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Emily Gung page 1 of 10
Mrs. Brunot Grantwriting Final updated as of 1/6/2011 7:58 PM
Emily Gung
Mrs. Kathy Brunot
Grantwriting PADM 7860
May 27, 2005
Grantwriting Final
(http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/g/grants.asp)
Emily Gung page 2 of 10
Mrs. Brunot Grantwriting Final updated as of 1/6/2011 7:58 PM
# Answers (Sources from the Internet are hyperlinked): Pg
1. The basic difference between a grant and a contract is that a contract outlines precisely what the 6
government wants done. Also, contracts are advertised differently from grants. Grants are
advertised on the CFDA. Contracts are advertised on FedBizOpps. Also, the contract game requires
a successful track record and documentable expertise.
Grants Contracts
Project control is in the hands of the Project Director / Project control follows the protocol of the Funder, has a defined scope of work, with defined
Researcher, who may define objectives in a general fashion start and end dates, & may require a certain performance by the researcher within a specified
time frame
Project Director / Researcher has unrestricted right to publish May have restricted publication results, up to a maximum period of two (2) years
Project / Research results
Payment in advance of expenditures Have funds that are typically advanced in the form of progress payments, and final payment
is usually subject to receipt of a final report
Ownership of any original idea, with adjustments towards a Typically have the sponsor acquire ownership, preferential use, and/or control of the Project /
Research or Service goal Research results, with limited liability of participants
Sponsor can be provided with copy of the final Project / May require the sponsor to keep information pertaining to the Project / Research confidential
Research report, but not necessarily specifically transferred to
the Grantor
2. A grant application is a written plan or form outlining the program’s activities and how it follows the
requirements of the grant. The common grant application format has been adopted by groups of
grantmakers to allow grant applicants to produce a single proposal for a specific community of
funders, thereby saving time. A grant proposal (invited or competitive) is a plan for a project that you
submit to a potential funding source. But, it usually includes a brief project overview, justification,
objectives and desired outcomes, and a proposed budget. Usually, the proposal details the program or
project developed in response to the grant requirements.
3. The Federal Register ("FR") is a source of official announcements for 25
grant application information. The FR contains most routine
publications and public notices of United States government agencies.
The FR is published daily, and provides notice to the public of a federal
government agency's proposed new rules, or changes to existing rules.
In essence, the FR is a way for the government to think aloud to the
people. The notice and comment process outlined in the FR gives the
people a chance to participate in agency rulemaking. Each daily issue of
the FR is contains information organized into four categories:
Presidential Documents (executive orders and proclamations), Rules
and Regulations (policy statements and interpretations of rules by
federal agencies), Proposed Rules (petitions by agencies for assistance
in rulemaking and other proposals), and Notices (scheduled hearings
and meetings open to the public, grant applications, and administrative
orders).
4. Pass Through Funds are funds that are received by a state or local agency for a specific purpose who 24
then conducts its own grant process to award the funds to other individuals, organizations, or
agencies.
5. CFDA (Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance) is the federal coding structure used to identify 7
available federal grant and loan programs. It is used by auditors and therefore must be accurate. The
online Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance gives you access to a database of all Federal
programs available to State and local governments (including the District of Columbia); federally -
recognized Indian tribal governments; Territories (and possessions) of the United States; domestic
public, quasi-public, and private profit and nonprofit organizations and institutions; specialized
groups; and individuals. Here’s one: Grants Category: Cultural Affairs, Sub-Category: Promotion
of the Arts, Program: 19.409 ARTS EXCHANGES ON INTERNATIONAL ISSUES. Please click
on the link to observe several pieces of their announcements.
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6. Formula grants are grants from the Feds or state to a lower level of government where a specific 24
dollar amount is attached to some socioeconomic standard. For example, a formula grant may be
awarded to a state in the form of a certain amount of money for every school-aged child whose
family is below 125% of the federal poverty level. Thus, the amount awarded to each jurisdiction
will vary by the number of people (or other variable) that meet the standard. (See also "Block grants"
and "Discretionary grants.")
7. NOFA (Notice of Funding Availability) is an announcement by a federal agency or department that
informs the public of a specific grant opportunity.
8. 3 Federal Agencies are the: NEA - National Endowment for the Arts, NEH - National Endowment 7
for the Humanities, AID - Agency for International Development, and one listing of an AID funding
opportunity is Fund number : RFA 486-05-001, entitled: Thai Burma Border Refugee and Migrant
Health and Education Support Program
9. SF-424 is the form number for the Application for Federal Assistance. 14
10. Assurances & Certifications are various Federal requirements imposed on applicants and grantees as 44
a condition of receiving grant funds. Application packages contain forms that an applicant is
required to sign and submit, promising to abide by various Federal laws, regulations, and executive
orders that apply to grantees. Like a ―Prenup Agreement‖.
11. The Foundation Center was ―established in 1956 and provides information about nonprofit 18
organizations. In addition to several research centers located around the U.S., the Center created a
website containing non-profit, grant seeking, and philanthropy information. The resources on this site
cover all the major aspects of grant seeking and making. Use their Foundation Finder to search by
name for basic information about foundations within the universe of more than 70,000 private and
community foundations in the U.S. You can search their annotated links to corporate foundations,
private foundations, and grant-making public charities by subject or geographic keyword. This site
also lists community grants by state.‖
12. 3 most critical things you must do before applying for a grant: 1) Follow direction (i.e. no additional 1
attachments other then those required; no more than 8 pages for the narrative-these are just a few
directions) 2) Answer all the questions (if a questions does not apply, tell us that is does not apply
and why, do not just skip the question). 3) Answer all the questions in the order that they are asked
(the questions are purposely asked in the order they because they are a natural flow of why you are
applying for this grant.) 4) Share the proposal with someone else before submitting.
13. Letter of inquiry / Letter of intent is a brief letter outlining an organization's activities and its request
for funding that is sent to a prospective donor in order to determine whether it would be appropriate
to submit a full grant proposal. Many grantmakers prefer to be contacted in this way before receiving
a full proposal.
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14. An organization's mission statement describes what the group is going to do and why it's going to do
that. For example, "Promoting care and caring at the end of life through coalitions and advocacy."
Mission statements are similar to vision statements, in that they, too, look at the big picture.
However, they're more concrete, and they are definitely more "action-oriented" than vision
statements. Your vision statement should inspire people to dream; your mission statement should
inspire them to action. The mission statement might refer to a problem, such as an inadequate
housing, or a goal, such as providing access to health care for everyone. And, while they don 't go
into a lot of detail, they start to hint - very broadly - at how your organization might fix these
problems or reach these goals. It important that your organization develops vision and mission
statements. First of all, because these statements can help your organization focus on what is really
important. Although your organization knows what you are trying to do to improve your community,
it's easy to lose sight of this when dealing with the day-to-day hassles that plague all organizations.
Your vision and mission statements help members remember what is important as you go about
doing your daily work. Second, your vision and mission statements let other individuals and
organizations have a snapshot view of whom your group is and what it wants to do. When your
vision and mission statements are easily visible (for example, if they are on the letterhead of your
stationary), people can learn about your organization without having to work hard for the
information. Then, those with common interests can take the time necessary to learn more. Clearly,
this can be very helpful when you are recruiting other people and organizations to join in your effort.
Finally, vision and mission statements are also very helpful in having members who are focused and
bound together in common purpose. Not only do the statements themselves serve as a constant
reminder of what is important to your organization, the process of developing them allows people to
see the organization as "theirs." It's common sense: people will believe in something more
completely if they had a hand in developing it. There are many other reasons to develop vision and
mission statements as well. For example, having clear and compelling vision statements can:
Draw people to common work
Give hope for a better future
Inspire community members to realize their dreams through positive, effective action
Provide a basis for developing the other aspects of your action planning process: your
mission, objectives, strategies, and action plans
Having a clear mission statement can:
Convert the broad dreams of your vision into more specific, action-oriented terms
Explain your goals to interested parties in a clear and concise manner
Enhance your organization's image as being competent and professional, thus reassuring
funding sources that their investment was (or would be!) a smart choice
15. A peer review describes the process in which a group of people read competitive applications, 94
provide an analysis of the quality of each application, and rate them based on published criteria.
Many consider these peer reviewer comments and ratings in determining which program applications
to fund. A peer review group refers to faculty or researchers serving on a formal a panel or
committee who review publications or grants.
16. An executive summary is basically a Cover Sheet of about ½ a page. This case statement and 79
proposal summary is the most important component of your proposal. Summarize all of the key
information and convince the grant-maker to consider your proposal for funding. Introduce your
proposal, present a clear, concise summary of, and the visual framework for, the proposed
project/program, and include: Applicant contact information, purpose of the funding request,
need/problem, objectives, methods, total project cost, amount requested. Click on the link to see the
components of an executive summary.
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17. Target population describes the group of people that a grant needs to serve. Eg: age, gender, 128
educational level, income level, or Asian minorities, elderly, or children from 3-5 years old.
18. Cash match consists of actual funds dedicated to the project. You must set aside cash for the match. 89
In-kind match includes time, equipment, space, staff salaries, etc.. These items come from another
budget but are committed to the goals of the project for which you are applying for funds.
19. The difference between goals and objectives: 10
Goals are broad objectives are narrow.
Goals are general intentions; objectives are precise.
Goals are intangible; objectives are tangible.
Goals are abstract; objectives are concrete.
Goals can't be validated as is; objectives can be validated.
The goal is a broad-based statement of a desired end-point that fits within the organization's overall
mission. The goal may not be readily achievable in the near-term, but it serves as one purpose for the
organization's existence. The goal represents an outcome that would have a positive impact on the
unmet need. On the other hand, the key difference between a goal and an objective is that the
objective is both measurable and ideally, achievable. The objective should indicate a path that the
organization is following to help meet the goal. It must be measurable so that you can evaluate your
success in moving toward your goal. Some common evaluation strategies include surveys, counts
and observations. For example, from above we will meet our objective by conducting four
educational events during the year. We will also want to determine increased awareness to the issue
among participants, and would likely use an evaluation form at each event as another measurement
tool.
20. An impact statement is a brief summary in lay terms (written in language that your mother / father / 151
teenager would understand) of the social, environmental and/or economic impact of your research,
teaching, and/or extension efforts. It should state not only your accomplishments, but more
importantly the payoff to society of your efforts. In doing so, it should answer the questions "Who
cares, and why?" and "So what?" about your work. The primary target audience of this Impact
reporting, decision-makers, want to know what quantifiable difference your work has caused, or will
ultimately cause. What behavioral or perception change has occurred, and what beneficial social,
environmental, health, and/or economic impact will this have? When you write about impact,
include
real changes in as many of the areas (social, including individual, family and community health
and well-being; environmental; and economic) as apply;
potential future impact, where appropriate. This may be particularly applicable in reporting the
impact of basic research or teaching efforts.
anecdotal impact. Citing a single instance of impact to indicate probable impact on a broader
geographical area or large group often proves highly effective, particularly when this involves a
quote.
Be specific. For example, don't just say something will reduce agricultural inputs; instead, give a
percentage, or average dollar amount.
21. The Budget Summary provides you with the status of any budget that you are authorized to view. 179
This page shows you the budgeted amount, total transactions, total encumbrances, and remaining
budgeted amount.
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22. The OMB Circulars - Not only are there legal matters to tend to, but there are administrative and
accounting matters as well. Circulars concern themselves with administrative and accounting issues,
usually made of rules and restrictions. Circulars affect grants in that recipients must follow these
rules and restrictions. For example, an organization may become a high-risk grant recipient. Or
circulars tell organizations how to handle any income generated by a funded project or dictate under
what circumstances an organization may be audited. Financial reports may need to be sent to the
feds. Maybe one’s nonprofit is exempt from some of these regulations. If you receive a grant,
certain things are allowed or not allowed. Compliance with cost principles are used to determine the
policies regarding allowable and unallowable costs for grant funds. Grantees should familiarize
themselves with documents called ―OMB Circulars‖ which affect their use of Federal funds
23. Non-profits follow the OMB Circulars:
A-110 - Uniform Administrative Requirements for Grants and Other Agreements with
Institutions of Higher Education, Hospitals, and Other Nonprofit Organizations
A-122 - Cost Principles for Nonprofit Organizations
A-133, Audits of States, Local Governments, and Non-Profit Organizations
24. Governments follow the OMB Circulars:
A-97 - Provisions of Specialized and Technical Services to State and Local Governments
A-102, Grants and Cooperative Agreements With State and Local Governments
A-133, Audits of States, Local Governments, and Non-Profit Organizations
25. Indirect costs describe the costs that have been incurred for common or joint objectives of the 184
university and the sponsored program, and which, therefore, cannot be identified specifically in
reference to a particular project, such as building operations and maintenance, laboratory space,
library service, utilities, and administrative services. Direct Costs include all items that can be
categorically identified and charged to the specific project, such as personnel, fringe benefits,
consultants, subcontractors, travel, equipment, supplies and materials, communications, computer
time, and publication charges.
26. The purpose of a checklist is twofold. First, it can be a guide to help you remember all of the items 197
that should be covered in your planning. Second, it helps you keep track of what commitments are
being made in grant proposals so that nothing comes as a surprise, either to you or to us, later on
when you grant gets funded.
27. Attachments are typically things you submit along with your application, such as supporting 80
documentation with your written letter proposal or full proposal. Requirements vary widely. The
documentation most commonly required includes:
Letters of endorsement, support, and participation.
List of board members and officers, with titles and community affiliations
Qualifications of key personnel
Operating budget and project budget, if applicable
Latest annual report (or description of organization’s mission and most recent accomplishments)
Most recent audited financial statement (or a ―letter of auditability‖ from your certified public
accountant)
Current list of other funding sources and current contributors
Copy of the 501(c)(3) IRS ―Letter of Determination for Tax Exempt Status‖
Any additional information related to the organization or the request that may be helpful for
evaluation purposes (press clippings, service brochures, statistical reports, copies of relevant
certifications and licenses, tables, figures and/or appendices, etc.)
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28. 3 different data sources that I could use in my grant application are:
National Center for Education Statistics
U.S. Department of Education - Research and Statistics
U.S. Department of Education - Office of Postsecondary Education
29. Proposal Development Notebook is a neat way of getting organized by keeping a notebook handy to
write down ideas. Periodically, one might try to connect ideas by reviewing the notebook. Never
throw away written ideas during the grant writing stage. Maintain a file labeled 'Ideas" or by some
other convenient title and review the ideas from time to time. The file should be easily accessible.
The gathering of documents such as articles of incorporation, tax exemption certificates, and bylaws
should be completed, if possible, before the writing begins. To put in order and systematize the
process of preparing your application for a grant, we recommend you to use the following method.
Take a special binder with separators or pockets. Here is the list of possible headings for the sections
of your application:
Project Ideas
Documenting Your Idea
Capabilities of Your Organization (Staff, Successful Projects, etc.)
Official Documents of Your Organization (Charter, Structure, Annual Report, etc.)
Possible Collaborators
Possible Supporters
Potential Sources of Funding
Draft proposals
30. Select the components of the need that will most likely convince the grantor that the gap between 19
what is and what ought to be must be closed immediately. The need must be more compelling than
you competition to keep the reader interested. Six Basic Approaches for Assessing and
Documenting Needs:
Key informant: Quotes from people who know about the problem or are experts in the field
Community forum: Public meetings to get testimony on the problem
Case Studies: Examples of clients in a need population
Statistical Analysis: Use of data from public record
Survey: Random selection of population to answer questions related to the need
Studies: Literature search of published documents on the subject
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31. Block Grants would set their priorities and grant the federal funds to the high-priority areas and 6
projects as they saw fit. Example: Small Cities CDBG (Community Development Block Grant).
Formula Grants are funds are allocated according to a set of criteria, generally specific to a problem
area or geographic region, must pass through an intermediary, such as a state, city or county
government or a commission, before reaching the grantee. While the general guidelines are
developed at the federal level, the rules are open to interpretation, and local input can significantly
alter the intent of the original federal program. Formula and block grants are also easy target for
elimination because it is difficult to substantiate results. Formula grants: Grants from the Feds or
state to a lower level of government where a specific dollar amount is attached to some
socioeconomic standard. For example, a formula grant may be awarded to a state in the form of a
certain amount of money for every school-aged child whose family is below 125% of the federal
poverty level. Thus, the amount awarded to each jurisdiction will vary by the number of people (or
other variable) that meet the standard. (See also "Block grants" and "Discretionary grants.") An
example would be Byrne Formula Grants. Categorical Grants, OTOH, are designed to promote
proposals within a very specific, well-defined area of interest, use peer panel reviews to evaluate
proposals, where each federal agency has its own grant system, and are detailed, time consuming
grant applications. An example of a categorical grant is the ROSS Grant -- Resident Opportunities
and Self Sufficiency Grant.
32. Past Grantees can help you in finding out who received funding in the past. Contacting a Past
Grantee can provide you with answer to the following questions:
Did you call or go see the funding source before writing the proposal?
Whom did you find most helpful on the funding source’s staff?
Did you use you advocates or congressperson?
Did the funding source review your idea or proposal before submission?
Did you use consultants to help you on the proposal?
Was there a hidden agenda to the program’s guidelines?
When did you begin the process of developing your application?
When did you first contact the funding source?
What materials did you find most helpful in developing your proposal?
Did the funding source come to see you (site visit) before or after the proposal was awarded?
Who came? What did they wear? How old were they? Would you characterize them as
conservative, moderate, or liberal? Did anything surprise you during their visit?
How close was your initial budget to the awarded amount?
Who on the funding source’s staff negotiated the budget?
How did you handle matching or in-kind contributions?
What would you do differently next time?
33. Private Foundations prefer to deal with 501c3s, and fund: 17
Recipient Category % of Foundation Grants Recipient Category % of Foundation Grants
Education 25.3% Environment/Animals 6.1%
Human Services 17.2% Science/Technology 3.0%
Health 16.2% International 3.0%
Arts/Culture 12.1% Religion 3.0%
Public/Society Benefit 12.1% Social Science 2.0%
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34. The designation "501(c)(3)" refers to the section of US Tax Code that deals with tax exempt 72
organizations. Tax-exempt organizations (such as nonprofit corporations) do not pay federal
corporate income taxes. Being designated as a tax-exempt nonprofit also can qualify the organization
for lower postal rates and for government and private grants. Your organization will also be more
attractive to potential donors by becoming a nonprofit. Once incorporated, not only can the
organization gain tax-exempt status from the IRS, but the individual members will no longer be
subject to the debts and liabilities of the organization. Some negative aspects of incorporating are
increased paperwork, record keeping and reporting requirements. Nonprofits are also prohibited from
lobbying, and must pay taxes on any profits. Only 501(c)(3) organizations qualify for foundation
grants.
35. The main components of a Letter proposal, according to Bauer (Bauer, David G. The "How to"
Grants Manual. 3rd ed. Oryx Press, 1995) are:
an introductory paragraph stating the reason for writing
a paragraph explaining why this grantor was selected (a good fit -- to your organization, to the
problem you are addressing, or to the geographical community in which you live
a needs paragraph
a solution paragraph
a uniqueness paragraph
a request for funds paragraph
a closing paragraph
signatures
attachments, if allowed
36. The DUNS Number is a unique nine-digit identification sequence, which provides unique identifiers
of single business entities, while linking corporate family structures together, linking the numbers of
parents, subsidiaries, headquarters and branches on more than 64 million corporate family members
around the world. Used by the world's most influential standards-setting organizations, it is
recognized, recommended and/or required by more than 50 global, industry and trade associations,
including the United Nations, the U.S. Federal Government, the Australian Government and the
European Commission. In today's global economy, the D&B D-U-N-S Number has become the
standard for keeping track of the world's businesses. Please note: Getting a D-U-N-S Number alone
does not establish a full D&B credit file for your business. This is important, because if you need to
show others your business is creditworthy -- for example, if you will be seeking a loan or making
purchases on credit -- you will also need a credit file. It is important mainly because: it enhances the
credibility of your business in the marketplace, it enables potential customers, suppliers and lenders
to easily identify and learn about your company, and the U.S. government and many major
corporations require their suppliers and contractors to have a D-U-N-S Number.
37. A site visit is basically when a grantor comes and see the grantee and their program. The site visit
provides Foundation staff with detailed information to determine if the proposed project should be
presented to the Foundation's Board for funding consideration. Additionally, the site visit provides an
opportunity for Foundation staff to update prospective grantees regarding the Foundation's initiatives
and activities. In general, site visits are held at the applicant organization's site and last under two
hours. The applicant organization is encouraged to set an agenda; however, the site visit is informal
and intended to assist Foundation staff and applicants in determining if the proposed project is a
strong match.
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38. The Web-enabled grant application process often raises the efficiency of the grant process by
allowing for easy manipulation of electronic data; electronic time-stamping; and fast
communications. Applicants may also access online help. Multiple users (from different locations)
may access and work on the same application. Confirmation of receipt of the materials may be made
almost immediately. Electronic documentation simplifies the record-keeping aspect of the grant
process—from planning to application to winning the funding. Grant payments may be actualized
electronically as well. Periodical reports may be filed online. Some challenges with the electronic
system could include the following:
The length of the grant narrative may be limited.
Supporting documentation may need to be digitized (with text scanned by Optical Character
Recognition software on flatbed scanners) or scanned into a graphics file or turned into a portable
document file (PDF)
Grant applicants may have to apply for a special PIN (personal identification number) to serve as
an electronic signature for the grant application.
Paper and pencil system – Pros: simple to use from applicant viewpoint, no need to ever touch a
computer, grant’s address and phone number printed on form. Some Paper Based System – Cons:
Very labor intensive, Timelines, Not standardized. OTOH, web-based applications are Simpler,
faster, earlier, tend to increase the number of applications, and promote efficacy.
39. Some Georgia foundations include:
Robert W. Woodruff Foundation, Inc. - a charitable organization that supports education, health care,
human services, economic development, art and culture, and the environment through grants ranging
from thousands of dollars to millions of dollars.
The UPS Foundation – funds Education\Literacy, Social Services\Community Improvement projects.
The Goizueta Foundation – funds Early Childhood Education, Primary and Secondary Education
Higher Education, Continuing Education for Adults, Youth and Family Development, Youth Homes,
Immigrant/Refugee Services, and Services for People with Disabilities projects.
The Arthur M. Blank Family Foundation - centers on youth and focuses on improving access to
education, sustaining the arts, preserving green space, fostering understanding, promoting better
health and fitness and increasing the organizational effectiveness of nonprofit organizations.
The Delta Air Lines Foundation - supports nonprofit organizations that promote youth in three key
areas: wellness, leadership development, and cultural advocacy.
