EUROPEAN BIOFUELS REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS
BARRY CAHILL PSA PEUGEOT CITROEN CONVENOR CEN TASK FORCE ETHANOL CONVENOR CEN TASK FORCE BIODIESEL
28th June 2007
PSA Peugeot Citroën
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BIOFUELS : a positive double impact
An immediately available solution to reduce exhaust pollutants and CO2
Gasoline pathway Diesel fuel pathway
MT Synfuels
Ethanol
Beet, Cereals Sugar cane(Brazil) Cellulose (R&D)
FAEE
Ethyl esters of rapeseed, sunflower, soy...
FAME
Methyl esters of rapeseed...
« Biomass to liquid » : Fischer Tropsch diesel
BtL
®
NexBTL®, HBio®
Refinery component
HTU® + HD0
ETBE
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European Biofuel Standards and Regulations
Intense activity in Europe regarding biofuels:
EU policy for 5.75% bio energy in automotive fuels in 2010 7% bio energy in 2015 10% bio energy in 2020
Reasons are well known :
reduce dependancy on petroleum products reduce C02 emissions support the agricultural community
A major activity supporting this policy is the establishment of European regulations and standards
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European Biofuel Standards and Regulations
European Directives are obligatory on all Member States, Standards are optional until they are adopted into the regulations of individual Member States Curiously, ethanol is included in the EU Directive on Fuel Quality because of its impact on emissions, but biodiesel is not mentioned in the Directive, only in the CEN diesel fuel standard EN590 Nevertheless, as the Member States have adopted EN590 into their national regulations, the biodiesel at up to 5% is therefore permitted.
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European Biodiesel Standard
EU Commission mandated CEN in 1997 to develop standards for biodiesel products:
a standard for pure product to be used at 100% a less stringent standard for biodiesel as a blend component.
This mandate provoked animated debate between industry and Commission, as engines do not understand less stringent standards. A CEN Task Force was set up to do the work. A draft standard was agreed in 2000, a single standard for pure fuel and for a blending component, now known as EN 14214, and officially published in 2003.
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European Biodiesel Standard
The EN14214 standard works well in practice, and is supporting the biodiesel industry in Europe World production of biodiesel:
Europe USA Brazil Rest 3.26 Mt 0.26 Mt 0.07 Mt 0.11 Mt (88%) ( 7%) ( 2%) ( 3%)
(source IFP: 2005)
Some use of pure biodiesel fuel in Europe, but the majority is blended at up to 5% in petroleum-based diesel fuel
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CEN EN 14214 Fatty Acid Methyl Ester
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Current technology for Diesel engines
Many millions of high pressure direct injection « common rail » engines are in use since their introduction in 1998 Stress on fuel is high in these systems
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Diesel Particulate Filter System
Injector + régulator
HDi engine
High pressure pump 1
Calculator 2 3
Fuel tank Feed pump 1. Pilot injection 2. Principal injection 3. Secondary injection Sensors : P and T Exhaust gas ADDITIVE TANK
Common rail injectionl
DPF Oxydation catalyst
silencer DPF
Engine fuel system
COMMON RAIL The particule is intercepted and burned
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EUROPEAN BIODIESEL AT >10%?
Main difficulty of biodiesel at >10% is not the technical adaptation, but rather that of backwards compatibility. Certain vehicles already in the fleet cannot use high biodiesel content without serious risk. Fragmentation of the vehicle market leads to higher vehicle costs for the customer due to loss of economies of scale Fuel distributors have made it clear that most filling stations cannot distribute a multitude of different fuel grades There would be inevitable problems as customers choose the wrong fuel ( B5 - B10 - Bx?) Increasing the biodiesel content must be done carefully and gradually to avoid creating difficulties for customers
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Effects of Biodiesel on Engines
Biodiesel in petroleum-based Diesel fuel
less stable than conventional Diesel fuel
formation of solid products of oxidation in fuel, blocking fuel filters injector fouling, engine power loss the blend of diesel fuel / biodiesel needs to be robustly stable to withstand these risks
impurities,
catalyst damage due to metal impurities manufacture of biodiesel needs to ensure high levels of purity
boiling characteristics
engine oil dilution by heavy components when post injection is used, engine damage risk from contaminated oil vehicle technology needs to be adapted to biodiesel levels higher than 5%
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TRENDS FOR THE FUTURE
Engine technology is being driven to high levels of sophistication due to: customer expectations for driveablity, power, low maintainance reduced fuel consumption / CO2 increasingly severe exhaust emissions regulations more space for vehicle occupants / less space for engines down-sizing engines The EPEFE programme in Europe and the Auto/Oil programme in the USA have shown that engines are sensitive to fuel quality. So engine progress must be matched by progress in fuel quality to adapt fuels to engine needs. The presence of biological components add an extra set of fuel characteristics that may compromise good engine driveability and durability.
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CEN DIESEL AND BIODIESEL ACTIVITIES NOW UNDER WAY
CEN WG24 is now mandated to draw up a diesel fuel standard containing up to 10% biodiesel for general use in Europe CEN WG24 / Biodiesel Taskforce is mandated to revise the biodiesel standard EN14214 that will allow a wider range of feedstocks to be used. This study is now under way.
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World Biofuel Standards?
Engine requirements in terms of fuel are the same the world over - see World Wide Fuel Charter The engine constraints mentioned earlier incite engine makers to demand fuels of very high quality Biofuel producers must recognise and follow this trend if they wish to access the market. If automobile owners associate biofuel with vehicle problems, there is not any future for biofuels World biofuel standards may be possible, but only at high quality levels consistent with engine requirements
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Conclusion / Perspectives
The internal combustion engine will remain as the automotive power source for many years to come. Fossil fuels with renewable energy forms, including biofuels blends, will contribute to sustainability. Fuels of high quality, including biofuel blends with backwards compatibility, are essential for trouble-free vehicle operation. Good fuel standards and market quality monitoring are essential components of this scenario
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