4/15/09 - DBH I2G Interoperability Assessment, Roadmap and Recommendations Working Draft Version 0.8 I2G Assessment 1. What are the smart grid objectives for the I2G domain? Discussion in the I2G DEWG (Domain Expert Working Group) prior to Grid-Interop combined with further discussions at Grid-Interop lead to the following prioritized list of the most important I2G objectives: a. Transform the relationship between customer and utility into one of collaboration. Several factors characterize the existing interactions between industrial facilities and the electric grid. These include: Industrial facilities often engage in long-term operations planning and therefore may not be adequately incented to develop near real-time interoperability. Many industrial facilities with a significant electric power-to-revenue ratio utilize energy management technology to minimize the impact of electricity on operating costs. Many large industrial facilities have on-site generation capability and can net export power to the grid but are often limited by local regulations.
The primary business objective of an industrial facility is to produce products or services while minimizing operating and capital costs. The current arms-length relationship between utilities and industry needs to be transformed into a win-win collaboration based upon markets and incentives that permit the reduction of customer costs associated with electrical power while increasing grid reliability through load management and remote generation. An I2G objective is to increase industrial customer involvement and participation in the definition of interoperability requirements through education and training. b. Bi-directional communication of dynamic pricing information. Industrial facilities include discrete, batch and continuous operations which vary widely in their capability to manage operations and respond to pricing information. Some can respond rapidly while others cannot. Several factors contribute to this variability: Many operations are planned and scheduled in advance The cost of interrupting in-process operations is often high Some operations can be rescheduled if operating incentives are known in advance Many operations are highly automated, but some rely on manual control
Customer-specific behavior needs to be factored into the pricing interaction through bidirectional information exchange and negotiation. In addition, pricing information should
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4/15/09 - DBH include both real-time and forecasted dynamic pricing to enable optimal planning and scheduling of operations. An objective of I2G is to focus on the development and adoption of a standard service interface for dynamic pricing that is appropriate and adaptable to a wide-range of industrial energy management applications. Industrial customer and utility input is important during requirements definition. Pricing information needs to be delivered in a secure and reliable manner through a standardized service interface. Coordinate with standards efforts in the B2G domain to minimize duplication of effort. c. Market for industrial distributed energy sources including sustainable and renewable generation, energy storage and CHP (Combined Heat and Power) Industrial facilities are the largest consumer of electrical power and often install on-site generation capacity for primary or backup use. Expansion of this generation capacity can leverage existing transmission and distribution infrastructure and benefit both the utility and industry. Industry gains a potential revenue stream while the utility benefits from peak-shaving capacity. An objective of I2G is to focus on interoperability standards that provide the capability for industrial facilities to export electrical power to the grid during base-load and peak conditions based on dynamic pricing and the ability to be dispatched. A standardized service interface is required. Industrial customer and utility input is important during requirements definition. Coordinate with standards efforts in the B2G domain to minimize duplication of effort. d. Maintain a high level of electrical power reliability and quality Reliable electrical power is critical for industrial operations of all types and sizes. The costs associated with power disruptions are high. The Smart Grid needs to minimize outages while maintaining a high quality of electrical service. An objective of I2G is to develop interoperability standards that enhance electrical reliability and incorporate alerts indicating future power quality disturbances. e. Demand Response in regulated and unregulated markets for reduced cost to industrial customer The ability of industrial facilities to respond to grid reliability event signals varies widely and is related to their ability to respond to dynamic price signals. This variance requires facility-specific negotiation and contracts that provide sufficient economic incentives for automated demand response. An objective of I2G is to focus on the requirements, development and adoption of a standard service interface for automated demand response that is appropriate for a widerange of industrial applications. Industrial customer and utility input is important during
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4/15/09 - DBH requirements definition. Coordinate with standards efforts in the B2G domain to minimize duplication of effort. 2. What are barriers to interoperability for each of these objectives? Discussion at Grid-Interop in the I2G workshop generated the following list of barriers for the top objectives: a. Transform the relationship between customer and utility into one of collaboration. i. Education of both customer and utilities to understand each other‟s needs ii. Need real-time meter data for utilities and customer iii. Customers are often not motivated to conserve energy iv. Rate structures can be too complicated v. Conflicting objectives between utilities and customers related to current pricing structure b. Bi-directional communication of dynamic pricing information. i. Lack of an economic business model ii. Needs to be enabled through regulatory policy iii. Lack of interoperability for pricing transactions c. Market for industrial distributed energy sources including sustainable and renewable generation, energy storage and CHP (Combined Heat and Power) i. Capital investment needed by utilities and customers ii. Need standards for interfacing remote generators to the grid iii. Both utilities and industry perceive increased risk due to sharing an important resource that has requirements for security and reliability iv. Not a common operational model for utilities or industry d. Maintain a high level of electrical power reliability and quality (i.e. harmonics, voltage fluctuations) i. Reduced utility feeder and substation reliability based on aging substation equipment with high operational costs ii. Aging equipment at point of interconnection iii. Need feedback from industrial customers. iv. Lack of automation results in manual operation and potential security problems e. Demand Response in regulated and unregulated markets for reduced cost to industrial customer i. Lack of customer access to demand response events and pricing information ii. Lack of demand response communication standards iii. Lack of customer access to metering data 3. What are the resources/technologies in place now that support the objectives? The key resources and technologies for interoperability in I2G are as follows: a. General Comments i. Most US industrial facilities utilize digital control systems and some have integrated systems to manage energy. The number of industrial facilities with the technical capability to manage energy is likely to increase substantially in response to the emergence of the energy management system standard ISO 50001: Energy management. Taken together, these systems can provide a
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4/15/09 - DBH framework for implementing power management based on dynamic pricing and demand response events. Many utilities are already working with large industrial customers and providing a range of rate options. These could be expanded in include dynamic pricing options. There is a convergence toward IP-based communications. All protocols should use IP-based communications unless requirements dictate otherwise. Service-oriented architectures (SOA) have matured and are well-supported by vendors in industry. It is important that the smart grid be based on an architecture that permits change and adaptation through evolution and versioning. Flexibility and the ability to change over time must be designed into smart grid service interfaces. OASIS and other organizations have developed web service and e-commerce standards which can be applied to Smart Grid service interfaces that involve financial transactions. Industrial standards organizations, such as the Automation Federation and ISA, are already actively working with industry customers and utilities and may provide a stakeholder venue for on-going standards development and the associated education, training and support for application in industrial operations. I2G requirements overlap with those of B2G and T&D. For this reason, close coordination and collaboration is required between the DEWGs and with other organizations such as FERC-NARUC, DOE GWAC, EPRI and DOE GridWise. I2G Roadmap What tactical actions should be taken to address the I2G smart grid objectives? It should be noted that these actions require refinement and resources and only represent an initial starting point. An active effort is needed to explore further other important components of I2G interoperability including power plant integration and security. In addition, many of the I2G objectives overlap those of the B2G DEWG and therefore need to be addressed in coordination with B2G. a. Transform the relationship between industrial customer and utility into one of collaboration. a. Develop a compelling vision and business case with pricing and economic models for engaging industrial customers in the definition of I2G interoperability requirements. (Working Draft Completed) b. Develop a taxonomy of industrial customers (Target – Q3, 2009) i. Identify unique goals and objectives c. Schedule an I2G Face-to-Face Meeting at ConnectivityWeek in Q2, 2009. d. Organize an I2G Summit in Q3, 2009 targeted at an industrial and automation venue to be held at the ISA Expo 2009 in Houston. e. Develop an on-going industrial forum that will provide industrial customers and utilities an opportunity to jointly define and resolve barriers to I2G
ii.
iii. iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
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4/15/09 - DBH interoperability ranging from regulatory and policy issues to requirements for I2G service interfaces. It is recommended that an organization such as the Automation Federation and/or the ISA (International Society of Automation) be commissioned to address this need. b. Bi-directional communication of dynamic pricing information. a. Organize a technical, cross-domain team focused on developing an architectural model for a “services framework” within which pricing and demand response service interfaces could be defined while enabling new service interfaces to be incorporated as needed. b. Engage industrial customers and utilities in the development of requirements for an industrial dynamic pricing service interface. c. Create a list of the architecturally-significant use cases that apply to dynamic pricing. d. Work with B2G on defining a pricing model that can be used for B2G and I2G service interfaces. c. Market for industrial distributed energy sources including sustainable and renewable generation, energy storage and CHP (Combined Heat and Power) a. Engage industrial customers, utilities, EPA and state air quality boards in the development of requirements for industrial distributed generation. b. Work with B2G and other organizations on defining an interoperability service interface for industrial distributed generation. d. Maintain a high level of electrical power reliability and quality a. Engage industrial customers and utilities in defining requirements e. Demand Response in regulated and unregulated markets for reduced cost to industrial customer a. Create a list of the architecturally-significant use cases that apply to industrial demand response. b. Engage industrial customers and utilities in the development of requirements for industrial demand response. c. Migrate OpenADR into an open standards development organization. d. Adapt the OpenADR interfaces for industrial demand response. f. Develop security attribute requirements for I2G integration in coordination with the Security Task Team. g. It is highly recommended that a common information framework be developed with an information mapping to existing standards such as UCA, IEC 61850, CIM, Solar (IEC 61850-7-420), Wind (IEC 61400-25), ICCP, DNP3, OPC and industrial device networks. The standards were all developed in isolation and each assumes specific business context and systems architecture. As they currently exist, these standards can only be integrated into scalable and maintainable distributed systems though the use
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4/15/09 - DBH of proprietary systems integration technology. This would be a joint NIST/DOE effort.
I2G Recommendations b. High-Level Architectural Diagram - Control and Information
Direct Generator Control Indirect Generator Control ControlCenter2ControlCenter
Dispatchable Central Generation Station
Energy Market Transactions Industrial Central Generation Station Direct Generator Control Indirect Generator Control ControlCenter2ControlCenter
ISO/RTO
Utility Energy Market Transactions Direct Generator Control Indirect Generator Control
Industrial Distributed Generation Station
Aggregator
Dynamic Wholesale Pricing Dynamic Retail Pricing Industrial Curtailment Notification Industrial Reliability Notification Energy Market Transactions
Dispatchable Distributed Generator
Energy Portal Industrial Metering Data
Electrical Metering
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4/15/09 - DBH c. Architectural Descriptions i. Dispatchable Central Generation Station Dedicated central generation is dispatchable by the ISO/RTO/utility on shortnotice. Real-time control interfaces permit both direct and indirect control of central station generation as well as control-center to control-center communications. ISO/RTO/Utility Remote Measurement and Control of Generation – Direct Turbine Control In order to effectively control supply and demand on the electric grid, the ISO/RTO/utility has direct control of the turbine governors, thus providing the shortest response time for load changes. ISO/RTO/Utility Remote Measurement and Control of Generation – Boiler Supervisory Control In order to effectively control supply and demand on the electric grid, the ISO/RTO has indirect control of the turbine governors through supervisory set-point control. This permits the generation station to optimize internal operations while providing the required capacity. Control-Center to Control-Center Communications Data exchange between utility and non-utility control centers to coordinate the transfer of energy from power plants over regional, national and international transmission systems. This requires that information be exchanged in realtime between power control centers. This real time and historical power system information includes status and control data, measured values, scheduling data, energy accounting data and operator messages.
ii. Industrial Central Generation Station Central generation station often co-located with industrial facilities. The primary function of these stations is to provide power to the industrial facility but they can also export excess power to the grid under favorable economic conditions or in an emergency. These are generally considered base-load resources but may be dispatchable with sufficient notice and planning. iii. Industrial Distributed Generation Station A “virtual” generation station located on industrial facility powered by wind, solar, bio-diesel or process by-products. It may: 1) be integrated into industrial
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4/15/09 - DBH automation systems and controlled by industrial plant operations or 2) integrated directly into grid operations. iv. Dispatchable Distributed Generator A relatively small generator located on industrial customer-premises composed of wind, solar, bio-diesel or process by-products. These generators are aggregated and controlled by the ISO/RTO/utility/aggregator. v. Energy Portal The energy portal acts as the communication gateway between the ISO/RTO/utility and the industrial facility. Information exchanged includes: Industrial Curtailment Notification - The utility sends an industrial customer a notification to curtail energy load based on a pre-negotiated contract. Industrial Reliability Notification - The utility sends an industrial customer a notification of an imminent event that will affect grid reliability and requires the customer to take action within a specified time frame. Events may range in severity from warnings to emergencies. Actions may range from information logging to load shedding. Dynamic Retail and Wholesale Pricing - Dynamic pricing information, including forecasted pricing information, is made available to industrial customers at both the bulk wholesale and retail level. This information is used by the industrial customer as input into operational decision making. vi. Electricity Metering Metering provides consumption and production data to the ISO/RTO/utility and to the industrial customer. Meter to Industrial Customer – Wireless Industrial electrical power meters need a reliable and secure wireless protocol suitable for an industrial environment that is compatible with associated industrial automation systems. Meter to Industrial: Device-to-device (ad-hoc mesh) networking Industrial electrical power meters need a reliable and secure wireless peer-topeer protocol suitable for an industrial environment that is compatible with associated industrial automation systems. Meter to Industrial Customer – Wired
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Industrial electrical power meters need a reliable and secure wired protocol suitable for an industrial environment that is compatible with associated industrial automation systems. vii. Energy Market Transactions Energy market transactions cover a broad spectrum of electricity market interactions covering both the selling and purchasing of power. As an example, bulk generation stations often bid generation capacity into ISO/RTO operations. If accepted, then the generation station is placed under contract to provide the capacity accepted.
d. External Communication Standards Application Industrial-sited Distributed Generation (not integrated directly into utility distribution system) IEC 61850 IEC SDO IEC 61850 addresses the object model for distributed generation connected to a distribution network. It covers distributed energy resources (DER) which is a super-set of distributed generation. Pending Release Dependent upon transport mapping IEC 61850 is not currently used within industrial facilities. The 61850-7-420 object model needs to be fieldtested and validated. The standard addresses an object model that is then bound to a transport. Interoperability requires a full communication stack such as OPC Unified Architecture. Interoperability issues exist between vendor implementations. Naming conventions should be self-describing and
Standard Name Standards Organization Organization Type Overview of Standard
Status of Standard Security technology used by Standard Issues with the Standard
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4/15/09 - DBH more adaptable to modern SCADA systems. Recommendations for the standard moving forward This standard should be leveraged for industrial distributed generation by binding the object model to an advanced industrial communication transport such as OPC Unified Architecture. In this case, the 61850-420 object model would be exposed through the UA namespace. Modern object naming constructs and conventions should be adopted that map to current equipment models. What is highly recommended that a common information model with an information mapping to existing standards such as UCA, IEC 61850, CIM, Solar (IEC 61850-7-420), Wind (IEC 61400-25), ICCP, DNP3, OPC and device networks. Application Industrial-sited Distributed Generation (not integrated directly into utility distribution system) OPC Data Access OPC Foundation de-facto Microsoft COM/DCOM standard used for industrial data access Established, 15 years old None Extreme dependence upon Microsoft proprietary technology. DCOM has limited acceptance as an industrial networking protocol. Due to the dependence upon Microsoft technology and the lack of security, this standard should not be used as a smart grid facing protocol. It is considered legacy and should be used as a protocol internal to products.
Standard Name Standards Organization Organization Type Overview of Standard Status of Standard Security technology used by Standard Issues with the Standard Recommendations for the standard moving forward
Application
Industrial Reliability Notification Industrial Curtailment Notification OpenADR Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory Ad Hoc
Standard Name Standards Organization Organization Type
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4/15/09 - DBH Overview of Standard OpenADR is a web-services based communications data model developed by Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory designed to facilitate sending and receiving of DR signals from a Utility or independent system operator (ISO) to electric customers. The intention of the data model is to interact with building and industrial control systems that are preprogrammed to take action based on a DR signal, enabling a demand response event to be fully automated, with no manual intervention. It has a highly flexible infrastructure design to facilitate common information exchange between Utility/ISO and end-use participants. OpenADR is being donated to OASIS and the UCA International Users Group for development toward becoming a formal standard TDB OpenADR is addresses both price and reliability signals but needs broader implementation in commercial DR programs outside of CA. OpenADR pulls together many important concepts and represents a good foundation upon which to build a national industrial demand response standard. Standardize this technology through OASIS and the UCA International Users Group. Application Standard Name Standards Organization Organization Type Overview of Standard Dynamic Retail and Wholesale Pricing TBD Pending OASIS Technical Committee SDO The DP standard will define a service interface, information model and XML schema for distributing dynamic pricing information on a Proposed TBD TBD OASIS is an organization that specializes in communication standardization and information modeling. They are well-equipped to specify and
Status of Standard
Security technology used by Standard Issues with the Standard Recommendations for the standard moving forward
Status of Standard Security technology used by Standard Issues with the Standard Recommendations for the standard moving forward
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4/15/09 - DBH develop a standard dynamic pricing model and information schema. Cloud computing should be considered for scalable message transport.
Application
ISO Remote Measurement and Control of Generation – Boiler Supervisory Control and Direct Control of Turbine Governors OPC Unified Architecture OPC Foundation SDO OPC Unified Architecture is an industrial communication standard from the OPC Foundation which enables plug-and-play integration with industrial devices and systems. It is a platform-independent protocol with performance, security and reliability designed for an industrial environment. Emerging: the spec has been released and the reference code is pending release A strong security model based on X.509 certificates has been designed into the standard. Market penetration - UA has advanced features that require investment. Vendor acceptance has been limited but should accelerate. UA does have interoperability with legacy OPC servers which will increase the rate of field adoption. UA is considered complex relative to legacy servers. This complexity provides flexibility but requires additional cost to implement.
Standard Name Standards Organization Organization Type Overview of Standard
Status of Standard Security technology used by Standard Issues with the Standard
Recommendations for the standard moving forward
UA promises to be a high-performance and secure industrial automation protocol for the future. It should be seriously considered in applications where a modern, industrial protocol is required. ISO Remote Measurement and Control of Generation – Boiler Supervisory Control and Direct Control of Turbine Governors DNP3 DNP Organization, www.dnp.org SDO
Application
Standard Name Standards Organization Organization Type
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4/15/09 - DBH Overview of Standard Status of Standard Security technology used by Standard Issues with the Standard DNP3 is a SCADA protocol Widely used within the U.S. Security authentication compliant with IEC 623515 DNP3 was designed for North American use. IEC 61850 is gaining acceptance in Europe. DNP3 uses a simple data model with an efficient and robust communication protocol to transfer data between an RTU and MTU. DNP3 is not widely used in industrial automation. DNP3 should be used in the near-term but IEC 61850 provides a longer-term solution.
Recommendations for the standard moving forward
Application
ISO Remote Measurement and Control of Generation – Boiler Supervisory Control and Direct Control of Turbine Governors IEC 60870 IEC Technical Committee 57 (Working Group 03) SDO IEC 60870 is a SCADA protocol. Similar to DNP3 Widely used within in Europe. Security authentication compliant with IEC 623515 IEC 60870 is gaining acceptance in Europe. DNP3, its sister protocol was designed for North American use. IEC 61850 uses a simple data model with an efficient and robust communication protocol to transfer data between an RTU and MTU. IEC 60870 is not widely used in industrial automation. IEC 60870 is not recommended for near-term, domestic use. IEC 61850 provides a longer-term solution.
Standard Name Standards Organization Organization Type Overview of Standard Status of Standard Security technology used by Standard Issues with the Standard
Recommendations for the standard moving forward
Application
Control Center to Control Center 13
4/15/09 - DBH Communications Inter-control Center Communications Protocol (IEC 60870-6 TASE.2) IEC SDO Data exchange between utility control centers to coordinate the transfer of energy from power plants over regional, national and international transmission systems. Released and InUse Practices exist to secure None Continue use
Standard Name Standards Organization Organization Type Overview of Standard
Status of Standard Security technology used by Standard Issues with the Standard Recommendations for the standard moving forward
Application Standard Name Standards Organization Organization Type Overview of Standard
Meter to Industrial Customer - Wireless ZigBee ZigBee Alliance De-facto (Industry Alliance) ZigBee is a family of wireless networking standards for monitoring and control applications, with emphasis on low data rate, low cost, low energy usage, and global use, with broad applicability to consumer products, commercial, industrial and government markets. ZigBee is built on the IEEE 802.15.4 PHY and MAC standard and defines network, security and application layers. The ZigBee alliance provides interoperability and conformance testing specifications. Of particular relevance to SG are the ZigBee profile for “Smart Energy” which targets metering, demand response and load control, pricing, gateways into the Home Area Network (HAN), and security mechanisms to provide secure utilityonly and home-only networks (secure gateway). HAN refers to the connection of energy smart devices within the home. The HAN refers to a low data rate network of sensors and controls,
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4/15/09 - DBH distinctly different from the home LAN. Status of Standard Released family of standards, with ongoing evolution. Current work of interest includes refinement of the “smart energy” profile which is targeted at the HAN.
Security technology used by Standard Issues with the Standard Recommendations for the standard moving forward
Targeted at residential and building controls. Not developed for industrial applications. ZigBee is attaining penetration into the HAN market and is the most obvious candidate for monitoring and control applications such as smart appliances, heating/cooling system controls, home automation devices, and so on. It has some penetration in industrial applications, but ISA100 is more specifically targeting that area. Several smart meter vendors will have ZigBee in the meter as the gateway to „smart energy‟ devices inside the prem. At least one vendor has fielded ZigBee as the meter-to-meter network.
Application Standard Name Standards Organization Organization Type Overview of Standard
Meter to Industrial Customer - Wireless ISA 100.11a ISA SDO ISA100.11a is a wireless communication standard intended to provide reliable and secure operation for non-critical monitoring, alerting, and control applications specifically focused to meet the needs of industrial users. ISA100.11a defines a subset of the OSI stack and an organization structure of permitted networks, system management, gateway, and security specifications for low-data-rate wireless connectivity with fixed, portable, and moving devices, including support for power consumption limited devices. Parts of ISA100 share the same physical layer as well as similar methodologies of channel hopping and TDMA with the Wireless-HART system.
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4/15/09 - DBH ISA100.11a provides extensions to the 802.15.4 MAC layer and defines network layer through application layer functions and services. The medium and part of the data link layer is based on IEEE 802.15.4 2.4GHz DSS PHY. ISA100.11a includes MAC extensions for channel hopping, TDM based bandwidth management, mesh networks (forming, routing and discovery support). The network layer is based on IETF RFC 4944 “transport of IPv6 packets over IEEE 802.15.4” (6loWPAN) with constraints to focus on security and low power; network layer services include address translation (and compression), fragmentation and routing. The Transport layer is based on UDP per RFC4944, and includes security services. The Application layer provides and object model and object-to-object communication services. The standard defines network and transport layer services for interoperable channel hopping, slotted time assignments (TDMA), high level security and more. Status of Standard Standard is in final draft form, being balloted for approval. Projected completion: June 2009.
Security technology used by Standard Issues with the Standard Recommendations for the standard moving forward
The standard is in draft but gaining penetration into industrial controls and may form a part of the „inside plant‟ infrastructure for smart power systems. Because of its robust security, linkage to IP protocols and its flexibility, ISA 100.11a should also be considered a candidate standard for smart grid applications.
Application Standard Name Standards Organization Organization Type Overview of Standard
Meter to Industrial Customer - Wireless Meter to Utility – Wireless (current work) P802.15.4 IEEE Standards Association SDO 802.15.4 is the wireless PHY and MAC layer standard used by both ZigBee, ISA SP100.11a,
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4/15/09 - DBH and 6loWPAN. 802.15.4 provides a low data rate wireless link intended to be very low cost to implement, suitable for low power applications (such as battery powered devices). Envisioned for applications such as sensors, home automation, industrial control and personal location systems; ongoing work is extending applicability into utility network (meter to meter, meter to grid) and RFID. The published standard includes multiple PHY (radio) options, including license exempt bands for North American, European and Asian markets (sub 1GHz and 2.4GHz). Also included is a UWB PHY with precision ranging that supports location and/or position aware applications (3 to 9 GHz, USA and European bands). Some vendors have or are using 802.15.4 for the meter-to-meter/meter-to-grid wireless link. Several vendors use proprietary links for the utility side and integrate 802.15.4 + ZigBee in the meter “under the same glass”. Work is ongoing specifically to address utility network side meterto-meter and meter-to-grid communications (see below). Published standard, with new evolutionary improvement underway. This is an established standard which is continuing to evolve. Currently there are two SG relevant amendments in the works.: Task group “g” (TGg): PHY amendment is specifically targeted at the “Smart Utility Network” with smart metering and other utility end points as the primary target. Multiple vendors with successfully deployed products are working together to define a PHY layer specification optimized for the application and environmental conditions. Defining features are low data rate (40 kbps < data rate < 1000 kbps), adaptability to widely varying RF conditions, ubiquity (every customer), scalable range and network size, enhanced support for IP traffic and low cost. Task group “e” (TGe): MAC layer amendment to
Status of Standard
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4/15/09 - DBH address needs of industrial applications, some of which are also applicable to „smart grid‟ applications. Some parts are based on ISA10011a. Also proposes security enhancements. The standard provides MAC layer encryption via symmetric-key cryptography based on AES with keys provided by the higher layers. The cryptographic mechanism provides security services for basic data confidentiality, data authenticity and replay protection.
Security technology used by Standard
Issues with the Standard Recommendations for the standard moving forward
As noted progress is underway to specifically address the wireless link needs for advanced metering and intelligent endpoint applications. It is widely adopted in HAN applications, somewhat well adopted in industrial sensors and controls; with the newest amendments, well suited to the „end point‟ link in wireless smart utility networks.
Application Standard Name Standards Organization Organization Type Overview of Standard
Meter to Industrial; Device-to-device (ad-hoc mesh) networking 6loWPAN (RFC4919 and RFC4944) IETF SDO IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs): defines the frame format for transmission of IPv6 [RFC2460] packets as well as the formation of IPv6 link-local addresses and statelessly autoconfigured addresses on top of IEEE 802.15.4 networks; Includes fragmentation/reassembly, header compression, address managing/mapping and mesh support. Published, with evolving changes None specified: urges use of 802.15.4 MAC layer encryption and upper layer mechanisms such as IPsec, TLS, etc.
Status of Standard Security technology used by Standard Issues with the Standard Recommendations for
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4/15/09 - DBH the standard moving forward
Application Standard Name Standards Organization Organization Type Overview of Standard
Meter to Industrial Customer - Wired Modbus Modbus Defacto Modbus is a serial communications protocol published by Modicon in 1979 for use with its programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It has become a de facto standard communications protocol in industry, and is now the most commonly available means of connecting industrial electronic devices. The main reasons for the extensive use of Modbus over other communications protocols are: 1. It is openly published and royalty-free 2. Relatively easy industrial network to deploy 3. It moves raw bits or words without placing many restrictions on vendors Modbus allows for communication between many devices connected to the same network, for example a system that measures temperature and humidity and communicates the results to a computer. Modbus is often used to connect a supervisory computer with a remote terminal unit (RTU) in supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. Widely used and interoperable None This standard is a low-level protocol that should be used for integrating simple data and systems. More applicable to inside the industry. Continue to use in the near-term
Status of Standard Security technology used by Standard Issues with the Standard
Recommendations for the standard moving forward
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4/15/09 - DBH
Application Standard Name Standards Organization Organization Type Overview of Standard
Meter to Industrial Customer - Wired MODBUS TCP/IP http://www.modbus.org/ Defacto MODBUS is a register based protocol. Originally from Modicon in 1979.
Status of Standard
Used in many industries in all corners of the world. Huge vendor adoption. None Lack of security and proliferation of proprietary extensions. No modeling capability. More applicable to inside the industry.
Security technology used by Standard Issues with the Standard
Recommendations for the standard moving forward
Continue to use in the near-term
Application Standard Name Standards Organization Organization Type Overview of Standard
Application Integration at Electric Utilities – System Interfaces for Distribution Management IEC 61968 IEC SDO As used in the IEC 61968 series, a DMS consists of various distributed application, components for the utility to manage electrical distribution networks. These capabilities include monitoring and control of equipment for power delivery, management processes to ensure system reliability, voltage management, demand-side management, outage management, work management, automated mapping and facilities management. • The “Common Language” Is A Canonical Data Model Based On IEC TC57‟s Common
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4/15/09 - DBH Information Model (CIM). The CIM is currently maintained as a UML model. It defines a common vocabulary and basic ontology for aspects of the electric power industry. The central package within the CIM is the 'wires model', which describes the basic components used to transport electricity. The CIM can be used to derive 'design artifacts' (e.g. XML Schema, RDF Schema) as needed for the integration of related application software. • Interface Reference Model (IRM) Provides The Framework For Identifying Information Exchange Requirements Among Utility Business Functions
Status of Standard Security technology used by Standard Issues with the Standard Recommendations for the standard moving forward
Published None: See IEC 62351 None Continue use in United States and Canada
Application
Standard Name Standards Organization Organization Type Overview of Standard
Application Integration at Electric Utilities – Energy Management System Application Program Interface (EMS-API) IEC 61970 IEC SDO This International Standard specifies a Component Interface Specification (CIS) for energy management systems application program interfaces. • The “Common Language” Is A Canonical Data Model Based On IEC TC57‟s Common Information Model (CIM). The CIM is currently maintained as a UML model. It defines a common vocabulary and basic ontology for aspects of the electric power industry. The central package within the CIM is the 'wires model', which describes the basic components used to transport electricity. The CIM can be used to derive 'design
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4/15/09 - DBH artifacts' (e.g. XML Schema, RDF Schema) as needed for the integration of related application software. • Interface Reference Model (IRM) Provides The Framework For Identifying Information Exchange Requirements Among Utility Business Functions
Status of Standard Security technology used by Standard Issues with the Standard Recommendations for the standard moving forward
Published None: See IEC 62351 None Continue use in United States and Canada
e. Relationship of Wireless Standards ZigBee and ISA 100.11a provide network and transport layers, and both are built on the 802.15.4 PHY/MAC standard. Shown in the figure:
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Layers
ISA 100.11a
ZigBee
Shown fit to the OSI standard definition:
Real Products in the Field
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4/15/09 - DBH
Currently the majority of products fielded use non-standard proprietary PHY and MAC implementations. As noted a few are using 802.15.4 and ZigBee technology, but the 2.4GHz radio is less than ideal in many situations. Other technologies such as WiMax/802.16 as the link layer have been tried. The ongoing work in 802.15.4g includes participation by several AMI vendors with considerable deployment volume as well as several large utilities (though most are uninterested in the link layer beyond the JFW threshold). It is widely viewed now that an interoperable standard supported by multiple vendors is essential. Convergence Multiple standards and technologies will be used to provide link, network and transport layers for the smart grid infrastructure. Many vendors are using IP at the transport layer. Legacy standards exist in the industrial automation and home automation spaces that depend on wired medium. Within ZigBee, convergence is underway with HomePlug (PLC) and other technologies in the HAN space. ISA 100 is working towards convergence with Wireless-HART and wired medium implementations. 802.15.4g is a PHY is shaping up to be a convergence of proprietary solutions. One key real-world requirement will be recognition that a large number of deployed devices have to be dealt with, and wholesale replacement is not a viable option. This leads to the need to define a path for accommodating legacy systems in the standards in some way, through operational options or convergence layers, for example.
f. Internal Communication Standards i. Existing organizations that are involved in industrial enterprise integration standards include the Open Application Group and ISA. Standards such as ISA-95 and OAGi provide an existing body of work that provides tested solutions and patterns with potential application to smart grid service interfaces.
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