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Mn/DOT SNOW CONTROL BENEFIT/COST ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
A benefit/cost analysis (BCA) tool for assessing the net value of snow fences (living and structural)
versus other techniques, such as earthwork, to prevent the drifting of snow across Mn/DOT roadways
is intended to:
1. Quantify the value of snow control usage to internal and external Mn/DOT customers,
2. Prioritize future snow control installation projects,
3. Leverage additional funds for the implementation of snow control along Mn/DOT facilities, and
4. Expand the research base for the use of snow control within transportation corridors.
This spreadsheet provides a simple benefit-cost analysis method for comparing options for reducing
and/or eliminating snow drift problems along roadways. Given specific input data for a given project,
the model calculates the benefits, costs, net present value and benefit/cost ratio of a proposed snow
control project. In using this analytical tool, careful consideration must be given to the assumptions as
well as limitations of the model to appropriately capture and accurately quantify the benefits and
costs. It should be noted that the benefits are accrued mainly by users (i.e. the general traveling
public via reduction in travel time and crashes), with some benefits gained by the public agency (i.e.
Mn/DOT via snow removal saving). The costs, on the other hand, are borne 100% by the public
agency. More detailed information regarding benefit/cost analysis is located on Mn/DOT's Office of
Investment Management website at http://www.oim.dot.state.mn.us/EASS/index.html
This model takes into account the present value of the following benefits and costs:
Benefits Cost
Increased Safety Right of Way
Reduced Travel Times Installation
Reduced Snow Removal Costs Maintenance of Snow Fence
This spreadsheet benefit/cost model contains the following worksheets:
Worksheets Description
Instructions How to use this benefit/cost model
Summary Page Input and Output of benefit/cost model
BCA Model Computed benefit/cost ratio using imputed data and assumptions
SUMMARY WORKSHEET
The user will input project-related information in the yellow highlighted cells (light gray when printed).
In the economic analysis process some generally accepted economic assumptions are necessary.
These assumptions include the discount rate, user costs (i.e. value of users' time), and crash costs.
These assumptions and standard values are highlighted in blue (medium gray when printed). Unless
they are being updated, these standard values should NOT be changed by the user.
Results from the benefit/cost model are shown in the red highlighted boxes (dark gray when printed).
These results are calculated in the BCA Model and displayed at the bottom of the Summary
worksheet. Users should NOT modify these cells.
EXAMPLE WORKSHEET
An example summary worksheet for I-35 in Southern Minnesota is provided as a guide. The data and
results in this example may not be indicative for your specific project, and its use should be for
illustration purposes only.
BCA MODEL WORKSHEET
The BCA Model takes the data inputed and computes the benefit/cost ratio. A familiarity with this
worksheet will help users understand the process for calculating the benefits and costs. Users should
review this worksheet, but should NOT change, adjust or update any portion of this worksheet without
prior consultation with the CO Snow Control Coordinator.
KEY ASSUMPTIONS
1. 15 year analysis period was used due to typical lease contracts last for up to 15 years.
2. Structural snow fences accrue 100% of the benefits in year 1. Living snow fences accrue benefits
incrementally (20% each year) from year 1 to 5 and achieves 100% of the benefits in year 5 and
beyond. Backsloping and raising the road grade to improve snow control does not result in any time
benefits. Because backsloping and raising the road grade does not necessarily stop blowing snow
that reduces driver visibility.
3. For calculation of remaining capital value (RCV), the land will continue to be available as a lease or
easement for snow control beyond year 15.
4. There are no maintenance costs associated with backsloping or raising the road grade.
NEXT STEP
After reading this introduction, the user should proceed to the Summary worksheet and input data for
the specific project in the yellow highlighted boxes. Detailed instructions and a description for
each input cell can be found by moving the cursor over the red triangle at the upper-right
corner of each cell box.
Created 5/02 by Mn/DOT Office of Investment Management (John Doan) Version 1.0
Mn/DOT SNOW CONTROL BENEFIT/COST MODEL
SUMMARY PAGE
PROJECT LOCATION: DATE:
BENEFITS KEY
NO Snow Control Snow Control
VARIABLES (EXISTING) (PROPOSED) project specific inputs (entered by user)
standard values
Base Year 0 (http://www.oim.dot.state.mn.us/EASS/index.html)
Study Area Length (miles) 0.00 benefit/cost results
Length of Snow Fence (ln ft) 0 predetermined (user should not change)
GENERAL
AADT in Base Year 0
Annual Growth Rate 0.00%
Car Occupancy 0
GLOBAL ASSUMPTIONS
Truck Occupancy 0.0 STANDARD VALUES
# days of drifting snow in an (To be changed by Snow Fence
average year 0 Coordinator)
Average Travel Speed (mph) 15 Analysis Period (years)
TIME BENEFITS Percent Trucks 0.0% 4.5% Discount Rate
Road Closure (hrs/ heavy
snowfall year) $9.71 Car Time Cost/hour
Road Closure Frequency (per
analysis period) $18.00 Truck Time Cost/hour
Crash Rate Reduction (%) 0 $3,300,000 per Fatal Crash
Fatal Crash Rate (per 100mvm) 0.00 $260,000 per Personal Injury Type A Crash
Injury Type A Rate (/mvm) 0.00 $57,000 per Personal Injury Type B Crash
SAFETY BENEFITS Injury Type B Rate(/mvm) 0.00 $28,000 per Personal Injury Type C Crash
Injury Type C Rate (/mvm) 0.00 $110 Snowblower Cost per Hour
Property Damage Rate (/mvm) 0.00 $100 Bulldozer Cost per Hour
Crash Cost (/mvm) $0 $0 $100 V-Plow Cost per Hour
# Hrs Snowblower Needed per
average year 0 $100 SnoGo Cost per Hour
# Hrs Bulldozer Needed per
SNOW REMOVAL average year 0
BENEFITS # Hrs V-Plow Needed per
average year 0
# Hrs SnoGo Needed per
average year 0
COSTS
STRUCTURAL LIVING
COST VARIABLES Snow Fence Snow Fence Back Sloping Raise Road Grade
Lease, Easement or N/A
Right of Way Cost
Installation Cost ($/ ln ft)
Snow Fence Exp. Life (yrs)
AGENCY COSTS Routine Maint. Cost OF Snow
Fence ($/ ln ft) N/A N/A
Rehabilitation Cost ($/ ln ft) N/A N/A
Freq. of Rehab (per analysis
period) 2 1 0 0
BENEFIT / COST RESULTS
PV Benefits
B/C Ratio =
PV Costs - PV Remaining Capital Value
Structural Living Back Sloping Raise Road Grade
PV Benefits #DIV/0! #DIV/0! $0 $0
PV Costs $0 $0 $0 $0
PV Remaining Capital Value $0 $0 $0 $0
B/C Ratio #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
PV Road Maint Bens - PV Costs
+ PV RCV $0 $0 $0 $0
Net Present Value #DIV/0! #DIV/0! $0 $0
D:\Docstoc\Working\pdf\[ae72c4f9-4370-42fb-9168-731aabb9f1b8.xls]Introduction
Created 5/02 by Mn/DOT Office of Investment Management (John Doan) Version 1.0
Mn/DOT SNOW CONTROL BENEFIT/COST MODEL
EXAMPLE SUMMARY PAGE
PROJECT LOCATION: I-35 2 miles North of TH 30 in D6 DATE: 5/8/2002
BENEFITS KEY
NO Snow Control Snow Control
VARIABLES (EXISTING) (PROPOSED) project specific inputs (entered by user)
standard values
Base Year 2002 2002 (http://www.oim.dot.state.mn.us/EASS/index.html)
Study Area Length (miles) 2.00 2.00 benefit/cost results
Length of Snow Fence (ln ft) 0 10,560 predetermined (user should not change)
GENERAL
AADT in Base Year 19,200 19,200
Annual Growth Rate 4.10% 4.10%
Car Occupancy 1.3 1.3
GLOBAL ASSUMPTIONS
Truck Occupancy 1.0 1.0 STANDARD VALUES
# days of drifting snow in an (To be changed by Snow
average year 30 30 Fence Coordinator)
Average Travel Speed (mph) 40 45 15 Analysis Period (years)
TIME BENEFITS Percent Trucks 14.6% 14.6% 4.5% Discount Rate
Road Closure (hrs/ heavy
snowfall year) 9 0 $9.71 Car Time Cost/hour
Road Closure Frequency (per
analysis period) 3 0 $18.00 Truck Time Cost/hour
Crash Rate Reduction (%) 0 70% $3,300,000 per Fatal Crash
Fatal Crash Rate (per 100mvm) 0.00 0.00 $260,000 per Personal Injury Type A Crash
Injury Type A Rate (/mvm) 0.04 0.01 $57,000 per Personal Injury Type B Crash
SAFETY BENEFITS Injury Type B Rate(/mvm) 0.07 0.02 $28,000 per Personal Injury Type C Crash
Injury Type C Rate (/mvm) 0.08 0.02 $110 Snowblower Cost per Hour
Property Damage Rate (/mvm) 0.64 0.19 $100 Bulldozer Cost per Hour
Crash Cost (/mvm) $15,526 $4,658 $100 V-Plow Cost per Hour
# Hrs Snowblower Needed per
average year 90 0 $100 SnoGo Cost per Hour
# Hrs Bulldozer Needed per
SNOW REMOVAL average year 0 0
BENEFITS # Hrs V-Plow Needed per
average year 0 0
# Hrs SnoGo Needed per
average year 25 0
COSTS
STRUCTURAL LIVING
COST VARIABLES Snow Fence Snow Fence Back Sloping Raise Road Grade
Lease, Easement or N/A LEASE LEASE Temp Easement EASEMENT
Right of Way Cost $5,200 $5,200 $80,000 $0
Installation Cost ($/ ln ft) $15.00 $2.00 $19.00 $32.00
Snow Fence Exp. Life (yrs) 25 50 100 50
AGENCY COSTS Routine Maint. Cost OF Snow
Fence ($/ ln ft) $0.75 $0.20 N/A N/A
Rehabilitation Cost ($/ ln ft) $3.00 $1.00 N/A N/A
Freq. of Rehab (per analysis
period) 2 1 0 0
BENEFIT / COST RESULTS
PV Benefits
B/C Ratio =
PV Costs - PV Remaining Capital Value
Structural Living Back Sloping Raise Road Grade
PV Benefits $1,307,584 $1,134,934 $340,244 $340,244
PV Costs $352,072 $112,662 $280,640 $337,920
PV Remaining Capital Value $43,707 $9,647 $101,601 $154,355
B/C Ratio 4.2 11.0 1.9 1.9
PV Road Maint Bens - PV Costs
+ PV RCV ($162,794) $42,556 ($33,468) ($37,994)
Net Present Value $999,219 $1,031,919 $161,205 $156,679
D:\Docstoc\Working\pdf\[ae72c4f9-4370-42fb-9168-731aabb9f1b8.xls]Introduction
Created 5/02 by Mn/DOT Office of Investment Management (John Doan) Version 1.0
SNOW CONTROL BENEFIT COST MODEL Created 5/02 by Mn/DOT Office of Investment Management (John Doan) Version 1.0
Location: 0
Assumes change in delay (Time Cost) due to improved speeds due to increased visibility and better road conditions,
change in overall crash rate, and reduction in maintenance costs.
NO SNOW FENCE SNOW FENCE
Length (miles) 0 0 Discount Rate 4.5%
Length of Snow Fence (ln ft) 0 0
Average Travel Speed (mph) 0 0 Car Time Cost/hour $9.71
Crash Rate Reduction (%) 0% 0% Car Occupancy 0.0
Fatal Crash Rate (/100mvm) 0 0 $3,300,000 per Fatal Crash Truck Time Cost/hour $18.00
Injury Type A Rate (/mvm) 0 0 $260,000 per Personal Injury Type A Crash Truck Occupancy 0.0
Injury Type B Rate(/mvm) 0 0 $57,000 per Personal Injury Type B Crash
Injury Type C Rate (/mvm) 0 0 $28,000 per Personal Injury Type C Crash Comments
Property Damage Rate (/mvm) 0 0 $110 per Property Damage Crash # Days per year of Drifting Snow 0 note that in hours this is =
Crash Cost (/mvm) $0 $0 0% crash rate reduction assumed # Hours of Road Closure 0 hrs per every closure event year
Freq of road closure over analysis period 0
AADT in year 0 - -
# Hrs needed on average
Annual Growth Rate 0.00% 0.00% year w/out snow control Cost per hour
Percent Trucks 0.0% 0.0% Snowblower 0 #### ###################
Bulldozer 0 #### ###################
Initial Year 0 V-Plow 0 #### ###################
Year Construction Complete 0 SnoGo 0 #### ###################
Benefit Period (years) 15 Total Heavy Equipment Cost per average year w/out snow control = ## ###################
BENEFITS
SAFETY
Existing Proposed Crash Present Value
Year # Year AADT Crash Costs Crash Costs Reduction Benefits Crash Red. Benefits
0 0 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0 $0
1 1 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0 $0
2 2 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0 $0
3 3 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0 $0
4 4 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0 $0
5 5 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0 $0
6 6 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0 $0
7 7 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0 $0
8 8 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0 $0
9 9 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0 $0
10 10 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0 $0
11 11 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0 $0
12 12 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0 $0
13 13 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0 $0
14 14 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0 $0
15 15 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0 $0
$0 <- PV Safety Bens
TIME
AADT Existing Proposed Elimination of Road Present Value
Year # Year Time Costs Time Costs Time Benefits Closure Benefits Time Benefits
0 0 0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! $0 #DIV/0!
1 1 0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! $0 #DIV/0!
2 2 0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! $0 #DIV/0!
3 3 0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! $0 #DIV/0!
4 4 0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! $0 #DIV/0!
5 5 0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! $0 #DIV/0!
6 6 0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! $0 #DIV/0!
7 7 0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! $0 #DIV/0!
8 8 0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! $0 #DIV/0!
9 9 0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! $0 #DIV/0!
10 10 0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! $0 #DIV/0!
11 11 0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! $0 #DIV/0!
12 12 0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! $0 #DIV/0!
13 13 0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! $0 #DIV/0!
14 14 0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! $0 #DIV/0!
15 15 0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! $0 #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! <- PV Time Bens
SNOW REMOVAL BENEFITS
Existing Heavy Equip Proposed Heavy Equip Present Value
Year # Year Snow Removal Cost Snow Removal Cost Total Maint Bens Road Maint Benefits
0 0 - $0 - $0
1 1 - $0 - $0
2 2 - $0 - $0
3 3 - $0 - $0
4 4 - $0 - $0
5 5 - $0 - $0
6 6 - $0 - $0
7 7 - $0 - $0
8 8 - $0 - $0
9 9 - $0 - $0
10 10 - $0 - $0
11 11 - $0 - $0
12 12 - $0 - $0
13 13 - $0 - $0
14 14 - $0 - $0
15 15 - $0 - $0
$0 <- PV Maintenance Bens
TOTAL PV BENEFITS
Backsloping/Raising Road
Present Value Present Value Present Value Structural Snow Fence Living Snow Fence Living Snow Fence Grade Backsloping/Raising Road Grade
Year # Year Crash Red. Benefits Time Benefits Snow Removal Benefits Annual PV Benefits Annual PV Benefits Comments Annual PV Benefits Comments
maturation rate
0 0 $0 #DIV/0! $0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 20% of total benefits $0 Earthwork improvements
1 1 $0 #DIV/0! $0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 40% of total benefits $0 do not result in any
2 2 $0 #DIV/0! $0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 60% of total benefits $0 time benefits
3 3 $0 #DIV/0! $0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 80% of total benefits $0
4 4 $0 #DIV/0! $0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 100% of total benefits $0
5 5 $0 #DIV/0! $0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! $0
6 6 $0 #DIV/0! $0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! $0
7 7 $0 #DIV/0! $0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! $0
8 8 $0 #DIV/0! $0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! $0
9 9 $0 #DIV/0! $0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! $0
10 10 $0 #DIV/0! $0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! $0
11 11 $0 #DIV/0! $0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! $0
12 12 $0 #DIV/0! $0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! $0
13 13 $0 #DIV/0! $0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! $0
14 14 $0 #DIV/0! $0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! $0
15 15 $0 #DIV/0! $0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! $0
PV Struct Snow Fence -> #DIV/0! #DIV/0! <- PV Living Snow Fence $0 <- PV Earthwork
COSTS
STRUCTURAL SNOW FENCE LIVING SNOW FENCE
Cost RCV Factors in yr 15 RCV Cost RCV Factors in yr 15 RCV
(4.5% RCV Curve w/ 25 yr expected life) (4.5% RCV Curve w/50 yr expected life)
15 Yr Lease for R/W (annual) $0 0.00 $0 15 Yr Lease for R/W (annual) $0 0.00 $0
Perm Easement for R/W $0 0.99 $0 Perm Easement for R/W $0 0.99 $0
Install Cost per ln ft $0 na na Install Cost per ln ft $0 na na
Maintenance Cost per ln ft $0.00 na na Maintenance Cost per ln ft $0.00 na na
Snow Fence $0 0.53 $0 Snow Fence $0 0.88 $0
Present Value RCV $0 Present Value RCV $0
STRUCTURAL SNOW FENCE PROJECT COSTS
Easement Lease Routine Rejuvenation/Rehabilitation Present Value
Year # Year Installation Costs ROW Costs ROW Costs Maintenance Costs Costs Annual Project Cost Project Cost
0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
1 1 $0 $0 $0 $0
2 2 $0 $0 $0 $0
3 3 $0 $0 $0 $0
4 4 $0 $0 $0 $0
5 5 $0 $0 $0 $0
6 6 $0 $0 $0 $0
7 7 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
8 8 $0 $0 $0 $0
9 9 $0 $0 $0 $0
10 10 $0 $0 $0 $0
11 11 $0 $0 $0 $0
12 12 $0 $0 $0 $0
13 13 $0 $0 $0 $0
14 14 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
15 15 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
$0 <- PV Total Structural Snow Fence Project Cost
LIVING SNOW FENCE PROJECT COSTS
Easement Lease Routine Rejuvenation/Rehabilitation Present Value
Year # Year Installation Costs ROW Costs ROW Costs Maintenance Costs Costs Annual Project Cost Project Cost
0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
1 1 $0 $0 $0 $0
2 2 $0 $0 $0 $0
3 3 $0 $0 $0 $0
4 4 $0 $0 $0 $0
5 5 $0 $0 $0 $0
6 6 $0 $0 $0 $0
7 7 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
8 8 $0 $0 $0 $0
9 9 $0 $0 $0 $0
10 10 $0 $0 $0 $0
11 11 $0 $0 $0 $0
12 12 $0 $0 $0 $0
13 13 $0 $0 $0 $0
14 14 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
15 15 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
$0 <- PV Total Living Snow Fence Project Cost
BACKSLOPING EARTHWORK RAISE ROAD GRADE EARTHWORK
Cost RCV Factors in yr 15 RCV Cost RCV Factors in yr 15 RCV
(4.5% RCV Curve w/ 100 yr expected life) (4.5% RCV Curve w/ 50 yr expected life)
Temp Easement for R/W $0 0.00 $0 Perm Easement for R/W $0 0.99 $0
Backsloping Earthwork Cost per ln ft $0 na na Raise Road Grade Earthwork Cost per ln ft $0 na na
Maintenance Cost per ln ft N/A na na Maintenance Cost per ln ft N/A na na
Backsloping Earthwork $0 0.98 $0 Raise Road Grade Earthwork $0 0.88 $0
Present Value RCV $0 Present Value RCV $0
EARTHWORK PROJECT COSTS
Backsloping Temp Backsloping Present Value Raise Road Grade
Year # Year Backsloping Costs Easement ROW Costs Project Cost Present Value Costs
0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
1 1 $0 $0
2 2 $0 $0
3 3 $0 $0
4 4 $0 $0
5 5 $0 $0
6 6 $0 $0
7 7 $0 $0
8 8 $0 $0
9 9 $0 $0
10 10 $0 $0
11 11 $0 $0
12 12 $0 $0
13 13 $0 $0
14 14 $0 $0
15 15 $0 $0
PV Backsloping Total Project Cost -> $0 $0 <- PV Raise Road Grade Total Project Cost
BENEFIT COST RATIOS
Structural Living Backsloping Raise Road Grade
PV Benefits #DIV/0! #DIV/0! $0 $0
PV Benefits PV Costs $0 $0 $0 $0
B/C Ratio =
PV Costs - PV RCV PV RCV $0 $0 $0 $0
B/C Ratio #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
PV Road Maint Bens - PV
Costs + PV RCV $0 $0 $0 $0
Net Present Value #DIV/0! #DIV/0! $0 $0
D:\Docstoc\Working\pdf\[ae72c4f9-4370-42fb-9168-731aabb9f1b8.xls]Introduction
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