Charter_schools

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Charter school Charter school Charter schools are elementary or secondary schools in the United States that receive public money but have been freed from some of the rules, regulations, and statutes that apply to other public schools in exchange for some type of accountability for producing certain results, which are set forth in each school’s charter.[1] While charter schools provide an alternative to other public schools, they are part of the public education system and are not allowed to charge tuition. Where space at a charter school is limited, admission is frequently allocated by lottery based admissions. Some charter schools provide a curriculum that specializes in a certain field-e.g. arts, mathematics, etc. Others attempt to provide a better and more efficient general education than nearby public schools. Some charter schools are founded by teachers, parents, or activists who feel restricted by traditional public schools.[2] State-run charters (schools not affiliated with local school districts) are often established by non-profit groups, universities, and some government entities.[3] Additionally, school districts sometimes permit corporations to open chains of for-profit charter schools. processes or inputs (such as Carnegie Units and teacher certification requirements). Minnesota was the first state to pass a charter school law, in 1991. California was second, in 1992. As of 2008, 41 states and the District of Columbia have charter school laws.[5] Structure and characteristics There are two principles that guide charter schools. First is that they will operate as autonomous public schools, through waivers from many of the procedural requirements of district public schools. The second is that charter schools are accountable for student achievement. To date, 11% of the over 4000 charter schools founded in the United States have closed for reasons including academic, financial, and managerial problems, and occasionally consolidation or district interference.[6] The rules and structure of charter schools depend on state authorizing legislation and differ from state to state. A charter school is authorized to function once it has received a charter, a statutorily defined performance contract detailing the school’s mission, program, goals, students served, methods of assessment, and ways to measure success. The length of time for which charters are granted varies, but most are granted for 3–5 years. Charter schools are held accountable to their sponsor—a local school board, state education agency, university, or other entity—to produce positive academic results and adhere to the charter contract. While this accountability is one of the key arguments in favor of charters, evidence gathered by the United States Department of Education suggests that charter schools are not, in practice, held to higher standards of accountability than traditional public schools.[7] History The charter school idea in the United States was originated by Ray Budde,[4] a professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and embraced by Albert Shanker, President of the American Federation of Teachers, in 1988 when he called for the reform of the public schools by establishing "charter schools" or "schools of choice". At the time, a few schools (which were not called charter schools but embodied some of their principles) already existed, such as H-B Woodlawn. As originally conceived, the ideal model of a charter school was as a legally and financially autonomous public school (without tuition, religious affiliation, or selective student admissions) that would operate much like a private business – free from many state laws and district regulations, and accountable more for student outcomes rather than for Chartering authorities Chartering authorizers, entities that may legally issue charters, differ from state to state, as do the bodies that are legally entitled to 1 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia apply for and operate under such charters. In some states, like Arkansas, the State Board of Education authorizes charters. In other states, like Maryland, only the local school district may issue charters. States including Arizona and the District of Columbia have created independent charter-authorizing bodies to which applicants may apply for a charter. The laws that permit the most charter development, as seen in Minnesota and Michigan, allow for a combination of such authorizers.[8] Charter applicants may include local school districts, institutions of higher education, non-profit corporations, and, in some states, for-profit corporations. Wisconsin, California, Michigan, and Arizona allow for-profit corporations to operate charter schools. This is cause for concern in the opinion of those educators who are concerned that for-profit charter schools are inherently flawed, as they divert part of the funding that in a traditional public school would be spent entirely on education to maintain profits. According to the National Education Association, for-profit charter schools rarely outperform traditional public schools, even when the charter receives higher funding.[9] Although the U.S. Department of Education’s findings agree with those of the NEA, their study points out the limitations of such studies and the inability to hold constant other important factors, and notes that "study design does not allow us to determine whether or not traditional public schools are more effective than charter schools."[7] Charter school charter school students qualified for free or reduced lunches. This qualification is a common proxy for determining how many low-income students a given school enrolls. The same survey found that half of all charter school students fall into categories that are classified as “at risk.”[6] Funding Charter school funding is dictated by the state. In many states, charter schools are funded by transferring per-pupil state aid from the school district where the charter school student resides. The Federal Elementary and Secondary Education Act, Part B, Sections 502 - 511 also authorize funding grants for charter schools. Additionally, charter schools may receive funding from private donors or foundations. In August 2005, a national report of charter school finance undertaken by the Thomas B. Fordam Institute, a pro-charter group,[11] found that across 16 states and the District of Columbia — which collectively enroll 84 percent of the nation’s one million charter school students — charter schools receive about 22 percent less in per-pupil public funding, or $1,800, than the district schools that surround them. For a typical charter school of 250 students, that amounts to about $450,000 per year. The study asserts that the funding gap is wider in most of twenty-seven urban school districts studied, where it amounts to $2,200 per student, and that in cities like San Diego and Atlanta, charters receive 40% less than traditional public schools. The fiscal inequity is most severe in South Carolina, California, Ohio, Georgia, Wisconsin, and Missouri. The report suggests that the primary driver of the district-charter funding gap is charter schools’ lack of access to local and capital funding. In contrast, an earlier article from the Education Policy Analysis Archives at Arizona State University in August 2002 suggests that charters in economically depressed areas may receive more funding than the traditional public schools that surround them, placing traditional public schools at a funding disadvantage.[12] Although charter schools may receive less public funding than traditional public schools, a portion of charter schools’ operating costs can come from sources outside Demographics The U.S. Department of Education’s 1997 First Year Report, part of a four-year national study on charters, is based on interviews of 225 charter schools in 10 states. Charters tend to be small (fewer than 200 students) and represent primarily new schools, though some schools had converted to charter status. Charter schools often tend to exist in urban locations, rather than rural. This study found enormous variation among states. Charter schools tended to be somewhat more racially diverse, and to enroll slightly fewer students with special needs or limited English proficiency than the average schools in their state.[10] In 2007, the annual survey produced by the Center for Education Reform, a procharter school group, found that 54% of 2 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia public funding (such as private funding in the form of donations). In the case of DC charter schools, private funding was found to have accounted for $780 per pupil and, combined with a higher level of public funding (mostly due to non-district funding), resulted in considerably higher funding for charters than comparable public schools.[13][14] Charter school New Zealand Well before American charter schools, New Zealand went far further in granting power to individual schools by abolishing all regional school boards and making each public school independent, with local parent and teacher involvement in decision making.[19] Although not called charter schools, each school does have a charter under which it operates with a board of trustees and has a high degree of autonomy. The main difference, though, is that since all schools have the same status, individual schools don’t all have the uniqueness typical of a charter school. While since 1989 there is also provision for Designated Special Character schools, thus far only two have been created. (These are not to be confused with ’state integrated’ schools — mostly Catholic,[20] and formerly private — that are ’integrated’ into the public school system, while retaining their proprietor — which are required to have a ’special character’ in their integration agreement with the Crown that would be preserved by the school’s continuance.) Organizing Principles State laws follow varied sets of key organizing principles based on the Citizens League’s recommendations for Minnesota,[15] American Federation of Teachers guidelines, and/or federal charter-school legislation (U.S. Department of Education). Principles govern sponsorship, number of schools, regulatory waivers, degree of fiscal/legal autonomy, and performance expectations. Current laws have been characterized as either "strong" or "weak." "Strong-law" states mandate considerable autonomy from local labor-management agreements and bureaucracy, allow a significant number of charter schools to be authorized by multiple chartergranting agencies, and allocate a level of funding consistent with the statewide per pupil average. According to the Center for Education Reform, a pro-charter group, in 2008 Minnesota, the District of Columbia, Michigan, Arizona, and California had the "strongest" laws in the nation. Mississippi and Iowa are home to the nation’s "weakest" laws, according to the same ranking.[16] The vast majority of charter schools (more than 70 percent) are found in states with the "strongest" laws: Arizona, California, Colorado, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, and North Carolina.[17] In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, over half of the New Orleans schools that are re-opening are doing so as charter schools.[18] England and Wales The United Kingdom established grant-maintained schools in England and Wales in 1988. They allowed individual schools that were independent of the local school authority. When they were abolished in 1998, most turned into foundation schools, which are really under their local district authority but still have a high degree of autonomy. Canada About three years after charter schools were introduced in the U.S., the Canadian province of Alberta allowed charter schools beginning in 1994. Two years later, ABC Charter Public School (now Westmount Charter School) formed. Alberta charter schools have much in common with their U.S. counterparts. As of 2005 there are only about a dozen charter schools in the province, compared with over 50 school boards, with the largest one alone having over 200 schools. The idea of charter schools initially sparked great debate and is still controversial, but has had limited impact. No other province in Canada has yet followed Alberta’s lead. Outside the United States Overall, charter schools have had much less support outside the U.S., although many of the choices provided by charter schools have long existed elsewhere under different names. 3 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Charter school schools. It may be that in some cases, charter schools actually improve other public schools by raising educational standards in the area.[22] Chile Chile has a long history of private subsidized schooling, akin to charter schooling in the United States. Before the 1980s, most private subsidized schools were religious and owned by churches or other private parties, but they received support from the central government. In the 1980s, the dictatorial government of Augusto Pinochet promoted neoliberal reforms in the country, and adopted a competitive voucher system in education. These vouchers could be used in public schools or private subsidized schools (which can be run for profit). After this reform, the number of private subsidized schools, many of them secular, grew from 18.5% of schools in 1980 to 32.7% of schools in 2001.[21] American Federation of Teachers study A study performed by the American Federation of Teachers, which "strongly supports charter schools",[23] found that students attending charter schools tied to school boards do not fare any better or worse statistically in reading and math scores than students attending public schools.[24] This study was conducted as part of the National Assessment of Educational Progress in 2003.[25] The study included a sample of 6000 4th grade pupils and was the first national comparison of test scores among children in charter schools and regular public schools. Rod Paige, the U.S. Secretary of Education, issued a statement saying (among other things) that, "according to the authors of the data the Times cites, differences between charter and regular public schools in achievement test scores vanish when examined by race or ethnicity."[26] Additionally, a number of prominent research experts called into question the usefulness of the findings and the interpretation of the data in an advertisement funded by a pro-charter group.[27] Harvard economist Caroline Hoxby also criticized the report and the sample data, saying "An analysis of charter schools that is statistically meaningful requires larger numbers of students."[28] Evaluations of Charter Schools One obvious question charter schools face is whether they actually improve educational outcomes, which is their stated purpose. In the interest of testing this assertion, a number of researchers and organizations have examined educational outcomes for students who attend charter schools. National Bureau of Economic Research Study In 2004, the National Bureau of Economic Research found data that suggested Charter Schools increase competition in a given jurisdiction, thus improving the quality of traditional public schools (noncharters) in the area. Using end-of-year test scores for grades three through eight from North Carolina’s state testing program, researchers found that charter school competition raised the composite test scores in district schools, even though the students leaving district schools for the charters tended to have above average test scores. The introduction of charter schools in the state caused an approximate one percent increase in the score, which constitutes about one quarter of the average yearly growth. The gain was roughly two to five times greater than the gain from decreasing the student-faculty ratio by 1. This research could partially explain how other studies have found a small significant difference in comparing educational outcomes between charter and traditional public Caroline Hoxby studies A 2000 paper by Caroline Hoxby found that charter school students do better than public school students, although this advantage was found only "among white non-Hispanics, males, and students who have a parent with at least a high school degree".[29] This paper was the subject of controversy in 2005 when Princeton assistant professor Jesse Rothstein was unable to replicate her results. Hoxby released a follow up paper in 2004 with Jonah Rockoff, Assistant Professor of Economics and Finance at the Columbia Graduate School of Business, claiming to have again found that charter school students do better than public school students.[28] This second study compared charter school students "to the schools that their students would most 4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia likely otherwise attend: the nearest regular public school with a similar racial composition."[28] It reported that the students in charter schools performed better in both math and reading. It also reported that the longer the charter school had been in operation, the more favorably its students compared. Hoxby’s methodology in this study has also been criticized, arguing that Hoxby’s "assessment of school outcomes is based on the share of students who are proficient at reading or math but not the average test score of the students. That’s like knowing the poverty rate but not the average income of a community — useful but incomplete."[30] How representative the study is has also been criticized as the study is only of students in Chicago.[31] Charter school charter schools mature, they improve. The other two find no significant differences between older and younger charter schools. A more recent synthesis of findings conducted by Vanderbilt University indicates that solid conclusions cannot be drawn from the existing studies, due to their methodological shortcomings and conflicting results, and proposes standards for future meta-analyses.[38] National Center for Education Statistics study A study released on August 22, 2006 by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) found that students in charter schools performed several points worse than students in traditional public schools in both reading and math on the National Assessment of Educational Progress test.[39] Some proponents consider this the best study as they believe by incorporating basic demographic, regional, or school characteristics simultaneously it "... has shown conclusively, through rigorous, replicated, and representative research, whether charter schools boost student achievement ...", while they say that in the AFT study "... estimates of differences between charter schools and traditional public schools are overstated."[31] Critics of this study argue that its demographic controls are highly unreliable, as percentage of students receiving free lunches does not correlate well to poverty levels, and some charter schools don’t offer free lunches at all, skewing their apparent demographics towards higher income levels than actually occur.[40] Learning gains studies A common approach in peer reviewed academic journals is to compare the learning gains of individual students in charter schools to their gains when they were in traditional public schools. Thus, in effect, each student acts as his/her own control to assess the impact of charter schools. This work generally finds that charter schools on average outperform the traditional public schools that supplied students, at least after the charter school had been in operation for a few years.[32][33][34][35] At the same time, there appears to be a wide variation in the effectiveness of individual charter schools.[36] Meta-analyses A report issued by the National Alliance for Public Charter Schools,[37] released in July 2005 and updated in October 2006, looks at twenty-six studies that make some attempt to look at change over time in charter school student or school performance. Twelve of these find that overall gains in charter schools were larger than other public schools; four find charter schools’ gains higher in certain significant categories of schools, such as elementary schools, high schools, or schools serving at risk students; six find comparable gains in charter and traditional public schools; and, four find that charter schools’ overall gains lagged behind. The study also looks at whether individual charter schools improve their performance with age (e.g. after overcoming start-up challenges). Of these, five of seven studies find that as United States Department of Education Study In its Evaluation of the Public Charter Schools Program: Final Report released in 2003, the U.S. Department of Education found that, in the five case study states, charter schools were out-performed by traditional public schools in meeting state performance standards, but noted: “It is impossible to know from this study whether that is because of the performance of the schools, the prior achievement of the students, or some other factor.”[7] 5 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Charter school preferences concerning education. In Idaho, only 12% of respondents said that their regular public school was their top choice for the children’s school. Most preferred private schools over other options.[41] In 2008, Polls in Georgia[42] and Wyoming[43] found similar results. The charter approach uses market principles from the private sector, including accountability and consumer choice, to offer new public sector options that remain nonsectarian and non-exclusive. Many people, such as former President Bill Clinton, see charter schools, with their emphasis on autonomy and accountability, as a workable political compromise and an alternative to vouchers. Others, such as former President George W. Bush, see charter schools as a way to improve schools without antagonizing the teachers’ union. Bush made charter schools a major part of his No Child Left Behind Act. Despite these endorsements, a recent report by the AFT, has shown charter schools not faring as well as public schools on state administered standardized testing,[44] though the report has been heavily criticized.[45][46] Other charter school opponents have examined the competing claims and suggest that most students in charter schools perform the same or worse than their traditional public school counterparts on standardized tests.[47] Policy and practice As more states start charter schools, there is increasing speculation about upcoming legislation. In an innovation-diffusion study surveying education policy experts in fifty states, Michael Mintrom and Sandra Vergari (1997) found that charter legislation is more likely to be considered in states with poor test scores, Republican legislative control, and proximity to other states with charter schools. Legislative enthusiasm, gubernatorial support, interactions with national authorities, and use of permissive charter-law models increase the chances for adopting what they consider stronger laws. He feels union support and restrictive models lead to adoption of what he considers weaker laws. The threat of vouchers, wavering support for public education, and bipartisan support for charters has led some unions to start charters themselves. Several AFT chapters, such as those in Houston and Dallas, have themselves started charters. The National Education Association has allocated $1.5 million to help members start charter schools. Proponents claim that charters offer teachers a measure of empowerment, employee ownership, and governance that might be enhanced by union assistance (Nathan). Former President Bush’s No Child Left Behind Act also promotes charter schools. Over two dozen private management companies are scrambling to increase their 10 percent share of a "more hospitable and entrepreneurial market" (Stecklow 1997). Boston-based Advantage Schools Inc., a corporation specializing in for-profit schooling, has contracted to run charter schools in New Jersey, Arizona, and North Carolina. The Education Development Corporation was planning in the summer of 1997 to manage nine nonsectarian charter schools in Michigan, using cost-cutting measures employed in Christian schools. Debate over funding Nearly all charter schools face implementation obstacles, but newly created schools are most vulnerable. Some charter advocates claim that new charters tend to be plagued by resource limitations, particularly inadequate startup funds. Yet a few charter schools also attract large amounts of interest and money from private foundations such as the Gates Foundation, the Walton Family Foundation and the Broad Foundation. Although charter advocates recommend the schools control all per-pupil funds, charter advocates claim that their schools rarely receive as much funding as other public schools. In reality, this is not necessarily the case in the complex world of school funding. Charter schools in California were guaranteed a set amount of district funding that in some districts amounted to $800 per student per year more than traditional public schools received until a new law was passed Charter school popularity Charter schools provide an alternative for educators, families and communities who are dissatisfied with educational quality and school district bureaucracies at noncharter schools. In early 2008, the Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice, a pro-charter organization, conducted two polls in Idaho and Nevada where they asked parents about their 6 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that took effect in fall 2006. Charter advocates claim that their schools generally lack access to funding for facilities and special program funds distributed on a district basis.[48] Sometimes private businesses and foundations, such as the Ameritech Corporation in Michigan and the Annenburg Fund in California, provide support.[49] Congress and the President allocated $80 million to support charter-school activities in fiscal year 1998, up from $51 million in 1997. Despite the possibility of additional private and non-distric funding, a government study showed that charter school may still lag behind traditional public school achievement. [50] Charters sometimes face opposition from local boards, state education agencies, and unions. Many educators are concerned that charter schools might siphon off badly needed funds for regular schools, as well as students. In addition, public-school advocates assert that charter schools are designed to compete with public schools in a destructive and harmful manner rather than work in harmony with them. To minimize these harmful effects, the American Federation of Teachers urges that charter schools adopt high standards, hire only certified teachers, and maintain teachers’ collective-bargaining rights. Charter school district except those serving entirely nonEnglish-speakers.[53] It was also accused of academic fraud, graduating students with far fewer than the required credits.[51] There is also the case of California Charter Academy, where a publicly funded but privately run chain of 60 charter schools became insolvent in August 2004, despite a budget of $100 million dollars, which left thousands of children without a school to attend.[31] In February 2006, the Center for Education Reform released a report on charter school closures. At that time they found that 436 of the 4000 charter schools had closed for reasons ranging from district consolidation to failure to attract students. The report states that the “majority are closed for financial or management deficiencies.”[54] However, in Connecticut, which has been highly selective in approving charter applications, a relatively large proportion of poorly performing charter schools have closed.[55] Distribution of funds Additional concerns arise when, as in Michigan, charter schools are run for profit. Many educators worry that education will suffer when funding is split between profit and educational spending, rather than going completely toward educational spending as is done in traditional public schools.[56] Studies have already shown many instances of charter schools cutting programs or refusing to educate students with special needs in order to maintain profitability.[57] Charter schools in Michigan, where for-profit charter schools are common, have performed at a lower level than their traditional public school counterparts.[55] Critiques of charter schools Difficulties with accountability The basic concept of charter schools is that they exercise increased autonomy in return for greater accountability. They are meant to be held accountable for both academic results and fiscal practices to several groups, including the sponsor that grants them, the parents who choose them, and the public that funds them. Charter schools can theoretically be closed for failing to meet the terms set forth in their charter, but in practice, this can be difficult, divisive, and controversial. One example was the 2003 revocation of the charter for a school called Urban Pioneer in the San Francisco Unified School District, which first came under scrutiny when two students died on a school wilderness outing.[51] An auditor’s report found that the school was in financial disarray[52] and posted the lowest test scores of any school in the Racial segregation In an article written for the journal Contexts, Linda A. Renzulli, an assistant professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of Georgia, and Vincent J. Roscigno, coeditor of the American Sociological Review, use Linda’s own research as well as research by Amy Stuart Wells, Professor of Sociology and Education and the Coordinator of Policy Studies at Teachers College at Columbia University, to state that Charter Schools actually increase racial segregation.[31] 7 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Charter school Other critiques [6] ^ http://www.edreform.com/_upload/ cer_charter_survey.pdf Professor Frank Smith, of Teachers College, [7] ^ Executive Summary-Evaluation of the Columbia University, sees the charter-school Public Charter Schools Program: Final movement as a chance to involve entire comReport munities in redesigning all schools and con[8] Strength of Charter Laws Ranked State verting them to "client-centered, learning By State cultures" (1997). He favors the Advocacy [9] National Education Association Center Design process used by state-appoin(1998-07-08), "For-Profit Management of ted Superintendent Laval Wilson to transform Public Schools", CorpWatch, four failing New Jersey schools. Building http://www.corpwatch.org/ stronger communities via newly designed inarticle.php?id=886, retrieved on stitutions may prove more productive than 2008-01-21. charters’ typical "free-the-teacher-and-par[10] U.S. Department of Education. A Study ent" approach. on Charter Schools: First Year Report. It is as yet unclear whether charters’ Washington, D.C.: Author, 1997. 74 lackluster test results will affect the enacting pages. http://eric.uoregon.edu/ of future legislation. A Pennsylvania legislatsearch_find/ericdb/ or who voted to create charter schools, State detail.php?AC=ED409620 Rep. Mark B. Cohen of Philadelphia, said that [11] "Charter School Funding: Inequity’s Next "Charter schools offer increased flexibility to Frontier" (PDF), Thomas B. Fordam parents and administrators, but at a cost of Institute, August 2005, reduced job security to school personnel. The http://www.edexcellence.net/doc/ evidence to date shows that the higher Charter%20School%20Funding%202005%20FINAL.p turnover of staff undermines school performretrieved on 2008-01-21. ance more than it enhances it, and that the [12] EPAA Vol. 10 No. 34 Sugarman: Charter problems of urban education are far too School Funding great for enhanced managerial authority to [13] http://www.aft.org/topics/charters/ solve in the absence of far greater resources downloads/DC.pdf of staff, technology, and state of the art [14] Without federal funding, private funding, buildings." and "other income", DC charter schools received slightly more on average ($8,725 versus $8,676 per pupil), but that funding was more concentrated in • Magnet school the better funded charter schools (as seen by the median DC charter school funding of $7,940 per pupil). With federal, private, and "other income", [1] "Charter Schools", National Education charter school funding shot up to an Association, http://www.nea.org/home/ average of $11,644 versus the district 16332.htm, retrieved on 2008-01-21. $10,384 per pupil. The median here [2] "Research Center: Charter Schools", showed an even more unequal Education Week, 2004-09-10, distribution of the funds with a median of http://www.edweek.org/rc/issues/charter$10,333. schools/, retrieved on 2008-01-01. [15] Rollwagen, John; Donn McLellan; School [3] Eskenazi, Stuart (1999-07-22), "Learning Structure Committee (1988-11-17), Curves", http://www.houstonpress.com/ "Chartered Schools = Choices for 1999-07-22/news/learning-curves/2, Educators + Quality for All Students" retrieved on 2008-01-21. (PDF), Saint Paul: Citizens League, [4] Ray Budde and the Origins of the http://www.citizensleague.net/ Charter Concept publications/reports/highimpact/ [5] "State Statistics Chart", The Center for Chartered%20Schools.pdf, retrieved on Education Reform 2008-01-21. http://www.edreform.com/ [16] "Charter Laws Graded and Ranked State index.cfm?fuseAction=stateStatChart&psectionid=15&cSectionID=44 By State", The Center for Education See also References 8 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Charter school Reform http://www.edreform.com/ Regarding New York Times Article on index.cfm?fuseAction=document&documentID=2804§ionID=34&NEWSYEAR=2008 Charter Schools. Press release. [17] "Charter School Laws Across the States", http://www.ed.gov/news/pressreleases/ Washington, D.C.: Center for Education 2004/08/08172004.html. Retrieved on Reform, 2004, http://www.edreform.com/ 2008-01-21. index.cfm?fuseAction=section&pSectionID=14&cSectionID=122,Evaluation Reported by [27] "Charter School retrieved on 2008-01-21. The New York Times Fails to Meet [18] Carrns, Ann (2006-08-24), "Charting a Professional Standards" (PDF), Center New Course: After Katrina, New for Education Reform, August 2004, Orleans’s Troubled Educational System http://www.edreform.com/_upload/ Banks on Charter Schools", The Wall NewYorkTimesAd.pdf, retrieved on Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/ 2008-01-21. public/article/ [28] ^ Hoxby, Caroline M. (December 2004) SB115638176750244050-c9tcWeTmCrIAG10IXb5FZyikobw_20060922.html?mod=tff_main_tff_top, (PDF), Achievement in Charter Schools retrieved on 2008-01-21. and Regular Public Schools in the United [19] Ladner, Matthew (2001-10-01), "School States: Understanding the Differences, Choice, Kiwi-Style: When New Zealand Harvard University and the National Abolished School Boards", Frontier Bureau of Economic Research, archived Centre for Public Policy, on 2007-06-16; no |archiveurl= http://www.fcpp.org/main/ specified, publication_detail.php?PubID=176, http://post.economics.harvard.edu/ retrieved on 2008-01-21. faculty/hoxby/papers/ [20] "Catholic Schools: A Heritage to be hoxbycharter_dec.pdf, retrieved on proud of ..." (PDF), Wellington, New 2008-01-21. Zealand: New Zealand Catholic [29] Hoxby, Caroline M. (2000), "Does Education Office, 2005, Competition among Public Schools http://www.catholic.org.nz/nzceo/media/ Benefit Students and Taxpayers?", resources/publications/catholic-heritageAmerican Economic Review. brochure.pdf, retrieved on 2008-01-21. [30] Mishel, Lawrence (2004-09-23), [21] Larrañaga, Osvaldo (2004), "Schoolhouse Schlock: Conservatives COMPETENCIA Y PARTICIPACIÓN flip-flop on standards for charter school PRIVADA: LA EXPERIENCIA CHILENA research", The American Prospect, EN EDUCACIÓN, Estudios Públicos. http://www.prospect.org/web/ [22] Holmes, George M.; DeSimon, Jeff and page.ww?section=root&name=ViewWeb&articleId= Rupp, Nicholas G. (2004) (PDF), Does retrieved on 2008-01-21. School Choice Increase School Quality?, [31] ^ Renzulli, Linda A.; Roscigno, Vincent J. National Bureau of Economic Research, (Winter 2007), "charter schools and the http://www.nber.org/papers/w9683.pdf. public good", Contexts 6 (1): 31–36, [23] AFT Charter Schools Web Page doi:10.1525/ctx.2007.6.1.31. http://www.aft.org/topics/charters/ [32] Tim R. Sass, "Charter Schools and [24] Nelson, F. Howard; Rosenberg, Bella, student achievement in Florida." and Nancy Van Meter (2004), Charter Education Finance and Policy 1,no.1 School Achievement on the 2003 (Winter 2006):91-122 National Assessment of Educational [33] Robert Bifulco and Helen F. Ladd, "The Progress, American Federation of impacts of charter schools on student Teachers. achievement: Evidence from North [25] Institute of Education Sciences Carolina." Education Finance and Policy (December 2004), "America’s Charter 1,no.1 (Winter 2006):50-90 Schools: Results From the NAEP 2003 [34] Kevin Booker, Scott M. Gilpatric, Pilot Study" (PDF), United States Timothy Gronberg, and Dennis Jansen, Department of Education, "The impact of charter school attendance http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pdf/ on student performance." Journal of studies/2005456.pdf, retrieved on Public Economics 91,no.5-6 (June 2008-01-21. 2007):849-876 [26] U.S. Department of Education (2004-08-17). Paige Issues Statement 9 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Charter school [35] Eric A. Hanushek, John F. Kain, Steve G. dishonest study of charter schools.", Rivkin, and Gregory F. Branch, "Charter http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/ school quality and parental decision feature.html?id=110005492, retrieved making with school choice." Journal of on 2008-01-21. Public Economics 91,no.5-6 (June [46] Maranto, Robert (August/September 2007):823-848 2002), "AFT Charter School "Study" [36] Eric A. Hanushek, John F. Kain, Steve G. Lobbying, not Research", NCSC News Rivkin, and Gregory F. Branch, "Charter (National Charter School Clearinghouse) school quality and parental decision 1 (7), http://www.ncsc.info/newsletter/ making with school choice." Journal of August_September_2002/ Public Economics 91,no.5-6 (June AFT_Response.htm, retrieved on 2007):823-848. 2008-01-21. [37] Hassel, Bryan C.; Michelle Godard [47] Carnoy, Martin; Rebecca Jacobsen, Terrell (October 2006), "Charter School Lawrence Mishel, and Richard Rothstein Achievement: What We Know", National (2005-04-30). The Charter School DustAlliance for Public Charter Schools, Up: Examining the Evidence on http://www.publiccharters.org/files/ Enrollment and Achievement. Teacher 1554_file_CS_Achievement_Studies_Oct06_Update_1_.doc, College Press. ISBN 978-0807746158. retrieved on 2008-01-03. http://www.epinet.org/content.cfm/ [38] Berends, Mark; Caroline Watral, Bettie book_charter_school. Teasley, and Anna Nicotera (2006), [48] Bierlein, Louann; Bateman, Mark (April "Charter School Effects on Achievement: 1996), "Charter Schools v. the Status Where We Are and Where We’re Going" Quo: Which Will Succeed?", International (PDF), National Center on School Choice, Journal of Educational Reform 5 (2): http://www.vanderbilt.edu/schoolchoice/ 159–68, http://eric.uoregon.edu/ conference/papers/ search_find/ericdb/ Berendsetal_2006-DRAFT.pdf, retrieved detail.php?AC=EJ525971, retrieved on on 2008-01-03. 2008-01-21. [39] National Center for Education Statistics [49] Jenkins, John; Jeffrey L. Dow (April (2006) (PDF), A Closer Look at Charter 1996), "A Primer on Charter Schools", Schools Using Hierarchical Linear International Journal of Educational Modeling, Washington, DC: U.S. Reform 5 (2): 224–27, Government Printing Office, http://eric.uoregon.edu/search_find/ http://nces.ed.gov/ ericdb/detail.php?AC=EJ525978, nationsreportcard//pdf/studies/ retrieved on 2008-01-21. 2006460.pdf, retrieved on 2008-01-21. [50] Ohlemacher, Stephen, Associated Press [40] Center for Education Reform (2006-08-23), "Report: Charter school (2006-08-21). No Free Lunch — Study pupils score lower", Boston Globe, Wrongly Discredits Charter Success: http://www.boston.com/news/nation/ Flawed Research by National Center for washington/articles/2006/08/23/ Education Statistics Should be Viewed report_charter_school_pupils_score_lower/, with Great Skepticism. Press release. retrieved on 2008-01-21. http://www.edreform.com/ [51] ^ Delgado, Ray (2003-03-07), "District index.cfm?emailclick&fd=19215&massemailid=751&fuseAction=document&documentID=2459. suspends wilderness trips: School could Retrieved on 2008-01-21. lose charter if safety lapses found", San [41] Friedman Foundation - Research Francisco Chronicle, [42] New Poll Shows Georgians Want More http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/ Educational Choice article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/03/07/ [43] Wyomingites Want Fundamental Change MN158276.DTL, retrieved on in States Charter School Law 2008-01-21. [44] Charter Schools: Do They Measure Up?, [52] Schevit, Tanya (2003-08-26), "Audit finds Washington, D.C.: American Federation faults in charter school: Board set to vote of Teachers, 1996. on troubled Urban Pioneer", [45] Howell, William G.; Paul E. Peterson and http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/ Martin R. West (2004-08-18), "Dog Eats a/2003/08/26/BA148795.DTL, retrieved AFT Homework: A teachers union’s on 2008-01-21. 10 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Charter school [53] "2003 Academic Performance Index • Smith, Frank L. (August 1997), "Guidance (API) Base Report: School Report: Urban for the Charter Bound", The School Pioneer Experiential", California Administrator 54 (7): 18–22, Department of Education, 2004-06-14, http://eric.uoregon.edu/search_find/ http://api.cde.ca.gov/reports/API/ ericdb/detail.php?AC=EJ548963. 2003Base_Sch.asp?SchCode=3830452&DistCode=68478&AllCds=38684783830452, • "Charter Schools", Eric Digest, retrieved on 2008-01-21. http://www.ericdigests.org/1999-2/ [54] “Charter School Closures: An charter.htm. The original Wikipedia Opportunity for Accountability”. Center article listed here is based on the text at for Education Reform, February 2006. this public domain site. http://www.edreform.com/_upload/ • Swan, Betsy (2007-02-27), "Testimony closures.pdf before the Joint Committees of Education [55] ^ Miron, Gary (April 2005), "Strong and Finance, "Changes to the Charter Charter School Laws are Those That School Act (CSA)"" (PDF), Albany, NY: Result in Positive Outcomes" (PDF), League of Women Voters New York State, Western Michigan University, 9-20, http://www.lwvny.org/education/ http://www.wmich.edu/evalctr/charter/ 2007Edutestimony030507.pdf. aera_2005_paper_charter_school_laws.pdf, retrieved on 2008-01-03. Further reading [56] "Alternative Public Schools: Charter • Failed Promises: Assessing Charter Schools and Beyond" Charlette Carter Schools in the Twin Cities. http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/ • Perspectives on Charter Schools: A Social_and_Cultural_Foundations_of_American_Education/ Parents. ERIC Digest. Review for Edition_3/19.4.3 • Charter Schools: An Approach for Rural [57] Symonds, William C.; Ann Therese Education? ERIC Digest. Palmer, Dave Lindorff, and Jessica • Public Charter Schools and Students with McCann (2000-02-07), "For-Profit Disabilities. ERIC Digest. Schools: They’re spreading fast. Can • Mississippi Teacher Corps Focus Paper on private companies do a better job of charter Schools educating America’s kids?", Business • The story of a charter school in Oakland Week, http://www.businessweek.com/ • National Clearinghouse for Educational 2000/00_06/b3667001.htm, retrieved on Facilities - Charter School Building Case 2006-12-20. Studies Other citations • Budde, Ray (September 1996), "The Evolution of the Charter Concept", Phi Delta Kappan 78 (1): 72–73, http://eric.uoregon.edu/search_find/ ericdb/detail.php?AC=EJ530653. • Herbst, Jurgen (2006). School Choice and School Governance: A Historical Study of the United States and Germany. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. • Mintrom, Michael; Sandra Vergari (1997-03-24), "Political Factors Shaping Charter School Laws", Chicago,, http://eric.uoregon.edu/search_find/ ericdb/detail.php?AC=ED407708. • Nathan, Joe (1996). Charter Schools: Creating Hope and Opportunity for American Education. San Francisco: Jossey Bass. http://eric.uoregon.edu/ search_find/ericdb/ detail.php?AC=ED410657. • US Charter Schools - Charter School Weekly News Connection - archive • US Charter Schools - Charter Schools Resource Update - archive • Nation’s Charter Schools Lagging Behind, U.S. Test Scores Reveal. New York Times • Massachusetts Charter Public School Association - "Myths and realities About Massachusetts Charter Public Schools." External links • Charter school at the Open Directory Project • The National Charter School Research Project • National Alliance for Public Charter Schools • National Education Association’s Position on Charter Schools 11 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Charter school Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_school" Categories: Alternative education, Academic institutions, Education in the United States, Charter schools, Charter schools in the United States, School types This page was last modified on 1 May 2009, at 19:01 (UTC). All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) taxdeductible nonprofit charity. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers 12