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Monte Verde
Monte Verde
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Monte Verde is an archaeological site in south-central Chile, which has been dated to 14,500 years before present.[1] It pre-dates the earliest known Clovis culture site of Clovis, New Mexico, by 1000 years, contradicting the previously accepted "Clovis model" which holds that settlement of the Americas began after 13,500 years before present. As such the Monte Verde findings were initially dismissed by most of the scientific community, but in recent years the evidence has become more widely accepted in some archaeological circles,[2][3] although vocal "Clovis-first" advocates remain.[4]
Archaeological recovery
The site was discovered in late 1975 when a veterinary student visited the area of Monte Verde, where severe erosion was occurring due to logging. The student found a strange "cow bone" exposed in the eroded Chinchihuapi Creek that proved to be from a mastodont. Mario Pino, a Chilean geologist and Tom Dillehay, both teachers at the Universidad Austral de Chile at the time, started excavating Monte Verde in 1977. The site is situated on the banks of Chinchihuapi Creek, a tributary of the Maullín River located 36 miles (58 km) from the Pacific Ocean. One of the rare open-air prehistoric sites found so far in the Americas, Monte Verde was preserved as the waters of the creek rose a short time after the site was occupied and the peat-
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filled bog that resulted inhibited the bacterial decay of organic material and preserved many perishable artifacts and other items for millennia. According to Dillehay and his team, the Monte Verde site was occupied around 14,800 – 13,800 years ago by about twenty to thirty people. A twenty-foot-long tent-like structure of wood and animal hides was erected on the banks of the creek and was framed with logs and planks staked in the ground, making walls of poles covered with animal hides. Using ropes made of local reeds, the hides were tied to the poles creating separate living quarters within the main structure. Outside the tent-like structure, two large hearths had been built for community usage, most probably for tool making and craftwork. Each of the living quarters had a brazier pit lined with clay. Around those hearths, many stone tools and remnants of spilled seeds, nuts, and berries were found. A 13,000-yr-old specimen of the wild potato,Solanum maglia, was also found at the site; these remains, the oldest on record for any species of potato, wild or cultivated, suggest that southern Chile was of the two main centres for the evolution of Solanum tuberosum tuberosum, the common potato [5]. Remains of forty-five different edible plant species were found within the site, over a fifth of them originating from up to 150 miles (240 km) away. This suggested that the people of Monte Verde either had trade routes or traveled regularly in this extended network. Other important finds from this site include human coprolites, a footprint, assumed to have been made by a child, stone tools, and cordage. The date for this site was obtained by Dr. Dillehay with the use of radiocarbon dating of charcoal and bone found within the site. In the May 9, 2008 issue of Science, a team reported that they identified nine species of seaweed and marine algae recovered from hearths and other areas in the ancient settlement. The seaweed samples were directly dated between 14,220 to 13,980 years ago, confirming that the upper layer of the site, labeled Monte Verde II, was occupied more than 1,000 years earlier than any other reliably dated human settlements in the Americas.[6][7]
Monte Verde
Comparison to other early Americas sites
A deeper layer at Monte Verde has been reported radiocarbon dated to 33,000 years before present,[8] but like other sites with reported extremely early dates such as the Topper site in South Carolina, this deeper layer find remains controversial. Other very early Chilean human settlement sites of comparable age to Monte Verde are the Cueva del Milodon and Pali Aike Crater lava tube.[9]
See also
• • • • Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact Archaeology of the Americas Models of migration to the New World Lagoa Santa
References
[1] [1] [2] Monte Verde Archaeological Site UNESCO World Heritage Centre [3] Ancient seaweed chews confirm age of Chilean site | Science | Reuters [4] http://www.uky.edu/Projects/ MonteVerde/ [5] Donald Ugent, Tom Dillehay, and Carlos Ramirez, Potato remains from a late pleistocene settlement in southcentral Chile, Economic Botany, 41(1), 17-27, January 1987 [6] Dillehay TD, Ramírez C, Pino M, Collins MB, Rossen J, Pino-Navarro JD (May 9 2008). "Monte Verde: seaweed, food, medicine, and the peopling of South America". Science 320: 784. doi:10.1126/science.1156533. PMID 18467586. [7] [http://newswise.com/articles/view/ 540470/ New Evidence About Earliest Americans Supports Coastal Migration Theory] Newswise, Retrieved on June 26, 2008. [8] Chilean Field Yields New Clues to Peopling of Americas [9] C. Michael Hogan {2008) Pali Aike, Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham [2]
External links
• http://www.uky.edu/Projects/MonteVerde/
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• Monte Verde at UNESCO World Heritage • http://www.unl.edu/rhames/monte_verde/ monte_verde1.htm Coordinates: 41.50472°S -73.20444 41°30′17″S 73.20444°W
Monte Verde
73°12′16″W / / -41.50472;
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Verde" Categories: Archaeological cultures, Pre-Columbian cultures, Prehistory, Archaeological sites in Chile, Los Lagos Region, Former settlements in South America This page was last modified on 20 May 2009, at 05:24 (UTC). All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) taxdeductible nonprofit charity. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers
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