Herpesviridae

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Herpesviridae Herpesviridae Herpesviridae Herpes virus life-cycle All Herpesviruses are nuclear-replicating—the viral DNA is transcribed to RNA within the infected cell’s nucleus. Infection is initiated when a viral particle contacts a cell with specific types of receptor molecules on the cell surface. Following binding of viral envelope glycoproteins to cell membrane receptors, the virion is internalized and dismantled, allowing viral DNA to migrate to the cell nucleus. Within the nucleus, replication of viral DNA and transcription of viral genes occurs. During symptomatic infection, infected cells transcribe lytic viral genes. In some host cells, a small number of viral genes termed latency associated transcript (LAT) accumulate instead. In this fashion the virus can persist in the cell (and thus the host) indefinitely. While primary infection is often accompanied by a self-limited period of clinical illness, long-term latency is symptom-free. Reactivation of latent viruses has been implicated in a number of diseases (e.g. Shingles, Pityriasis Rosea). Following activation, transcription of viral genes transitions from latency-associated LAT to multiple lytic genes; these lead to enhanced replication and virus production. Often, lytic activation leads to cell death. Clinically, lytic activation is often accompanied by emergence of nonspecific symptoms such as low grade fever, headache, sore throat, malaise, and rash as well as clinical signs such as swollen or tender lymph nodes and immunological findings such as reduced levels of natural killer cells. Virus classification Group: Order: Family: Genera Subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae Simplexvirus Varicellovirus Mardivirus Iltovirus Subfamily Betaherpesvirinae Cytomegalovirus Muromegalovirus Roseolovirus Proboscivirus Subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae Lymphocryptovirus Rhadinovirus Macavirus Percavirus Group I (dsDNA) Herpesvirales Herpesviridae The Herpesviridae are a large family of DNA viruses that cause diseases in animals, including humans.[1][2][3] The members of this family are also known as herpesviruses. The family name is derived from the Greek word herpein ("to creep"), referring to the latent, recurring infections typical of this group of viruses. Herpesviridae can cause latent or lytic infections. Viral structure Herpesviruses all share a common structure—all herpesviruses are composed of relatively large double-stranded, linear DNA genomes encoding 100-200 genes encased within an icosahedral protein cage called the capsid which is itself wrapped in a lipid bilayer membrane called the envelope. This whole particle is known as the virion. Human herpesviridae infections There are eight distinct viruses in this family known to cause disease in humans.[4][5] Human Herpesvirus (HHV) classification[1][4] Type Synonym Subfamily Pri ge 1 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia HHV-1 Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) HHV-2 Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) α (Alpha) Herpesviridae Mucoepithelial Oral and/or genital herpes (predominantly orofacial) Mucoepithelial Oral and/or genital herpes (predominantly genital) Neuron C c α Neuron C t a m d HHV-3 Varicella zoster virus (VZV) α Mucoepithelial Chickenpox and shingles Neuron R a c HHV-4 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), lymphocryptovirus γ (Gamma) B cells and Infectious monoB cell epithelial cells nucleosis, Burkitt’s lymphoma, CNS lymphoma in AIDS patients, post-transplant lymphoproliferative Mouse MHV-68 Murine γ syndrome (PTLD), gammaherpesvirus-68 nasopharyngeal carcinoma, HIV-associated hairy leukoplakia β (Beta) Monocyte, lymphocyte, and epithelial cells T cells and ? Infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome,[6] retinitis, etc. C t f s p c HHV-5 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Monocyte, S lymphocyte, i and ? HHV-6 Roseolovirus, Herpes lymphotropic virus HHV-7 Roseolovirus β Sixth disease (ros- T cells eola infantum or and ? exanthem subitum) Sixth disease (ros- T cells eola infantum or and ? exanthem subitum) R a c β T cells and ? Lymphocyte Kaposi’s sarcoma, B cell and other cells primary effusion lymphoma, some In animal virology the most important types of multiherpesviruses belong to the Alphaherpesvircentric Castleinae. Research on pseudorabies virus (PrV), man’s disease the causative agent of Aujeszky’s disease in pigs, has pioneered animal disease control with genetically modified vaccines. PrV is Zoonotic infections now extensively studied as a model for basic In addition to the herpesviruses considered processes during lytic herpesvirus infection, endemic in humans, some viruses associated and for unravelling molecular mechanisms of primarily with animals may infect humans. herpesvirus neurotropism, whereas bovine These are zoonotic infections: herpesvirus 1, the causative agent of bovine infectious rhinotracheitis and pustular vulZoonotic Herpesviruses vovaginitis, is analyzed to elucidate molecuSpecies Type Synonym Subfamily Human lar mechanisms of latency. The avian infecPathophysiology tious laryngotracheitis virus is phylogeneticMacaque CeHV-1 Cercopithecine α ally distant from these two viruses and serves Very unusual, monkey herpesvirus-1, (Monwith similarity and diversity within to underline only approxkey B virus) imately 25 human the Alphaherpesvirinae.[2][3] HHV-8 Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), a type of rhadinovirus γ Animal herpesviridae C t ( s 2 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia • Subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae • Genus Simplexvirus • Bovine herpesvirus 2 causes bovine mammillitis and pseudo-lumpyskin disease. • Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1, also known as Herpes B virus, causes a Herpes simplex-like disease in Macaques. • Ateline herpesvirus 1, Spider monkey herpesvirus. • Genus Varicellovirus • Bovine herpesvirus 1 causes infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, vaginitis, balanoposthitis, and abortion in cattle. • Bovine herpesvirus 5 causes encephalitis in cattle. • Caprine herpesvirus 1 causes conjunctivitis and respiratory disease in goats. • Porcine herpesvirus 1 causes pseudorabies. • Equine herpesvirus 1 causes abortion in horses. • Equine herpesvirus 3 causes coital exanthema in horses. • Equine herpesvirus 4 causes rhinopneumonitis in horses. • Canine herpesvirus 1 causes a severe hemorrhagic disease in puppies. • Feline herpesvirus 1 causes feline viral rhinotracheitis and keratitis in cats. • Duck herpesvirus 1 causes duck plague. • Genus Mardivirus • Gallid herpesvirus 2 causes Marek’s disease. • Gallid herpesvirus 3 (GaHV-3 or MDV-2) • Herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) • Genus Iltovirus • Gallid herpesvirus 1 causes infectious laryngotracheitis in birds. • Subfamily Betaherpesvirinae • Porcine herpesvirus 2 causes inclusion body rhinitis in swine. • Subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae • Genus Rhadinovirus • Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 causes bovine malignant catarrhal fever. • Alcelaphine herpesvirus 2 causes an antelope and hartebeest version of [[malignant catarrhal fever]|MCF]]. Herpesviridae • Bovine herpesvirus 4 • Equine herpesvirus 2 causes equine cytomegalovirus infection. • Equine herpesvirus 5 [11] Taxonomy The following genera are included in the family Herpesviridae: • Subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae • Genus Simplexvirus; type species: Human herpesvirus 1 or Herpes simplex; diseases: cold sores, genital herpes, encephalitis • Genus Varicellovirus; type species: Human herpesvirus 3 or Varicellazoster virus; diseases: chickenpox, shingles • Genus Mardivirus; type species: Gallid herpesvirus 2 • Genus Iltovirus; type species: Gallid herpesvirus 1 • Subfamily Betaherpesvirinae • Genus Cytomegalovirus; type species: Human herpesvirus 5; diseases: mononucleosis • Genus Muromegalovirus; type species: Murid herpesvirus 1 • Genus Roseolovirus; type species: Human herpesvirus 6; diseases: exanthem subitum, roseola infantum • Genus Roseolovirus; type species: Human herpesvirus 7; diseases: pityriasis rosea • Genus Proboscivirus; type species: Elephantid herpesvirus 1 • Subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae • Genus Lymphocryptovirus; type species: Human herpesvirus 4 or Epstein-Barr virus; diseases: mononucleosis, Burkitt’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Hodgkin’s disease • Genus Rhadinovirus; type species: Human Herpesvirus 8, Saimiriine herpesvirus 2 • Genus Macavirus; type species: Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 • Genus Percavirus; type species: Equid herpesvirus 2 • Unassigned • Genus Cercopithecine; type species: Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 3 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Herpesviridae Elsevier Mosby. ISBN 978-0-323-03303-9; ISBN 0-323-03303-2. [6] Bottieau E, Clerinx J, Van den Enden E, Van Esbroeck M, Colebunders R, Van Gompel A, Van den Ende J (2006). "Infectious mononucleosis-like syndromes in febrile travelers returning from the tropics.". J Travel Med 13 (4): 191–7. doi:10.1111/ j.1708-8305.2006.00049.x. PMID 16884400. [7] ^ Weigler BJ (February 1992). "Biology of B virus in macaque and human hosts: a review". Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 14 (2): 555–67. PMID 1313312. [8] Huff J, Barry P (2003). "B-virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) infection in humans and macaques: potential for zoonotic disease". Emerg Infect Dis 9 (2): 246–50. PMID 12603998. [9] Herpes-B Fact Sheet [10] ^ Hricova M, Mistrikova J (2007). "Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 serum antibodies in general human population". Acta virologica 51 (4): 283–7. PMID 18197737. [11] Fenner, Frank J.; Gibbs, E. Paul J.; Murphy, Frederick A.; Rott, Rudolph; Studdert, Michael J.; White, David O. (1993). Veterinary Virology (2nd ed.). Academic Press, Inc. ISBN 0-12-253056-X. Research Research is currently ongoing into a variety of side-effect or co-conditions related to the herpesviruses. These include: • Alzheimer’s disease, • Artherosclerosis, • Cholangio Carcinoma, • Crohn’s disease, • Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, • Cytomegalovirus, • Dysautomnia • Epstein-Barr Virus, • Fibromyalgia, • HSV1, • HSV2, • HSV3, • HSV4, • Multiple Sclerosis, • Pancreatic Cancer, • Pancreatitis References [1] ^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0838585299. [2] ^ Mettenleiter et al. (2008). "Molecular Biology of Animal Herpesviruses". Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-22-6. [3] ^ Sandri-Goldin RM (editor). (2006). Alpha Herpesviruses: Molecular and Cellular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-09-7 . http://www.horizonpress.com/ahv. [4] ^ Whitley RJ (1996). Herpesviruses. in: Baron’s Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al., eds.) (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/ bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.chapter.3567. [5] Murray PR; Rosenthal KS; Pfaller MA (2005). Medical Microbiology (5th ed.). External links • • • • • • Viralzone: Herpesviridae Animal viruses Article on Cercopithecine herpesvirus International Herpes Management Forum National B Virus Resource Center Pityriasis Rosea overview Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpesviridae" Categories: Viruses, Herpesviruses, Animal virology This page was last modified on 19 May 2009, at 19:16 (UTC). All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) taxdeductible nonprofit charity. 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