FINAL DRAFT CULTURAL LANDSCAPE REPORT/ ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
Jewel Cave Historic Area
Jewel Cave National Monument
Cave Entrance, trail, and CCC Ranger’s Cabin from across Hell’s Canyon, 2003
MARCH 2005 Prepared by: QUINN EVANS | ARCHITECTS 219½ North Main Street Ann Arbor, Michigan In association with WOOLPERT, LLP
FINAL DRAFT CULTURAL LANDSCAPE REPORT/ ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
Jewel Cave Historic Area
Jewel Cave National Monument
Cave Entrance, Trail, and Ranger’s Cabin viewed from across Hell’s Canyon, 2003
MARCH 2005 Prepared by: QUINN EVANS | ARCHITECTS 219½ North Main Street Ann Arbor, Michigan In association with WOOLPERT, LLP
Cultural Landscape Report and Environmental Assessment Jewel Cave National Monument
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I: HISTORY, EXISTING CONDITIONS, AND ANALYSIS Chapter 1: Introduction …………………………………………………………………
Scope of the Report ……...……....……………..………………………………….…….. Methodology ………………………..………………..……………………………………… Purpose and Need…………………………………………………………………………… Park Purpose/Significance and Description of the Site……………………….. Location ………………………………………………………………………………….. Relation to Other Planning Projects …………………………………………………. Issues and Concerns ……………………………………………………………………….. Impact Topics Selected for Analysis …………………………………………………. Impact Topics Eliminated from Further Consideration ……………………… 1 1 1 4 6 9 12 13 15 17 23 23 24 26 28 34 38 42 45 46 52 58 62 65 117 117 120 120 120 121 124 127 130 133 135 138 140 141 141 141 144
Chapter 2: Site History …………...………………………………………………….….
Pre-Euro-American Settlement (Pre-1743) …...……………...…………………… Early Exploration (1743-1860’s) ……………………………………………………….. The Black Hills Forest Reserve and National Forest …………………………… Discovery and Early Development of Jewel Cave (1900–1908)…………….. Creation of Jewel Cave National Monument (1908-1928) …….……………… Management by the Jewel Cave Corporation (1928-1933) ………………...… NPS Planning and Design during the 1920s, the Rustic Design Style…….. CCC Design Approach During the 1930s ……………………………………………. National Park Service Management and Federal Relief Development Projects at Jewel Cave (1933-1939) ………………………………. The First NPS Master Plan for JECA (1940-1956)…..………………………….. Mission 66 (1956-1972) …………………………………………………………………… On-going Management by the National Park Service (1972-2004)………… Site History Illustrations …………………………………………………………………..
Chapter 3: Existing Conditions………………………………………………………
Cultural Landscape Methodology ……………………………………………………… Environmental Setting ….………………….…………………………………………….. Cultural Resources (All elements of the cultural landscape) ……………….. Land Use …………………………………………………………………………….. Geology, Soils, Topography and Spatial Organization ……………… Vegetation ..…………………………………………….……….………………….. Circulation …………………………………………………………………………… Structures and Small-Scale Features ………………………………………. Views …………………………………………………………………………………… Archeological Resources ………………………………………………………… Cave Resources ……………………………………………………………………………….. Water Quality ………………………………………………………………………………… Wildlife …………………………………………………………………………………………. Threatened and Endangered Species ………………………………………………… Visitor Use and Experience ……………………………………………………………… Socioeconomics ……………………………………………………………………………….
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Cultural Landscape Report and Environmental Assessment Jewel Cave National Monument Solid Wastes ………………………………………………………………………………….. 144 Utilities …………………………………………………………………………………………. 145 Existing Conditions Illustrations ………………………………………………………. 146
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Chapter 4: Cultural Landscape Analysis …..……………….………………..
National Register Status …………………………………………………………………… Jewel Cave Historic Landscape District Boundary ………………………………. Jewel Cave Historic Landscape District Significance …………………………… Analysis of Integrity …………………………………………………………………………. Natural Systems and Features ……………………………………………….. Spatial Organization …………………………………………………………….. Land Use …………………………………………………………………………….. Circulation ………………………………………………………………………….. Topography …………………………………………………………………………. Vegetation …………………………………………………………………………… Views ………………………………………………………………………………….. Cultural Landscape Features …………………………………………………………….
159 159 159 162 167 168 169 170 170 172 172 174 174
PART II: TREATMENT Chapter 5: Landscape Management Philosophy and Management Issues ……………………………………………………………………………
181 Management Philosophy ….….…………………………………………………………… 181 Management Issues ……………………..……………………………………………..…… 185
Chapter 6: Treatment Alternatives …………..…………………………………..
191 Overview ………………………………………………………………………………………… 191 Treatment Alternative 1: Current Treatment ……………………………………… 192 Treatment Alternative 2: Ca.1940 Representation&Shuttle Transportation ….. 194 Treatment Alternative 3: Rehabilitation with Improved Visitor Services ….... 198
Chapter 7: Impacts from Treatment Alternatives (Environmental Consequences) …………..………………………………………... Chapter 8: Recommended Treatment………………………………………… Chapter 9: Cost Estimates and Implementation Guideline….. Chapter 10: Consultation and Coordination………………………………. Bibliography ………………………………………………………………………………………. List of Preparers ……………………………………………………………………………….. Appendix A: Species Common to Jewel Cave National Monument ……………
205 251 275 281 287 293 295
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