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HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of Chemistry and Materials Sciences
Forest Products Technology
INSTRUCTIONS FOR LABORATORY REPORT WRITING
29.1.2008
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 3
2 GENERAL GOALS AND OBJECTIVES .............................................................................................. 3
3 INFORMATION SEARCH .................................................................................................................... 4
4 LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................................... 5
5 LABORATORY TASKS ........................................................................................................................ 5
6 LANGUAGE AND SPELLING ............................................................................................................. 6
7 REPORT COMPOSITION ..................................................................................................................... 6
8 REPORT LAYOUT ................................................................................................................................ 8
8.1 Font, editing and pagination ........................................................................................................... 8
8.2 Headlining ...................................................................................................................................... 9
8.3 Equations and formulas ................................................................................................................ 10
8.4 Tables and figures ........................................................................................................................ 10
8.5 Revision ....................................................................................................................................... 12
9 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 13
9.1 Referring and listing references ................................................................................................... 13
9.2 Reference systems ........................................................................................................................ 13
9.3 References .................................................................................................................................... 13
9.3.1 Reference number system ............................................................................................... 14
9.3.2 Harvard or author-date-system ........................................................................................ 15
9.4 List of references .......................................................................................................................... 15
9.4.1 Printed references ........................................................................................................... 16
9.4.2 Electronic references ....................................................................................................... 18
9.4.3 Interview ......................................................................................................................... 21
10 REPORT EVALUATION .................................................................................................................... 22
LIST OF REFERENCES
APPENDICES
Forest Products Technology Instructions for Laboratory Report Writing
1 INTRODUCTION
This is the revised version of the Instructions for laboratory and research report
writing at the Department of Forest Products Technology at TKK. This new
English version will take effect in the spring semester 2006. The instructions
include general guidelines for report writing and the formal appearance of the
report.
In addition to the substance content of a laboratory and other reports, you need to
pay attention to the formal presentation of the text, such as using literature
sources, proper referencing, style and the structure of the report. You can find
useful instructions for report writing also from the following sources.
In English:
Perelman, L. & Paradis, J. & Barrett E. The Mayfield Handbook of Technical &
Scientific Writing. Mayfield Publishing Company. English teachers at TKK
recommend this book.
In Finnish:
Nykänen, O. Toimivaa tekstiä, Opas tekniikasta kirjoittaville. Tekniikan
Akateemisten Liitto TEK. This guide gives thorough instructions to writing
different types of formal texts.
Kauranen, I. & Ropponen, P. & Aaltonen M. Tutkimusraportin kirjoittamisen
opas. TKK Opintotoimisto. This is a narrower guide that concentrates on writing
research reports.
2 GENERAL GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
The general objectives of the laboratory and other exercises include:
to acquaint you with the use of professional literature in solving
a given problem
to help you to absorb what has been taught in the lectures
to provide you opportunities to apply the theories taught in the
lectures to practice
to train you to plan for the experiments, to carry out the tests,
and to compose a laboratory report
to teach you to analyse their experimental results and find
connections in them
to familiarize you with the common laboratory equipment and
experimental data analysis methods
Forest Products Technology 3 Instructions for Laboratory Report Writing
These goals are achieved through various types of exercises. When working on a
literature task, you learn to search for information from professional literature.
With the knowledge obtained in classroom, you will study the literature and
decide what information is relevant to your work. By comparing the acquired
information, you will learn to view the information critically. Another important
objective is that you will learn to write an academic report.
During laboratory tasks, you will learn the rudiments of scientific research. You
will receive a research topic, identify the problem and find an appropriate way to
solve it. After that you will work out an experimental plan and carry out the tests.
When the experiments are finished, you will make an in-depth study of the results,
for example, by variance analysis and regression methods when applicable. In
writing the report, you are required to introduce the background of the work, to
interpret the experimental results, and to draw conclusions from them.
3 INFORMATION SEARCH
Appropriate information search is an important part of exercise report writing. A
preliminary study may be based on textbooks only, but a more thorough, in-depth
research must be based on scientific journal articles, conference presentations and
thesis works, because an information search based only on textbooks is too
narrow.
In information search it is important to use various types of sources. You need to
combine and revise the acquired information so that you can present the substance
in your own words. Thus the text must be a synthesis of information acquired
from several sources - one source is not enough! The basic rule is that you should
use public sources in exercise reports, if you want to use other sources, the
instructor approves them first.
You can find good-quality electronic sources on the web site of the TKK library
and the web site of the Department of Forest Products Technology. In addition to
electronic journals, through the web site of the TKK library you have access to
several databases such as Chemical Abstract Service - SciFinder Scholar. Through
the same web site you also have access to the online information systems of the
TKK library and other universities' libraries. With the information systems you
can locate library materials, check their availability and reserve them.
Anyone can publish any information on his or her web site. Thus, you need
critical consideration of the reliability of the web sites. Note that when you use the
general search engines (such as Google), the search results may include outdated,
inaccurate or even completely misleading information. Use the www-based search
engines in a versatile way; do not settle for the general search engines only. You
can search for figures and general field-related information from the three learning
environments developed for the industry's needs: KnowPap, KnowPulp and
Forest Products Technology 4 Instructions for Laboratory Report Writing
KnowTimber. However, we do not recommend making text references to these
sources.
Sometimes you need information that cannot be found in literature. In such case
the best source of information is an expert interview. When conducting
interviews, remember to set objectives to and organize your work carefully. Plan
the set of questions you are going to use beforehand. This is the only way to
secure that the objectives of the interview can be achieved. In addition to
interviews, you may sometimes conduct a questionnaire survey.
4 LITERATURE REVIEW
When conducting literature review, you learn to search for information from
professional literature. The aim is to find out, what kind of research is already
done of a certain topic. Referring does not mean copying. You are supposed to
make a logical synthesis of the information you have found.
5 LABORATORY TASKS
Laboratory tasks and experiments are performed in order to analyse connections
between various phenomena. The report of a laboratory task always includes a
literature review, which presents what is already known about the subject and
what matters need further investigation. When you start conducting the
experiments, you need to have a good command of the substance that is required
in the literature review. This gives you a basis to understand what the laboratory
task is about and why the experiments are performed.
The main objective of a laboratory task is to resolve a research problem. In its
broadest form you need to conduct and report the following issues in a laboratory
task:
- design the experimental layout
- conduct the necessary tests
- analyse the data with a statistical method
- discuss your results
- give appropriate recommendations
The experimental layout describes:
- the objectives and restrictions of the experiments
- the testing arrangement
- the measures to be taken and the measurement methods used
- the method of treating the results
Forest Products Technology 5 Instructions for Laboratory Report Writing
6 LANGUAGE AND SPELLING
In writing, you need to pay attention to the proper spelling and grammar. You
need to know and apply the basic grammar rules and check that the text is fluent
and logical. Use the proofreading tools of the word-processing programs and
remember to proofread the text yourself, also.
The text in the exercise report should be proper scientific text, which means that
/1, p. 35/ or (Nykänen 2002, p. 35):
- Write the facts as they are presented in the original source of information
and your own opinions are not included.
- Reason all statements with a reference to literature or results from your
own experimental work.
- Mark all the references clearly enough so that the reader is able to verify
the statements from the original source.
- Define all the terms used in the text.
- Explain all abbreviations used in the text.
- Your text must be an accurate combination of general language and
established professional language.
- The tone of your text must be neutral and it should not include figurative
language or humour.
- In Finnish text, use the passive voice of verbs or the third person of the
active voice. In English text, use the active voice (such as in this guideline).
- The first person of the active voice is appropriate only when you are
expressing you own opinions, e.g. in the preface, thanking or a separate
section of comments or feedback.
7 REPORT COMPOSITION
Compose the report as presented below /2, p. 24-43/ or (Kauranen et al. 1993, p.
24-43). The example presented below is of a laboratory task. If there are many
abbreviations and symbols, attach a separate list of symbols and abbreviations
before introduction.
Cover Page
Each report must include a cover page. Appendix 1 presents a sample cover page.
Abstract
One part of the exercise report is the abstract, which familiarizes the reader with
the essential content of the text. The abstract is an independent entity so that the
reader can understand it without referring to the original text. The abstract
includes the objectives of the work, the methods used, the main results, the
significance of the results and conclusions.
Forest Products Technology 6 Instructions for Laboratory Report Writing
The results that should be presented in the abstract are:
- new and validated results
- results that have long-term value
- results that are contradictory to previously presented theories
- results that have practical implications
Place the abstract before the table of contents in a report. See Appendix 2 for a
sample abstract.
Table of Contents
Appendix 3 presents a sample table of contents for a laboratory task, Appendix 4
for a literature review and Appendix 5 for a combination of the two.
Introduction
In the introduction, explain the basis for the work, describe the problems related to
the topic, define the restrictions of the work and state the objectives of the work.
Do not describe the research itself or the results you have obtained. The objective
of the introduction is to give the reader an overall picture of the subject and how it
relates to the scientific field in a broader sense. The research needs to be limited
into an appropriate breadth. Explain clearly, what you have included in the
research and what you have left out. Appendix 6 presents an example of an
introduction.
Literature Review
Present the previous research results that are related to your topic in the literature
part. The literature part aims to outline, what is already known about the subject.
Familiarizing yourself with the previous knowledge also helps you to understand
the research problem better.
Materials and Methods
Explain the methods used in the experiments and the research methods used in
this section (e.g. the raw materials and equipment used, test conditions,
mathematical equations and possible computer programs). If you are using a
standard method you do not need to explain it in detail. You can simply mention
the name and the number of the standard, which you have used for the testing
procedure. Do not mention the standards in the list of references. Note that you do
not need to refer to the laboratory task's instruction in your report.
Results and Discussion
Display your results accurately and mention also possible sources of error and
exceptions to the anticipated results. If you have conducted parallel
determinations, calculate their mean values. If enough parallel values for a
reasonable statistical analysis are present, calculate also the confidence interval
Forest Products Technology 7 Instructions for Laboratory Report Writing
(e.g. on the confidence level of 95 %). Plot the confidence intervals to the graphs
as well.
Attach the complete table of results, including the mean values and confidence
intervals, to the appendices. In the actual text, present only the results and graphs
needed to understand the phenomenon. Remember to include any exceptional
values and analyse possible reasons for such values in the text.
In the discussion part, compare your results with the results from the previous
studies and analyse the factors affecting the results critically. Remember that
together with the conclusions, discussion is the most important part of your
report.
The discussion can form a separate chapter after results. This is appropriate, if
there are a large number of results to display.
Conclusions and Recommendations
This part discusses the significance of the results and their relationship as well as
the connection to the original objectives of the work. In addition, you can evaluate
the methods used and develop ideas, how the research work should be continued.
Do not underestimate your own results, but attempt to explain and understand
them thoroughly.
Summary
Present the most important information about the background of the work, the
methods used, the results obtained and the conclusions in the summary. You must
establish the summary on the report you have written only, do not present any
new information at this point. In the exercise reports you can also introduce
proposals for improvement and other comments related to the exercise in the
summary. You can present conclusions and summary in the same chapter, if
needed.
List of References
Appendices
A list of references can precede the Appendices. Appendices are presented in the
same order in which they occur in the text.
8 REPORT LAYOUT
8.1 Font, editing and pagination
Write the exercise report with a word-processing program using hyphenation and
justifying both margins. The layout of the report should be neat and well
organised. Leave enough space on top of the headings and between the paragraphs
and use wide enough margins (at least 2 cm in each side) Note! Double-faced
printing or binding the work (e.g. Master’s thesis) may require extra wide margins.
Forest Products Technology 8 Instructions for Laboratory Report Writing
Use the following margins in the Master’s thesis:
Left 4 cm
Right 3 cm
Top and bottom 3 cm
The recommended line spacing is 1 or 1.5 and the recommended font size a
normal middle-sized font, such as Times New Roman or Arial 12 pt. You can use
various font styles and effects such as bold, Italic or underlining for emphasising.
Avoid too short (e.g. only one sentence) and too long (e.g. full page) paragraphs.
Separate the paragraphs with an empty line between them and start the new
paragraph from the beginning of the new line.
Report pages must be numbered. The page numbers are counted from the cover
page onwards, but they are marked visibly only after the abstract and the table of
the contents. The consistent, running page numbering continues until the end of
the report, including possible appendices. You may also number the appendices by
internal numbering for each appendix separately. The recommended place for the
page number is in the footer (on the bottom of the page), in the middle of the page.
In addition to the page number, you can also place the name of the writer in the
footer.
8.2 Headlining
Write the first-level headings in the beginning of a line with capital letters and
number them. Paragraphs starting with a first-level heading are often started in the
beginning of a new page. Write the headings of the second-level chapters with
small letters, starting also from the beginning of a line and number them according
to the first-level headings. Write the third-level headings in the same way as the
second-level headings. Note that a well-organised report contains no more than
three levels of headings.
You can use different font sizes for different levels of headings (e.g. 14 pt for the
first-level headings and 12 pt for the second-level and third-level headings). Do
not write a full stop after the heading number. In the following is an example how
to headline your report properly:
4 FIRST-LEVEL HEADING
4.1 Second-level heading
4.1.1 Third-level heading
Forest Products Technology 9 Instructions for Laboratory Report Writing
8.3 Equations and formulas
Write equations as presented below. Place index number on the right side inside
the parentheses (see equation 1). Avoid equal sign in the explanatory part, because
it is a mathematical symbol. Use international SI units.
Shearing resistance is calculated from the equation
3 Fmax
, (1)
4 b h
where Fmax is force (N)
b is width of the test specimen (mm)
h is height of the test specimen (mm).
Chemical reaction formulas are numbered the same way as mathematical
equations, e.g.:
H2O2 OH OOH H2O (2)
If there are both mathematical equations and chemical formulas in your report,
they can be numbered together, or they can be numbered separately using a
different numbering symbol for one group, e.g. (I), (II), (III), (IV),.... or (a), (b),
(c), ......
8.4 Tables and figures
You have to refer to every figure and table in the body text. Tables and figures
must be separately numbered, and the numbers should run consecutively in the
order in which they appear in the text. Place tables and figures close to the point
where they are first referred. Do not break them up from their captions to another
page.
Each table or figure must have a caption. Font sizes and line spacing can differ
from body type text in figures, tables and captions. Remember to mark references
in the captions. You can include extensive and detailed tables, such as the
experimental parameters, in the appendices.
Forest Products Technology 10 Instructions for Laboratory Report Writing
The reader should be able to understand the captions without reading the
body text.
- With figures, place the caption always below the figure (see the
Figures 1 and 2).
- Write the caption with the same language you have used in the
report even if the figure contains text in other language.
- You don’t have to explain self-evident matters in the caption.
- However, you have to explain each matter or symbol presented in
the figure. You can introduce symbols either in the figure or in the
caption.
- Figures have to be clear also in black-and-white printouts.
7,5 h
F
h
b
F/2 F/2
15 h
Figure 1. Experimental arrangement of the shearing resistance test according to
standard ISO 3133. F is force, b is width of the test specimen, and h is the height
of the test specimen. In this case span is 300 mm (15h).
Figure 2. Effect of clearance between the blade and the backing roll on coat
weight.
Forest Products Technology 11 Instructions for Laboratory Report Writing
Tables have to be clear and easy to understand.
- With tables, place the caption always above the table (see Table 1).
- Border the tables.
- Give a clear title for each column and row. The items listed should
have a name and a proper unit.
- Remember: in Finnish decimal points are marked with a comma
(2,37) and in English with a full stop (2.37).
- Mark exceptional values with an asterisk and explain them below
the table (see Table 2).
Table 1. Permitted dimensional deviation in the sawn Nordic softwood. /3, p. 22/
or (Anon. 1994, p. 22)
Nominal dimension Permitted undersize Permitted oversize
(mm) (mm) (mm)
Thickness 100 -1 +3
and width > 100 -2 +4
Length 1800- 5400 -0 + 50
Table 2. Handsheet properties of the pulps. Variation is expressed as 95%
confidence.
Pulps Apparent density Tensile index Tear resistance index
(kg/m3) (N ·m/g) (N ·m3/kg)
Kraft 466.0 ± 2.4 20.7 ± 1.1 16.0 ± 1.6 *
GW 312.0 ± 1.3 17.5 ± 0.5 3.7 ± 0.4 *
TMP 175.5 ± 1.0 4.3 ± 0.2 1.8 ± 0.2 *
SAP 436.0 ± 3.9 20.5 ± 1.0 24.0 ± 1.8 *
*) The scatter was high because the specimens tested were too few.
8.5 Revision
When you have finished writing the paper you have to revise it. Verify at least the
following:
text is logical and consistent
text lay-out is as instructed
correct values in equations, tables and figures are present
spelling is corrected
hyphenation (if used) is appropriate
numbering of figures, tables and appendices is logical
all the references in the text are accurate
all the references are listed correctly
Forest Products Technology 12 Instructions for Laboratory Report Writing
9 REFERENCES
9.1 Referring and Listing References
The list of references provides the reader with the necessary information to locate
the references cited in your text. The importance of references is often overlooked.
Using other people’s lines or ideas without proper acknowledgement, intentionally
or unintentionally, constitutes plagiarism. This type of practice is inexcusable in
higher academic circles. Plagiarism is a serious offence and can lead to severe
consequences. To insulate yourself from plagiarism, keep in mind that material
and thoughts gathered from others must not appear to be your own. One good way
to ensure this is to cite your references properly. Therefore, make sure the
references are accurate, and do follow a standardized format when you cite and
list references.
You have to make a synthesis from the material you have collected from the
different sources of information. Tell the main things from the literature with
your own words, but be careful not to change the original idea. If it is absolutely
necessary to use direct quotations, remember to use quotation marks. Do not use
long direct quotations.
9.2 Reference systems
There are different practices to list references. Various fields of science prefer
different reference systems. Also different publishers such as different journals
can have varying reference systems. In the field of forest products technology the
most common reference systems are:
Author-date or Harvard system
Reference number system (references listed in the order of appearance).
Reference number system is often used in the publications of chemical wood
processing. Reference number system is used also in the reports written on the
courses that are organized by the laboratories of Forest Products Chemistry,
Chemical Pulping and Environmental Technology and Paper Technology. In the
field of wood technology and on the courses organized by the laboratory of Wood
Technology, the Harvard system is used. These instructions give examples of the
use of both above mentioned systems. Learn at least one system properly and use
it logically.
9.3 References
Use references when a certain piece of information is not generally known in the
field, or when the information is quoted from other people’s work. References
make it clear to the reader, which information is taken from others and which is
the writer’s own idea.
Forest Products Technology 13 Instructions for Laboratory Report Writing
There is not an established rule to decide when a citation should be made, but a
general that it is necessary to cite the reference whenever values are quoted.
Likewise, the sources of tables and figures must be cited; cite the sources in the
captions. Quotation marks are needed if direct quotations are used. You must
always read through the original source of information.
9.3.1 Reference Number System
References are numbered consecutively in the order of their appearance in
the text. The numbers are written between two slashes. If an idea comes from
several sources, cite all the references, for example, /8–12/ or /4, 7, 8–12/. When
citing a journal article or conference paper, write only the reference number. When
citing information from a book, write the number of the page from which it is
taken from as well, for example /8, p. 412/. If there are several pages, use pp., for
example /8, pp. 412-414/
If the whole paragraph is based on the same source(s), the reference number is
written separately to the end of the paragraph. Remember to put a full stop after
the reference.
Fibre fractionation has the potential to be used for several grades of recovered
paper and in several combinations of operations. Fractionation can be used to
split the pulp into two different pulp streams, with each furnish used for different
grades of paper. Alternatively, the two fractions can be reblended in proportions
(and perhaps after treatment of one fraction) to produce desired qualities in the
pulp. Finally, fractionation can be used to remove an unwanted portion from the
fibre stream. /33, p. 212/.
It is also acceptable to place the reference number at the beginning of the
paragraph (in the opening sentence), if it is clear that the citation continues:
- A model of the mass flow impinging the trailing blade suggested by Donalds et
al. /12/. They showed that…
The reference numbers can be placed after the names of the writers, as in the case
of the previous and the following three examples. If there are one or two writers,
simply write their names. If there are more than two writers, write only the name
of the first writer, and add “et al.” (et al. means ”and others”). However, write the
names of all the writers in the list of references.
- Ryti et al. /11/ showed .........
- According to Jiang and Lowe /10, pp. 90-93/....,
- Recent work by Hogan and Parker /5/ shows that…
If the citation is short and you write it in just one sentence, place the reference
number at the end of the sentence, before a full stop:
Forest Products Technology 14 Instructions for Laboratory Report Writing
- Repulping at higher consistencies shows to result in more rapid defibering, a
higher degree of ink removal and less contaminant degradation /25/.
9.3.2 Harvard or Author-Date-System
The same ground rules that have been presented in the chapters 9.3.1 and 9.4 for
reference number system apply also for the Harvard (author-date) system. The
main difference is that instead of the reference number between two slashes the
name of the author and the year of publication are written between two
parentheses, for example (Konttinen 1998). When citing information from a book,
write the number of the page it is taken from as well.
- According to Jiang and Lowe (1995, pp. 90 - 93) ....
- Donalds et al. (1980) suggested a model of the mass flow impinging the trailing
blade. They showed that…
- Repulping at higher consistencies showed to result in more rapid defibering, a
higher degree of ink removal and less contaminant degradation (Ryti 1980, pp.
90-95)...
9.4 List of References
The list of references provides the reader with the necessary information to locate
the references cited in your text. Put all the sources of information you have
referred to in the list of references. Organizing the list of references depend on the
reference system.
In the reference number system references are listed in the order they occur in
the text. In the Harvard system sources of information are presented usually in
the alphabetical order according to the author without numbering. If the same
author has several works they are presented in the chronological order when using
Harvard system. If the same author has several works the same year they are
separated with a letter following the date.
The examples presented in the next chapters are written according to reference
number system. You have to make following changes for the Harvard system:
Write the first names of the authors completely and place the year of publication
right after the names of the authors. The sources of information for these
instructions are listed in the both ways on the page 23.
Forest Products Technology 15 Instructions for Laboratory Report Writing
9.4.1 Printed References
Journal Articles
1. Jiang, J. E. & Lowe, R. W. Extended modified cooking of southern pine with polysulphide –
effect on elemental-chlorine-free bleaching. J. Pulp Pap. Sci. 21(1995):3. pp. 76-79.
The format of the reference: Reference number. Author 1, Author 2 & Author 3. Title of the
article. Name of the journal (abbreviated as published in ABIPST, see Appendix 7). Volume
number(year of publication)issue number. pp. page numbers of the article.
If the journal does not have a volume number, do as shown in the following
example:
2. Laitinen, S. & Törnudd, E. Tekninen informaatio ja dokumentointi. Tutkimus ja tekniikka
1976:9. pp. 17-19.
The format of the reference: Reference number. Author(s). Title of the article. Name of the
journal. (Year of publication):issue number. pp. page numbers of the article.
In case that original article cannot be found, cite the original article as well as the
abstract bulletin from which the article is found:
3. Ihkelson, E. S. Determination of maximum pore diameter in long-fibered paper. Bumazh.
Prom. 1968:5. pp. 15-16. Ref. ABIPC. 39(1968-69):4777T.
The format of the reference: Reference number. Author(s). Title of the article. Name of the
journal. (Year of publication):issue number. pp. page numbers of the article. Ref. Title of the
abstract page. Volume number(Year of publication): reference number of the article in the
abstract bulletin.
Books
If the same author(s) has written the whole book, the format of the reference is:
4. Smook, G. A. Handbook for pulp and paper technologists. 2nd edition. Angus Wilde
Publications. Vancouver, B.C. 1992. 419 p.
The format of the reference: Reference number. Author(s). Name of the book. Edition (if there are
many). Publisher. Place + year of publication. Number of pages+ p.
If you take the reference from a chapter of a book, which is written by many
contributing authors (e.g. most of the Fapet books), write the reference as shown
in the following example:
5. Barton, R., Tredway, C., Ellis, M. & Sullivan, E. Hydrosulfite bleaching. Pulp and Paper
Manufacture vol. 2, Mechanical pulping. 3rd edition. Ed. R. A. Leask. Publ. The Joint Textbook
Committee of the Paper Industry. Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Que. 1987. pp. 227-237.
The format of the reference: Reference number. Author(s) of the article (or chapter). Title of the
article (chapter). Name of the book. Edition (if there are many). Ed. Editor(s) of the book. Publ.
publisher of the book. Place + year of publication. pp. page numbers of the article (chapter).
Forest Products Technology 16 Instructions for Laboratory Report Writing
Conference Proceedings
6. Arhippainen, B. & Malinen, R. Cost competitiveness of oxygen bleaching. Tappi 1987
International Oxygen Delignification Conference. San Diego, CA. June 7-12, 1987. TAPPI
Press. Atlanta 1987. pp. 23-27.
The format of the reference: Reference number. Author(s) of the presentation. Title of the
presentation. Name of the conference. Venue of the conference. Time of the conference. Publisher
or the organiser of the conference. Place + year of publication. pp. page numbers of the
presentation.
Serial Publications, Research Reports, Other Reports
7. Muurinen, A. Diffusion of anions and cations in compacted sodium bentonite. Valtion
teknillinen tutkimuskeskus. VTT Publications 168. Espoo 1994. 75 p. + Appendices.
The format of the reference: Reference number. Author(s). Name of the publication. Publisher.
Name + number of the series. Place + year of publication. Number of pages in the publication p.
Compilation Paper, e.g. INSKO-Presentation
8. Luomi, S. Päällystysmenetelmät. Coating technology seminar. Insinöörijärjestöjen
Koulutuskeskus. Julkaisu 97-91. Helsinki 1991. 48 p.
The format of the reference: Reference number. Author(s) of the article. Title of the article. Name
of the whole publication. Publisher. Publication series + its number. Place + year of publication.
Number of pages in the publication p.
Theses
9. Vilpponen, A. Sulfaattimassan ligniinipitoisuuden alentaminen syväpesulla. Master’s Thesis.
Helsinki University of Technology. Department of Forest Products Technology. Espoo 1987.
70 p.
The format of the reference: Reference number. Author(s) of the work. Title of the work. Type of
thesis. Name of institute. Name of department. Place + year of publication. Number of pages p.
Patents
10. Pat. US. 3860 430. Filming amine emulsions. Calgon Corg. USA (J.L. Walker & T.E.
Cornelius). App. 413079, 1973-11.05. Publ. 1975-01-14. 8 p.
The format of the reference: Reference number. Issuing country + patent number. Name of the
patent. Name + residence of the patent holder (Inventor(s)). App. application number + date of
submission. Publ. + date of publication. Number of pages p.
Special Cases
11. Forsskåhl, I., Rantanen, T. & Ranua, M. Oy Keskuslaboratorio - Centrallaboratorium Ab.
Unpublished document. 1993. 26 p.
12. Anon. Wire Section. Brochure. A. Ahlström Osakeyhtiö. 1984. 8 p.
13. Gullichsen, J. Helsinki University of Technology. Personal communications. 7.12.1997.
Forest Products Technology 17 Instructions for Laboratory Report Writing
In case the name of the author is unknown, write Anon. (anonymous). It is
recommended to note standards in the body text and not to use them as
references. Other sources that are not recommended for citations are lecture notes
and personal communications.
9.4.2 Electronic References
The use of electronic references has its own guidelines that differ from the
instructions presented in the preceding chapters. Accurate instructions to the use
of electronic references are presented in the standard SFS 5831/ ISO 690-2.
Practice of referring depends on the type of the electronic reference.
Electronic sources of information can be divided as follows:
1. Electronic monographs, databases and computer programs
- Entire document (e.g. electronic book)
- Dependent portion of a document which require the context
supplied by the host document (e.g. company’s home pages,
KnowPap / KnowPulp / KnowTimber)
- Independent unit of the document (e.g. e-book on CD-ROM
belonging to series of books)
2. Electronic serials (e.g. journals, annuals, standard catalogues)
- Whole serial (e.g. CD-ROM)
- Part of the serial (e.g. article of an electronic journal)
The following examples describe how to refer to the aforementioned electronic
documents. Required information for the reference is listed below each example.
It may be impossible to find all the necessary information. However, be as
accurate as possible.
Referring to the electronic monographs, databases and computer
programs
Referring to the entire document
E.g. electronic Doctoral thesis:
14. Malkov, S. Studies on Liquid Penetration into Softwood Chips – Experiments. Models and
Applications [online]. Otamedia Oy. Espoo 2002. Updated: 15.11.2002 [cited 30.1.2004].
Publication A29. Available in the Internet:
http://lib.hut.fi/Diss/2002/isbn9512261944/index.html. ISBN 951-22-6194-4.
Required information:
Author: primary responsibility (a person or a society) (required)
Name or title of the document (required)
Type of medium (required)
- [online], [CD-ROM] or [electronic document]
Subordinate responsibility (optional)
Edition (incl. version) (required, if available)
Publisher (required)
Forest Products Technology 18 Instructions for Laboratory Report Writing
Place of publication (required, if available)
Date of publication (required)
Date of update /revision (required, id updated)
Date of citation (required for online documents)
Series (optional)
Notes (optional)
Availability and Internet address (required for online documents)
Standard number (e.g. ISSN or ISBN) (required, if available)
Referring to the dependent portions of electronic monographs, databases and
computer programs
E.g. company’s home pages or KnowPulp:
15. Metso Corporation. Metso Paper Homepage [online]. 2003 [cited 30.1.2004]. TMP and
CTMP Pulping. Available in the Internet:
http://www.metsopaper.com/paper/solutions/MPwCPL.nsf/WebWID/WTB-011004-2256A-
6C4B7.
16. VTT tuotteet ja tuotanto. KnowPulp [online]. Version 2.4. VTT tuotteet ja tuotanto. 2003
[cited 9.3.2004]. Sellun keiton periaate. Available in the Internet:
http://know.hut.fi/pulp/v2.4/suomi/pulping/general/2_cooking/frame.htm.
Required information:
Primary responsibility (of host document) (required)
Title (of host document) (required)
Type of medium (required)
- [online], [CD-ROM] or [electronic document]
Subordinate responsibility (of host document) (optional)
Edition (incl. version) (required, if available)
Publisher (required)
Place of publication (required, if available)
Date of publication (required)
Date of update /revision (required, if updated)
Date of citation (required for online documents)
Chapter or equivalent designation (of part) (required)
Title (of part) (required)
Numeration within host document (optional)
Location within host document (required)
Notes (optional)
Availability and Internet address (required for online documents)
Standard number (e.g. ISSN or ISBN) (required, if available)
Referring to the independent units electronic monographs, databases and computer
programs
E.g. independent unit of series (one book):
17. Stenius, P. Macromolecular, surface, and colloid chemistry. Stenius, P. & Pakarinen, H.
Forest Products Chemistry [CD-ROM]. Version 1.0. Fapet Oy. Helsinki 1998. Chapter 4.
Required information:
Primary responsibility (of contribution) (required)
Title (of contribution) (required)
Primary responsibility (of host document) (required)
Title (of host document) (required)
Forest Products Technology 19 Instructions for Laboratory Report Writing
Type of medium (required)
- [online], [CD-ROM] or [electronic document]
Subordinate responsibility (of host document) (optional)
Edition (incl. version) (required, if available)
Publisher (required)
Place of publication (required, if available)
Date of publication (required)
Date of update /revision (required, if available)
Date of citation (required for online documents)
Numeration within host document (optional)
Location within host document (required)
Notes (optional)
Availability and Internet address (required for online documents)
Standard number (e.g. ISSN or ISBN) (required, if available)
Referring to the electronic periodicals
Referring to the entire serial
E.g. annually published CD-ROM
18. Tappi test methods [CD-ROM]. Tappi Press. Atlanta 1998-1999.
Required information:
Title of the serial (required)
Type of medium (required)
- [online], [CD-ROM] or [electronic document]
Edition (incl. version) (required, if available)
Publisher (required)
Place of publication (required, if available)
Date of publication (required)
Date of citation (required for online documents)
Series (optional)
Notes (optional)
Availability and Internet address (required for online documents)
Standard number (e.g. ISSN or ISBN) (required, if available)
Referring to the articles of periodicals and other contributions
Referring to the electronic article:
19. Simões, R.M.S. & Castro, J.A.A.M. Ozone Delignification of Pine and Eucalyptus Kraft
Pulps. 2. Selectivity. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. [article]. 1999:12 [cited 30.1.2004]. pp. 4608-
4614. Available in the Internet: http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-
bin/gap.cgi/iecred/1999/38/i12/pdf/ie980807o.pdf. IE980807O.
Required information:
Primary responsibility (of article or other contribution) (required)
Title (of article or other contribution) (required)
Name of periodical (required)
Type of medium (e.g. [article]) (required)
Edition (incl. version) (required, if available)
Issue designation (required)
Date of update /revision (required)
Date of citation (required for online documents)
Forest Products Technology 20 Instructions for Laboratory Report Writing
Location within host document (required)
Notes (optional)
Availability and Internet address (required for online documents)
Standard number (e.g. ISSN or ISBN) (required, if available)
Guidelines for the use of electronic references are available in the Internet:
In English:
The Writing Center at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute:
http://www.wecc.rpi.edu/handouts.html
Samples, instructions and much more from the author of Power
Tools for Technical Communication by David A. McMurrey:
http://www.io.com/~hcexres/tcm1603/acchtml/acctoc.html
In Finnish:
TKK:n kirjaston Elektronisen viittaamisen opas:
http://lib.hut.fi/Ekokoelmat/Elviira/alku.html
Lappeenrannan Teknillisen Yliopiston kirjaston erinomaisia
esimerkkejä sekä suomeksi että englanniksi:
http://www.lut.fi/fi/kirjasto/ohjeet/viittaaminen_sahkoisiin_doku
mentteihin.html
Tampereen yliopiston kirjaston "Kirjaston käytön ja tiedonhaun
perusteet" -kurssimateriaali:
http://www.uta.fi/laitokset/kirjasto/opetus/kirjastokurssi/viittaus.
html.
Oulun yliopiston tietoisku viittaamisesta sähköisiin
dokumentteihin: http://herkules.oulu.fi/vili/viittaus/
9.4.3 Interview
Interviews are often presented under an own headline at the end of the list of
references. Interview reference can be made as follows:
1 name of the interviewee
2 title of the interviewee
3 organisation of the interviewee
4 address of the organisation
5 personal interview/ telephone interview/ e-mail interview + date of the
interview
Example:
Harrington, Jim. Professor. University of Toronto, Physics Department. Toronto, Ontario, M5S
1A7 Canada. Personal interview 19.7.1993.
Forest Products Technology 21 Instructions for Laboratory Report Writing
10 REPORT EVALUATION
Laboratory and other reports are graded according to various principles, such as
failed/accepted or numerical grading. You may be asked to correct or improve
your report to pass or to receive a better grade. You receive verbal or written
feedback from your work usually from the assistant. Criteria for evaluation:
Management of the Assignment:
scope of the work
degree of difficulty
student’s creativity and scheduling
student’s initiative
coherence in the report
carefulness in carrying out the laboratory (and other) tests and handling the
results
tidiness when performing the experiments (cleaning up after the laboratory
work and careful handling of equipment)
Presentation of the Report:
precision, clarity and language skills
report outline and analysis
completeness and logicality of the information included in the report
use of terminology and clarity of expression
It is not the issue whether the results are in accordance with predictions or not.
Results should be interpreted logically and conclusions should be based to the
facts presented in the report.
Forest Products Technology 22 Instructions for Laboratory Report Writing
LIST OF REFERENCES
According to Reference number system (references listed in the order of
appearance):
1. Nykänen, O. Toimivaa tekstiä, Opas tekniikasta kirjoittaville. Tekniikan
Akateemisten Liitto TEK. Helsinki 2002. 212 p.
2. Kauranen, I. & Ropponen, P. & Aaltonen M. Tutkimusraportin
kirjoittamisen opas. TKK Opintotoimisto. Otaniemi 1993. 113 p.
3. Anon. Pohjoismainen sahatavara: lajitteluohjeet. Suomen
Sahateollisuusmiesten Yhdistys. Gummerus Kirjapaino Oy. Jyväskylä
1994. 64 p. + Appendices.
According to Harvard (author-date) system (references listed in the alphabetical
order):
Anon. 1994. Pohjoismainen sahatavara: Lajitteluohjeet. Suomen
Sahateollisuusmiesten Yhdistys. Gummerus Kirjapaino Oy. Jyväskylä. 64 p. +
Appendices.
Kauranen, Ilkka & Ropponen, Pasi & Aaltonen Mika. 1993. Tutkimusraportin
kirjoittamisen opas. TKK Opintotoimisto. Otaniemi. 113 p.
Nykänen, Olli. 2002. Toimivaa tekstiä. Tekniikan akateemisten liitto TEK.
Helsinki. 212 p.
_________________________________________________________________
The following persons have participated in the writing and the editing of these
instructions: Suvi Katajamäki, Kirsi Keskinen, Markus Korhonen, Pertti Korppi, Annika
Mauno, Kati Mäenpää, Olli Paajanen, Raili Pönni, Hannu Seppälä, Katja Vahtikari and
Ye Zhao.
Forest Products Technology 23 Instructions for Laboratory Report Writing
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1. Sample Cover Page
Appendix 2. Sample Abstract Page
Appendix 3. Table of Contents (laboratory task)
Appendix 4. Table of Contents (literature review)
Appendix 5. Table of contents (combination of the literature review and the
laboratory task, e.g. Master’s Thesis)
Appendix 6. Sample Introduction
Appendix 7. A List of Abbreviations for Common Journals of the Pulp and Paper
Discipline
Forest Products Technology Instructions for laboratory report writing
APPENDIX 1 1(1)
SAMPLE COVER PAGE
HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of Chemistry and Materials Sciences
Forest Products Technology
Wood Technology
Puu-28.4000 Wood Modification
Literature review
Heat treatment of wood
Maija Meikäläinen
maija.meikalainen@tkk.fi
12345X
12.9.2005
Forest Products Technology Instructions for laboratory report writing
APPENDIX 2 1(1)
SAMPLE ABSTRACT PAGE
HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Paper and Printing Technology
Puu-21.113 Paper Technology, Extensive Laboratory Course Laboratory task
Matti Meikäläinen 12.9.2005
matti.meikalainen@tkk.fi
12345X
Fracture Toughness: Basic Theories, Applications and Measurement of the
Essential Work of Fracture
ABSTRACT
The correlation between traditional paper strength characterization methods
(tensile strength and tear) and its behavior in converting and printing have been
poor or nonexistent. Fracture toughness, the resistance of paper to crack
propagation, has therefore been investigated for paper since the beginning of 1960
as a means of better characterize its behavior.
This report attempts to give only a brief overview of the development of fracture
mechanics by looking mainly at those methods that have been applied to paper or
paper products. The application of fracture mechanics in the paper industry and
the main results are also presented. During the experimental portion, fracture
toughness of 100% TMP and a 75:25 mix of TMP and bleached kraft pine
handsheets was determined by measuring the essential work of fracture.
Forest Products Technology Instructions for laboratory report writing
APPENDIX 3 1(1)
SAMPLE TABLE OF CONTENTS (LABORATORY TASK)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF ABBREVIATONS ....................................................................................3
1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................4
2 GENERAL BACKGROUND .............................................................................4
2.2 Substrate and inks .........................................................................................4
2.3 Surfactants ....................................................................................................6
3 OBJECTIVES .....................................................................................................6
4 EXPERIMENTAL...............................................................................................7
4.1 Material .........................................................................................................7
4.2 Methods .........................................................................................................8
4.2.1 Ink detachment ....................................................................................8
4.2.2 Pulping ................................................................................................ 9
4.2.3 Flotation ............................................................................................11
5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................12
5.1 Ink detachment ............................................................................................12
5.1.1 Model studies ....................................................................................12
5.1.2 Effect on pulp chemical conditions of ink fragmentation .................14
5.1.3 Conclusions .......................................................................................16
5.2 Flotation.......................................................................................................19
5.2.1 Effect on surfactant on bubble formation ..........................................19
5.2.2 Colloidal substances in flotation deinking ........................................24
5.2.3 Conclusions .......................................................................................27
6 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................... 28
LIST OF REFERENCES
APPENDICES
Forest Products Technology Instructions for laboratory report writing
APPENDIX 4 1(1)
SAMPLE TABLE OF CONTENTS (LITERATURE REVIEW)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................3
2 OVERVIEW OF MULTI-PLY PAPERBOARD AND PAPER GRADES .......3
2.1 Fundamentals of multi-ply forming...............................................................3
2.2 Multi-ply paperboard grades ........................................................................4
2.3 Multi-ply paper grades ..................................................................................6
3 MULTI-PLY FORMING METHODS ...............................................................6
3.1 Cylinder mould machines .............................................................................6
3.2 Fourdrinier machines ....................................................................................6
3.2.1 Fourdrinier machines with a secondary headbox ................................ 9
3.2.2 “On top” formers ...............................................................................10
3.2.3 Multiple fourdrinier machines ...........................................................13
3.3 Twin wire machines ...................................................................................14
3.4 Miscellaneous formers ................................................................................19
3.4.1 Ultra former .......................................................................................19
3.4.2 High-consistency forming .................................................................20
3.4.3 Dry forming .......................................................................................23
3.5 Multichannel headboxes .............................................................................23
4 PRESSING AND DRYING .............................................................................26
4.1 Pressing ......................................................................................................26
4.2 Drying .........................................................................................................28
4.1.1 Board grades ......................................................................................19
4.1.2 Tissue grades .....................................................................................20
5 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................... 21
LIST OF REFERENCES
Forest Products Technology Instructions for laboratory report writing
APPENDIX 5 1(1)
SAMPLE TABLE OF CONTENTS (COMBINATION OF THE
LITERATURE REVIEW AND LABORATORY TASK, E.G. MASTER’S
THESIS)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................3
2 SWELLING OF WOOD FIBERS.........................................................................5
2.1 Accommodation of water ..............................................................................5
2.2 Fiber saturation point.....................................................................................7
2.3 Factors affecting swelling..............................................................................8
3 SOLUTE EXCLUSION METHOD ....................................................................10
3.1 Principle ......................................................................................................10
3.2 Modifications to the original method ..........................................................12
4 EXPERIMENTAL .............................................................................................. 14
4.1 Pulps ............................................................................................................14
4.2 Dextrin and reagents preparation.................................................................15
4.3 Procedure .....................................................................................................17
4.3.1 Dextrin saturation ..............................................................................17
4.3.2 Measurement of dextrin concentration ..............................................19
4.3.3 Calculation of the FSP.......................................................................20
5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .........................................................................21
5.1 Repeatability of the dextrin concentration measurement ............................21
5.2 Repeatability of the FSP measurement ........................................................23
5.3 Effect of centrifugal force on FSP ............................................................... 26
5.4 Measurement of FSP without ......................................................................28
6 CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................29
LIST OF REFERENCES
APPENDICES
Forest Products Technology Instructions for laboratory report writing
APPENDIX 6 1(1)
SAMPLE INTRODUCTION
1 INTRODUCTION
This thesis studied the effects of different supply flow waters at the groundwood
mill. The studied supply waters were sand filtrated effluent, ozone treated effluent
and white water from the paper machine. Two simulation models were made. The
first was the model of the Wet End Simulator at KCL, the second model of the
wire press section at the pulp mill. The dynamic simulation program that was used
in the thesis was Propose.
The aim in the thesis was using the Wet End Simulator model to find right
distribution ratios for four different detrimental substances and to use these
distribution ratios in the groundwood mill model. The purpose of the wire press
model was to compare the effect of wash waters on detrimental substances in pulp
and circulating waters at the pulp mill. The aim was to see how the different
supply waters and the ratios between wash water and filtrate affect the contents of
the detrimental substances. The wire press model also examined the fluctuation of
the process.
The theoretical part consists of two parts. The first part concentrates on the
manufacture of mechanical pulp and the detrimental substances in it. The second
part concentrates on the simulation programs used in the pulp and paper industry.
There was one trial run with the Wet End Simulator during this thesis and one
measurement day at the groundwood mill. These results were used as references
with the ones got from the simulation models.
The results showed that the most significant effect on the washing of the
detrimental substances was the amount of wash water. The more wash water is
used the less detrimental substances are carried to the paper machine. With
dissolved substances, TOC (Total Organic Compounds), the improvement would
be better than with substances, which have some retention into pulp web. The
treated effluent was quite equivalent with paper machine white water. The
fluctuation range, too, decreases with increasing amount of wash water used.
Forest Products Technology Instructions for laboratory report writing
APPENDIX 7 1(2)
A LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FOR COMMON JOURNALS OF THE
PULP AND PAPER DISCIPLINE
A complete list can be found in the Abstract Bulletin of the Institute of Paper
Science and Technology (ABIPST). The list is published on the first issue of each
volume. (up to Volume 66), e.g. ABIPST 66(1995)1, pp. 11-30.
JOURNAL ABBREVIATION
Acta Chemica Scandinavia Acta Chem. Scand.
Adhesives Age Adhes. Age
Appita Journal Appita J.
Asia Pulp & Paper Asia Pulp Pap.
Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn.
Canadian Papermaker Can. Papermaker
Carbohydrate Research Carbohydr. Res.
Cellulosa e Carta Cellul. Carta
Cellulose Cellulose
Cellulose Chemistry and Technology Cellul. Chem. Technol.
Celulosa y Papel Celul. Papel
Colloids and Surfaces Colloids Surf.
European Papermaker Eur. Papermaker
Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff Holz Roh Werkst.
Holzforschung Holzforschung
Japan Pulp & Paper Jpn. Pulp Pap.
Japan Tappi Journal Jpn. Tappi J.
Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry J. Carbohydr. Chem.
Journal of Chromatography A J. Chromatogr. A
Journal of Colloid & Interface Science J. Colloid Interface Sci.
Journal of Physical Chemistry J. Phys. Chem.
Journal of Pulp and Paper Science J. Pulp Pap. Sci.
Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology J. Wood Chem. Technol.
Langmuir Langmuir
Macromolecules Macromolecules
Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J.
Paper Paper
Paper Age Paper Age
Paperi ja Puu Pap. Puu
Paper Technology Pap. Technol.
Papeterie Papeterie
Forest Products Technology Instructions for laboratory report writing
APPENDIX 7 2(2)
JOURNAL ABBREVIATION
Das Papier Papier
Papier, Carton & Cellulose Pap. Carton Cellul.
Progress in Paper Recycling Prog. Pap. Recycling
Pulp & Paper Pulp Pap.
Pulp and Paper Canada Pulp Pap. Can.
Pulp & Paper International Pulp Pap. Int.
Pulp & Paper Magazine Pulp Paper Mag.
Revue ATIP Rev. ATIP
Skog Industri Skog Ind.
STFI Meddelande STFI Medd.
Svensk Papperstidning Svensk Papperstidn.
Tappi Journal * Tappi J.*
Wochenblatt für Papierfabrikation Wochenbl. Papierfabr.
Wood and Fiber Science Wood Fiber Sci.
Wood Science & Technology Wood Sci. Technol.
Zellstoff und Papier Zellst. Pap.
*) Up to Volume no. 65(1982): Tappi, abbreviation Tappi.
Forest Products Technology Instructions for laboratory report writing
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