-Challenging
        Reflection Activities.
Effective reflection is:
• Continuous – before, during and after the project.
• Connected – to specific learning objectives.
• Cognitively challenging – demanding problem-solving,
   decision-making, exploration, classification and
   hypothesis-testing skills.
• Contextualised – appropriate to the subject and student.
• Varied – multiple forms of reflection – written, oral and
   nonlinguistic.
          (Eyler, Giles and Schmiede 1996; Pritchard and Whitehead 2004)




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              3 - Student Direction.
When service is imposed from above without youth input
 and without adequate structure and support, young
 people may view their service experience with
 indifference, suspicion or even hostility.
                                                (S.H. Billig).

Giving students a say in every phase of a service-learning
  project has a strong influence on academic and civic
  engagement.
   (Billig, Root and Jesse 2005, Bradley 2003, Fredericks, Kaplan and Zeisler
                                                                       2001)




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          3 - Student Direction.
Students:
• engage in problem solving, decision making, planning,
  goal setting and helping others.
• see themselves as change agents.
• develop leadership and public speaking skills.
• have improved interactions with teachers.




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          4 – Respect for Diversity.

Explicit teaching of respect and discussion of diversity is
  associated with multiple civic and character outcomes.
  (Billig, Root and Jesse 2005; Powers, Potthoff, Bearinger and Resnick 2003;
                                  Blozis, Scalise, Waterman and Wells 2002).


It is most important that activities benefit both students and
    those being served so that students’ stereotypes of
    others are not reinforced.




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         4 – Respect for Diversity.

Ask: how will students demonstrate respect for people:
• from diverse cultural backgrounds
• with different ideas
• with disabilities
• from different generations
• who have different life circumstances.




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        5 – Service is Meaningful.

When service-learning is viewed as valuable, useful,
 relevant and interesting, young people become more
 engaged and acquire more knowledge and skills.
                          (Billig, Root and Jesse 2005; Blank 1997).




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         5 – Service is Meaningful
Teachers can enhance students’ feelings that projects are
  meaningful by providing activities that:
• are substantive but not overwhelming
• are relevant and useful to them and those they serve –
  an interesting challenge that meets an important need
• are chosen by students and require analysis and
  problem-solving
• provide a personal connection to the task – often through
  the formation of a relationship
• elaborate beyond information in textbooks
• explicity connect to previous experience
• require cognitively challenging skills - comprehension,
  explanation, exploration, debate etc.


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       6 – Progress Monitoring and
           Process Monitoring:
           To Improve Practice.
Progress monitoring:
assessing the progress made towards reaching goals.
Process monitoring:
analysing the processes used to ensure that learning is
  maximised.

When the monitoring is well connected to the tasks and
 outcomes and when teachers use this data to improve
 practice, service-learning achieves stronger outcomes.
                                     (Billig, Root and Jesse 2005).



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                     7 - Duration
Quality service-learning has sufficient time for students to
  transfer the academic knowledge learned through
  service experiences to other parts of the curriculum.

Projects must be at least 70 hours long to have an impact
  on students. This includes preparation, action, reflection
  and demonstration of results.
                                      (Billig, Root and Jesse 20005).




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      8 - Reciprocal Partnerships.
 Reciprocity is associated with sustainability of service-
   learning.
                 (Kramer 2000; Ammon, Furco, Chi and Middaugh 2002)


 Reciprocal Partnerships have:
 • Mutual benefit
 • Shared vision
 • Two-way communication
 • Interdependent tasks
 • Common goals.




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     8 – Reciprocal Partnerships.
     School needs to communicate:
     • clear definition of service-learning
     • the essential elements of a program
     • the benefits to the community
     • academic and curricular standards
     • role of student direction.

     Community partner needs to communicate:
     • mission
     • capacity to provide service-learning opportunities
     • resources available for the project and costs
       required to support the partnership.


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                          Agency                School
Focus               End product – clients Process –
                    served.               knowledge gained
Why engage?         Community need.       Strategy to educate
Project planning    Templates – past     Student direction –
                    and present          to learn and lead.
Scheduling          Needs of clients     Class scheduling
Site access     Not responsible for      Cost, liability,
                ensuring access.         scheduling
Measure success Service provision        Meeting curricular
                                         standards
Assessment          How did we do?       What will we do
                                         differently?

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     Introducing Service-Learning -
                Step 2.

                     Motivate:
                     • Students
                     • Parents
                     • Staff
                     • Community Agencies
                     to become involved…..




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    Service-Learning and Students:
         Inform and Motivate.
Before the project:
• Tell stories and watch videos.
• Invite someone with a personal experience to speak.
• Ask parents involved in community service to speak.
• Ask representatives from community agencies to visit..
• Organise a trip to a local community agency.
• Invite older students to present to the class.
During the project:
• Focus on student direction.
• Reflect before, during and after the project.
• Ask students and community agency to evaluate.


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     Service-Learning and Parents:
          Inform and Motivate.
• Students (or the school) present to parents.
• Get students to ask parents, for example:
   – What they care about in the community
   – How members of the family have served others
   – For suggestions about how the community might best be served.
• Tell parents the philosophy, goals and activities of the
  project and keep them updated.
• Make service visible in the school – photos, bulletin.
  boards, student’s artwork, agencies’ thank-you letters.
• Invite parents to the service-learning celebrations.




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          The “Learning Challenge”
      J. Howard - Principles of Good Practice for Service-Learning Pedagogy


Discuss the “learning challenge” in service-learning.
“In service-learning, students must not only master
   academic material as in traditional courses, but also
   learn how to learn from unstructured and ill-structured
   community experiences and merge that learning with the
   learning from other course resources. Furthermore, in
   traditional courses students must satisfy only academic
   learning objectives. In service-learning courses,
   students must satisfy both academic and civic learning
   objectives. All of this makes for challenging intellectual
   work, commensurate with rigorous academic standards.”


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 S-L and Staff: Inform and Motivate.
Outline the characteristics of authentic service-learning:
• Projects are positive, meaningful and real.
• Involve cooperative, rather than competitive
  experiences.
• Address complex problems in complex settings.
• Offer students opportunities to engage in complex
  problem-solving.
• Deeper thinking is promoted - no” right answers.”
• Is personally meaningful and so supports social,
  emotional and cognitive learning and development.
• Helps develop home, school, community partnerships.
Discuss that s-l is an excellent way of implementing quality
  teaching and values education.


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         Service-Learning and the
               Community
Start small and simple:
   – class or school community
   – feeder school
   – remote community.
If working locally, find out which agencies:
• are located nearby – students need time to travel to and
   from and produce meaningful work.
• would be willing to work with students of this age.
• conduct appropriate activities at the time service-learning
   is being timetabled.
• have sufficient staff to nominate at least one person to
   coordinate the program.

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    Service-Learning and the
 Community: Finding the Agencies.
       To find suitable agencies, visit:
       • Community Centers
       • Neighbourhood Centers
       • Local Councils
       • Ask parents and teachers for advice
       Also consider:
       • Local police
       • Hospitals
       • Libraries
       • Schools for Special Purpose.



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                 Is It Worth It?

         Service-learning is
     “Quality Teaching in Action”.




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  Is It Worth It? Research Summary.
   NOTE: The more responsibility, autonomy and choice
   students have, the greater the effects. (Shelly Billing)
Personal/Social Development
• Increase in personal and social responsibility, as well as
  in communication and educational and social
  competence.
• Elevated self-esteem, self-efficacy and sense of
  responsibility to their school
• More accepting of cultural diversity
• Less likely to be referred to the office for discipline
• Less likely to engage in unprotected sexual activity,
  violent activity and behaviors leading to arrest


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  Is it worth it? Research Summary
Civic Responsibility
• Higher awareness of community needs and felt they
  could make a difference
• Increased understanding of how the government works
• More likely to be active in community organizations
Academic Learning
• Higher scores on state test of basic skills; higher test
  scores on several state assessments
• Higher grades and higher scores on state tests
  measuring reading for information and mathematics than
  non-participants (Elementary School)
• Schools reported attendance increases each year for
  three years


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  Is It Worth It? Research Summary.
Career Exploration and Aspirations
• Students reported that they learnt career and
  communication skills and gained more knowledge about
  career possibilities.
• Students developed positive work attitudes and skills
School and Communities
• More respect between students and other students,
  teachers and other teachers, and students and teachers
• Students and teachers have a greater bond to the school
• Less teacher turnover and greater teacher collegiality
• Members of communities participating in service-learning
  view youth as valued resources and positive givers to
  their community


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            Perhaps I can help.


       Margaret Richmond –
  Empower Library Inc. 02 99498103
             www.empower.org.au




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