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Cell Therapy - Technologies, Markets and Companies
Published on December 2010

                                                                                                               Report Summary

Summary


This report describes and evaluates cell therapy technologies and methods, which have already started to play an important role in
the practice of medicine. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is replacing the old fashioned bone marrow transplants. Role of cells
in drug discovery is also described. Cell therapy is bound to become a part of medical practice.
Stem cells are discussed in detail in one chapter. Some light is thrown on the current controversy of embryonic sources of stem cells
and comparison with adult sources. Other sources of stem cells such as the placenta, cord blood and fat removed by liposuction are
also discussed. Stem cells can also be genetically modified prior to transplantation.
Cell therapy technologies overlap with those of gene therapy, cancer vaccines, drug delivery, tissue engineering and regenerative
medicine. Pharmaceutical applications of stem cells including those in drug discovery are also described. Various types of cells used,
methods of preparation and culture, encapsulation and genetic engineering of cells are discussed. Sources of cells, both human and
animal (xenotransplantation) are discussed. Methods of delivery of cell therapy range from injections to surgical implantation using
special devices.
Cell therapy has applications in a large number of disorders. The most important are diseases of the nervous system and cancer
which are the topics for separate chapters. Other applications include cardiac disorders (myocardial infarction and heart failure),
diabetes mellitus, diseases of bones and joints, genetic disorders, and wounds of the skin and soft tissues.
Regulatory and ethical issues involving cell therapy are important and are discussed. Current political debate on the use of stem cells
from embryonic sources (hESCs) is also presented. Safety is an essential consideration of any new therapy and regulations for cell
therapy are those for biological preparations.
The cell-based markets was analyzed for 2009, and projected to 2019.The markets are analyzed according to therapeutic categories,
technologies and geographical areas. The largest expansion will be in diseases of the central nervous system, cancer and
cardiovascular disorders. Skin and soft tissue repair as well as diabetes mellitus will be other major markets.
The number of companies involved in cell therapy has increased remarkably during the past few years. More than 500 companies
have been identified to be involved in cell therapy and 270 of these are profiled in part II of the report along with tabulation of 253
alliances. Of these companies, 148 are involved in stem cells. Profiles of 66 academic institutions in the US involved in cell therapy
are also included in part II along with their commercial collaborations. The text is supplemented with 47 Tables and 11 Figures. The
bibliography contains 1,000 selected references, which are cited in the text.




                                                                                                                Table of Content

PART 1
Table of Contents
0. Executive Summary 21
1. Introduction to Cell Therapy 25
Introduction 25
Historical landmarks of cell therapy 25



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Interrelationship of cell therapy technologies 27
Cells and organ transplantation 27
Cells and protein/gene therapy 28
Cell therapy and regenerative medicine 29
Cells therapy and tissue engineering 29
Therapy based on cells involved in disease 30
Advantages of therapeutic use of cells 30
Use of cells for improving drug delivery 31
2. Cell Therapy Technologies 33
Introduction 33
Cell types used for therapy 33
Sources of cells 33
Xenografts 34
Cell lines 34
Immortalized cells 34
Blood component therapy 34
Therapeutic apheresis 34
Leukoreduction 35
Platelet therapy 35
Basic technologies for cell therapy 36
Cell culture 36
Observation of stem cell growth and viability 36
Companies involved in cell culture 37
Cell sorting 38
Flow cytometry 38
A dielectrophoretic system for cell separation 39
Molecular beacons for specific detection and isolation of stem cells 39
Multitarget magnetic activated cell sorter 40
Nanocytometry 40
Companies supplying cell sorters 40
Dynabead technology for cell sorting 41
ALDESORTER system for isolation of stem cells 41
Adult stem cell sorting by identification of surface markers 42
Cell analysis 42
Preservation of cells 43
Innovations in cryopreservation 43
Packaging of cells 43
Selective expansion of T cells for immunotherapy 44
Cloning and cell therapy 44
Techniques for cell manipulation 45
Cell-based drug discovery 45
Cells as vehicles for drug delivery 48
RBCs as drug delivery vehicles 48
Drug delivery systems for cell therapy 48
Intravenous delivery of stem cells 48
Pharmacologically active microcarriers 49
Devices for delivery of cell therapy 49
Artificial cells 50
Applications of artificial cells 50
Cell encapsulation 51


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Diffusion capsule for cells 51
Encapsulated cell biodelivery 52
Therapeutic applications of encapsulated cells 52
Nitric oxide delivery by encapsulated cells 53
Implantation of microencapulated genetically modified cells 54
Ferrofluid microcapsules for tracking with MRI 54
Companies involved in encapsulated cell technology 55
Electroporation 55
Gene therapy 56
Cell-mediated gene therapy 56
Fibroblasts 56
Chondrocyte 57
Skeletal muscle cells 57
Vascular smooth muscle cells 58
Keratinocytes 58
Hepatocytes 59
Lymphocytes 59
Mammalian artificial chromosomes 59
In vivo tracking of cells 59
Molecular imaging for tracking cells 60
MRI technologies for tracking cells 60
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as MRI contrast agents 61
Visualization of gene expression in vivo by MRI 61
Role of nanobiotechnology in development of cell therapy 61
Cell transplantation for development of organs 62
Cells transplantation and tolerance 62
Strategies to improve tolerance of transplanted cells 63
Encapsulation to prevent immune rejection 63
Prevention of rejection of xenotransplants 63
Expansion of allospecific regulatory T cells 64
Removal and replacement of pathogenic cells of the body 64
Therapeutic leukocytapheresis 64
3. Stem Cells 65
Introduction 65
Biology of stem cells 66
Embryonic stem cells 66
Growth and differentiation of ESCs 66
Mechanisms of differentiation of ESCs 67
Chemical regulation of stem cell differentiation 67
In vitro differentiation of hESCs 67
SIRT1 regulation during stem cell differentiation 67
Regulation of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation 68
hESCs for reprogramming human somatic nuclei 68
Stem cells differentiation in the pituitary gland 68
Influence of microenvironment on ESCs 69
Role of genes in differentiation of ESCs 69
Global transcription in pluripotent ESCs 69
Role of p53 tumor suppressor gene in stem cell differentiation 70
Role of Pax3 gene in stem cell differentiation 70
Signaling pathways and ESC genes 70


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Epigenetics of hESCs 71
Chromatin as gene regulator for ESC development 71
Comparison of development of human and mouse ESCs 72
Mechanism of regulation of stem cells for regeneration of body tissues 72
Role of microenvironments in the regulation of stem cells 73
Regulation and regeneration of intestinal stem cells 73
Parthenogenesis and human stem cells 73
Uniparental ESCs 74
Bone marrow stem cells 75
Hematopoietic stem cells 75
Role of HSCs in the immune system 77
Derivation of HSCs from ESCs 77
Mesenchymal stem cells 77
Multipotent adult progenitor cells 79
Side population (SP) stem cells 79
Differentiation of adult stem cells 79
Growth and differentiation of HSCs 81
Signaling pathways in the growth and differentiation of HSCs 81
Mathematical modeling of differentiation of HSCs 81
Role of prions in self renewal of HSCs 82
Sources of stem cells 82
Sources of of human embryonic stem cells 82
Nuclear transfer to obtain hESCs 82
Direct derivation of hESCs from embryos without nuclear transfer 83
Alternative methods of obtaining hESCs 84
Establishing hESC lines without destruction of embryo 84
Altered nuclear transfer 85
Small embryonic-like stem cells 85
Advantages and disadvantages of ESCs for transplantation 85
Use of ESC cultures as an alternative source of tissue for transplantation 86
Spermatogonial stem cells 87
Amniotic fluid as a source of stem cells 88
Generation of iPS cells from AF cells 88
Placenta as source of stem cells 89
Amnion-derived multipotent progenitor cells 89
Placenta as a source of HSCs 89
Umbilical cord as a source of MSCs 90
Umbilical cord blood as source of neonatal stem cells 90
Cryopreservation of UCB stem cells 91
UCB as source of MSCs 91
Applications of UCB 91
Advantages of UCB 92
Limitations of the use of UCB 92
Licensing and patent disputes involving UCB 94
Infections following UCB transplants 94
Unanswered questions about UCB transplantation 94
Companies involved in UCB banking 95
UCB banking in the UK 96
US national UCB banking system 97
Future prospects of UCB as a source of stem cells 97


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Induced pluripotent stem cells derived from human somatic cells 98
Characteristics of iPSCs 98
DNA methylation patterns of iPS cells 99
iPSCs derived from skin 99
iPSCs derived from blood 99
Use of retroviral vectors for generation of iPSCs 100
Use of non-integrating viral vectors for generation of iPSCs 101
Clinical relevance of iPSCs 101
Sources of adult human stem cells 103
Adipose tissue as a source of stem cells 103
Transforming adult adipose stem cells into other cells 103
Regulation of adipose stem cells differentiation 104
iPSCs derived from adult human adipose stem cells 104
Multipotent stem-like cells derived from vascular endothelial cells 104
Skin as a source of stem cells 105
Controlling the maturation of embryonic skin stem cells 105
Epidermal neural crest stem cells 105
Follicle stem cells 105
Mesenchymal stem cells in skin 106
Regulation of stem cells in hair follicles 106
Skin-derived precursor cells 107
Stem cells in teeth 107
Peripheral blood stem cells 108
Spleen as a source of adult stem cells 108
Search for master stem cells 108
Vascular cell platform to self-renew adult HSC 109
Adult stem cells vs embryonic stem cells 109
Biological differences between adult and embryonic stem cells 109
Neural crest stem cells from adult hair follicles 110
Transdifferentiation potential of adult stem cells 110
Limitations of adult stem cells 111
Comparison of human stem cells according to derivation 112
VENT cells 112
Stem cell banking 113
Stem cell technologies 113
Analysis of stem cell growth and differentiation 113
Tracking self-renewal and expansion of transplanted muscle stem cells 113
Stem cell biomarkers 114
Endoglin as a functional biomarker of HSCs 114
STEMPROÒ EZChekä for analysis of biomarkers of hESCs 114
SSEA-4 as biomarker of MSCs 114
p75NTR as a biomarker to isolate adipose tissue-derived stem cells 115
Neural stem cell biomarker 115
Protein expression profile as biomarker of stem cells 115
Real-time PCR for quantification of protein biomarkers 116
Study of stem cell pathways 116
Study of stem cell genes 116
Gene inactivation to study hESCs 117
RNAi to study gene inactivation in hESCs 117
Study of ESC development by inducible RNAi 118


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Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes 118
Homologous recombination of ESCs 118
Immortalization of hESCs by telomerase 119
Gene modification in genomes of hESCs and hiPSCs using zinc-finger nuclease 119
miRNA and stem cells 120
Role of miRNAs in gene regulation during stem cell differentiation 120
Influence of miRNA on stem cell formation and maintenance 120
Transcriptional regulators of ESCs control miRNA gene expression 121
Stem cells and cloning 121
Cell nuclear replacement and cloning 121
Nuclear transfer and ESCs 121
Cloning from differentiated cells 123
Cloning mice from adult stem cells 123
Creating interspecies stem cells 124
Cloned cells for transplantation medicine 124
Claims of cloning of hESCs 125
Cytogenetics of embryonic stem cells 126
Engraftment, mobilization and expansion of stem cells 126
Adipogenesis induced by adipose tissue-derived stem cells 127
Antisense approach for preservation and expansion of stem cells 128
Biomatrials for ESC growth 128
Chemoattraction of neuronal stem cells through GABA receptor 129
Enhancement of HSC engraftment by calcium-sensing receptor 129
Enhancement of stem cell differentiation by Homspera 129
Ex vivo expansion of human HSCs in culture 130
Ex vivo expansion of MSCs 130
Expansion of HSCs in culture by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase 131
Expansion of adult stem cells by activation of Oct4 131
Expansion of transduced HSCs in vivo 131
Mobilization of HSCs by growth factors 132
Mobilization of stem cells by cytokines/chemokines 132
Mobilization of adult human HSCs by use of inhibitors 133
Mobilization of stem cells by HYC750 133
Mobilization of stem cells by hyperbaric oxygen 134
Mobilization by adenoviral vectors expressing angiogenic factors 134
Selective mobilization of progenitor cells from bone marrow 134
Selective Amplification 135
Stem cell mobilization by acetylcholine receptor agonists 135
Use of parathyroid hormone to increase HSC mobilzation 135
Expansion of stem cells in vivo by Notch receptor ligands 136
Technologies for inducing differentiation of stem cells 136
Use of lineage selection to induce differentiation of hESCs 136
Growth factor-induced differentiation of MAPCs 136
Neurotrophin-mediated survival and differentiation of hESCs 136
Generation of RBCs from hematopoietic stem cells 137
Generation of multiple types of WBCs from hESCs and iPSCs 137
Use of RNAi to expand the plasticity of autologous adult stem cells 138
Use of carbohydrate molecules to induce differentiation of stem cells 138
Mechanical strain to induce MSC differentiation 138
Limitations of the currently available stem cell lines in the US 138


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Contaminating material in stem cell culture and measures to eliminate it 139
Stem cell separation 140
Stem cell culture 141
Conversion of stem cells to functioning adipocytes 141
Mass production of ESCs 142
Promoting survival of dissociated hESCs 142
Analysis and characterization of stem cells 142
Havesting and identification of EPCs 143
Labeling of stem cells 143
Quantum dots for labeling stem cells 143
Imaging and tracking of stem cells in vivo 144
Quantum dot imaging for ESCs 144
Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles to track therapeutic cells in vivo 144
Project for imaging in stem cell therapy research 144
Applications of stem cells 145
Commercial development and applications of adult stem cells 145
Retrodifferentiation of stem cells 145
MultiStem 146
Controlling the maintenance process of hematopoietic stem cells 146
Self renewal and proliferation of HSCs 146
Aging and rejuvenation of HSCs 146
Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation 147
Stem cell transplantation for radiation sickness 147
Stem cells and human reproduction 147
Expansion of spermatogonial stem cells 147
Conversion of ESCs into spermatogonial stem cells 148
Conversion of stem cells to oocytes 148
ESCs for treatment of infertility in women 148
Cloning human embryos from oocytes matured in the laboratory 149
In utero stem cell transplantation 149
Innovations in delivery of stem cells 150
Immunological aspects of hESC transplantation 151
Immunosuppression to prevent rejection of hESC transplants 151
Histocompatibility of hESCs 151
Strategies for promoting immune tolerance of hESCs 152
Stem cells for organ vascularization 152
Activation of EphB4 to enhance angiogenesis by EPCs 153
Advantages and limitations of clinical applications of MSCs 153
Biofusion by genetically engineering stem cells 154
Stem cell gene therapy 154
Combination of gene therapy with nuclear transfer 154
Gene delivery to stem cells by artificial chromosome expression 155
Genetic manipulation of ESCs 155
Genetic engineering of human stem cells for enhancing angiogenesis 155
HSCs for gene therapy 156
Helper-dependent adenoviral vectors for gene transfer in ESCs 157
Lentiviral vectors for in vivo gene transfer to stem cells 157
Linker based sperm-mediated gene transfer technology 157
Mesenchymal stem cells for gene therapy 157
Microporation for transfection of MSCs 158


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Regulation of gene expression for SC-based gene therapy 158
Stem cells and in utero gene therapy 158
Therapeutic applications for hematopoietic stem cell gene transfer 159
The future of hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy 159
Stem cell pharmaceutics 159
Cardiomyocytes derived from hESCs 159
Engineered stem cells for drug delivery to the brain 160
ESCs as source of models for drug discovery 160
Hepatocytes derived from hESCs 161
Pharmaceutical manipulation of stem cells 162
Role of stem cells in therapeutic effects of drugs 163
Stem cells for drug discovery 164
Stem cell activation for regeneration by using glucocortoids 165
Toxicology and drug safety studies using ESCs 165
Future challenges for stem cell technologies 167
Study of the molecular mechanism of cell differentiation 168
MBD3-deficient ESC line 168
In vivo study of human hemopoietic stem cells 168
Stem cell biology and cancer 169
Research into plasticity of stem cells from adults 169
Stem cells and aging 170
Activation of bone marrow stem cells into therapeutic cells 171
Role of nitric oxide in stem cell mobilization and differentiation 171
Stem cell genes 171
Gene expression in hESCs 171
The casanova gene in zebrafish 172
Nanog gene 172
Stem cell proteomics 173
hESC phosphoproteome 174
Proteomic studies of mesenchymal stem cells 174
Proteomic profiling of neural stem cells 175
Proteome Biology of Stem Cells Initiative 175
Genomic alterations in cultured hESCs 176
Hybrid embryos/cybrids for stem cell research 176
Generation of patient-specific pluripotent stem cells 177
Markers for characterizing hESC lines 177
Switch of stem-cell function from activators to repressors 178
Stem cell research at academic centers 178
International Regulome Consortium 179
Companies involved in stem cell technologies 180
Concluding remarks about stem cells 185
Challenges and future prospects of stem cell research 185
4. Clinical Applications of Cell Therapy 188
Introduction 188
Cell therapy for hematological disorders 188
Transplantation of autologous hematopoietic stem cells 188
Hemophilias 188
Ex vivo cell/gene therapy of hemophilia B 188
Cell/gene therapy of hemophilia A 189
Hematopoietic stem cell therapy for thrombocytopenia 190


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Stem cell transplant for sickle cell anemia 190
Treatment of chronic acquired anemias 191
Implantation of genetically engineered HSCs to deliver rhEpo 191
Drugs acting on stem cells for treatment of anemia 191
Stem cell therapy of hemoglobinopathies 192
Stem cells for treatment of immunoglobulin-light chain amyloidosis 192
Future prospects of cell therapy of hematological disorders 192
Cell therapy for immunological disorders 193
Role of dendritic cells in the immune system 193
Modifying immune responses of DCs by vaccination with lipiodol-siRNA mixtures 193
Stem cell therapy of chronic granulomatous disease 194
Stem cell therapy of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency 194
Stem cell therapy of autoimmune disorders 195
Treatment of Crohn's disease with stem cells 195
Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with stem cells 195
Stem cell transplants for scleroderma 196
Role of T-Cells in immunological disorders 196
Autologous T-cells from adult stem cells 197
Cell therapy for graft vs host disease 197
Cell therapy for viral infections 198
T-cell therapy for CMV 198
T-cell therapy for HIV infection 199
T-cell immunity by Overlapping Peptide-pulsed Autologous Cells 199
Anti-HIV ribozyme delivered in hematopoietic progenitor cells 200
Dendritic-cell targeted DNA vaccine for HIV 200
Cell therapy of lysosomal storage diseases 200
Niemann-Pick disease 201
Gaucher's disease 201
Fabry's disease 202
Cell therapy for diabetes mellitus 202
Limitations of current treatment 203
Limitations of insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus 203
Limitations of pancreatic transplantation 203
Islet cell transplantation 204
Autologous pancreatic islet cell transplantation in chronic pancreatitis 204
Clinical trials of pancreatic islet cell transplants for diabetes 204
Drawbacks of islet cell therapy 205
Use of an antioxidant peptide to improve islet cell transplantation 205
Cdk-6 and cyclin D1 enhance human beta cell replication and function 206
A device for delivery of therapeutic cells in diabetes 206
Monitoring of islet cell transplants with MRI 206
Concluding remarks about allogeneic islet transplantation for diabetes 207
Encapsulation of insulin producing cells 207
Encapsulated porcine pancreatic islet cells for pancreas 207
Encapsulated insulinoma cells 208
Magnetocapsule enables imaging/tracking of islet cell transplants 208
Islet precursor cells 209
Dedifferentiation of b cells to promote regeneration 209
Xenotransplantation of embryonic pancreatic tissue 210
Non-pancreatic tissues for generation of insulin-producing cells 210


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Exploiting maternal microchimerism to treat diabetes in the child 210
Bio-artificial substitutes for pancreas 211
Role of stem cells in the treatment of diabetes 211
Embryonic stem cells for diabetes 211
HSC transplantation to supplement immunosuppressant therapy 212
Human neural progenitor cells converted into insulin-producing cells 213
Insulin-producing cells derived from UCB stem cells 213
iPS cells for diabetes 214
Isolation of islet progenitor cells 214
Pancreatic progenitor cells Expansion in vitro 214
Pancreatic stem cells 214
Stem cell injection into portal vein of diabetic patients 215
Dendritic cell-based therapy for type 1 diabetes 215
Gene therapy in diabetes 216
Viral vectors for gene therapy of diabetes 216
Genetically engineered dendritic cells 216
Genetically altered liver cells 217
Genetically modified stem cells 217
Companies developing cell therapy for diabetes 217
Concluding remarks about cell and gene therapy of diabetes 218
Cell therapy of gastrointestinal disorders 219
Inflammatory bowel disease 219
Cell therapy for liver disorders 220
Types of cells and methods of delivery for hepatic disorders 220
Bioartificial liver 221
Limitations of bioartificial liver 222
Stem cells for hepatic disorders 222
Deriving hepatocytes from commercially available hMSCs 223
Implantation of hepatic cells derived from hMSCs of adipose tissue 223
MSC derived molecules for reversing hepatic failure 223
Cell-based gene therapy for liver disorders 224
Transplantation of genetically modified fibroblasts 224
Transplantation of genetically modified hepatocytes 224
Intraperitoneal hepatocyte transplantation 225
Genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells 225
Use of iPSCs derived from somatic cells for liver regeneration 225
Clinical applications 225
Future prospects of cell-based therapy of hepatic disorders 226
Cell therapy of renal disorders 226
Bioartificial kidney 227
Cell-based repair for vascular access failure in renal disease 227
Mesangial cell therapy for glomerular disease 227
Stem cells for renal disease 228
Role of stem cells in renal repair 228
Bone marrow stem cells for renal disease 228
MSC therapy for renal disease 229
Cell therapy for pulmonary disorders 229
Delivery of cell therapy for pumonary disorders 229
Intratracheal injection of cells for pulmonary hypoplasia 229
Role of stem cells in pulmonary disorders 230


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Lung tissue regeneration from stem cells 230
Role of stem cells in construction of the Cyberlung 230
Respiratory epithelial cells derived from UCB stem cells 231
Respiratory epithelial cells derived from hESCs 231
Lung tissue engineering with adipose stromal cells 232
Cell-based tissue-engineering of airway 232
Pulmonary disorders that are treatable by stem cells 232
Acute lung injury and ARDS treated with MSCs 233
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia treated with MSCs 234
Cystic fibrosis treatment with genetically engineered MSCs 234
Pulmonary arterial hypertension treatment with EPCs 234
Cell therapy for disorders of bones and joints 235
Repair of fractures and bone defects 235
Adult stem cells for bone grafting 236
Cell therapy for osteonecrosis 236
ESCs for bone repair 237
Intrauterine use of MSCs for osteogenesis imperfecta 237
In vivo bone engineering as an alternative to cell transplantation 237
MSCs for repair of bone defects 237
MSCs for repair of bone fractures 240
Osteocel 241
Stem cells for repairing skull defects 241
Stem cell-based bone tissue engineering 241
Osteoarthritis and other injuries to the joints 242
Mosaicplasty 243
Autologous cultured chondrocytes 243
Autologous intervertebral disc chondrocyte transplantation 244
Cartilage repair by genetically modified fibroblasts expressing TGF-ß 245
Generation of cartilage from stem cells 245
Role of cell therapy in repair of knee cartilage injuries 247
Role of cells in the repair of anterior cruciate ligament injury 248
Autologous tenocyte implantation in rotator cuff injury repair 249
Platelet injection for tennis elbow 249
Cell therapy of rheumatoid arthritis 250
Cell therapy for diseases of the eye 250
Cell therapy for corneal repair 250
Stem cell therapy for limbal stem cell deficiency 252
Role of stem cells in fibrosis following eye injury 252
Cell therapy for regeneration 253
Stem cells for regeneration 253
Stem cells for regenerating organs 253
Umbilical cord blood for regeneration 254
Promotion of regeneration by Wnt/beta-catenin signaling 255
Role of stem cells in regeneration of esophageal epithelium 255
Cell therapy for regeneration of muscle wasting 255
MSCs for regeneration of ovaries following radiotherapy damage 256
Wound healing: skin and soft tissue repair 256
Cells to form skin substitutes for healing ulcers 257
CellSpray for wound repair 257
Cell therapy for burns 258


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Closure of incisions with laser guns and cells 259
Follicular stem cells for skin and wound repair 259
Reprogramming autologous stem cells for wound regeneration 260
Genetically engineered cells for wound repair 260
Regeneration of skin by adipose-derived stem cells 260
Repair of aging skin by injecting autologous fibroblasts 260
Role of cells in tissue engineering and reconstructive surgery 261
Stem cells for tissue repair 261
Scaffolds for tissue engineering 261
Improving vascularization of engineered tissues 262
Enhancing vascularization by combining cell and gene therapy 262
Choosing cells for tissue engineering 262
ESCs vs adult SCs for tissue engineering 263
Use of adult MSCs for tissue engineering 263
Nanobiotechnology applied to cells for tissue engineering 264
Stem cells for tissue engineering of various organs 265
Engineering of healthy living teeth from stem cells 265
Adipose tissue-derived stem cells for breast reconstruction 266
Improving tissue engineering of bone by MSCs 266
Intra-uterine repair of congenital defects using amniotic fluid MSCs 266
Cell-based tissue engineering in genitourinary system 267
Urinary incontinence 267
Tissue engineering of urinary bladder 268
Label retaining urothelial cells for bladder repair 269
MSCs for bladder repair 269
Repair of the pelvic floor with stem cells from the uterus 269
Reconstruction of vagina from stem cells 270
Facial skin regeneration by stem cells as an alternative to face transplant 270
Cell therapy for rejuvenation 270
Cell therapy for performance enhancement in sports 270
Application of stem cells in veterinary medicine 271
Use of stem cells to repair tendon injuries 271
Stem cells for spinal cord injury in dogs 271
5. Cell Therapy for Cardiovascular Disorders 273
Introduction to cardiovascular disorders 273
Limitations of current therapies for myocardial ischemic disease 273
Types of cell therapy for cardiovascular disorders 273
Cell-mediated immune modulation for chronic heart disease 274
Human cardiovascular progenitor cells 275
Inducing the proliferation of cardiomyocytes 275
Role of the SDF-1-CXCR4 axis in stem cell therapies for myocardial ischemia 276
Role of splenic myocytes in repair of the injured heart 276
Small molecules to enhance myocardial repair by stem cells 276
Cell therapy for atherosclerotic coronary artery disease 277
MyoCell' (Bioheart) 277
Cardiac stem cells 278
Cardiomyocytes derived from epicardium 278
Methods of delivery of cells to the heart 279
Cellular cardiomyoplasty 279
IGF-1 delivery by nanofibers to improve cell therapy for MI 279


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Non-invasive delivery of cells to the heart by Morph®guide catheter 280
Cell therapy for cardiac revascularization 280
Transplantation of cardiac progenitor cells for revascularization of myocardium 280
Stem cells to prevent restenosis after coronary angioplasty 280
Role of cells in cardiac tissue repair 281
Transplantation of myoblasts for myocardial infarction 281
Patching myocardial infarction with fibroblast culture 282
Cardiac repair with myoendothelial cells from skeletal muscle 282
Myocardial tissue engineering 283
Role of stem cells in repair of the heart 284
Role of stem cells in cardiac regeneration following injury 284
Cardiomyocytes derived from adult skin cells 284
Cardiomyocytes derived from ESCs 284
Studies to identify subsets of progenitor cells suitable for cardiac repair 285
Technologies for preparation of stem cells for cardiovascular therapy 286
Pravastatin for expansion of endogenous progenitor and stem cells 286
Cytokine preconditioning of human fetal liver CD133+ SCs 286
Expansion of adult cardiac stem cells for transplantation 287
Role of ESCs in repair of the heart 287
ESC transplantation for tumor-free repair of the heart 288
Transplantation of stem cells for acute myocardial infarction 288
Autologous bone marrow-derived stem cell therapeutics 289
Autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal precursor stem cells 289
Transplantation of cord blood stem cells 289
Transplantation of hESCs 289
Transplantation of HSCs 290
Transplantation of autologous angiogenic cell precursors 291
Transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells 291
Intracoronary infusion of bone marrow-derived cells for AMI 292
Intracoronary infusion of mobilized peripheral blood stem cells 292
Transplantation of endothelial cells 293
Transplantation of cardiomyocytes differentiated from hESCs 293
Stem cell therapy for cardiac regeneration 293
Regeneration of the chronic myocardial infarcts by HSC therapy 294
Human mesenchymal stem cells for cardiac regeneration 294
In vivo tracking of MSCs transplanted in the heart 295
MSCs for hibernating myocardium 295
Simultaneous transplantation of MSCs and skeletal myoblasts 296
Transplantation of genetically modified cells 296
Transplantation of genetically modified MSCs 296
Transplantation of cells secreting vascular endothelial growth factor 296
Transplantation of genetically modified bone marrow stem cells 297
Cell transplantation for congestive heart failure 297
Myoblasts for treatment of congestive heart failure 297
Injection of adult stem cells for congestive heart failure 297
AngioCell gene therapy for congestive heart failure 298
Stem cell therapy for dilated cardiac myopathy 299
Role of cell therapy in cardiac arrhythmias 299
Atrioventricular conduction block 300
Genetically engineered cells as biological pacemakers 300


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Ventricular tachycardia 301
Prevention of myoblast-induced arrhythmias by genetic engineering 301
ESCs for correction of congenital heart defects 302
Cardiac progenitors cells for treatment of heart disease 302
Autologus stem cells for chronic myocardial ischemia 303
Role of cells in cardiovascular tissue engineering 303
Construction of blood vessels with cells 303
Targeted delivery of endothelial progenitor cells labeled with nanoparticles 304
Fetal cardiomyocytes seeding in tissue-engineered cardiac grafts 304
UCB progenitor cells for engineering heart valves 304
Cell therapy for peripheral vascular disease 305
ALD-301 305
Cell/gene therapy for PVD 305
Colony stimulating factors for enhancing peripheral blood stem cells 305
Intramuscular autologous bone marrow cells 306
Vascular Repair Cell 306
Clinical trials of cell therapy in cardiovascular disease 306
Mechanism of the benefit of cell therapy for heart disease 309
A critical evaluation of cell therapy for heart disease 309
Publications of clinical trials of cell therapy for CVD 310
Current status of cell therapy for cardiovascular disease 310
Future directions for cell therapy of CVD 311
Prospects of adult stem cell therapy for repair of heart 311
Regeneration of cardiomyocytes without use of cardiac stem cells 311
6. Cell Therapy for Cancer 313
Introduction 313
Cell therapy technologies for cancer 313
Cellular immunotherapy for cancer 314
Treatments for cancer by ex vivo mobilization of immune cells 314
Granulocytes as anticancer agents 315
Neutrophil granulocytes in antibody-based immunotherapy of cancer 315
Cancer vaccines 316
Autologous tumor cell vaccines 316
BIOVAXID 316
OncoVAX 316
Tumor cells treated with dinitrophenyl 317
Vaccines that simultaneously target different cancer antigens 317
Gene modified cancer cells vaccines 317
GVAX cancer vaccines 317
K562/GM-CSF 318
Active immunotherapy based on antigen specific to the tumor 318
The use of dendritic cells for cancer vaccination 319
Autologous dendritic cells loaded ex vivo with telomerase mRNA 319
Dendritic/tumor cell fusion 319
Genetically modified dendritic cells 320
In vivo manipulation of dendritic cells 320
Preclinical and clinical studies with DC vaccines 320
Vaccines based on dendritic ce




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