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Papaya
Description Colour - reddish-orange
Papaya is a common fruit in the global
market. It is considered a fruit for healthy Taste - very sweet
living. It helps to increase digestion and
nourish the endocrine system. 2. Kamiya
This is a selection from Waimanalo
Origin: Solo type. Dwarf, high-yielding
Southern Mexico and neighboring Central plant. Fairly recent release from
America. It is now present in every the University of Hawaii.
tropical and subtropical country
Shape - Small to medium-
Botanical name: Carica papaya sized fruit. Distinct,
blocky shape, very
Family: Caricaceae short neck.
Common name: Size - 0.45 to 1.0 kg
Papaya, Papaw or Paw Paw (Australia),
Mamao (Brazil), Tree Melon. Colour - Deep yellow-orange
skin and flesh
Varieties:
1. Solo
Taste - firm, juicy, very
sweet
It is the most promising variety for
export. Skin is smooth, flesh firm,
3. Mexican Red
reddish-orange, very sweet, of
A rose-fleshed papaya that is
excellent quality. It does not
lighter in flavor. Medium to very
Produces no male plants, only
large fruit. Generally not as sweet
bisexual and female in a 2 to 1
as Hawaiian types
r
a
4. Mexican Yellow
t
A very sweet and flavorful, yellow-
i
fleshed papaya. Medium to large
o
fruit can grow up to 4.5 kg.
.
Generally not as sweet as
Hawaiian types.
Shape - Pear shape
H
Size - 1.5 to 4.5 kg
Shape - Fruit round and
Colour - yellow-fleshed
shallowly furrowed in
female plants, pear-
shaped in bisexual Taste - Very sweet
plants
Size - 0.45 to 1.0 kg
5. Sunrise (Sunrise Solo) wide, up to 18 inches
Quality is similar to Solo type. long
Seed cavity not as deeply indented
as other Solo strains. Plant Colour - Skin yellow, flesh
produce fruits 9 months after orange to yellow-
transplanting, at a height of about orange
3 feet.
Taste - sweet
Shape - Pear shape fruit with
a slight neck. 8. Kapoho solo
Exportable variety, pear shaped
Size - 0.65 to 0.85kg blocky fruit, but susceptible for
depending on viral disease
location
Shape - Pear shape fruit
Colour - Skin smooth, flesh blocky fruit
firm, reddish-orange
Size - 0.4 - 0.8 kg
Taste - sweet, sugar content
high Colour - Orange-red skin and
flesh
6. Sunset (Sunset Solo)
Solo type. Small to medium-sized Taste - Very sweet
fruit. Dwarf, high yielding plant.
Originated at the University of 9. Waimanalo (Waimanalo Solo, X-
Hawaii. 77)
Flesh is thick, firm, flavor and
Shape - Pear shape fruit quality high, keeps well.
Recommended for fresh market
Size - 0.4 to 0.5 kg and processing. Fruits of female
plants rough in appearance.
Colour - Orange-red skin and Average height to the first flower
flesh is 32 inches.
Taste - Very sweet Shape - Round shape with
short neck
7. Vista Solo
This is Hardy, compact Solo type Size - 0.45 to 1.2 kg
producing high quality fruit. Needs
fairly hot weather to develop Colour - Skin smooth, and
sweetness. Self-fertile. Originated glossy, cavity star-
in Vista, California. shaped. Flesh thick,
firm, orange-yellow
Shape - Pear shape fruit in color
Size - Medium to large fruit Taste - Sweet
depending on
climate, 5 inches
2
10. Strawberry S-X Colour - Flesh is thick, red
This is a new variety, grown in Taste & - sweet
Hawaii, similar to sunrise. This is
highly productive. Variety is wet
soil-resistant.
Shape - Pear shape
Size - 0.5 to 0.65 kg
Colour - Flesh is reddish
Taste - Very sweet
11. Red maradol 13. Rathna (Sri Lanka selection)
It is a local variety. This is mainly
This is a vigorous and productive growing Anuradhapura,
papaya whose epidermis turns Polonnaruwa, and Ampara Districts
yellow-orange when it is ripe. It of Sri Lanka. It has less number of
has a red flesh, which is very seeds. The pulp is reddish in
sweet and soft. Plants are highly colour while the skin is yellow and
productive. These plants can green colour.
acclimate to a wide variety of soils.
Shape - Oval
Shape - Pear shape
Size - 0.8 – 1.2 kg
Size - 1.5 to 2.6 kg
Colour - Flesh reddish in
Colour - yellow-orange skin colour while the skin
is yellow and green
Taste - very sweet colour.
Taste - sweet
12. Red lady
An early, vigorous and productive
papaya that is tolerant to papaya
Ring Spot virus. Plants begin to
produce fruits when reaching
between 60 to 80 centimeters
height and they can produce 30
fruits at every period of
fructification. Flesh is thick, red,
with 13 % sugar content. Fruit
ships well.
Shape - Oval shape
Size - 1.5 and 2 kg
3
Commercial cultivars World wide Nutritional factors:
Brazil Amazon red, Sunrise solo (Value per 100 g of Edible Portion)
Costa Rica Solo, Costa Rica red
Cuba Maradol, Maradol Roja Element Quantity
India Co 1, Co 2, Pusa dwarf, Calories 23.1-25.8 Kj
Honey dew, Moisture 85.9-92.6 g
Jamaica EI Salvado, Solo type Protein 0.081-.34 g
Malaysia Solo Fat 0.05-.96 g
Philippines Solo, Honey Gold, Carbohydrates 6.17-6.75 g
South Africa Sunrise Solo, Papito Crude Fiber 0.5-1.3 g
Taiwan Caniflora, Tainnungs Ash 0.31-.66 g
USA Caniflora, Fla – 775 Calcium 12.9-40.8 mg
Hawaii Capoho, Sunrise solo, Sun Phosphorus 5.3-22.0 mg
set solo, Iron 0.25-0.78 mg
Sri Lanka Rathna, Red lady Carotene 0.0045-.676 mg
Thiamine 0.021-.036 mg
Potential products
Riboflavin 0.024-058 mg
Niacin 0.227-555 mg
Papaya snacks
Ascorbic Acid 35.5-71.3 mg
Fresh frozen products Tryptophan 4-5 mg
Methionine 1 mg
Pickle Lysine 15-16 mg
Papaya juice Carotenoid content of papaya (13.8
mg/100 g dry pulp) is low compared to
Ice cream mango, carrot and tomato. The major
carotenoid is cryptoxanthin.
Dried papaya
Harvesting, Handling and storage:
Papaya curry
Harvesting is done by cutting the stalk of
Papain the fruit closer to the trunk of the tree.
Immature fruit does not ripe after
harvesting. So 20% - 65% ripe fruits are
harvested for local market or air
shipment. For sea shipment less ripe
fruits with 100 - 120 brix value are
acceptable (when fruit begins to turn
yellow at the bottom end)..
When plants are getting old it grows
taller. In some countries spray chemicals
(Cycocel) to keep control of height of the
plant to easy harvesting.
The harvested fruits should be packed
Figure: canned papaya into crates without pressing or bruising.
4
Even slight damages to the skin cause individually wrapped / inserted into
skin discolouring affecting the quality. polymer nets and placed into cardboard
boxes with the blossom end pointing
Packaging: upwards. When do so, the colour
indicating the degree of ripeness remain
Washing clearly visible.
Packaging should be in a 3 to 4.5 kg per
Sorting box with counts of 6 to 12 fruits. Some
retailers demands larger fruit with counts
of 6 and 7 fruits/box. Papaya is
Sizing individually wrapped, for protection, but
this increases handling time at the
receiving end. Therefore carefully packed,
Grading and treatment visible fruit are preferred.
Standard size of carton 40 cm length X 30
Packing cm in width and height varies according
to the fruit size, 12 to 14 cm. ventilation
The function of packaging is to protect holes are required as papaya gives off
the sensitive papaya fruit from Ethylene gas as it continue to ripen. It is
mechanically and atmospherically caused recommended to have 8% - 10%
damages during the long transportation openings of the surfaces of walls of each
from producer to the market. In addition, box to proper ventilation.
packaging supports the sale promotion
presentation of the fruit and identification The shelf life of papaya depends on % of
of content and its origin. ripeness of fruit and condition of storage.
The 75% ripe stage in ambient
Before packaging heat treatment are temperature (21 – 27 0C) stays for about
done using hot water / vapor to control 3 – 6 days. To extend shelf life the fruit
fruit fly and fungal diseases. To control must be stored at 7 0C – 13 0C and 85 %
fungal diseases hot water dip for 20 – 90% relative humidity, keeps for 1 – 3
minutes at 50 0C or 30 minutes at 42 0C weeks. Below 7 0C the fruit is susceptible
water or using hot air. This treatment for chilling injuries.
also helps to control fruit fly attacks. In
areas of cultivation where stem end rot is For sea shipment the temperature is 10 –
common the fruit is immersed for 30 12 0C (less ripe). Sea transportation to
seconds at 60 0C. Too high temperature long distance markets by reefer
and false ripening (Yellow colouring is containers is restricted.
incomplete and fruit does not
subsequently ripen in the proper manner) Progress in the pre-harvest and post-
may cause heat damages. The harvest treatment of papaya sea
effectiveness of heat treatment in killing transport is possible for a maximum of 14
fungal spores is improved by adding days. But controlled atmosphere (high
fungicides (Eg - Thiabendazole). CO2, low N2 and O2) containers transport
has proved successfully up to 21 days.
Corrugated cartons are common for
export packaging. Fruits are hand packed
5
Parameters for the transport of papaya in
controlled atmosphere Weight – fresh consumption 0.7 to
1.0 kg
Temperature - 100 – 120 C
CO2 content - 3% - 5% Shape – round/oval, 12-20 cm
O2 content - 3% length, depend on the
Relative Humidity - 90% - 95% variety
Conservation of quality in the market is Colour – yellow skin when ripe
important. Therefore Ethylene free cold Yellow / red / orange flesh
room at 12 0C is used in most countries.
Ethylene rate of 0.2 ppm is undesirable Consumer preference in developed
for papaya. Therefore the air in store markets
room is reviewed for about 5 times a day.
The retailer will allows the fruit to warm Pear shaped, 12 – 20 cm length fruits,
at normal temperature and when ripen when ripe yellow to deep orange skin and
the fruit is stored in refrigerated orange yellow to orange reddish flesh.
showcase until it reaches the consumer. Weight is 250 – 450 gms / fruit. Good
Ripe fruit can be stored at 7 0C for few grading, packaging and presentation
days. highly important.
Labeling Markets demand
Handling information EU countries (Netherlands, UK, Germany,
- this side up symbol and France) are the leading importers of
- fragile symbol papaya in the world (> 9000 tones /
- temperature symbol with year) followed by Japan (5600 tones /
indication of temperature range year) and Canada (3000 tones / year),
Produce information USA, etc.
- bar cording
- country of origin Production
- produce
- net weight World production – Mt
- count – no of fruits in package World total Extent – Ha
- packed – date of packing Export volume – Mt
- tare – tare weight in kg
- packer or dispatcher name and Local production 19,754 Mt
address or authorized code Extent of cultivation - 4941 Ha
- grower – name and address or Major producing areas are Anuradapura,
code Kurunegala, Rathnapura (Embilipitiya)
and Hambantota.
Quality standards
Brazil (50%), Mexico, South Africa, USA,
Appearance- Whole, firm, fresh without Thailand, Costa Rica, Hawaii are the
any spoilage, deterioration, leading producers. The total production is
insect damages, abnormal 5.7 Mn Mt.
shapes, matured and ripe
suitable for consumption.
6
Major exporters are Mexico, Brazil, and Certificates – HACCP, EurepGap,
Hawaii ISO 22,000
Documentation certification
Sri Lanka exports only limited quantities Product labeling in foreign
due to poor quality, inconsistence supply, languages
and prices etc. Prior approval (bio terrorism)
Foreign Exchange: controls and
During the past the market has multiplicity
expanded. But majority of the consumers Over elaborate or inadequate
in the world still unaware about the infrastructure
nutritional value of or diverse uses of Unfair customs procedures
papaya. It is noted activities are still at State subsidies, procurement,
low key, for promotion of papaya. trading, ownership
Forceful promotional campaign is 'Buy national' policy
necessary. Intellectual property laws (patents
and copyrights)
Market Regulation Bribery and corruption
1. Tariff barriers Guidelines for growers
2. Non tariff barriers
Land preparation and planting
Tariff barriers
Land preparation for papaya orchard is
Import duty similar to other upland crops. First clear
Custom duty the fields; then plough and harrow
Countervailing duty alternately about 2 to 3 times to kill
Anti dumping duty weeds and provide good internal
drainage. The distance of planting papaya
(Information on above can be ranges from 2 to 3 meters depending on
obtained from Department of the variety.
commerce or Trade Information
Division – EDB) Papaya plants are usually planted by
direct seedling in the field. Place 5 or
Non tariff barriers more seeds in each hole; then cover with
¼ inch of soil. When fresh seeds are
Importing country regulation used, seeds will germinate in 10 to 14
Restrictive licences days after planting. Seed germination is
Advertising restrictions better and faster if the gelatinous
import bans envelope (sarcotestae) surrounding the
seasonal import regimes seed is removed by means of the fingers.
close market distribution In some cases, seedlings are started in
Product classification the nursery by sowing seeds in seed plots
Quota or individual containers such as in cans or
Quality / standards – buyers plastic bags. Sow 3 to 4 seeds per
requirements container. Use sterilized soil to avoid
National regulations on health, nematode infestation and damping-off.
safety, employment and technical Seedlings in the nursery should be grown
standards (SLSI). under full sunlight to produce vigorous
7
and hardy seedlings. Care should be complete fertilizer (14-14-14) with the
taken not to disturb the root system. soil at the bottom of the hole before
Constant watering is essential until plants planting. As papaya seedlings grow
are well-established. Seedlings are rapidly with high fertilizer rate.
transplanted when there are 3 to 4
leaves. Guide for papaya fertilization:
Thinning 1. Apply 60 grams of ammonium
sulfate as soon as plants are well-
Thin papaya seedlings in the field 4 to 6 established and show new growth.
weeks after emergence. Leave only 3 of 2. Apply the same amount at
the strongest seedlings in each hole. intervals of six weeks until plants
Save plants that are spaced far enough are one year old.
from one another to allow minimum 3. Thereafter, apply 225 grams of
competition for sunlight and nutrients. ammonium sulfate per plant every
three months.
The second and final thinning in the field 4. Apply 450 grams super phosphate
should be done as soon as flowers per plant at the start of rainy
appear. This is usually 4 to 6 months season every year.
after seed germination. At this stage, 5. In potassium-deficient soils,
leave one tree seedling per planting hole. complete fertilizer with ratios 2:1:2
In plantation where female trees are or 2:1:3 is recommended.
grown, some pollinating trees of either
male or hermaphrodite forms should be For location wise recommendations
preserved during the thinning process. contact department of agriculture Sri
Allow one male plant to grow for every Lanka.
15 to 20 female trees for pollination
purposes. Weed Control
Care of Papaya Plantation Weeds can be controlled by mechanical
and chemical means. Hand-weed when
Establishment of Windbreaks papaya plants are less than 2- ½ meter
high. Always keep one meter area around
Windbreaks are necessary in areas where the trunk free from weeds.
strong winds prevail. Local materials used
as windbreaks are Gliricidia. The distance In large commercial papaya plantation,
between windbreaks varies with location. weed control is done by using herbicides.
In general, a good windbreak should be Spray pre-emergence herbicide to hinder
permeable, allowing some air to pass weed control for six months without
through. much damage to plants. Spray post-
emergence herbicides such as Paraquat
Fertilization of Gramoxone plus a surfactant, at
intervals between sprays 5-6 weeks.
Factors such as soil types, rainfall, Since papaya seedlings are very sensitive
locations, cultural practices, and age of to chemical sprays, remove weeds close
plant influence fertilization practices. Start to the seedlings manually.
fertilizing when seeds are planted or
when seedlings are transplanted in the
field. Mix a handful (5-10gms.) of
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Intercropping
5. Sri Lanka Fruit and Vegetable
Papaya can be grown as intercrop with Producers Processors &
coconuts, coffee, pineapple or assorted Exporters Association
vegetables. Intercropping with papaya
increases total farm income and reduces Tele: - 011 – 4306139
weeding expenses. It is important to 011 - 2821013
provide fertilizer requirement of the 011 - 2856476
intercrop. Email: - - sarathds@sri.lanka.net
Web site: - www.srilankafruit.com
Key institutions 6. Production and suppliers
1. Department of Agriculture
For more information
Web site – www.agridept.gov.lk
Horticultural crop Research and
Development Institute (HORDI)
Gannoruwa
Tel: 081-2388011-3
Fruit Crop Research Development
Centre (FCRDC) Horana Export Agriculture Division
034 - 2261323 Sri Lanka Export Development Board
No 42, DHPL Building, Nawam Mawatha,
2. Sri Lanka Standard Institution Colombo 02.
(SLSI) Tele: 011 – 2300732
Fax: 011 – 2304879
Tel : 011 – 2671567 Email – harz47@edb.tradenetsl.lk
Email – slsi@slsi.slt.lk Web site – www.srilankabusiness.com
Web site – www.slsi.lk
3. Industrial Technology
Prepared by:-
Institutes (ITI) M.Z.M. Farhad
G.N. Arunathilake
Export Agriculture Division
Tele: 011 – 2693807-9 2007 / 02 / 02
011 – 2698621-3
Email – info@iti.lk
Web site – www.iti.lk
4. Industrial Development Board
(IDB)
Tele: 011 – 2605326 – 7
011 – 2605323
011 - 2605394
Email – idb@sltnet.lk
Web site – www.idb.lk
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