Foreign_Agricultural_Service

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Foreign Agricultural Service Foreign Agricultural Service The Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) has primary responsibility for the United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) overseas programs -- market development, international trade agreements and negotiations, and the collection of statistics and market information. It also administers USDA’s export credit guarantee and food aid programs and helps increase income and food availability in developing nations by mobilizing expertise for agriculturally led economic growth. Beginning in 2003, FAS began to return to a long-abandoned role in national security. The FAS mission statement reads, "To create economic opportunity for American agriculture by expanding global markets," and its motto is, "Linking U.S. Agriculture to the World." 1922 telegram from agricultural commissioner at London to USDA headquarters. for agricultural commodities was paralleled by assignment abroad of agricultural statistical agents, commodity specialists, and "commissioners". The analytical unit in Washington, supervised by Leon Estabrook, deputy chief of USDA’s Bureau of Agricultural Economics, compiled publications based on reports from USDA’s overseas staff, U.S. consuls abroad, and data collected by the Romebased International Institute of Agriculture.[4] In 1924, USDA officials Nils Olsen and Louis Guy Michael, working with Congressman John Ketcham, began drafting legislation to create an agricultural attaché service with diplomatic status. Though this legislation passed the House of Representatives multiple times, it did not pass the Senate until 1930, in part due to opposition from thenCommerce Secretary Herbert Hoover. Hoover, however, eventually supported the legislation in order to garner support of the Roots in Analysis USDA posted its first employee abroad in 1882, with assignment of Edmund J. Moffat to London.[1] Moffat went out as a "statistical agent" of USDA’s Division of Statistics but with the status of Deputy Consul General on the roster of the Department of State at London.[2] Subsequent USDA officials assigned overseas, however, did not enjoy diplomatic or consular status. This impeded their work, which at that point consisted mainly of collecting, analyzing, and transmitting to Washington time-sensitive market information on agricultural commodities.[3] Creation of a series of units in Washington to analyze foreign competition and demand 1 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia farm bloc during his presidential campaign.[5] Accordingly, the Foreign Agricultural Service was created by the Foreign Agricultural Service Act of 1930 (P.L. 71-304), which President Herbert Hoover signed into law June 5, 1930. The law stipulated that the Foreign Agricultural Service consisted of the overseas officials of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA also created a Foreign Agricultural Service Division within the Bureau of Agricultural Economics to serve as FAS’s headquarters staff in Washington, D.C., naming Asher Hobson, a noted economist and political scientist, as its first head. The 1930 Act explicitly granted USDA’s overseas officials diplomatic status and the right to the diplomatic title attaché. In short order, FAS posted additional staff overseas, to Marseille, Pretoria, Belgrade, Sydney, and Kobe, in addition to existing staff in London, Buenos Aires, Berlin and Shanghai. In Washington, Dr. Hobson hired a Russian émigré, Dr. Lazar Volin, as the agency’s first domestically based regional analyst, to specialize on study of Russia as a competitor to U.S. agriculture. Foreign Agricultural Service Belgium, Haiti, Sweden, Brazil and Colombia. By 1939 new agricultural tariff schedules were in place with 20 countries, including the United Kingdom, the United States’ largest agricultural trading partner.[7] This new responsibility spurred a change in field reporting from overseas offices. In order to negotiate tariff agreements, FAS needed comprehensive information on the domestic agricultural policies of trading partners, and the primary source of this information was the agency’s field offices abroad. Thus, in addition to traditional commodity reporting, the attachés and commissioners were called on to add policy analysis to their portfolios.[8] On December 1, 1938, the Foreign Agricultural Service Division was upgraded, made directly subordinate to the Secretary, and renamed simply the Foreign Agricultural Service. On July 1, 1939, however, President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered all diplomatic personnel, including the agricultural attachés and commissioners, transferred to the Department of State.[9] The Foreign Agricultural Service was abolished, and its headquarters staff was renamed the Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations (OFAR).[10] At that time the Director of Foreign Agricultural Relations, Leslie A. Wheeler, was appointed by executive order to the Board of the Foreign Service and the Board of Examiners, an acknowledgement of OFAR’s status as a foreign affairs agency.[11] International Trade Policy Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations Cover art for the Bureau of Agricultural Economics weekly circular in the 1930s. In 1934 Congress passed the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act, which stipulated that the President must consult with the Secretary of Agriculture when negotiating tariff reductions for agricultural commodities. Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace delegated this responsibility to the Foreign Agricultural Service Division, and thus began FAS’s role in formulation and implementation of international trade policy.[6] FAS led agricultural tariff negotiations, first concluding a new tariff agreement with Cuba, followed by OFAR logo taken from a 1946 report on food availability in post-war Europe. 2 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia OFAR began handling food aid in 1941 when President Roosevelt and the Congress authorized $1.35 billion of food assistance to Great Britain. During this period OFAR also led negotiations that resulted in creation of the International Wheat Council, and began assisting Latin American countries to develop their agriculture. This latter effort was related to the need for strategic commodities as World War II loomed, as well as the need to tie South America closer to the Allies and thereby to keep Nazi Germany from gaining a foothold in the New World. During World War II OFAR analyzed food availability in both allied and enemy countries, and promoted stockpiling of 100 million bushels (2.7 million metric tons) of wheat for feeding refugees after the anticipated end of the war.[12] After the war, OFAR was instrumental in carrying out land reform in Japan and offering agricultural technical assistance under the Marshall Plan and the Point Four Program. By 1953 OFAR had roughly 400 agricultural specialists working on development programs in 27 foreign countries. OFAR also continued food aid programs, particularly using the Agricultural Act of 1949’s authorities to donate surplus commodities. The intent of these efforts was first, to combat communism; second, to promote export sales of U.S. agricultural products; and third, to improve diets in foreign countries through extension of technical assistance and technology transfer.[13] At this point OFAR directed the work of overseas technical assistance programs while the Department of State directed the work of the agricultural attachés. Frictions began to develop as State began to deny USDA requests for information from the attachés, leading to pressure from both agricultural producer groups and influential Congressmen for the attachés to be returned to USDA control.[14] OFAR participated actively with the Department of State in negotiating the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), signed in 1947 and expanded through subsequent negotiation rounds, although agriculture was not a major focus until the Uruguay Round of negotiations. At the same time, OFAR was heavily involved in founding the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, with Director of Foreign Foreign Agricultural Service Agricultural Relations Leslie A. Wheeler playing a particularly instrumental role.[15] FAS is Reconstituted On March 10, 1953, Secretary of Agriculture Ezra Taft Benson abolished OFAR and reconstituted the Foreign Agricultural Service.[16] In April 1954 FAS handed off national security-related technical assistance to the International Cooperation Administration (forerunner of USAID) and began to focus on foreign market development for U.S. agricultural commodities, signaling a radical shift in the agency’s focus.[17] On September 1, 1954, following passage of H.R. 8033 (P.L. 83-690), the agricultural attachés were transferred back from State Department to FAS. In the same year, Congress passed Public Law 480 (P.L. 83-480), the Food for Peace Act, which became the backbone of FAS’s food aid and market development efforts. Agricultural attachés began negotiating agreements for concessional sale of U.S. farm commodities to foreign countries on terms of up to 30 years and in their own local currencies. The old FAS logo, 1953-2003 In 1955 FAS began signing cooperative agreements with groups representing American producers of specific commodities in order to expand foreign demand. The first such agreement was signed with the National Cotton Council. This activity came to be called the Market Development Cooperator Program, and the groups themselves to be called "cooperators".[18] In 1961 the General Sales Manager of USDA’s Commodity Stabilization Service 3 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (CSS) and his staff were merged into FAS, bringing with them operational responsibility for export credit and food aid programs. In particular, the General Sales Manager was responsible for setting prices for export sale of USDA-owned surplus commodities that had been acquired through domestic farm support programs.[19] At the same time, the CSS Barter and Stockpiling Manager was also moved to FAS. In the post-WWII era, USDA’s Commodity Credit Corporation was heavily involved in efforts to barter CCCowned commodities acquired via domestic farm support programs for strategic commodities available from foreign countries short of hard currency. By the mid-1960s as European and Asian economies recovered from the war, however, the emphasis on barter waned.[20] In 1969 the General Sales Manager and his staff were split off to form a separate USDA agency, the Export Marketing Service (EMS).[21] In 1974, however, EMS was remerged with FAS.[22] In 1977, under pressure from the Congress, the Carter Administration created an "Office of the General Sales Manager" nominally headed by the General Sales Manager, but in reality still a subunit of FAS and subordinate to the FAS Administrator.[23] In 1981 the Reagan Administration abolished the Office of the General Sales Manager and formally restored its status as a program area of FAS.[24] During that time, the GSM’s responsibilities expanded from mere disposition of surplus commodities to management of commodity export credit guarantee programs, foreign food assistance programs, and direct credit programs. The Foreign Agricultural Service, a foreign affairs agency since 1930, was included in the Foreign Service Act of 1980. Agricultural attachés were offered the choice of remaining civil servants or being grandfathered into the Foreign Service. Since that time the vast majority of agricultural officers overseas, just like State Department officials overseas, have been Foreign Service Officers. Since 1939, 11 former agricultural attachés have been confirmed as American Ambassadors. Foreign Agricultural Service the first "Chicken War", a trade dispute arising from the EEC’s application of protective tariffs on poultry meat imported from the United States in retaliation for President Kennedy’s imposition of a ceiling on textile imports and raising of tariffs on carpets, glass and bicycles. FAS negotiators and analysts, including future Administrator Rolland "Bud" Anderson, supported talks that resulted in the EEC paying $26 million in damages, though in Anderson’s words, "We won the battle but lost the war as U.S. exports of these products to Europe soon became insignificant." This "Chicken War" proved to be a precursor to numerous other, similar trade disputes, including the "Poultry War" with Russia of 2002, during which Russia retaliated against the U.S. raising steel tariffs by barring imports of U.S. poultry meat, and the dispute over the European Union’s ban on imports of U.S. beef produced from cattle treated with growth promotants. In 1972 a short grain crop in the U.S.S.R. resulted in the Soviet Union quietly concluding grain purchasing contracts from a relatively small number of the secretive private multinational grain traders who dominated world trade in cereals. Because crop surveys in mid-spring had given the impression of a normal crop, FAS’s agricultural attaché in Moscow chose not to follow up with additional crop observation travel, and thus missed a severe drought that set in after the last trip. As a result of this lapse, international grain traders and exporting nations were unaware of the Soviets’ dire need for massive grain imports. By the time the scope of Soviet purchases became known, the U.S.S.R. had locked in supplies at low, subsidized prices, leaving other importers and consumers scrambling for what was left at significantly higher prices.[25] This event, known as the "Great Grain Robbery", led to creation in the Foreign Agricultural Service of a satellite imagery unit for remote sensing of foreign crop conditions, negotiation of a long-term grain agreement (LTA) with the Soviet Union, and imposition of an export sales reporting requirement for U.S. grain exporters. It also impressed on FAS the need for "boots-on-theground" observation of crop conditions in critical countries. In the 1980s, the European Economic Community emerged as a competitor for export sales, particularly of grain. EEC export restitutions (subsidies) undercut U.S. sales, Major Events Trade tensions with the European Economic Community (EEC) boiled over in 1962 with 4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia with the result that farm-state Members of Congress, led by Senator Robert Dole of Kansas, pushed through new legislation authorizing broader subsidization of commercial export sales. This Export Enhancement Program (or EEP, though it was originally called "BICEP" by Senator Dole) was used primarily to counter EEC subsidies in important markets. Use of EEP opened the United States to criticism from less developed countries on the grounds that export subsidies undercut their own farmers by depressing global commodity prices. By the mid-1990s EEP was largely abandoned in favor of negotiating for a multilateral ban on agricultural export subsidies; it was last used, for a single sale, during the Clinton Administration. With founding of the World Trade Organization in January 1995, trade-distorting domestic agricultural supports were capped in all member states and absolute import quotas were banned, but negotiations on eliminating export subsidies continue still. Foreign Agricultural Service varied since the pilot Global Food for Education program was deployed in fiscal year 2001, often combining both appropriated funds and funding from the Commodity Credit Corporation’s borrowing authority.[26] FAS’s Return to International Development and National Security After a nine-year hiatus from international agricultural development work at USDA, on July 12, 1963, Secretary Orville Freeman ordered creation of an International Agricultural Development Service, which was subordinate to the same Assistant Secretary of Agriculture as but separate from FAS. IADS served as USDA’s liaison with USAID and other assistance organizations, linking them to USDA expertise in pursuit of developmental goals. Dr. Matthew Drosdoff was hired effective February 19, 1964, to be the first permanent Administrator of IADS. In March 1969, after the Nixon Administration came to power, IADS was briefly merged into FAS, then in November 1969 was split out into a separate Foreign Economic Development Service. On February 6, 1972, FEDS was abolished and its functions transferred to the Economic Research Service, where it became the Foreign Development Division.[27] In 1977, Dr. Quentin West proposed consolidating three USDA units involved in technical assistance and development work into a single agency to be called the Office of International Cooperation and Development: the Foreign Development Division, the Science and Education Administration (an interagency consortium funded by foreign currency earnings), and FAS’s International Organization Affairs Staff. Dr. West’s proposal was accepted and thus OICD was created, with responsibility for technical assistance, training, foreign currency-funded research, and international organization liaison. In 1994 USDA’s Office of International Cooperation and Development was merged with FAS, bringing technical assistance back to FAS after a roughly 40-year absence.[28] In 2003 FAS posted agricultural officers to Baghdad, not for the by-then traditional purposes of market intelligence and market development, but to reconstruct the Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture. FAS also began Current Food Aid Authorities FAS has managed food assistance programs since 1941, and today uses a mix of statutory authorities. The traditional programs are Section 416(b) of the Agricultural Act of 1949, which makes surplus commodities available for donation overseas, and Title I of Public Law 480 (Food for Peace), which authorizes concessional sales. These programs were designed to support government-to-government transactions. The 1985 Farm Bill created the Food for Progress program, which facilitated delivery of food aid through non-governmental organizations as well as foreign governments. Food for Progress can draw on multiple sources, including in-kind surplus commodities and appropriated funds. The most recent addition to the array of FAS-implemented food aid programs is the McGovern/Dole Food for Education program. Formally known as the McGovern/Dole International Food for Education and Child Nutrition Program in honor of Senator Dole and Senator George McGovern, it supports school feeding programs in less developed countries, and reserves authority for supporting maternal and child health programs. It was authorized by the 2002 Farm Bill and reauthorized in 2008. Funding sources have 5 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia organizing USDA contributions to Provincial Reconstruction Teams in Iraq and Afghanistan. This marked FAS’ return to national security work.[29] Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack has pledged to continue and to expand that work.[30] Foreign Agricultural Service Agriculture, General Correspondence 1906-1970 (1924), Box 1032. [5] Papers of Nils Olsen and Reminiscences of Leslie A. Wheeler [6] Organization and Functions of the Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations [7] Progress in tariff negotiations is documented in the annual Report of the Secretary of Agriculture for the years 1935 -1939. [8] Report of the Secretary of Agriculture, 1935, p. 6. [9] Reorganization Plan No. II [[1]] [10] Secretary’s Memorandum 825, June 30, 1939 [11] National Archives, Record Group 16, General Correspondence of the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture, 170/6/34/1, Box 3024, and also Reminiscences of Leslie A. Wheeler. [12] Reminiscences of Leslie A. Wheeler [13] "The United States Farmer and the World Around Him," speech by John J. Haggerty, Director of Foreign Agricultural Relations, contained in the Journal of Farm Economics, December 1952 [14] Memorandum by Fred J. Rossiter, Assistant Administrator, Foreign Agricultural Service, January 26, 1954 [15] Reminiscences of Leslie A. Wheeler [16] Secretary’s Memorandum 1320, Supplement 1, March 10, 1953 [17] Memorandum of Understanding between USDA and Department of State on "Conduct of Technical Assistance Overseas," April 14, 1954, and also Memorandum "To All Employees of the Foreign Agricultural Service" from acting Administrator Clayton E. Whipple, November 19, 1953 [18] Howard, et al, Partners in Developing Farm Markets Overseas [19] Commodity Stabilization Service Notice General No. 305, June 28, 1955; Secretary’s Memorandum 1446, February 24, 1961 [20] National Archives, Record Group 166, Records of the Foreign Agricultural Service, Policy Correspondence 1951-1964, Boxes 2, 4, 6, 7. [21] Secretary’s Memorandum No. 1648, Supplement 1, March 28, 1969 [22] Secretary’s Memorandum 1833, Supplement 1, February 1, 1974 Heads of Service and Ambassadors Heads of Service Heads of the Foreign Agricultural Service and Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations since 1930 have been (periods as acting head are in italics): General Sales Managers General Sales Managers since 1955 have been (periods as acting GSM are in italics): Heads of International Development Administrators of the Office of International Cooperation and Development and its predecessors from creation until it was merged with FAS in 1994 were (periods as acting Administrator are in italics): Ambassadors Agricultural officers who have served or are serving as Ambassadors are: References [1] National Archives, Record Group 59, General Records of the Department of State, Consular Correspondence, 1785-1906, Instructions to Consular Officers, Consular Instructions, 1800-1906, vol. 104, p. 99, call number A-1, Entry 59 [2] Moffat’s status is attested in the British diplomatic lists in London, the Official Register of the United States Government, and the State Department Register. [3] Clem, The U.S. Agricultural Attaché, His History and His Work [4] Letter from Secretary Henry C. Wallace to the Hon. Milton W. Shreve, May 3, 1924, in the National Archives, Record Group 16, Records of the Secretary of 6 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Name Asher Hobson Leslie A. Wheeler Leslie A. Wheeler Leslie A. Wheeler Dennis A. Fitzgerald Fred J. Rossiter Stanley Andrews Francis A. Flood John J. Haggerty Francis R. Wilcox Romeo Ennis Short Clayton E. Whipple William G. Lodwick Gwynn Garnett Maxwell S. Myers Robert C. Tetro Raymond A. Ioanes David L. Hume Thomas R. Hughes Richard A. Smith Thomas O. Kay Rolland E. Anderson Duane Acker Stephen L. Censky Richard B. Schroeter August Schumacher, Jr. Lon S. Hatamiya Timothy J. Galvin Mattie R. Sharpless Mary T. Chambliss A. Ellen Terpstra Michael W. Yost Suzanne K. Hale Michael V. Michener Term 1930-1931 1931-1934, 1934-1938 1938-1939 1939-1948 1948-1949 1949 1949-1952 1952 1952-1953 1953 1953 1953-1954 1954-1955 1955-1958 1958-1961 1961-1962 1962-1973 1973-1977 1977-1981 1981-1985 1985-1989 1989-1991 1991-1992 1992-1993 1993-1994 1994-1997 1997-1999 1999-2001 2001 2001-2002 2002-2006 2006-2009 2009 2009Agency Foreign Agricultural Service Foreign Agricultural Service Division Bureau of Agricultural Economics ditto Foreign Agricultural Service Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto Foreign Agricultural Service ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto [25] Morgan, Merchants of Grain; Luttrell, The Russian Wheat Deal; and also the oral history of R. Keith Severin. [26] Interview with Mary T. Chambliss, former Deputy Administrator for Export Credits, Foreign Agricultural Service [23] Secretary’s Memorandum 2001, November 27, 1979, and interview with George Pope, former Assistant Administrator for Export Credits, Foreign Agricultural Service [24] Interview with George Pope 7 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Name Francis C. Daniels Sylvester J. Meyers Frank LeRoux James A. Hutchins, Jr. George Parks Clifford Pulvermacher Laurel Meade George S. Shanklin James Hutchinson Kelly Harrison Alan Tracy Melvin Sims F. Paul Dickerson Christopher E. Goldthwait Richard Fritz Mary T. Chambliss Franklin D. Lee W. Kirk Miller Patricia R. Sheikh Name Matthew Drosdoff Lester R. Brown Quentin West Quentin West Quentin West Ruth Zagorin Joan S. Wallace Robert Shirley Steve Abrams Duane Acker John Miranda Term Term 1955-circa 1959 circa 1959-1961 1961-1966 circa 1966 1966-1969 1969-1972 1972-197? -1974197?-1977 1977-1981 1981-1982 1982-1989 1989-1991 1991-1993, 1993-1999 1999-2001 2001 2001-2002 2002-2009 2009Agency Foreign Agricultural Service Agency Commodity Stabilization Service ditto Foreign Agricultural Service ditto ditto Export Marketing Service ditto ditto Foreign Agricultural Service ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto 1964-1966 International Agricultural Development Service 1966-1969 ditto 1969-1972 Foreign Economic Development Service 1972-1977 Foreign Development Division, Economic Research Service 1977-1980 Office of International Cooperation and Development 1980-1981 ditto 1981-1989 ditto 1989-1990 ditto 1990 ditto 1990-1992 ditto 1992-1993 ditto Lynnett M. Wagner 1993-1994 ditto [27] Personal recollections of Verle Lanier, Richard Rortvedt, and Mollie Iler, augmented by information gleaned from past issues of the FAS Letter and miscellaneous records from the National Archives and Records Administration. [28] Interview with Hal G. Wynne, former budget director, Foreign Agricultural Service [29] Foreign Service Journal, May 2009, FAS At a Crossroads: Reshaping Ag Diplomacy (pp. 27-31) [[2]] [30] Washington Post, "Tom Vilsack: Leading ’an Everyday, Every-Way’ USDA", May 21, 2009 [[3]] 8 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Name Lester D. Mallory Agricultural Posts assistant agricultural commissioner, Marseille and Paris; agricultural attaché, Paris and Mexico City assistant agricultural attaché (rank of vice consul), Buenos Aires Foreign Agricultural Service Ambassadorships, Presidential Appointments, Significant Appointments Jordan 1953-58, Guatemala 1958-59, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, 1960 Charles R. Burrows Howard R. Cottam Honduras 1960-65 agricultural economist, Par- Kuwait 1963-69 is; agricultural attaché, Rome Costa Rica 1967-69 Clarence A. assistant agricultural atBoonstra taché, Havana; agricultural attaché, Manila, Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro and Lima Philip Habib agricultural attaché (vice consul), Ottawa and Wellington South Korea 1971-74; Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs 1974-1976; Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs 1976-78; Acting Secretary of State 1977; Special Negotiator for the Middle East 1981; winner of the Presidential Medal of Freedom 1982; featured on a postage stamp 2006 Chief Negotiator for Textile Matters with rank of Ambassador 1979-81 (not confirmed by the Senate) European Community 1981-85, Director General of the Foreign Service 1985-89 H. Reiter Webb George S. Vest assistant agricultural attaché, London; agricultural attaché, Cairo agricultural attaché (vice consul), Quito Christopher assistant agricultural atChad 1999-2004 E. taché, Bonn; agricultural atGoldthwait taché and counselor at Lagos Mattie R. Sharpless administrative assistant, Central African Republic 2001-2002 Paris (OECD); assistant agricultural attaché, Brussels USEC; agricultural attaché, Bern; agricultural counselor, Rome; agricultural minister-counselor, Paris Suzanne K. agricultural attaché and ag- Federated States of Micronesia 2004-2007 Hale ricultural trade officer, Tokyo; agricultural ministercounselor, Beijing and Tokyo Patricia M. agricultural attaché, New Haslach Delhi Asif J. Chaudhry Laos 2004-2007, APEC 2008- agricultural attaché, Moldova 2008Warsaw; senior agricultural attaché, counselor, and 9 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia acting minister-counselor, Moscow; agricultural minister-counselor, Cairo Foreign Agricultural Service External links Programs, April 15, 2008", http://opencrs.com/document/RL33553/ --- U.S. Government Websites 2008-04-15, retrieved on 2009-03-24. • "Foreign Agricultural Service (official • "Congressional Research Service, website)", http://www.fas.usda.gov/, Agricultural Exports and the 2007 Farm retrieved on 2005-11-23. 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Estabrook. http://agricola.nal.usda.gov/cgi-bin/ Washington: unpublished manuscript, held Pwebrecon.cgi?v2=4&ti=1,4&SEQ=20090331174904 in Special Collections, National Dl6_LZQ-hVdwZqSLdceDyYO&SID=2. Agricultural Library, call number 120 Es8 • U.S. Department of Agriculture (issues of R. http://agricola.nal.usda.gov/cgi-bin/ 1883-1885). Report of the Commissioner Pwebrecon.cgi?Search_Arg=Estabrook%2C%20Leon&SL=None&Search_Code=NAME_&CNT=10&PID of Agriculture. Washington: USGPO. LOGfsSilDyYyVrh&BROWSE=2&HC=1&SID=2. http://www.nal.usda.gov. FAS Letter. Washington: newsletter of the • U.S. Department of Agriculture (issues of Foreign Agricultural Service. 1957-1977. 1893, 1903, 1905, 1920, 1922, 1931-1939, http://www.fas.usda.gov/info/50th/ 1952-1954). Report of the Secretary of newsletters.htm. Agriculture. Washington: USGPO. Howard, James O.; Vernon Harness, http://www.nal.usda.gov. Jimmy D. Minyard, and Richard E. Passig • U.S. Department of State. Biographic (1989). Partners in Developing Farm Register. Washington: USGPO. Markets Overseas. Washington: U.S. http://lccn.loc.gov/09022072. Agricultural Export Development Council. • U.S. Department of State. Foreign http://agricola.nal.usda.gov/cgi-bin/ Relations of the United States. Pwebrecon.cgi?Search_Arg=Partners+in+Developing+Farm+Markets+Overseas&SL=None&Search_C Washington: USGPO. Hutson, John B. (1953). Reminiscences of http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/. John B. Hutson. New York: Oral History • U.S. Department of State. Foreign Service Collection of Columbia University. List. Washington: USGPO. http://clio.cul.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/ http://lccn.loc.gov/10016369. Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=4&ti=1,4&Search_Arg=Hutson%2C%20John%20B.&Search_Code=NAME_&SL=No • Wheeler, Leslie A. (1940). Reciprocal Luttrell, Clifton B. (October 1973). Trade Agreements--A New Method Of Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, Tariff Making (Yearbook of Agriculture, The Russian Wheat Deal — Hindsight vs. 1940, pp. 585-595). Washington: USGPO. Foresight. St. Louis: Federal Reserve http://naldr.nal.usda.gov/NALWeb/ Bank of St. Louis. Agricola_Link.asp?Accession=IND43893733. http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/ • Wheeler, Leslie A. (1952). Reminiscences review/73/10/Russian_Oct1973.pdf. of Leslie A. Wheeler. New York: Oral Mayer, Martin (1983). The Diplomats. History Collection of Columbia University. New York: Doubleday. ISBN http://clio.cul.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/ 978-0385142304. Pwebrecon.cgi?Search_Arg=Wheeler%2C%20Leslie&S Morgan, Dan (2000). Merchants of Grain: dXgz&BROWSE=4&HC=1&SID=3. The Power and Profits of the Five Giant Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Agricultural_Service" 12 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Foreign Agricultural Service Categories: Diplomacy, International relations, United States Department of Agriculture agencies, United States trade policy, Agriculture in the United States This page was last modified on 24 May 2009, at 04:16 (UTC). 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