Hurricane_Marilyn

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Hurricane Marilyn Hurricane Marilyn Hurricane Marilyn Category 3 hurricane (SSHS) Hurricane Marilyn on 16 September 1995 at 1811 UTC Formed Dissipated Highest winds Lowest pressure Fatalities Damage Areas affected September 12, 1995 September 22, 1995 115 mph (185 km/h) (1-minute sustained) powerful storm to hit the Virgin Islands since Hurricane Hugo of 1989. Marilyn formed late in the UTC day on September 13, and reached hurricane strength soon thereafter. Marilyn struck the Lesser Antilles on September 14 at Category 1 strength, and intensified to nearly Category 3 strength by the time it reached the U.S. Virgin Islands. A Hurricane Hunter reconnaissance flight reported hail, which is unusual for tropical cyclones. After heading north past Bermuda, Marilyn weakened and became extratropical on September 22. The remnant circulation wandered the Atlantic Ocean from September 23 - October 1, just south of Nova Scotia. Marilyn peaked at 115 mph (185 km/h), but was predicted to reach 125 mph (205 km/h) (maximum Category 3-status). Marilyn is directly responsible for thirteen deaths, most due to drowning on boats or offshore. 10 000 people were left homeless on the island of St. Thomas, and estimated damages were set at $1.5 billion (1995 USD).[1] The same area would be struck by Hurricane Bertha the next year, while still repairing from Marilyn.[2] Meteorological history 949 mbar (hPa; 28.02 inHg) 13 direct[1] $1.5 billion (1995 USD) $2 billion (2009 USD) Leeward Islands, Barbados, Martinique, Dominica, Guadeloupe, U.S. Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico and Bermuda. Part of the 1995 Atlantic hurricane season Hurricane Marilyn was the fifteenth tropical depression and thirteenth named storm of the unusually busy 1995 Atlantic hurricane season, following closely on the heels of Hurricane Luis. Hurricane Marilyn was the most Storm path Marilyn’s beginnings originated from a tropical wave that formed off the African coast to 1 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia the eastern Atlantic Ocean during September 7 and September 8. Large, low-level winds were included in the wave’s circulation, but little convection existed.[3] The system continued west for a few days at about 17 knots (31 km/h) next to an anticyclonic aloft that was also moving westward. On September 12, satellite pictures viewed the disorganized wave and declared it Tropical Depression Fifteen, after convection increased. TD-15 strengthen rapidly, become Tropical Storm Marilyn six hours later and Hurricane Marilyn four hours after that.[3][4] For the next few days, Marilyn’s track was towards the west-northwest and soon to the northwest, towards a weakness in the subtropical ridge. Marilyn was a Category 1-hurricane when the center of the storm passed 45 nautical miles (83 km) north of Barbados, then near Martinique.[3] Marilyn passed over Dominica, and just southwest of Guadeloupe on September 14. Marilyn continued moving, making landfall in the U.S. Virgin Islands on September 15, packing winds of 110 mph (180 km/h), Category 2-strength. The eyewall, ESE of the center of Marilyn, passed over Saint Thomas. After passing over Puerto Rico, Marilyn found itself back in the Atlantic Ocean on September 16.[3] Hurricane Marilyn pressure also rose up 20 mbars in 10 hours. The rapid weakening was from shearing, decaying eyewall and especially upwelled waters from the previous powerful storm, Hurricane Luis. Marilyn speed up towards Bermuda on September 18, passing about 150 nautical miles (280 km) west of the island on September 19. Marilyn encountered more westerly shear and decayed Marilyn, becoming extratropical on September 20.[3] The remnant circulation continued over the central tropical Atlantic Ocean for another 10 days before becoming absorbed in a frontal low. A Hurricane Hunter reconnaissance flight reported hail, which is unusual for tropical cyclones.[3] Preparations Hurricane Marilyn on crossing the Virgin Islands on September 15, 1995. Seventeen watches and/or warnings were issued in association with Marilyn.[3] The first two were a tropical storm watch and a tropical storm warning issued on Barbados, St. Vincent, Grenadines, St. Lucia and Grenada on September 12 at 2200 UTC. Five hours later, a tropical storm watch was issued for Trinidad and Tobago. A tropical storm warning was issued for St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Grenadines, Grenada and Tobago at 900 UTC September 13.[9][10] At 2100 UTC, a Hurricane Warning was issued for Barbados, St. Vincent, Grenadines, St. Lucia and a hurricane watch for Dominica.[3][11]A hurricane watch as released for Martinique on the 14th. The 2100 UTC September 13 was extended for the Grenadines through St. Martin, except Guadeloupe, St. Barthelemy and French portion of St. Martin. At 1500 UTC, Puerto Rico Marilyn A low had formed near Marilyn, which may have had enhanced outflow from Marilyn. An eye started appearing in Marilyn and the storm reached a peak intensity of 949 millibars with winds of only 115 mph, a Category 3-major hurricane. At this time, Marilyn was to peak at 120-125 mph winds instead of 115.[5][6][7][8] Reconnaissance data found a concentric pair of eyewall wind maxima. Marilyn started weakening rapidly falling from peak-level winds of 141 mph (227 km/h) down to 102 mph.[3] The central 2 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia was put under a Hurricane Watch.[3][12]At 1700 UTC, Guadeloupe, St. Barthelemy, and French portion of St. Martin were put under a hurricane watch. Four hours later, Puerto Rico, U.S. and British Virgin Islands, and Guadeloupe were put under a hurricane warning.[3] Throughout the night, several watches and warnings were discontinued. At 1500 UTC September 15, Dominican Republic from Cabrera to Cabo Engano were put under a hurricane watch as Marilyn approached. During the night of September 16, all currently active watches and warnings were discontinued. At around the same time, a new Hurricane watch was released for Turks and Caicos and Mayaguana, Acklins, and the Crooked Islands of the southeastern Bahamas.[8][13][14][15] This warning was discontinued within 48 hours. At 1500 UTC September 18, Bermuda came under a Tropical Storm Watch, which was upgraded to a warning in six hours. The warning was discontinued on September 19.[3][16][17][18][19][20] The 250,000 residents of Barbados spent the night of September 13 in shelters.[21] Hurricane Marilyn sustained winds in Martinique, which was 58 mph.[3] Guadeloupe Rainfalls over 12-hours in Guadeloupe were up to 20.0 inches (508 mm) in Saint-Claude, 19.09 inches in Guillard-Basse-Terre and 17.63 in Gaba. The highest wind gust reported in Guadeloupe was 84 mph in MarieGalante. The next ones were 70 mph (110 km/h) in Raizet and 61 mph (98 km/h) in Desirade. The highest sustained winds reported in Guadeloupe was 51 mph (82 km/h) in Marie-Galante.[3] Minimal pressure recorded at 989 mb (29.20 In Hg) in Basse-Terre. Marilyn was one of the three cyclones that affected the region in 1995 after Tropical Storm Iris and Hurricane Luis. U.S. Virgin Islands Impact Storm deaths by region Region St. Thomas St. Croix St. John Puerto Rico Unknown Total Direct deaths 5 1 1 1 5[1] 13 (8)[3] Marilyn damage in St. Thomas The highest wind speed left by Marilyn after passing over the island of St. Croix was 100 mph (160 km/h). The highest rainfalls reported were 11.67 inches (296 mm) in Annaly, 9.96 inches in Red Hook Bay and 5.25 in Granard.[3] The highest storm surge reported was 6.6 feet (2.0 m) in St. Thomas and 6.0 feet (1.8 m) in St. Croix. According to NOAA, The storm surge in the U.S. Virgin Islands reached 6 to 7 feet (2.1 m), with an isolated storm tide of 11.7 feet (3.6 m) reported on St. Croix. Rainfall totals reached about 10 inches in St. Croix and St. Thomas. The highest reported gusts were 129 mph (208 km/h) in a Noncommissioned Automated Surface Observing System and 95 mph (153 km/h) gusts in Sailboat Puffin at Green Cay. The highest sustained winds were 105 mph (169 km/h) in a Noncommissioned Automated Surface Observing System.[3] Marilyn was directly responsible for seven Marilyn caused tremendous damage and 13 deaths throughout the United States Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico.[3] Rainfalls from Marilyn off of land were estimated from 4.0 7 inches from September 13 and September 14.[22][23][24][25][26] Martinique Rainfalls in Martinique peaked at 9.06 inches in Morne Rouge, 8.94 in Ajoupa Bouillon, 6.40 in Saint Pierre, ranging as low as 6.00 inches (152 mm) in Ducos. The highest wind gust reported was 80 mph (130 km/h) in Trinite, the location of the only recorded 3 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia deaths, most due to drowning on boats or offshore. Ten thousand people were left homeless on St. Thomas, and most buildings sustained some damage.[3] The island of St. Thomas was the hardest hit by the storm, where about 80% of the homes and businesses were destroyed, including the hospital and the water desalination plant; five people were killed. Storm surge in the Charlotte Amalie harbor beached the USCGC Point Ledge and damaged many smaller boats.[27] Elsewhere in the territory, there was severe damage on St. Croix and St. John.[3] President Bill Clinton declared the U.S. Virgin Islands a federal disaster area, making it available to federal aid.[28] Hurricane Marilyn 100 homes on Culebra Island, twenty miles (32 km) east of Puerto Rico, were destroyed by Marilyn. Another two hundred homes on the island were damaged.[29] Antigua The highest reported gust in Antigua was 50 mph (80 km/h). The Antigua Meteorological Service reported that the island had extensive flooding and damage to banana trees. The other damage reported was from the wind.[3][30] Other areas Bermuda reported sustained winds of 45 mph and a highest gust of 60 mph (97 km/h). Antigua reported sustained winds of just 35 mph (56 km/h), tropical depressionstrength. In St. Maarten, sustained winds were 42½ mph and the peak gust was 61 mph (98 km/h). Rainfalls in St. Maarten peaked at 3.35 inches in an unknown location.[3] The New York Times reported that the British Virgin Islands had little to no damage from Marilyn.[30][3] The highest gust in Saint-Barthelemy was 59 mph (95 km/h) and the highest sustained winds of 45 mph (72 km/h) was reported.[3] Marilyn Rainfall Economic impact Puerto Rico The highest rainfalls reported in Puerto Rico from Hurricane Marilyn were 5.60 inches (142 mm) in Naguabo, 5.50 inches in Luquillo Pico Del Este (Luquillo Pico Of the East), 2.52 at Luis Munoz International Airport, and 2.45 at Roosevelt Roads Naval Station.[3] The highest gusts reported were 125 mph (201 km/h) in Culebra, 60 mph (97 km/h) at Roosevelt Roads Naval Station and 50 mph (80 km/h) at a non-commissioned Automated Surface Observing System. The highest recorded sustained winds was 41 mph (66 km/ h) at Roosevelt Roads Naval Station.[3] Marilyn passed over the islands of Vieques and Culebra, where it caused much damage. There were reports of extensive flash flooding across northern and eastern Puerto Rico, and 12,000 people were forced to ride out the storm in shelters. One person was killed in Culebra.[3] President Bill Clinton declared Puerto Rico a federal disaster area, making it available to federal aid.[28] Beached sailboat on St.Thomas used as a billboard The exact figure for damages in the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico is not available, although the American Insurance Services Group set the combined damage at $875 million USD. However, FEMA estimated the damage cost as $1 billion USD while an economic research group in the U.S. Virgin Islands estimated the damage to be at $3 billion USD. As of 1995, the estimated damages 4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia to the U.S. islands were set at $1.5 billion (1995 USD).[3] The economic impact to the islands was severe, particularly to St. Thomas and St. John, which are heavily dependent on tourism.[3] Aside from high winds and seas, one possible explanation for the storm’s heavy damage may have been complacency on the part of local island populations. Marilyn followed on the heels of Luis, a more powerful Category 4 hurricane initially predicted to pass very close to St. Thomas. This prediction prompted locals to be particularly thorough in their pre-storm preparations; however, the hurricane passed further away from the island and caused relatively moderate damage. This may have caused islanders to prematurely relax, as Marilyn was a much smaller hurricane in appearance than Luis.[3] Hurricane Marilyn Aftermath Puerto Rico Relief supplies in the wake of Hurricane Marilyn were sent to Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Officials of the Federal Emergency Management Agency set up camps on the islands to give out food, water and shelter supplies.[31] FEMA distributed food, water, clothing in the U.S. Virgin Islands. reported indicated that by 11 October, 1500 loans were granted for home repair, mostly for under $2500. Over 19,000 disaster housing applications were filed with over 2800 being accepted. About 5000 of 15,000 assigned inspections were completed. Over 7800 applications for Individual and Family Grants had been received and, of the 4,000 SBA loan applications filed, 43 had been approved for a total of $744,100 - an average loan of $17,300.[32] In all, Marilyn caused $1.5 billion (1995 USD) in damage, killing 13 people in its path. U.S. Virgin Islands 80% of the homes on St. Thomas were destroyed or damaged, 1/2 being uninhabitable. Also, 20-30% of businesses were destroyed. Five supply distribution sites were being operated by the Virgin Islands Territorial Emergency Management Agency (VIETMA). More than 2,100 federal agency personnel had been deployed to help out with the cleanup from Hurricane Marilyn. Four contracts were quickly accepted for immediate building repairs. Diving teams were sent to check for harbor damage and Navy Seabees started working on repairing public buildings. Military and security forces included about 500 Army, Air Force, and Navy personnel, 500 National Guardsmen, and 500 federal law enforcement personnel. The airport in St. Thomas was open for flight using a mobile control tower. The St. Thomas hospital was open, but was running on generators.[32] The first FEMA Disaster Recovery Centers opened on 23 September on St. Thomas. A Retirement See also: List of retired Atlantic hurricane names Due to intense destruction, the name Marilyn was retired in the spring of 1996, and will never again be used for an Atlantic hurricane. It was replaced with the name Michelle, though that name was itself retired after its usage in 2001, also due to 5 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia destruction, and Melissa in 2007. replaced by the name Hurricane Marilyn marine/mal1595.019. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. [9] Miles B. Lawrence (1995-09-13). "Tropical Storm Marilyn Discussion 4". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/ storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1995/marilyn/ tropdisc/nal1595.004. Retrieved on 2007-02-17. [10] Miles B. Lawrence (1995-09-13). "Tropical Storm Marilyn Public Advisory 4". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/ storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1995/marilyn/ public/pal1595.004. Retrieved on 2007-02-17. [11] Miles B. Lawrence (1995-09-13). "Tropical Storm Marilyn Discussion 5". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/ storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1995/marilyn/ tropdisc/nal1595.005. Retrieved on 2007-02-17. [12] Edward N. Rappaport (1995-09-14). "Hurricane Marilyn Discussion 9". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/ storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1995/marilyn/ tropdisc/nal1595.009. Retrieved on 2007-02-17. [13] B. Max Mayfield (1995-09-17). "Hurricane Marilyn Forecast/Advisory 20". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/ storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1995/marilyn/ marine/mal1595.020. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. [14] Edward N. Rappaport (1995-09-17). "Hurricane Marilyn Forecast/Advisory 21". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/ storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1995/marilyn/ marine/mal1595.021. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. [15] Edward N. Rappaport (1995-09-16). "Hurricane Marilyn Discussion 17". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/ storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1995/marilyn/ tropdisc/nal1595.017. Retrieved on 2007-02-17. [16] Richard J. Pasch (1995-09-17). "Hurricane Marilyn Discussion 23". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/ storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1995/marilyn/ See also • List of Atlantic hurricanes • Timeline of the 1995 Atlantic hurricane season References [1] ^ NOAA (2007). "Billion Dollar U.S. Weather Disasters". NOAA. http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/ papers/200686ams1.2nlfree.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. [2] Hurricane Bertha Update [3] ^ National Hurricane Center (1996). "Hurricane Marilyn Prelimary Report". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/ 1995marilyn.html. Retrieved on 2007-02-14. [4] Richard J. Pasch (1995-09-13). "Tropical Storm Marilyn Discussion 3". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/ storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1995/marilyn/ tropdisc/nal1595.003. Retrieved on 2007-02-17. [5] Lixion A. Avila (1995-09-16). "Hurricane Marilyn Discussion 18". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/ storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1995/marilyn/ tropdisc/nal1595.018. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. [6] Edward N. Rappaport (1995-09-16). "Hurricane Marilyn Discussion 19". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/ storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1995/marilyn/ tropdisc/nal1595.019. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. [7] Lixion A. Avila (1995-09-16). "Hurricane Marilyn Forecast/Advisory 18". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/ storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1995/marilyn/ marine/mal1595.018. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. [8] ^ Edward N. Rappaport (1995-09-16). "Hurricane Marilyn Forecast/Advisory 19". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/ storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1995/marilyn/ 6 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Hurricane Marilyn tropdisc/nal1595.023. Retrieved on marilyn/rain/rain1412.gif. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. 2007-02-17. [17] Edward N. Rappaport (1995-09-18). [25] National Hurricane Center (1995-09-14). "Hurricane Marilyn Discussion 25". "Hurricane Marilyn Rainfalls at 1800 National Hurricane Center. UTC September 14". National Hurricane http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/ Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/ storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1995/marilyn/ archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1995/ tropdisc/nal1595.025. Retrieved on marilyn/rain/rain1418.gif. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. 2007-02-17. [18] Edward N. Rappaport (1995-09-18). [26] Miles B. Lawrence (1995-09-13). "Hurricane Marilyn Discussion 26". "Tropical Storm Marilyn Public Advisory National Hurricane Center. 4A". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/ storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1995/marilyn/ storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1995/marilyn/ tropdisc/nal1595.026. Retrieved on public/paal1595.004. Retrieved on 2007-02-17. 2007-02-17. [19] Edward N. Rappaport (1995-09-18). [27] U.S. Coast Guard (2007). "United States "Hurricane Marilyn Discussion 27". Coast Guard Chronology". U.S. Military. National Hurricane Center. http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-cp/history/ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/ Chronology_Sep.html. Retrieved on storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1995/marilyn/ 2006-05-16. tropdisc/nal1595.027. Retrieved on [28] ^ Donna Gherke (1995-09-17). "Marilyn 2007-02-17. slams St. Thomas;Likely to miss Florida". [20] B. Max Mayfield (1995-09-20). The Miami Herald. "Hurricane Marilyn Public Advisory http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/ 31A". National Hurricane Center. storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1995/marilyn/ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/ news/mh0917p2.gif. Retrieved on storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1995/marilyn/ 2007-02-17. public/paal1595.031. Retrieved on [29] Jeff Nelson (1995-09-18). "Marilyn". The 2007-02-17. Capital. [21] Syracuse Herald-Journal (1995-09-14). http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/ "Hurricane Marilyn sweeps past Viewer.aspx?img=25873555&firstvisit=true¤ Barbados". Syracuse Herald-Journal. Retrieved on 2007-02-19. http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/ [30] ^ Miles B. Lawrence, Edward N. Viewer.aspx?img=27643435&firstvisit=true¤tResult=5¤tPage=40. Rappaport, B. Max Mayfield, Richard J. Retrieved on 2007-02-17. Pasch and Lixion A. Avila (1996-09-03). [22] National Hurricane Center (1995-09-13). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1995". "Hurricane Marilyn Rainfalls at 1200 American Meteorological Society. UTC September 13". National Hurricane http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/ Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/ mwr_pdf/1995.pdf. Retrieved on archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1995/ 2007-02-19. marilyn/rain/rain1312.gif. Retrieved on [31] Relief effort not yet helping hurricane 2007-02-17. victims [23] National Hurricane Center (1995-09-13). [32] ^ Early Relief Efforts "Hurricane Marilyn Rainfalls at 1800 UTC September 13". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/ • NOAA storm data on Hurricane Marilyn archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1995/ • HPC page on Hurricane Marilyn marilyn/rain/rain1318.gif. Retrieved on • NWS Service Assessment 2007-02-17. • Marilyn path by UNISYS [24] National Hurricane Center (1995-09-14). "Hurricane Marilyn Rainfalls at 1200 UTC September 14". National Hurricane Tropical cyclones of the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Sc Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/ 1995 Atlantic hurricane TD TS 1 2 3 4 archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1995/ season External links 7 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A B C D E 6 F G H I J Hurricane Marilyn K 14 L M N O P R S T Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Marilyn" Categories: 1995 Atlantic hurricane season, Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes, Retired Atlantic hurricanes, 1995 meteorology, Hurricanes in the Leeward Islands, Hurricanes in Puerto Rico, Hurricanes in the United States Virgin Islands This page was last modified on 15 May 2009, at 17:18 (UTC). All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) taxdeductible nonprofit charity. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers 8