Metropolitan Areas in Spain and Italy

Working Paper Àrea d’Economia i Territori Rafael Boix Paolo Veneri Metropolitan Areas in Spain and Italy IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 Title: Metropolitan Areas in Spain and Italy Authors: R.Boix and P. Venery © R. Boix and P. Veneri, 2009 Published by: Institut d’Estudis Regionals i Metropolitans de Barcelona Barcelona Institute of Regional and Metropolitan Studies Parc de Recerca, Modul A Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain. http://www. iermb.uab.es IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 Metropolitan Areas in Spain and Italy Rafael Boix Institut d’Estudis Regionals i Metropolitans Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Parc de Recerca Modul A, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona (Spain) Email: rafael.boix@uab.es Paolo Veneri Dipartimento di Economia, Università Politecnica delle Marche Piazza Martelli, 8 – 60121, Ancona (Italy) Email: p.veneri@univpm.it Abstract. Metropolitan areas concentrate the main share of population, production and consumption in OECD countries. They are likely to be the most important units for economic, social and environmental analysis as well as for the development of policy strategies. However, one of the main problems that occur when adopting metropolitan areas as units of analysis and policy in European countries is the absence of widely accepted standards for identifying them. This severe problem appeared when we tried to perform comparative research between Spain and Italy using metropolitan areas as units of analysis. The aim of this paper is to identify metropolitan areas in Spain and Italy using similar methodologies. The results allow comparing the metropolitan realities of both countries as well as providing the metropolitan units that can be used in subsequent comparative researches. Two methodologies are proposed: the Cheshire-GEMACA methodology (FUR) and an iterative version of the USA-MSA algorithm, particularly adapted to deal with polycentric metropolitan areas (DMA). Both methods show a good approximation to the metropolitan reality and produce very similar results: 75 FUR and 67 DMA in Spain (75% of total population and employment), and 81 FUR and 86 DMA in Italy (70% of total population and employment). Keywords: metropolitan areas, polycentricity, commuting JEL: R12 3 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 1. INTRODUCTION Metropolitan areas concentrate the main share of population, production and consumption in OECD countries. They are likely to be the most important units for economic, social and environmental analysis as well as for the development of policy strategies. The metropolitan area does not fit well with the administrative boundaries. Metropolitan areas change over the space and time reflecting the evolution of the economy and society. Its assimilation with the administrative city, region or province usually introduces severe drawbacks when the metropolitan area is only a part of this territorial unit or when it considerably exceeds the administrative boundaries1. Unfortunately, the discussion about the boundaries of the metropolitan area does not restrict to the accuracy of the indicators but rather affects the welfare of the residents when the definition of metropolitan area is transformed in policies affecting the basic pillars of competitiveness, social cohesion, environment and quality of life, and governance. A second issue arises from the fact that the comparison between the metropolitan units identified in different countries is difficult as countries use different methodologies and in several countries no definition of metropolitan units has been carried out at all. International institutions, more than others, have tried to find general methodologies to map metropolitan areas (OECD 2006; ÖIR, 2006) although it represents a difficult aim due to the existence of different territorial structures across countries. This severe problem appeared when we tried to perform comparative research between Spain and Italy using metropolitan areas as units of analysis: no official definition of metropolitan area was available and the few available approximations made by researches or institutions, when conceptually feasible, where not comparable. On the basis of these problems, the aim of the paper is to identify metropolitan areas in Spain and Italy using similar methodologies. The identified metropolitan units have three basic purposes. The first one is to provide a general view of the characteristics of each country’s metropolitan reality. The second is the comparison of the metropolitan processes of both countries. The third one is the identification of metropolitan units that can be used in subsequent analysis. This has been 1 An example of the first problem is the assimilation of the metropolitan area of Barcelona to the province: province data averages the results of the indicators and dissolves some of the potentialities and problems of the real metropolitan area. On the other hand, Milan and Madrid constitutes an example of the second case, where the limitations of data force the use of the province, too small to capture the real extension of both areas. In this case, the areas have expanded out of the administrative boundaries and we could erroneously conclude that there is a reduced presence of some activities or maybe their disappearance if they moved out of the administrative limits. 4 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 done centring on two functional approaches to the concept of metropolitan area. First, a general methodology applicable to most of the UE countries is used; in this case, the Functional Urban Area (FUR) methodology as proposed by GEMACA (1996). Second, the use of a native methodology specifically designed to deal with the specific characteristics of Spain and Italy, two very similar countries in terms of social, economic and territorial structures. The research proposes two contributions. Firstly, there is a lack of detailed empirical comparative studies on the identification of metropolitan areas in different countries using similar methodologies. Second, the lack of official definitions as well as the scarcity of studies in Spain and Italy to identify metropolitan areas is perceived as a severe drawback that dissuades from the use of metropolitan areas as units of analysis in both countries. This paper provides two sets of metropolitan areas, identified using rigorous approaches and replicable standards that can be used for other researchers in subsequent investigations. The paper is structured as follows. The second section discusses the approaches used to identify metropolitan areas in OECD countries. The third section provides a review of the previous works of identification of metropolitan areas in Spain and Italy. The fourth section proposes two functional methodologies for the identification of metropolitan areas in Spain and Italy. The fifth section presents the results. The work ends with some concluding remarks. 2. GENERAL APPROACHES METROPOLITAN AREAS TO THE DEFINITION OF The identification of metropolitan areas can be carried out using three basic approaches (Espon 1.4.1 Report ÖIR, 2006): 1. The “administrative” approach identifies metropolitan areas on the basis of the status of previously definite legal or administrative units. It is conceptualised as an instrument for purposes of governance and control. The identification departs from local or provincial boundaries and applies some criteria to distinguish between metropolitan and non-metropolitan units (population thresholds, governmental decisions, historical reasons, etc.). Examples of the administrative criteria can be found in the OECD reports (OECD 2006) and in the empirical applications of the ESPON FUAs (Table 1). 2. The “morphological” approach identifies metropolitan areas as those continuous urban settlements that reach certain thresholds of density, dimension or degree of urbanization. The metropolitan area is conceptualised as a physical object, without referring to any relational consideration. Serra et 5 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 al. (2002) provides an example of the application of this criterion (Table 1) and other example can be found in Rozenblat and Cicille (2003). 3. The “functional” approach defines metropolitan areas as economic and social entities and not as mere geographical areas (ÖIR, 2006 – p. 17). Administrative boundaries are not longer a priority criterion and the focus is shifted to the functional relations between the units that form the metropolitan area. Using this approach, a metropolitan area is defined as an area of interactions between one core or cores (which may be defined using morphological criteria as population or employment thresholds) and its hinterland of neighbour municipalities which show a significant relationship with the core (usually approximated with travel-to-work commuting flows). Examples of this criterion can be found in the FURs identified by the GEMACA group (1996) and the USA metropolitan areas (Table 1)2. While the administrative approach is clearly inadequate to identify economically and socially integrated urban areas, the morphological approach presents the further problem of finding too small cities that difficultly could be called metropolitan areas. The functional approach appears to be a good and suitable method as it takes into account the socioeconomic relations between the several units which form the metropolitan area. If the aim of the analysis is the study of urban polycentricity or, in general, of the urban spatial structure, the functional approach seems to be the most suitable. In the absence of symmetric information, it is possible to combine several criteria in order to apply the best option when available or an alternative otherwise, for instance in the definition of LUZ by Urban Audit (Table 1). 2 Freeman (2005) provides a comparison between the characteristics and results of the US metropolitana reas, GEMACA and Urban Audit. 6 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 Table 1. Empirical application of methodologies for the identification of metropolitan areas in the UE and USA Identification method OCDE’s Metropolitan regions (2006) Description method NUT3 of the Source and kind of data Administrative definition Advantage - Simplicity - Availability of many typologies of data Units of analysis ste during the time Little information needed. Disadvantages - Socio-economic dynamic doesn’t coincide with administrative definition - Static unit of analysis steady in time and space - Spatially static units of analysis - There has not been identified a method applied to every country, so the method applied can be administrative, morphological or functional. As a matter of fact, few times the identified area correspond with the area of expansion of economic flows. On the whole - On the whole, the province seems to identify a too wide territory for metropolitan areas, except for some of the biggest ones - On the whole, the method utilised is not clear neither univocal. Project 1.1.1 proposed a methodology that cannot be applied to many countries due to a lack of available data, including Italy and Spain. The biggest unit of Espon (MEGAs) are often similar to provinces and take with them all the above mentioned problems of administrative units. Excellent performance. Despite the integration of the core with an urban ring, not always the methodology understands that neighbour FURs constitute a single city, especially when the identification is carried out for planning or transport policy purposes. Functional Urban Areas (FUAs) ESPON 2006 - A Functional Urban Area (FUA) is composed by a core and by a neighbour area that is economically integrated with the core. - Due to the difficulties associated to the identification FUAs tend often to be approximated with NUT3 with more than 20,000 inhabitants. - Various sources: usually Census data on population, employment and commuting at a municipal and NUT3 level. When a NUT3 is adopted, a simple administrative definition is used. FUAs are usually determined on a functional approach. Functional Urban Regions (GEMACA II) Neighbouring municipalities with an employment density of more than 7 jobs per hectare (core) plus the ring of contiguous municipalities that have more than 10% of their commuters travelling towards the aboveidentified core. Census data on population, employment and commuting at a municipal level. - Dynamic unit of analysis in time. - Easy and clear methodology that could be applied to almost every European country. There should be some problems for those countries that have municipalities units particularly big. Urban (Serra 2002) Areas et al. Urban Core with at least 100,000 inhabitants and with a density higher than 1,500 inhab./Km2. All the contiguous municipalities with a density higher than 250 inhab./ Km2 must be added to the core. - Population and municipal surface data. Morphological approach. - Dynamic unit of analysis on time. Basic requeriments of information and simplicity of application. - Possibility of an European comparison between unit identified in this way. - There are some ambiguities on which kind of land to use (urban land, municipal land, etc.) - It is very sensitive to the urbanisation pattern. - In polycentric or contiguous metropolitan areas, the direction of the expansion of densities doesn’t have to follow the direction of economic interaction. - It doesn’t take at all into account the relations between the different parts of the metropolitan area. So it is difficult that this unit of analysis coincide with an actual economic integrated area. - Simplicity of application and few data are needed. However, due to its pure morphological approach, it seems not to be adequate for economically integrated areas. 7 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 Larger Zones (Urban 2006) Urban (LUZ) Audit, - Urban core plus all the municipalities that present more than 15% of total commuters travelling towards the core. - When there is not available statistical information, NUTS3 can be used as a proxy. - Census data: flows of work commuters, employed resident people, jobs and resident population. - When there is enough statistical information it is a functional approach, while in the case of NUTS3 only an administrative approach. Dynamic method in both time and space. - It takes into account socioeconomic relations between municipalities. - Easy method - Possibility of an European comparability of the units of analysis. - The identified urban areas are usually too small, often limited to the central city of a bigger metropolitan area. - Due to the dimensions of the identified units, the methodology cannot capture the polycentric spatial organization of cities. Metropolitan areas with this method could be too small to be suitable for planning, transportation purposes or to catch polycentricity. However they are usually bigger than LUZ Only one interaction between the central core and the urban belt since the aim of the method is that of build statistical areas and not to identify the real city. - After having applied this methodology to some countries, it emerges that the identified units are even smaller than Local Labour Market Areas (LLMAs) (ISTAT 1997). These units have the problem that tend to separate subcentres of the same metropolitan area. Metropolitan areas of USA’s Census Bureau The central core is made of a municipality of more than 50,000 inhabitants and of other municipalities that send these municipality at least 15% of their resident employed population. The urban ring have to be built adding to the central core the municipalities in which more than 15% of employed resident people work in the central core and with a density of at least 62inhab./km2. Alternatively, the conditions to add ring municipalities are a density of 37 inhab./km2 and at least 30% of resident employed population that work in the central core. In this way are applied both contiguity and consolidation criteria. - Census data. Commuting to work flows, resident employed population and jobs and resident population. - Surface area at the municipal level. Dynamic method both spatially and temporally. - It takes into account socioeconomic relations. - Use of high quality data (census data) Possible European comparability Use of consolidation criteria - I is possible to classify areas in different levels. - This method seems to work well, but it still doesn’t solve the problem of the study of polycentricity and doesn’t seems to be enough suitable for the planning of infrastructures and mobility. 8 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 3. METROPOLITAN AREAS IN SPAIN AND ITALY: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 3.1. Spain The Spanish Constitution (art 141.3 and 152.3) confers to the regions the possibility, for sets of contiguous municipalities, to associate in territorial entities that are different from the region or the province they belong. The law of local corporations (LRBRL, art 43) asserts that metropolitan areas are local entities composed of municipalities of large urban agglomerations with social and economic linkages where the joint coordination and planning is necessary. The first attempts aimed at identifying metropolitan areas in Spain concern to the Dirección General de Urbanismo of the Ministry of Housing (1965, 1967). The morphological criterion, inspired by Davis (1959), consisted of the identification of a central core of at least 50,000 inhabitants and a strong socio-economic relationship between the core and surrounding municipalities. The whole metropolitan area should have a population of at least 100,000 inhabitants, a density larger than 100 inhabitants/km2, high rates of growth, and contiguity. Following these criteria, 26 areas were identified in 1960 (34% of the national population) and 24 in 1967 (36% of the national population)3. A second approach, also from an institutional source, is found in the “III Plan de Desarrollo Económico y Social” (1972). The document proposes three criteria to identify metropolitan areas: statistic, economic development, and planning. The application of the statistical criterion to 1965, 1969 and 1985 provided 25, 30 and 32 statistical metropolitan areas respectively (De Esteban, 1981). The Ministry of Housing (Ministerio de Vivienda 2000, 2005 and 2007) has recently elaborated other maps although more centred on the identification of “urban areas” than of the metropolitan ones. The procedure follows a morphological approach that departs from data of population, housing, territorial structure and urban dynamics, and the transportation network. The Spanish territory has 82 Large Urban Areas (with at least one municipality larger than 50,000 inhabitants) and 269 Small Urban Areas. The first has 9% of Spanish municipalities and 71% of total population of the country, and can be considered a proxy of the metropolitan phenomenon. Serrano (2006), adopts a morphological approach to identify “urban areas and agglomerations” in Spain. This category contains those continuous areas formed by a “central” municipality of more than 75,000 inhabitants 3 A review about the identification of metropolitan areas in Spain from 1960 to 1980 is provided by De Esteban (1981). 9 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 surrounded by a belt of municipalities so that the entire area has at least 100,000 inhabitants. The belt is determined using a distance-based criterion: 40 Km from the central city for the large areas, and 15 Km for the small areas. For the year 2001, he identifies 45 urban agglomerations which have 9% of the Spanish municipalities and 61% of the total population. The largest agglomerations are Madrid (41 municipalities and 5 million inhabitants), Barcelona (74 municipalities and 3.8 million inhabitants) and Valencia (63 municipalities and 1.56 million inhabitants). This methodology is quite simple, and only population and distance data are required. On the other hand, no justification is raised for the election of the distance thresholds and why they are the same for all the range of large or small urban areas. In fact, the small number of municipalities surrounding Madrid suggests the inaccuracy of this morphological criterion to take into account the socioeconomic structure of complex metropolitan areas. Clusa and Roca (1997) provides an algorithm in two stages for the identification of the metropolitan area of Barcelona based on the former USA Federal Register (Office of Management and Budget, 1990) procedure for the identification of metropolitan areas in New England. In the first step, they identify a central core as a municipality of more than 50,000 inhabitants plus those municipalities in which at least 15% of their resident employees commutes to this municipality. The hinterland is formed by those municipalities in which at least 15% of their resident employees commutes to the central core. As a difference from the USA procedure, Clusa and Roca iterate four times the criterion to form the hinterland, each time using the result of the previous iteration as the core. Contiguity criteria are used after the last iteration. As labour markets tend to be self-contained, the choice of four iterations is based on the empirical fact that after the third iteration the number of municipalities included is very small and in subsequent iterations tend to nil. The area identified using this procedure for the year 1991 has 145 municipalities and 4.2 million inhabitants. This criterion has been latterly applied to the entire region of Catalonia by Trullén and Boix (2000) and Boix and Galletto (2004) who identifies five metropolitan areas and their evolution since 1986. Roca et al. (2005) extended the procedure to identify the metropolitan areas of the seven largest cities in Spain in 1991 and 2001. The results for 2001 remark the size of Madrid (608 municipalities and a population of 5.6 millions) and Barcelona (227 municipalities and a population of 4.5 millions). With more than one million inhabitants they also identify Valencia (152 municipalities and a population of 1.7 millions), Seville (60 municipalities and a population of 1.4 millions) and Bilbao (104 municipalities and a population of 1.1 millions). Other attempts to identify metropolitan areas in Spain have been carried out at a regional level. The administrative approach prevails when Public Administrations approach the metropolitan area (e.g. Madrid is 10 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 usually assimilated to the province and Valencia to the county). The morphological approach prevails in Lejarza and Lejarza (2002) for Valencia, and Sánchez (1998) for Zaragoza. Functional approaches have been applied to Barcelona by Esteban (1995) and Salvador et al. (1997), and to Andalusia by Feria and Susino (2005). Rubert (2005) applies a pool of methodologies to the MA of Castellon. Focusing with more details in the functional approaches, Esteban (1995) and Salvador et al. (1997) applies the FUR methodologies (Cheshire and Hay 1989; GEMACA 1996) to identify the boundaries of the metropolitan area of Barcelona. The latter is similar to the FUR procedure proposed in the next section, and using 1991 data produces a FUR composed of 131 municipalities and 4.1 million inhabitants. Feria and Susino (2005) employ a functional approach based on absolute and relative cut-offs of population and commuting flows. Following this approach, each metropolitan area must have a central city of at least 100,000 inhabitants. The hinterland is composed by those municipalities which send to the central city at least 15% of their resident employees or where the commuting received from the central city exceeds of 15% of the local jobs. In both cases, the minimum flow must reach 100 commuters. As this procedure performs better on centralized structures, the authors propose that the relative threshold could be also reached by iterating, although in this case they require a minimum value of 500 commuters. Contiguity criteria are applied to obtain the final shape of the metropolitan areas. The procedure identifies 8 metropolitan areas in Andalusia, where the most important are Seville (40 municipalities and 1.29 inhabitants) and Malaga-Marbella (29 municipalities and 1 million inhabitants). From an international point of view, the OECD identifies three metropolitan regions above 1.5 million inhabitants in Spain (Madrid, Barcelona and Valencia). Urban Audit (2006) finds 18 Large Urban Zones, where Madrid (5.4 million inhabitants) and Barcelona (4 million inhabitants) are the largest metropolitan units. Rozenblat and Cicille (2003) differentiate 22 Spanish large European agglomerations. ESPON (2006) identifies 100 Functional Urban Areas, where Madrid is the only above 5 million inhabitants and Barcelona, Valencia and Seville have above 1 million inhabitants. 3.2. Italy Italian Metropolitan Areas are an institution provided by the national law n. 142 of 1990. The law provides a general criterion to guide the identification of metropolitan areas, where each pivotal municipality has to be strongly integrated from an economic, social or cultural point of view. The act fixes 9 metropolitan areas while other 5 have been introduced by regional laws. Despite the importance of the urban and metropolitan fact in Italy, there are 11 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 only very few works aimed to the identification of metropolitan areas. Cafiero and Busca (1970) adopt a morphological approach based on a threshold of density and spatial contiguity. These criteria have been also utilised by Svimez (1983; 1987) and Cecchini (1988), who identify 39 metropolitan areas. Their main limitation is the choice of the thresholds of density and dimension and the results do not seem to fit well to different territorial situations. For example, the metropolitan area of Milan seems to be too big if compared with the small area obtained for Rome. Marchese (1989, 1997) identifies 32 metropolitan areas following a morphological procedure in two steps. First, he selects all contiguous municipalities which show a certain threshold of employment density and then he divides these continuums in four groups on the basis of their dimension. In the second step, he selects those sets of contiguous municipalities that can be considered metropolitan areas on the basis of the existence of centrality factors, as high rank services for families and firms. Vitali (1990) identifies “urban areas” using a morphological approach similar to the one used by Serrano (2005) for Spain. Vitali departs from the basis that each province’s capital is the centre of a larger “area of attraction”. Around each centre, a circle is drawn to delimit the area of attraction, using a radius of 10, 15 or 20 Km, depending on the dimension of the centre. The three groups of urban areas identified have the same geographical extension and shape (circular). The ISTAT-IRPET (1989) provides the most significant attempt to identify large urban units using a functional approach. It departs from the previously identified local labour markets which are subsequently aggregated in Functional Labour Regions. For 1981 Census data, ISTAT-IRPET (1989) identifies 995 local labour markets which combines in 177 Functional Labour Regions. Recently, the Italian government has proposed to apply a threshold of population to the 2001 local labour markets to identify the so called Local Metropolitan Systems (Consiglio dei Ministri, 2006 – p. 228). Although they can provide a feasible approach for small and medium metropolitan areas, local labour markets are clearly inappropriate for the largest metropolitan areas as Milan or Rome, formed by several local labour markets. The annual report of ISTAT (2007 and 2008) offers other approaches to the identification of “urban areas” and “functional regions” starting from the 2001 local labour markets. The “Rapporto Annuale 2006” (ISTAT 2007, p. 137-147) provides 32 labour markets with characteristics of Larger Urban Zones coming from the third Urban Audit report. Moreover, there are other 46 local labour markets defined as urbanized but that are not considered in the Urban Audit 3 project. The “Rapporto Annuale 2007” (ISTAT 2008, p. 149-153) identifies 41 metropolitan regions as those local labour markets which combines morphologically urban characteristics and urban functions. These metropolitan regions cover 34.7% of the national population. 12 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 4. FUR AND DMA FUNCTIONAL METHODOLOGIES The general approaches exposed in section 2 suggest the use of functional methodologies when data are available. Two approaches are proposed to identify functional metropolitan areas: the GEMACA II (1996) which is applicable to most of the UE countries, and an improvement of the Clusa and Roca (1997) iterative methodology. 4.1. Functional Urban Regions (FUR) The concept of FUR was used for the first time by Berry (1967) for the USA. In Europe it was introduced by Cheshire and Hay (1989). The main reason for the use of this concept was to identify comparable urban units across Europe, as some years before had done Hall and Hay (1980) by introducing the close concept of Daily Urban System (DUS). Despite their name evoke the concept of a region, FURs are metropolitan areas (Cheshire and Hay, 1989) and the methodology for their identification follows a functional approach, as their boundaries are determined on the basis of economic relationships (Davoudi, 2008). The procedure employed follows the works by GEMACA (1996 and 2001) for the North-West Europe Urban System4: 1. A “core” composed by one or more contiguous municipalities with a density of at least 7 jobs per hectare and with no less than 20,000 jobs; 2. A “hinterland”, which consists of all the contiguous municipalities where at least 10% of the resident employees commutes with the core. Municipalities that are completely surrounded by the FUR are also included. 4.2 Dynamic Metropolitan Areas (DMAs) A second methodology to map metropolitan areas is introduced as an alternative to the FURs. It is based on Clusa and Roca (1997) and Roca et al. (2005) adaptation of the USA Federal Register’s methodology (Office of Management and Budget, 1990) and, similar to the FUR, the metropolitan area is composed by a central core and a hinterland. The main difference is that the initial relative threshold of commuting for the formation of the core and the hinterland is more exigent although it is iterated to take advantage of the trend of labour markets to be self-contained. In addition, we introduce a previous step to better differentiate between central and non-central cities and 4 Cheshire and Magrini (2008) use a variation of this procedure where the density of job per hectare increases to 12.35. In the case of Spain and Italy both tresholds produce the same empirical results. 13 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 to take into account the polycentric nature of some of these areas. The complete procedure is named Dynamic Metropolitan Area (DMA): 1. The first stage of the DMA algorithm is aimed to determine the “central core” of the metropolitan area, formed by the “central cities” and their primary belt. A central city must have at least 50,000 inhabitants. The “central core” is formed by a central city and the surrounding municipalities that commute at least 15% of their resident employees with the central city5. 2. In the second stage, as a difference from the USA procedure, the hinterland is formed in four iterations. In the first iteration we include those municipalities for which at least 15% of their resident employees commutes to the central core. This criterion is applied other three times using as “core” the result of the previous iteration, so that: hinterland 1 = core + municipalities commuting 15% of their resident employment to the core; hinterland 2 = hinterland 1 + municipalities commuting 15% of their resident employment to the hinterland 1, etc. Contiguity criteria are used after the last iteration, so that all the isolated municipalities completely surrounded by other that belong to a MA are included, while those that are not contiguous are excluded. However, in the large metropolitan areas is usual to find several contiguous and non-contiguous cities with more than 50,000 inhabitants so that it is difficult to differentiate a central city from a second-order subcentre or to avoid the assignation of the subcentres of a polycentric metropolitan area to different areas. To separate first-order centres (central cities) from other large municipalities, we propose a pre-application of the procedure so that: 1. The percentages of commuting between all the potential central cities are calculated. If one of these cities sends more than 15% of its total commuting to another one, the first is considered a sub-centre of the latter. If both cities share reciprocally more than 15% of their total commuting, then both have to be intended as a unique central core of the same metropolitan area. 2. A recursive pre-application of the core-hinterland steps is proposed in order to differentiate central cities from the remaining secondorder subcentres. Thus, if in some of the four iterations a potential central city reveals as city of the core or the hinterland of another metropolitan area, this city is removed from the list of central cities and the pre-application 5 After 1991, the Federal Register has introduced several changes in the identification of the core and has increased the commuting threshold to 25% in order to hold back the growth of the statistical units. It is noted that its primary assignment is not to identify metropolitan areas but rather to provide manageable statistical units. However, as our purpose is different, we prefer to base our procedure in the former 1990s methodology due to the fact that: (1) the 2001 version eradicates cities and towns in favour of counties and reduces its applicability to Spain and Italy; (2) based on previous works, the 15% threshold is considered to produce good results. 14 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 starts again until it separates all the central cities from the second order subcentres larger than 50,000 inhabitants. 4.3. Consolidation of FURs and DMAs Following the Federal Register (Office of Management and Budget, 1990), contiguous FURs or DMAs can be aggregated in a single area if some conditions are respected. To simplify these conditions, we consider that two areas must be aggregated in only one metropolitan area if some of them have a flow of commuters from one to another of more than 10% of their total resident employees. If the percentage is close although lower to the 10%, the integration is done if there is other robust evidence that the areas are economic and socially integrated. 4.4. Names of the FURs and DMAs and classification by intervals For simplicity, the name of the FUR or DMA corresponds to the name of the largest city. Following the suggestion by the Federal Register (Office of Management and Budget, 1990) and GEMACA (2001), we propose to divide the FURs and DMAs in four intervals or classes regarding the total size of the areas: 1. Level A, formed by the MAs larger than 1 million inhabitants 2. Level B, formed by the MAs between 250,000 and 1 million inhabitants 3. Level C, formed by the MAs between 100,000 and 250,000 inhabitants 4. Level D, formed by the MAs with less than 100,000 inhabitants. 5. APPLICATION AND RESULTS Most data for the identification of metropolitan areas in Spain and Italy (population, employment and commuting) come from the 2001 national Censuses elaborated by the Spanish Institute of Statistics (INE) and the Italian Institute of Statistics (ISTAT). Land data has been obtained from the national property registers. Cartographical basic layers used for GIS (municipalities and regions) come from INE and ISTAT. 5.1. Functional Urban Regions The FUR procedure allows to identify 65 FURs in Spain. They have 51% of municipalities (4,200), 76% of population (31 millions) and 77% of employment (16.3 million jobs). There are 5 level A FURs (above 1 million 15 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 employees) which have 13% of Spanish municipalities, 35% of national population and 38% of employment (Table 2). Madrid is the largest FUR, with 575 municipalities, 5.9 million inhabitants and 2.6 million employees. Barcelona has 174 municipalities, 4.3 million inhabitants and 1.9 million employees. Valencia has 150 municipalities, 1.7 million inhabitants and 700,000 employees, Seville has 57 municipalities, 1.3 million inhabitants and 480,000 employees, and Bilbao has 87 municipalities, 1.06 million inhabitants and 420.000 employees. There are 23 level B FURs (between 250,000 and 1 million inhabitants). They have 20.5% of Spanish municipalities, 28% of population and 27% of employment. There are 26 level C FURs (between 100,000 and 250,000 inhabitants) which have 14.6% of Spanish municipalities, and 10.5% of population and employment. Finally, the 11 level D FURs have 3.8% of municipalities, and 2% of population and employment. Regarding their spatial distribution, FURs are distributed across all the country. However, the largest FURs regarding their extension tend to be localised in the centre-north of the country whereas the most populated tend to concentrate in the upper-right part of the country (Figure 1). In Italy, 81 metropolitan areas have been identified following the FUR procedure. They contain 43% of municipalities (3,475), 67.6% of total population and 71.5% of employment. There are 6 level A FURs, which have 14.4% of Italian municipalities, 30.5% of national population and 32.4% of total employment. The largest FUR is Milan, with 499 municipalities, 5.2 million inhabitants and 2.4 employees. Rome is the second one, with 239 municipalities, 4.3 million inhabitants and 1.5 million employees. Naples, Turin, Florence and Palermo have respectively 125, 215, 51 and 43 municipalities, as well as 3.5, 2, 1.2 and 1 million inhabitants. Naples has 778,000 employees, Turin 826,000, Florence 528,000 and Palermo 224,000. There are 34 level B FURs that represent 15% of Italian municipalities, 26% of population and 27.4% of total Italian employment. The 38 level C FURs have 12.8% of municipalities, 10.7% of population and 11.1% of national employment. The 3 level D FURs have 0.6% of municipalities, 0.4% of Italian population and 0.6% of employment. Italian FURs are distributed quite uniformly across the Italian territory even if in the northern-east part of Italy a higher density of FURs can be observed. Many urban areas are identified in particular along the “Via Emilia” and the Po Valley, while in the south the FURs tend to be more spatially separated (Figure 1). 5.2. Dynamic Metropolitan Areas The DMA procedure identifies 67 DMAs in Spain. They have 49% of Spanish municipalities (4,000), 76% of population (31 millions) and 77% of employment (16.3 million jobs). There are 5 level A DMAs, which have 13% 16 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 of Spanish municipalities, 35% of national population and 38% of employment (Table 2). Madrid is the largest DMA, with 548 municipalities, 5.8 million inhabitants and 2.6 million employees. Barcelona has 209 municipalities, 4.5 million inhabitants and 2 million employees. Valencia has 129 municipalities, 1.7 million inhabitants and 700,000 employees. Seville has 60 municipalities, 1.4 million inhabitants and 480,000 employees. Bilbao has 108 municipalities, 1.1 million inhabitants and 430.000 employees. There are 24 level B FURs which have 20.6% of Spanish municipalities, 28% of population and 27% of employment. There are 24 level C FURs which have 12% of Spanish municipalities as well as 9.7% of national population and employment. Finally, the 14 level D FURs have 3.2% of municipalities and 2.5% of population and employment. The application of the DMA procedure to Italy identifies 86 urban areas. They have 48.9% of Italian municipalities (3,962), 69.4% of total national population (39.6 millions) and 73.4% of employment (14.2 million jobs). There are 6 level A DMAs, which have 16.7% of the Italian municipalities (1,355), 30.7% of population and 32.7% of employment (Table 2). The rank of the first DMAs is the same as in the FUR case. Thus, Milan is the biggest metropolitan area, with 597 municipalities, 5.3 inhabitants and 2.4 million employees. Rome is the second, with 200 municipalities, 4.2 million inhabitants and 1.5 million employees. Naples has 119 municipalities, 3.4 million inhabitants and 757,000 employees. Turin has 341 municipalities, 2.2 million inhabitants and 896,000 employees. Florence has 59 municipalities, 1.3 million inhabitants and 580,000 employees. Finally, Palermo has 39 municipalities, 1 million inhabitants and 222,000 employees. Regarding the other dimensional classes of metropolitan areas identified with the dynamic procedure, there are 31 level B DMAs which have 19.9% of the Italian municipalities, 26.2% of the population and 28.6% of the total national employment. The 40 level C DMAs have 11.2% of municipalities and population and 10.8% of total employment. Finally, the 9 level D DMAs have 1.1% of total municipalities and 1.3% of national population and employment. 17 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 Table 2. Metropolitan areas in Spain and Italy. Main results. Total values a) Functional Urban Regions FURs Nº Areas Municipalities SPAIN Level A (> 1,000,000) 5 1.043 Level B (250,000 - 1,000,000) 23 1.666 Level C (100,000 - 250,000) 26 1.185 Level D (< 100,000) 11 306 Total Spanish FURs 65 4.200 Total Spain 8.108 ITALY Level A (> 1,000,000) Level B (250,000 - 1,000,000) Level C (100,000 - 250,000) Level D (< 100,000) Total Italian FURs Total Italy Population 14.436.219 11.412.405 4.251.746 869.903 30.970.273 40.847.371 Employment 6.180.480 4.438.068 1.676.858 348.329 12.643.735 16.329.713 6 34 38 3 81 1.172 1.217 1.036 50 3.475 8.101 17.361.480 14.794.555 6.124.900 250.452 38.531.387 56.995.744 6.417.324 5.559.483 2.336.696 104.770 14.418.273 20.993.732 b) Dynamic Metropolitan areas DMAs Nº Areas Municipalities SPAIN Level A (> 1,000,000) 5 1.049 Level B (250,000 - 1,000,000) 24 1.672 Level C (100,000 - 250,000) 24 990 Level D (< 100,000) 14 258 Total Spanish DMAs 67 3.969 Total Spain 8.108 ITALY Level A (> 1,000,000) Level B (250,000 - 1,000,000) Level C (100,000 - 250,000) Level D (< 100,000) Total Italian DMAs Total Italy Population 14.506.823 11.326.179 3.951.546 1.091.995 30.876.543 40.847.371 Employment 6.219.367 4.409.462 1.568.868 402.086 12.599.783 16.329.713 6 31 40 9 86 1.355 1.614 905 88 3.962 8.101 17.479.230 14.956.574 6.358.585 766.873 39.561.262 56.995.744 6.510.073 5.779.957 2.308.902 281.186 14.880.118 20.993.732 Source: Elaboration from INE (Spain) and ISTAT (Italy) Census Data, 2001 18 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 Table 3. Metropolitan areas in Spain and Italy. Main results. Percentages a) Functional Urban Regions FURs SPAIN Level A (> 1,000,000) Level B (250,000 - 1,000,000) Level C (100,000 - 250,000) Level D (< 100,000) Total Spanish FURs Total Spain ITALY Level A (> 1,000,000) Level B (250,000 - 1,000,000) Level C (100,000 - 250,000) Level D (< 100,000) Total Italian FURs Total Italy Municipalities Population 12,9% 20,5% 14,6% 3,8% 51,8% 100% 35,3% 27,9% 10,4% 2,1% 75,8% 100% Employment 37,8% 27,2% 10,3% 2,1% 77,4% 100% 14,5% 15,0% 12,8% 0,6% 42,9% 100% 30,5% 26,0% 10,7% 0,4% 67,6% 100% 30,6% 26,5% 11,1% 0,5% 68,7% 100% b) Dynamic Metropolitan areas DMAs SPAIN Level A (> 1,000,000) Level B (250,000 - 1,000,000) Level C (100,000 - 250,000) Level D (< 100,000) Total Spanish DMAs Total Spain ITALY Level A (> 1,000,000) Level B (250,000 - 1,000,000) Level C (100,000 - 250,000) Level D (< 100,000) Total Italian DMAs Total Italy Municipalities Population 12,9% 20,6% 12,2% 3,2% 49,0% 100% 35,5% 27,7% 9,7% 2,7% 75,6% 100% Employment 38,1% 27,0% 9,6% 2,5% 77,2% 100% 16,7% 19,9% 11,2% 1,1% 48,9% 100% 30,7% 26,2% 11,2% 1,3% 69,4% 100% 31,0% 27,5% 11,0% 1,3% 70,9% 100% Source: Elaboration from INE (Spain) and ISTAT (Italy) Census Data, 2001 19 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 Figure 1. Functional Urban Regions a) Spain 22 18 52 35 48 62 64 49 07 55 57 08 16 29 34 54 27 30 39 03 50 45 06 15 40 37 26 20 >1,000,000 250,000 - 1,000,000 100,000 - 250,000 < 100,000 05 13 01 41 54 17 02 10 04 58 59 59 44 60 53 36 36 14 42 43 65 24 47 31 12 51 11 19 63 33 46 28 32 56 61 25 38 09 09 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Albacete Alcoy Algeciras Alicante Almería Arona Ávila Badajoz Barcelona Benidorm Bilbao Burgos Cartagena Castellón de la Plana Ceuta Ciudad Real Córdoba A Coruña Donostia-San Sebastián El Ejido Elda Ferrol Gandia Gijón Girona Granada Huelva Huesca Jaén Jerez de la Frontera León Lleida Logroño 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 Lorca Lugo Madrid Málaga Manresa Marbella Melilla Murcia Ourense Palencia Palma de Mallorca Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Pamplona Ponferrada Pontevedra Salamanca Santa Cruz de Tenerife Santander Santiago de Compostela Segovia Sevilla Talavera de la Reina Tarragona Toledo Torrevieja Valencia Valladolid Vic Vigo Vitoria-Gasteiz Zamora Zaragoza 20 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 b) Italy 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Aosta Biella Torino Cuneo Asti Alessandria Novara Genova Savona La Spezia Milano Varese Lecco Bergamo Brescia Mantova Cremona Trento Bolzano Verona Vicenza Padova Rovigo Bassano Venezia Treviso Pordenone 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Udine Trieste Piacenza Parma Reggio di Emilia Sassuolo Modena Bologna Ferrara Ravenna Rimini Massa-Carrara Viareggio Lucca Livorno Firenze Siena Arezzo Grosseto Perugia Terni Pesaro Ancona Ascoli Piceno Roma Frosinone L'Aquila 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 Teramo Pescara Campobasso Napoli Benevento Avellino Salerno Foggia Barletta Bari Brindisi Lecce Taranto Potenza Matera Cosenza Catanzaro Reggio di Calabria Trapani Palermo Caltanissetta Messina Catania Siracusa Ragusa Cagliari Sassari 21 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 Figure 2. Dynamic metropolitan areas a) Spain 19 35 50 45 64 66 52 46 63 56 67 32 59 08 06 30 11 54 65 33 49 38 25 10 20 55 51 58 60 12 07 41 17 36 15 62 01 43 24 02 04 61 34 14 47 57 18 31 28 26 21 05 27 29 13 53 48 03 39 16 37 42 >1,000,000 250,000 - 1,000,000 40 100,000 - 250,000 < 100,000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Albacete Alcoy Algeciras Alicante Almería Oviedo Badajoz Barcelona Benidorm Bilbao Burgos Cáceres Cádiz Cartagena Castellón de la Plana Ceuta Ciudad Real Córdoba A Coruña San Sebastián El Ejido Elda El Ferrol Gandia Girona Granada Huelva Jaén Jerez de la Frontera León Linares Lleida Logroño Lorca 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 Lugo Madrid Málaga Manresa Marbella Melilla Mérida Motril Murcia Orihuela Ourense Palencia Palma de Mallorca Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Pamplona Ponferrada Pontevedra Salamanca Santa Cruz de Tenerife Santander Santiago de Compostela Segovia Sevilla Talavera de la Reina Tarragona Toledo Torrevieja Valencia Valladolid Vigo Vitoria-Gasteiz Zamora Zaragoza 22 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 b) Italy 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Agrigento Alessandria Ancona Arezzo Ascoli Piceno Asti Avellino Bari Benevento Bergamo Bologna Bolzano Brescia Brindisi Cagliari Caltanissetta Campobasso Carpi Catania Catanzaro Cesena Cosenza Cremona Crotone Cuneo Faenza Fano Ferrara Firenze 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 Foggia Forlì Gela Genova Grosseto La Spezia Lamezia Terme L'Aquila Lecce Livorno Lucca Marsala Massa Matera Messina Milano Modena Napoli Novara Padova Palermo Parma Perugia Pesaro Pescara Piacenza Pisa Potenza Ragusa 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Ravenna Reggio di Calabria Reggio di Emilia Rimini Roma Rovigo Salerno Sanremo Sassari Savona Siena Siracusa Taranto Teramo Terni Torino Trapani Trento Treviso Trieste Udine Varese Venezia Verona Viareggio Vicenza Viterbo Vittoria 23 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 5.3. FUR, DMA and NUT 3 It is noticeable that FUR and DMA methodologies produce very similar results regarding the total figures and their distribution among levels in both countries. The spatial patterns of distribution are also very similar. In Spain, the different criteria for the identification of the cores provide the basis for the inclusion as FUR of some smaller local labour markets as Vic, Arona or Avila whereas these cities do not comply with the DMA initial criterion. On the other hand, due to the iterative procedure, DMA produces more clearly definite boundaries in both countries and facilitates the consolidation in more compact metropolitan areas of Jerez-Cadiz and Badajoz-Caceres-Merida in Spain, and Sassuolo and Modena in Italy. However, there is strong difference between metropolitan areas (FURs and DMAs) and NUT 3 (provinces) in both countries. NUT 3 is too small to characterize Madrid, Rome and Milan although it is usually too large to catch the rest of metropolitan areas. In the case of Madrid and Milan, the metropolitan area expands to other six provinces where Madrid basically absorbs the neighbourhood province of Guadalajara and Milan absorbs Lodi. Only in rare cases (Álava and Valladolid in Spain, and Taranto and Pescara in Italy) the metropolitan areas are close to the administrative boundaries. At the view of the results, an additional issue is the consideration of FUR and DMAs below 100,000 inhabitants as true metropolitan areas as well as in Spain the case of the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla (isolated in the north of Africa). As the classification in levels allows the filtering, our position has been to provide the results according to the proposed criteria although we warn against this fact and let the potential users of these areas the final decision. 24 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 Figure 3. FUR and NUT 3 (Provinces). Detail for Madrid and Milan a) Madrid b) Milan 25 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 6. CONCLUSIONS The aim of the research is to identify metropolitan areas in Spain and Italy using comparable methodologies in order to give evidence about the metropolitan processes in each country, to provide a comparison between the metropolitan configurations of both countries and to generate metropolitan units to be used in other researches. For these purposes, FUR and DMA functional methodologies has been used. Some conclusions have been made: Firstly, there is a high level of metropolitanization of both countries. The results show 65 FURs and 67 DMAs in Spain which have about 50% of municipalities, 76% of population and 77% of employment. In Italy there are 81 FURs and 86 DMAs which have between 43 and 49% of municipalities, 70% of national population and about 72% of national employment. These results remark the relevance of metropolitan areas as socioeconomic units of analysis and their importance for the design and implementation of policy strategies. Secondly, almost a half of the metropolitan population and employment concentrates in the largest metropolitan areas of the country, those above one million inhabitants. In terms of FUR or DMA, there are five large metropolitan areas in Spain (Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Seville and Bilbao) which have about 35% of national population and 38% of employment. In Italy there are 6 largest metropolitan areas (Milan, Roma, Naples, Turin, Florence and Palermo) which have about 30% of national population and 32% of employment. These results suggest that these metropolitan areas are keystones to be considered for the implementation of economic policies and to face globalization and competitiveness. Thirdly, both methodologies used to identify metropolitan areas produce very similar results. This can be explained because the lower commuting shares of the FUR procedure tend to converge to the iterative results of the DMA algorithm. This unexpected coincidence reinforces the feasibility of the commuting thresholds in both procedures and the validity of the metropolitan units identified to be used in further researches. Metropolitan areas (both FURs and DMAs) clearly diverge from the administrative boundaries (regions or provinces). As a matter of fact, the points highlighted in this section should help to focus on the discrepancy between the administrative level of governance and the functional urban organization of the territory. 26 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 BIBLIOGRAPHY Boix, R. (2006): “Las áreas metropolitanas en España”, XXXII Reunión de Estudios Regionales, Ourense 16-28 de Noviembre de 2006. Boix, R. y V. 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(1998): “Interpretación del hecho metropolitano en Zaragoza”, Geographicalia (1996), 33. Serra, J.; Otero, M.; y R. Ruiz (2002): Grans aglomeracions metropolitanes Europees. IRMB. Serrano Martínez, J.M. (2006): “Aglomeraciones y áreas urbanas en España, dimensión y tendencias: Breves precisiones”, Lurralde: Investigación y Espacio, nº 29. Sorribes, J. (1999): Las áreas metropolitanas. Análisis teórico y experiencia comparada. Universidad de Valencia, Valencia. Trullén, J. y R. Boix (2000): “La ampliación del área metropolitana de Barcelona y su creciente interacción con las áreas metropolitanas de Tarragona, Lleida y Girona. Avance de resultados”. Ajuntament de Barcelona (mimeo). Urban Audit.: http://www.urbanaudit.org/ 29 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 Annex 1. Main figures by metropolitan area. Ordered by class and size. a) Functional Urban Regions. Spain Class A A A A A B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C Code 36 09 59 54 11 24 65 37 45 30 04 41 62 26 44 50 18 60 08 19 46 17 51 14 56 39 49 31 63 12 27 42 03 05 13 52 33 32 01 29 25 22 48 35 38 Functional Urban Region Madrid Barcelona Valencia Sevilla Bilbao Gijón Zaragoza Málaga Las Palmas de Gran Canarias Jerez de la Frontera Alicante Murcia Vigo Granada Palma de Mallorca Santa Cruz de Tenerife A Coruña Valladolid Badajoz San Sebastián Pamplona Córdoba Santander Castellón de la Plana Tarragona Marbella Salamanca León Vitoria-Gasteiz Burgos Huelva Ourense Algeciras Almería Cartagena Santiago de Compostela Logroño Lleida Albacete Jaén Girona Ferrol Pontevedra Lugo Manresa Nº Municipalities 575 174 150 57 87 45 286 29 19 15 13 16 27 82 35 16 28 196 82 29 194 16 32 52 65 24 255 110 42 308 16 58 5 48 2 17 133 59 33 15 51 11 13 16 19 Population 5,877,254 4,386,979 1,724,732 1,381,084 1,066,170 922,381 780,883 731,162 710,510 653,980 623,506 546,483 538,181 533,773 515,105 478,571 473,298 457,318 420,738 420,610 376,898 370,660 364,809 333,397 319,669 296,677 272,658 271,138 246,715 239,021 238,201 231,014 217,748 215,415 199,227 195,136 187,536 185,902 180,608 172,458 171,936 164,934 154,010 133,440 125,552 Resident employees Jobs 2,618,088 2,531,203 1,949,772 1,841,380 713,804 477,277 421,539 332,532 327,307 261,283 280,974 201,913 253,810 220,970 215,647 179,101 232,592 187,887 192,495 182,351 145,554 184,531 166,851 124,998 141,831 149,154 139,041 116,239 99,847 101,160 112,598 99,520 82,667 81,011 70,494 82,394 72,380 80,213 81,150 81,010 68,747 59,305 81,101 56,949 59,976 52,686 56,369 658,804 448,088 376,137 306,532 315,332 245,924 262,137 185,251 241,541 199,673 199,477 162,597 218,498 164,682 176,303 169,291 137,851 167,167 157,867 116,484 130,789 151,100 130,004 125,888 89,174 91,096 116,427 94,501 81,188 71,028 70,173 75,252 67,481 78,877 77,076 76,282 68,258 56,339 80,806 51,457 51,714 49,887 53,238 30 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 C C C C C C C C C D D D D D D D D D D 47 43 57 61 20 10 16 55 64 23 06 34 53 02 21 07 15 28 40 Ponferrada Palencia Toledo Vic El Ejido Benidorm Ciudad Real Talavera de la Reina Zamora Gandia Arona Lorca Segovia Alcoy Elda Ávila Ceuta Huesca Melilla 31 88 27 31 12 11 22 33 84 30 5 2 76 22 2 107 1 56 1 4 120,908 120,196 114,027 114,006 110,182 107,161 102,776 102,052 101,585 96,460 92,332 88,808 88,158 81,811 81,731 76,099 71,505 66,841 66,411 59,747 39,366 45,982 48,118 53,375 54,072 45,910 37,960 37,581 35,924 40,544 46,225 38,386 36,238 32,842 32,869 28,989 23,198 27,992 20,925 20,121 34,017 42,474 49,784 50,873 56,572 46,714 35,568 31,957 31,835 36,339 57,655 33,984 33,698 30,434 31,994 28,863 22,621 26,314 20,217 22,627 D 58 Torrevieja Source: Elaboration from INE Census Data, 2001 31 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 b) Functional Urban Regions. Italy Class A A A A A A B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B C C C C C C C C C Code 12 60 67 3 50 84 39 87 74 9 26 42 29 18 77 24 19 90 65 38 47 35 72 76 71 86 32 36 54 43 33 91 22 82 25 30 88 40 80 75 56 15 62 10 34 23 57 81 73 Functional Urban Region Milano Roma Napoli Torino Firenze Palermo Bologna Catania Bari Savona Padova Ravenna Venezia Bergamo Taranto Verona Brescia Cagliari Pescara Modena Livorno-Pisa Parma Foggia Lecce Salerno Messina Udine Reggio Emilia Perugia Rimini Trieste Sassari Trento Reggio Di Calabria Vicenza Treviso Siracusa Ferrara Cosenza Brindisi Pesaro Varese Frosinone La Spezia Piacenza Bolzano Ancona Catanzaro Barletta Nº Municipalities 499 239 125 215 51 43 56 39 28 62 60 35 19 102 29 41 57 53 61 20 16 37 26 33 18 23 54 21 18 18 7 40 73 21 29 20 12 23 52 14 27 50 29 33 33 40 13 41 3 Population Resident employees 5,249,727 4,338,854 3,512,698 2,000,018 1,197,190 1,062,993 907,764 868,150 857,646 847,241 639,425 603,327 590,199 573,215 566,295 552,109 524,576 514,518 419,072 413,416 413,139 369,556 343,353 340,961 334,038 326,212 308,184 303,318 296,657 269,930 268,628 266,899 266,361 262,759 261,259 260,848 259,275 259,042 254,686 252,497 247,916 233,018 232,858 232,115 219,784 212,950 210,729 205,261 200,332 2,321,552 1,635,096 847,436 832,204 513,826 267,210 412,102 232,456 259,753 308,393 281,440 267,185 242,980 252,027 160,196 239,596 228,299 173,000 150,214 195,998 161,233 165,642 97,690 99,395 100,520 92,197 130,100 139,332 121,957 111,350 104,687 85,214 115,262 70,302 118,635 116,448 68,147 111,147 76,329 70,257 105,360 100,861 75,156 83,026 92,258 98,840 87,577 57,913 56,611 Jobs 2,390,954 1,538,633 778,587 826,479 528,145 224,744 442,561 198,260 243,443 303,322 280,986 249,301 243,361 252,222 122,992 236,732 242,754 155,458 139,325 197,577 147,624 171,876 77,704 82,942 91,629 78,373 122,767 140,680 121,493 110,039 108,143 72,371 119,015 60,518 123,279 116,255 58,018 89,999 65,419 53,408 105,301 89,646 64,488 76,798 88,346 103,558 89,449 51,101 46,625 32 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C D D 7 52 70 55 20 78 31 69 17 44 2 4 21 89 6 46 28 83 5 8 85 51 66 45 53 27 64 58 63 79 37 Novara Arezzo Avellino Terni Mantova Potenza Pordenone Benevento Lecco Massa-Carrara Biella Cuneo Cremona Ragusa Alessandria Lucca Bassano Trapani Asti Genova Caltanissetta Siena Campobasso Viareggio Grosseto Rovigo Teramo Ascoli Piceno L'aquila Matera Sassuolo 40 17 46 22 21 33 18 36 45 5 61 47 42 6 40 5 19 8 55 20 11 15 45 3 9 25 19 17 37 7 5 38 199,576 183,283 182,803 174,195 170,343 168,522 162,838 162,137 161,479 158,109 157,114 154,974 146,927 144,864 142,948 142,501 139,192 137,949 134,509 122,888 119,508 114,292 112,061 111,857 110,741 106,794 103,438 102,583 101,512 89,149 85,540 75,763 84,489 77,583 56,529 62,411 75,062 53,421 73,345 49,416 69,038 56,312 67,977 66,122 60,742 46,971 56,983 58,577 61,081 39,220 54,309 44,718 32,028 48,240 37,505 43,186 43,492 45,394 38,662 38,653 37,628 30,028 41,068 33,674 74,799 76,299 51,080 58,045 66,240 46,855 72,086 38,765 66,752 51,387 68,869 61,613 54,468 39,629 53,011 61,650 63,856 33,570 45,175 42,809 29,613 48,063 30,552 36,656 34,332 37,168 35,381 33,128 34,394 26,300 53,000 30,321 D 1 Aosta Source: Elaboration from ISTAT Census Data, 2001. 33 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 c) Dynamic Metropolitan Areas. Spain Class A A A A A B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C Code 36 08 62 57 10 06 37 67 48 04 43 64 53 26 47 19 20 63 54 49 18 59 29 13 65 30 52 05 27 45 11 25 55 15 14 33 39 32 01 03 07 23 51 38 28 50 09 60 12 Metropolitan Area Madrid Barcelona Valencia Sevilla Bilbao Oviedo Málaga Zaragoza Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Alicante Murcia Vigo Santa Cruz de Tenerife Granada Palma de Mallorca A Coruña San Sebastián Valladolid Santander Pamplona Córdoba Tarragona Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz Vitoria-Gasteiz León Salamanca Almería Huelva Ourense Burgos Girona Santiago de Compostela Castellón de la Plana Cartagena Logroño Marbella Lleida Albacete Algeciras Badajoz El Ferrol Pontevedra Manresa Jaén Ponferrada Benidorm Toledo Cáceres Nº Municipalities Population Resident employees 548 209 129 60 103 39 32 277 17 8 19 28 18 77 37 32 50 179 62 209 16 71 4 4 59 108 255 50 21 61 234 82 19 22 2 137 24 56 29 3 15 13 13 32 6 36 17 31 25 5,806,548 4,512,283 1,696,810 1,396,538 1,094,644 897,681 790,322 786,055 628,343 572,617 555,872 550,531 538,450 534,326 528,634 485,446 458,604 446,932 423,102 419,059 370,660 337,184 326,640 318,247 285,059 277,662 274,038 266,156 254,559 247,604 223,938 217,099 204,783 203,855 199,227 197,103 191,885 180,149 179,173 178,642 173,087 167,991 154,010 153,058 137,621 127,988 124,908 122,981 119,773 2,594,778 2,006,257 702,494 482,528 433,310 324,038 282,780 329,605 243,040 235,445 224,480 220,087 210,682 179,281 238,101 196,956 201,456 178,604 162,933 184,156 124,998 146,537 101,678 97,726 128,368 103,860 100,230 106,637 87,784 86,202 93,641 101,873 83,827 90,035 72,380 84,922 77,549 78,680 68,122 57,787 60,062 57,929 59,976 68,169 48,437 41,107 52,936 51,465 44,536 Jobs 2,517,895 1,895,371 650,475 451,694 386,306 298,949 265,163 317,371 216,196 224,732 202,167 201,912 187,970 162,577 223,327 179,838 179,282 165,897 146,677 173,017 116,484 136,912 90,199 96,770 129,415 93,280 89,761 94,879 83,643 75,441 89,591 97,841 81,393 87,008 67,481 80,544 89,787 74,354 67,857 53,162 58,362 52,057 51,714 62,829 47,843 35,781 53,870 52,560 40,984 34 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 C C C C D D D D D D D D D D D D D 46 35 21 24 66 58 56 17 02 41 22 34 16 42 40 44 31 Palencia Lugo El Ejido Gandia Zamora Talavera de la Reina Segovia Ciudad Real Alcoy Mérida Elda Lorca Ceuta Motril Melilla Orihuela Linares 81 9 12 31 77 22 75 16 27 19 2 1 1 6 1 4 3 4 118,873 115,892 109,861 102,045 98,014 94,555 90,841 89,193 84,765 82,019 81,731 77,477 71,505 69,310 66,411 64,830 61,597 59,747 45,750 46,054 54,174 43,255 34,874 35,432 37,189 33,929 33,917 27,826 32,869 33,980 23,198 24,662 20,925 25,387 17,777 20,121 43,254 44,961 56,579 38,464 30,954 30,225 34,452 32,867 31,097 28,003 31,994 30,580 22,621 22,948 20,217 22,112 15,993 22,627 D 61 Torrevieja Source: Elaboration from INE Census Data, 2001. 35 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 d) Dynamic Metropolitan Areas. Italy Class A A A A A A B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B C C C C C C C C C Code 45 63 47 74 29 50 11 13 33 19 49 8 10 82 15 81 71 65 79 46 51 54 80 52 84 44 3 62 61 77 38 56 30 22 55 60 76 35 28 78 70 48 67 40 14 12 Metropolitan Area Milano Roma Napoli Torino Firenze Palermo Bologna Brescia Genova Catania Padova Bari Bergamo Verona Cagliari Venezia Taranto Salerno Udine Modena Parma Pescara Varese Perugia Vicenza Messina Ancona Rimini Reggio Di Emilia Treviso Lecce Pisa Foggia Cosenza Piacenza Reggio Di Calabria Trento La Spezia Ferrara Trieste Siracusa Novara Sassari Lucca Brindisi Bolzano Nº Municipalities 597 200 119 341 59 39 67 122 65 34 85 25 177 79 79 20 28 25 107 22 49 42 97 28 45 27 24 33 28 28 28 20 22 53 43 21 91 36 23 6 12 46 30 28 10 35 Population 5,349,217 4,167,103 3,379,563 2,220,872 1,318,195 1,044,280 970,125 889,245 885,366 801,280 761,658 741,827 735,726 726,449 614,625 599,846 517,539 458,287 454,453 423,682 403,182 388,612 381,102 369,974 343,972 329,879 329,452 328,190 326,510 305,187 290,827 287,501 266,176 266,044 254,636 254,238 250,984 247,976 244,578 242,235 237,410 218,188 214,820 211,461 207,340 197,395 Resident employees 2,362,565 1,576,642 818,883 923,163 565,985 262,835 439,916 386,418 322,328 218,712 333,885 225,943 322,607 316,849 202,459 247,597 145,678 136,624 191,280 200,254 178,863 140,294 165,771 149,220 156,960 93,075 138,387 136,628 148,648 136,362 85,750 118,213 77,673 79,899 106,542 68,562 108,560 88,138 104,896 94,820 63,054 92,486 69,185 85,027 57,768 91,401 Jobs 2,398,918 1,491,227 757,209 895,660 579,643 222,121 467,590 386,155 316,213 191,239 322,521 222,176 319,355 306,455 175,884 247,250 111,801 119,824 179,225 213,046 181,437 130,963 143,992 145,919 161,263 78,774 140,930 132,928 147,845 132,214 74,705 110,568 64,588 66,983 100,277 59,598 105,979 79,696 85,803 93,904 54,695 81,326 60,431 84,656 47,618 97,275 36 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C D D D D D D D D D 20 7 4 39 73 59 31 23 57 25 68 85 1 42 9 2 6 75 53 21 36 72 27 64 24 16 83 17 32 69 34 37 5 18 58 26 41 66 43 86 Catanzaro Avellino Arezzo Livorno Terni Ravenna Forli Cremona Potenza Cuneo Savona Viterbo Agrigento Massa Benevento Alessandria Asti Trapani Pesaro Cesena Lamezia Terme Teramo Fano Rovigo Crotone Caltanissetta Viareggio Campobasso Gela Siena Grosseto L'aquila Ascoli Carpi Ragusa Faenza Marsala Sanremo Matera Vittoria 41 46 16 5 22 4 12 51 28 52 34 29 13 4 34 35 52 6 12 8 17 23 18 25 13 9 3 45 3 12 7 32 15 5 5 7 2 16 4 2 193,169 184,051 181,403 177,041 175,131 172,980 162,171 157,663 157,469 154,337 151,834 150,680 150,280 150,174 143,850 131,104 129,945 128,018 126,771 123,129 121,467 117,682 116,537 115,958 115,373 114,146 111,857 111,749 105,791 104,115 101,307 98,118 94,245 94,014 92,225 85,366 85,114 79,456 75,018 63,317 54,241 57,009 76,776 66,139 62,753 74,749 72,048 65,119 50,215 65,751 54,947 51,841 36,832 53,581 44,403 52,194 52,496 36,596 55,206 56,606 35,009 44,204 48,009 49,000 26,309 30,740 43,186 37,451 24,547 43,970 40,200 36,708 35,271 45,210 30,858 37,929 21,764 29,192 26,039 18,215 47,808 51,191 75,867 60,492 58,238 72,119 69,720 57,792 45,336 61,219 52,955 41,118 33,719 49,862 34,688 50,143 43,836 31,902 59,376 52,289 23,926 39,741 43,205 39,977 24,573 28,960 36,656 30,614 18,993 44,554 32,833 33,945 30,403 43,279 26,809 32,044 16,355 24,630 24,534 10,643 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT Census Data, 2001. 37 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 Annex 2. INE and ISTAT municipality codes by metropolitan area a) Functional Urban Regions. Spain - Albacete: 02001; 02002; 02006; 02011; 02012; 02014; 02020; 02021; 02022; 02027; 02029; 02035; 02038; 02040; 02041; 02044; 02046; 02047; 02050; 02052; 02059; 02060; 02061; 02063; 02064; 02065; 02068; 02071; 02075; 02077; 02083; 02901; 02003 - Alcoy/Alcoi: 03007; 03008; 03016; 03017; 03020; 03022; 03032; 03035; 03036; 03038; 03039; 03056; 03060; 03067; 03068; 03072; 03073; 03086; 03092; 03103; 03106; 03009 - Algeciras: 11008; 11033; 11035; 11004; 11022 - Alicante/Alacant: 03004; 03046; 03050; 03059; 03077; 03078; 03090; 03118; 03121; 03122; 03014; 03065; 03119 - Almería: 04001; 04002; 04004; 04005; 04008; 04009; 04010; 04011; 04012; 04014; 04015; 04023; 04024; 04026; 04027; 04028; 04030; 04033; 04034; 04041; 04046; 04047; 04050; 04051; 04052; 04054; 04055; 04059; 04060; 04065; 04067; 04068; 04071; 04074; 04077; 04078; 04080; 04081; 04082; 04088; 04090; 04091; 04094; 04095; 04097; 04101; 04901; 04013 - Arona: 38001; 38017; 38035; 38052; 38006 - Ávila: 05005; 05012; 05017; 05022; 05027; 05029; 05030; 05035; 05039; 05040; 05041; 05044; 05049; 05052; 05053; 05058; 05059; 05061; 05062; 05064; 05065; 05067; 05073; 05076; 05079; 05080; 05081; 05083; 05087; 05092; 05093; 05096; 05107; 05115; 05119; 05120; 05121; 05123; 05125; 05128; 05130; 05131; 05133; 05135; 05136; 05138; 05139; 05140; 05141; 05142; 05143; 05145; 05148; 05149; 05151; 05158; 05160; 05166; 05169; 05172; 05173; 05175; 05176; 05179; 05185; 05188; 05190; 05191; 05194; 05195; 05196; 05197; 05204; 05205; 05206; 05209; 05210; 05211; 05212; 05213; 05219; 05220; 05222; 05224; 05229; 05230; 05232; 05234; 05237; 05238; 05239; 05243; 05245; 05247; 05251; 05252; 05253; 05254; 05256; 05257; 05258; 05260; 05263; 05264; 05265; 05902; 05019 - Badajoz: 06004; 06005; 06007; 06009; 06010; 06012; 06025; 06031; 06032; 06038; 06042; 06043; 06046; 06058; 06066; 06072; 06084; 06088; 06090; 06095; 06098; 06103; 06107; 06115; 06116; 06119; 06128; 06129; 06131; 06132; 06133; 06135; 06143; 06145; 06151; 06154; 06155; 06162; 06901; 06902; 10007; 10008; 10010; 10012; 10018; 10021; 10023; 10027; 10031; 10032; 10038; 10049; 10052; 10069; 10082; 10115; 10118; 10125; 10126; 10133; 10145; 10149; 10158; 10161; 10162; 10163; 10165; 10168; 10170; 10177; 10178; 10188; 10192; 10193; 10194; 10198; 10201; 10208; 10218; 06015; 06083; 10037 - Barcelona: 08001; 08003; 08005; 08006; 08007; 08009; 08013; 08014; 08020; 08021; 08023; 08025; 08026; 08028; 08030; 08032; 08033; 08035; 08039; 08040; 08041; 08042; 08043; 08046; 08051; 08053; 08054; 08055; 08058; 08059; 08063; 08064; 08066; 08068; 08069; 08070; 08072; 08074; 08075; 08076; 08081; 08082; 08086; 08087; 08088; 08091; 08095; 08097; 08106; 08107; 08108; 08119; 08120; 08122; 08123; 08125; 08127; 08134; 08138; 08139; 08146; 08147; 08148; 08153; 08156; 08157; 08158; 08161; 08162; 08163; 08168; 08179; 08181; 08193; 08197; 08198; 08202; 08203; 08204; 08207; 08208; 08209; 08210; 08214; 08222; 08223; 08224; 08230; 08231; 08234; 08235; 08238; 08239; 08242; 08244; 08248; 08256; 08257; 08259; 08261; 08264; 08266; 08267; 08269; 08270; 08273; 08276; 08277; 08281; 08282; 08286; 08289; 08290; 08291; 08294; 08295; 08296; 08300; 08306; 08307; 08902; 08905; 43002; 43028; 43030; 43037; 43050; 43051; 43090; 43105; 43111; 43120; 43131; 43163; 08015; 08019; 08089; 08029; 08056; 08073; 08077; 08096; 08101; 08105; 08114; 08115; 08118; 08121; 08124; 08126; 08135; 08136; 08159; 08167; 08169; 08172; 08180; 08184; 08187; 08194; 08196; 08200; 08205; 08211; 08217; 08219; 08221; 08245; 08252; 08260; 08263; 08279; 08301; 08904 - Benidorm: 03011; 03045; 03048; 03069; 03094; 03098; 03107; 03112; 03124; 03139; 03031 - Bilbao: 01004; 01036; 01042; 09410; 39020; 39030; 39036; 39101; 48002; 48003; 48005; 48006; 48008; 48009; 48010; 48011; 48012; 48014; 48016; 48017; 48021; 48022; 48023; 48024; 48025; 48026; 48028; 48031; 48033; 48035; 48036; 48037; 48038; 48040; 48041; 48042; 48043; 48045; 48046; 48048; 48051; 48052; 48053; 48055; 48056; 48061; 48064; 48065; 48066; 48068; 48069; 48071; 48075; 48076; 48077; 48079; 48080; 48081; 48083; 48085; 48086; 48087; 48089; 48090; 48092; 48093; 48094; 48096; 48097; 48901; 48902; 48903; 48904; 48905; 48906; 48908; 48912; 48913; 48013; 48015; 48020; 48029; 48044; 48054; 48078; 48082; 48084 - Burgos: 09001; 09006; 09007; 09009; 09010; 09014; 09023; 09024; 09026; 09027; 09029; 09030; 09032; 09033; 09034; 09036; 09037; 09038; 09039; 09041; 09043; 09044; 09045; 09046; 09047; 09048; 09052; 09056; 09058; 09060; 09061; 09062; 09063; 09066; 09067; 09068; 09070; 09071; 09072; 09073; 09074; 09075; 09076; 09077; 09078; 09079; 09083; 09084; 09086; 09088; 09090; 09091; 09093; 09094; 09095; 09100; 09101; 09102; 09103; 09104; 09105; 09108; 09110; 09113; 09114; 09115; 09119; 09120; 09122; 09123; 09125; 09127; 09128; 09129; 09130; 09132; 09133; 09135; 09143; 09144; 09148; 09149; 09154; 09159; 09162; 09163; 09166; 09167; 09169; 09172; 09173; 09175; 09176; 09177; 09179; 09180; 09181; 09182; 09183; 09184; 09191; 09194; 09195; 09196; 09197; 09198; 09200; 09201; 09202; 09206; 09208; 09211; 09217; 09220; 09221; 09223; 09224; 09225; 09226; 09227; 09230; 09231; 09232; 09236; 09238; 09241; 09242; 09243; 09244; 09246; 09247; 09248; 09249; 09250; 09257; 09258; 09259; 09262; 09265; 09266; 09267; 09268; 09269; 09270; 09272; 09273; 09274; 09275; 09277; 09280; 09281; 09283; 09287; 09288; 09289; 09292; 09294; 09295; 09297; 09298; 09301; 09302; 09303; 09304; 09308; 09310; 09311; 09312; 09314; 09315; 09316; 09317; 09318; 09323; 09325; 09326; 09327; 09328; 09329; 09330; 09332; 09334; 09335; 09338; 09340; 09343; 09346; 09348; 09350; 09351; 09352; 09354; 09355; 09356; 09358; 09360; 09361; 09362; 09363; 09366; 09368; 09372; 09373; 09374; 09375; 09377; 09378; 09381; 09382; 09384; 09386; 09388; 09389; 09390; 09392; 09395; 09398; 09406; 09407; 09408; 09411; 09414; 09415; 09416; 09417; 09418; 09422; 09423; 09424; 09425; 09427; 09429; 09430; 09431; 09432; 09433; 09434; 09437; 09439; 09441; 09442; 09443; 09444; 09445; 09446; 09447; 09448; 09449; 09450; 09454; 09455; 09456; 09458; 09460; 09463; 09466; 09467; 09471; 09472; 09473; 09476; 09478; 09480; 09482; 09485; 09703; 09704; 09705; 09706; 09707; 09708; 09709; 09710; 09711; 09716; 09717; 09718; 09719; 09720; 09721; 09722; 09723; 09725; 09726; 09727; 09729; 09730; 09733; 09734; 09736; 09737; 09739; 09740; 09741; 09742; 09743; 09744; 09749; 09751; 09901; 09902; 09904; 09905; 09906; 09907; 34186; 34242; 09059 - Cartagena: 30041; 30016 - Castellón de la Plana/Castelló de la Plana: 12001; 12005; 12006; 12007; 12009; 12013; 12015; 12016; 12017; 12021; 12025; 12028; 12029; 12031; 12032; 12033; 12041; 12046; 12049; 12051; 12055; 12058; 12059; 12060; 12064; 12072; 12073; 12082; 12084; 12085; 12088; 12094; 12095; 12105; 12108; 12109; 12113; 12118; 12120; 12122; 12123; 12124; 12128; 12131; 12132; 12136; 12139; 12142; 12901; 12902; 12040; 12135 38 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 - Ceuta: 51001 - Ciudad Real: 13007; 13009; 13022; 13025; 13027; 13029; 13030; 13031; 13035; 13040; 13045; 13051; 13056; 13062; 13063; 13064; 13066; 13067; 13083; 13088; 13095; 13034 - Córdoba: 14005; 14017; 14018; 14025; 14027; 14033; 14041; 14047; 14050; 14053; 14059; 14065; 14067; 14068; 14073; 14021 - Coruña (A): 15001; 15003; 15005; 15008; 15009; 15014; 15017; 15019; 15021; 15024; 15026; 15027; 15029; 15031; 15041; 15043; 15047; 15048; 15058; 15063; 15064; 15068; 15075; 15080; 15090; 15091; 15093; 15030 - Donostia-San Sebastián: 20002; 20006; 20007; 20009; 20010; 20014; 20028; 20031; 20036; 20040; 20041; 20046; 20053; 20054; 20060; 20061; 20063; 20064; 20067; 20071; 20072; 20073; 20075; 20903; 31024; 31117; 20045; 20069; 20902 - Ejido (El): 04003; 04007; 04020; 04029; 04038; 04057; 04073; 04903; 18141; 18181; 18903; 04902 - Elda: 03104; 03066 - Ferrol: 15004; 15015; 15018; 15035; 15051; 15054; 15055; 15069; 15076; 15087; 15036 - Gandia: 46002; 46023; 46033; 46034; 46037; 46043; 46046; 46048; 46055; 46057; 46061; 46066; 46091; 46113; 46127; 46140; 46146; 46153; 46168; 46187; 46188; 46195; 46196; 46198; 46208; 46211; 46218; 46240; 46255; 46131 - Gijón: 24106; 33002; 33003; 33005; 33006; 33009; 33010; 33014; 33015; 33016; 33020; 33021; 33025; 33026; 33030; 33031; 33032; 33033; 33035; 33037; 33038; 33039; 33040; 33042; 33050; 33051; 33052; 33053; 33054; 33057; 33058; 33059; 33060; 33064; 33065; 33066; 33067; 33068; 33069; 33072; 33076; 33078; 33004; 33024; 33044 - Girona: 17002; 17007; 17008; 17015; 17020; 17025; 17028; 17033; 17035; 17038; 17040; 17044; 17049; 17050; 17055; 17056; 17067; 17068; 17071; 17073; 17085; 17087; 17090; 17097; 17116; 17123; 17130; 17136; 17142; 17150; 17153; 17157; 17163; 17166; 17168; 17169; 17172; 17173; 17183; 17186; 17189; 17190; 17194; 17215; 17216; 17218; 17232; 17233; 17903; 17079; 17155 - Granada: 18001; 18002; 18003; 18007; 18011; 18014; 18022; 18024; 18025; 18028; 18032; 18034; 18036; 18037; 18038; 18040; 18043; 18047; 18048; 18050; 18051; 18054; 18057; 18059; 18061; 18062; 18066; 18067; 18068; 18070; 18071; 18072; 18076; 18079; 18083; 18084; 18094; 18095; 18099; 18101; 18102; 18105; 18111; 18115; 18119; 18126; 18127; 18132; 18134; 18136; 18138; 18143; 18144; 18145; 18149; 18150; 18151; 18152; 18153; 18154; 18157; 18158; 18159; 18161; 18163; 18165; 18168; 18175; 18176; 18178; 18185; 18189; 18193; 18901; 18902; 18905; 18908; 18909; 18910; 18911; 18021; 18087 - Huelva: 21002; 21006; 21011; 21014; 21015; 21035; 21050; 21053; 21055; 21058; 21060; 21063; 21064; 21070; 21075; 21041 - Huesca: 22011; 22012; 22013; 22014; 22015; 22019; 22021; 22023; 22027; 22029; 22036; 22037; 22039; 22047; 22049; 22050; 22058; 22063; 22064; 22081; 22085; 22096; 22116; 22124; 22126; 22127; 22135; 22136; 22139; 22141; 22149; 22150; 22151; 22156; 22162; 22163; 22174; 22178; 22181; 22184; 22195; 22197; 22203; 22206; 22218; 22220; 22222; 22226; 22228; 22232; 22236; 22239; 22248; 22904; 22905; 22125 - Jaén: 23031; 23032; 23035; 23038; 23041; 23051; 23061; 23067; 23086; 23087; 23098; 23099; 23901; 23903; 23050 - Jerez de la Frontera: 11003; 11006; 11010; 11015; 11017; 11023; 11025; 11028; 11037; 11902; 41903; 11012; 11020; 11027; 11031 - León: 24004; 24005; 24006; 24012; 24015; 24017; 24018; 24020; 24021; 24024; 24028; 24031; 24032; 24033; 24037; 24039; 24040; 24050; 24051; 24052; 24055; 24056; 24058; 24060; 24061; 24062; 24063; 24065; 24068; 24073; 24076; 24077; 24079; 24081; 24082; 24084; 24086; 24087; 24088; 24092; 24093; 24094; 24095; 24096; 24097; 24098; 24101; 24104; 24105; 24107; 24113; 24114; 24118; 24120; 24121; 24123; 24129; 24130; 24132; 24133; 24134; 24137; 24142; 24149; 24150; 24151; 24153; 24156; 24157; 24158; 24159; 24160; 24162; 24163; 24167; 24168; 24173; 24175; 24177; 24179; 24180; 24183; 24184; 24187; 24189; 24190; 24191; 24193; 24194; 24197; 24199; 24201; 24205; 24207; 24210; 24212; 24213; 24215; 24217; 24218; 24222; 24224; 24225; 24226; 24227; 24230; 24704; 24901; 24902; 24089 - Lleida: 25004; 25006; 25007; 25008; 25010; 25011; 25012; 25013; 25014; 25015; 25016; 25019; 25020; 25021; 25023; 25033; 25036; 25038; 25048; 25052; 25053; 25056; 25067; 25076; 25078; 25101; 25102; 25105; 25112; 25118; 25119; 25125; 25131; 25133; 25134; 25142; 25168; 25174; 25182; 25189; 25200; 25204; 25205; 25206; 25210; 25211; 25212; 25220; 25224; 25226; 25228; 25230; 25231; 25232; 25233; 25251; 25254; 25912; 25120 - Logroño: 01019; 01032; 01039; 01043; 01060; 26002; 26004; 26005; 26006; 26007; 26010; 26012; 26014; 26015; 26016; 26019; 26022; 26024; 26025; 26027; 26030; 26031; 26032; 26035; 26037; 26038; 26039; 26040; 26041; 26044; 26046; 26050; 26051; 26052; 26053; 26055; 26056; 26057; 26058; 26059; 26060; 26064; 26066; 26067; 26073; 26074; 26075; 26077; 26078; 26079; 26081; 26082; 26083; 26084; 26086; 26087; 26088; 26091; 26092; 26093; 26095; 26096; 26098; 26099; 26100; 26101; 26103; 26105; 26106; 26107; 26108; 26109; 26110; 26112; 26113; 26114; 26115; 26118; 26121; 26122; 26123; 26124; 26126; 26130; 26132; 26134; 26135; 26140; 26141; 26143; 26144; 26145; 26146; 26147; 26149; 26151; 26152; 26153; 26154; 26157; 26158; 26160; 26162; 26163; 26164; 26165; 26167; 26168; 26169; 26171; 26172; 26174; 26175; 26176; 26177; 26178; 26179; 26181; 26183; 26701; 31026; 31043; 31047; 31096; 31141; 31145; 31165; 31219; 31231; 31251; 42121; 42166; 26089 - Lorca: 30033; 30024 - Lugo: 27004; 27007; 27011; 27012; 27014; 27015; 27020; 27023; 27034; 27039; 27043; 27049; 27053; 27056; 27901; 27028 - Madrid: 05002; 05013; 05055; 05057; 05075; 05082; 05089; 05095; 05100; 05102; 05110; 05127; 05132; 05156; 05161; 05163; 05167; 05168; 05182; 05184; 05187; 05201; 05207; 05221; 05227; 05240; 05241; 05905; 13010; 13018; 13019; 13028; 13032; 13039; 13043; 13044; 13047; 13050; 13079; 13089; 13096; 13904; 16011; 16027; 16032; 16057; 16086; 16101; 16106; 16108; 16119; 16167; 16169; 16172; 16185; 16212; 16240; 16249; 16264; 16270; 19001; 19002; 19004; 19005; 19006; 19007; 19008; 19009; 19010; 19011; 19015; 19017; 19018; 19019; 19020; 19021; 19022; 19023; 19024; 19031; 19032; 19033; 19036; 19037; 19038; 19039; 19040; 19041; 19042; 19043; 19044; 19045; 19046; 19047; 19048; 19049; 19050; 19051; 19052; 19053; 19054; 19055; 19057; 19058; 19060; 19061; 19064; 19065; 19066; 19070; 19071; 19073; 19074; 19075; 19078; 19080; 19081; 19082; 19086; 19087; 19088; 19089; 19091; 19092; 19095; 19096; 19097; 19098; 19102; 19103; 19104; 19105; 19106; 19107; 19108; 19110; 19111; 19112; 19113; 19114; 19115; 19116; 19117; 19119; 19120; 19121; 19123; 19124; 19125; 19126; 19127; 19129; 19132; 19133; 19135; 19138; 19142; 19143; 19145; 19146; 19147; 19148; 19150; 19151; 19152; 19153; 19154; 19155; 19156; 19157; 19159; 19160; 19161; 19162; 19163; 19165; 19166; 19167; 19168; 19169; 19170; 19171; 19172; 19173; 19174; 19175; 19176; 19177; 19178; 19179; 19181; 19182; 19185; 19186; 19187; 19189; 19191; 19192; 19193; 19194; 19196; 19197; 19198; 19199; 19200; 19201; 19202; 19203; 19208; 19210; 19211; 19212; 19214; 19215; 19217; 19218; 19219; 19220; 19224; 19225; 19226; 19228; 19229; 19230; 19231; 19232; 19233; 19234; 19235; 19238; 19239; 19240; 19242; 19244; 19246; 19247; 19248; 19249; 19250; 19251; 19254; 19256; 19257; 19258; 19259; 19260; 19261; 19262; 19263; 19264; 19266; 19267; 19268; 19269; 19270; 19274; 19278; 19279; 19280; 19281; 19282; 19283; 19286; 19288; 19290; 19291; 19293; 19296; 19297; 19298; 19299; 19300; 19301; 19302; 19303; 19304; 19305; 19306; 19307; 19308; 19310; 19311; 19314; 19317; 19318; 19319; 19321; 19322; 19323; 19325; 19326; 19327; 19329; 19330; 19331; 19333; 19334; 19335; 19701; 19901; 28002; 28003; 28004; 28008; 28009; 28010; 28011; 28012; 28013; 28015; 28016; 28017; 28018; 28019; 28020; 28021; 28022; 28023; 28024; 28025; 28026; 28027; 28028; 28029; 28030; 28031; 28032; 28033; 28034; 28035; 28036; 28037; 28038; 28039; 28040; 28041; 28042; 28043; 28044; 28045; 28046; 28047; 28048; 28050; 28051; 28052; 28053; 28054; 28055; 28056; 28057; 28059; 28060; 28061; 28062; 28063; 28066; 28067; 28068; 28069; 28070; 28071; 28072; 28073; 28075; 28076; 28078; 28080; 28082; 28083; 28084; 28085; 28086; 39 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 28087; 28088; 28089; 28090; 28091; 28093; 28094; 28095; 28096; 28097; 28099; 28100; 28101; 28102; 28104; 28106; 28107; 28108; 28109; 28110; 28111; 28112; 28113; 28114; 28116; 28117; 28118; 28119; 28120; 28121; 28122; 28123; 28124; 28125; 28126; 28128; 28129; 28130; 28131; 28132; 28133; 28135; 28136; 28137; 28140; 28141; 28143; 28144; 28145; 28146; 28147; 28149; 28150; 28151; 28152; 28153; 28154; 28155; 28156; 28157; 28158; 28159; 28160; 28161; 28162; 28163; 28164; 28165; 28166; 28167; 28168; 28169; 28170; 28171; 28172; 28173; 28174; 28175; 28176; 28177; 28178; 28179; 28180; 28181; 28182; 28183; 28701; 28702; 28901; 28902; 40005; 40007; 40008; 40029; 40039; 40052; 40055; 40061; 40076; 40079; 40099; 40104; 40109; 40115; 40125; 40132; 40146; 40154; 40156; 40161; 40162; 40163; 40165; 40168; 40170; 40172; 40220; 40224; 40229; 42086; 42116; 42219; 45008; 45011; 45013; 45015; 45022; 45025; 45026; 45027; 45031; 45034; 45035; 45038; 45040; 45041; 45047; 45048; 45050; 45053; 45054; 45056; 45059; 45060; 45061; 45064; 45071; 45076; 45078; 45079; 45081; 45084; 45087; 45088; 45091; 45099; 45101; 45117; 45119; 45120; 45123; 45128; 45129; 45135; 45143; 45157; 45158; 45159; 45161; 45167; 45171; 45175; 45176; 45177; 45180; 45183; 45187; 45188; 45191; 45192; 45193; 45198; 45199; 45201; 45202; 45205; 28005; 28006; 28007; 28014; 28049; 28058; 28065; 28074; 28079; 19130; 28092; 28115; 28127; 28134; 28148; 28903 - Málaga: 29003; 29004; 29007; 29009; 29011; 29012; 29018; 29025; 29030; 29035; 29036; 29038; 29039; 29040; 29043; 29044; 29050; 29066; 29071; 29080; 29082; 29083; 29089; 29092; 29093; 29096; 29097; 29067; 29901 - Manresa: 08002; 08010; 08034; 08038; 08061; 08062; 08084; 08098; 08140; 08178; 08182; 08191; 08192; 08213; 08218; 08229; 08262; 08274; 08113 - Marbella: 29008; 29013; 29014; 29021; 29023; 29024; 29028; 29037; 29042; 29051; 29058; 29060; 29061; 29064; 29070; 29073; 29074; 29076; 29077; 29081; 29090; 29100; 29054; 29069 - Melilla: 52001 - Murcia: 30004; 30005; 30007; 30009; 30010; 30018; 30025; 30027; 30029; 30031; 30032; 30038; 30040; 30042; 30901; 30030 - Ourense: 32001; 32002; 32005; 32006; 32007; 32008; 32012; 32014; 32016; 32018; 32020; 32022; 32024; 32025; 32026; 32029; 32030; 32031; 32033; 32035; 32036; 32037; 32040; 32041; 32042; 32043; 32045; 32046; 32047; 32049; 32051; 32052; 32055; 32057; 32058; 32059; 32010; 32061; 32062; 32065; 32067; 32068; 32069; 32070; 32074; 32075; 32076; 32077; 32078; 32079; 32080; 32081; 32082; 32084; 32087; 32089; 32090; 32054 - Palencia: 34001; 34006; 34009; 34010; 34011; 34012; 34015; 34017; 34018; 34019; 34022; 34023; 34024; 34029; 34033; 34034; 34046; 34047; 34051; 34053; 34057; 34059; 34063; 34072; 34074; 34076; 34077; 34079; 34081; 34082; 34084; 34086; 34087; 34088; 34089; 34092; 34096; 34098; 34099; 34101; 34102; 34103; 34104; 34108; 34112; 34116; 34121; 34123; 34125; 34127; 34130; 34132; 34133; 34141; 34146; 34149; 34152; 34155; 34159; 34165; 34167; 34174; 34177; 34178; 34180; 34181; 34182; 34184; 34189; 34196; 34201; 34204; 34210; 34213; 34215; 34217; 34220; 34221; 34225; 34227; 34230; 34236; 34237; 34238; 34240; 34243; 34246; 34120 - Palma de Mallorca: 07001; 07004; 07007; 07008; 07009; 07010; 07011; 07012; 07016; 07017; 07018; 07020; 07021; 07025; 07027; 07028; 07030; 07031; 07034; 07035; 07036; 07038; 07041; 07043; 07045; 07047; 07049; 07053; 07056; 07060; 07061; 07063; 07065; 07901; 07040 - Palmas de Gran Canaria (Las): 35001; 35002; 35005; 35006; 35008; 35009; 35011; 35013; 35021; 35022; 35023; 35025; 35027; 35031; 35032; 35033; 35016; 35019; 35026 - Pamplona/Iruña: 31003; 31004; 31007; 31009; 31012; 31017; 31018; 31019; 31023; 31025; 31027; 31028; 31030; 31031; 31033; 31034; 31036; 31037; 31038; 31039; 31040; 31045; 31046; 31049; 31050; 31051; 31052; 31053; 31054; 31055; 31056; 31058; 31059; 31065; 31069; 31074; 31075; 31076; 31080; 31083; 31084; 31085; 31086; 31088; 31089; 31090; 31091; 31092; 31093; 31094; 31095; 31098; 31101; 31102; 31103; 31109; 31110; 31111; 31112; 31113; 31114; 31115; 31118; 31119; 31120; 31121; 31122; 31123; 31124; 31126; 31127; 31128; 31129; 31131; 31132; 31133; 31134; 31135; 31136; 31137; 31140; 31142; 31144; 31146; 31147; 31149; 31150; 31151; 31152; 31154; 31155; 31156; 31158; 31159; 31160; 31161; 31164; 31167; 31171; 31172; 31174; 31178; 31179; 31180; 31181; 31183; 31185; 31186; 31188; 31191; 31192; 31193; 31194; 31195; 31196; 31197; 31198; 31199; 31200; 31205; 31206; 31207; 31209; 31210; 31211; 31212; 31213; 31214; 31217; 31220; 31222; 31224; 31227; 31228; 31229; 31234; 31235; 31236; 31237; 31238; 31239; 31241; 31242; 31243; 31245; 31246; 31247; 31248; 31252; 31253; 31256; 31257; 31260; 31261; 31262; 31264; 31702; 31709; 31710; 31711; 31714; 31715; 31716; 31718; 31731; 31732; 31735; 31743; 31744; 31746; 31749; 31750; 31752; 31753; 31755; 31756; 31761; 31762; 31763; 31792; 31805; 31806; 31902; 31904; 31905; 31906; 31907; 31908; 31016; 31060; 31201; 31258; 31901; 31903 - Ponferrada: 24007; 24009; 24011; 24014; 24019; 24022; 24027; 24030; 24034; 24038; 24041; 24049; 24057; 24059; 24064; 24070; 24100; 24102; 24103; 24110; 24112; 24119; 24143; 24165; 24169; 24171; 24196; 24198; 24206; 24209; 24115 - Pontevedra: 36002; 36007; 36011; 36012; 36025; 36026; 36028; 36032; 36040; 36041; 36043; 36058; 36038 - Salamanca: 37001; 37003; 37004; 37007; 37008; 37012; 37014; 37016; 37017; 37018; 37019; 37020; 37021; 37022; 37023; 37025; 37026; 37027; 37028; 37029; 37030; 37031; 37032; 37033; 37034; 37035; 37036; 37038; 37039; 37040; 37041; 37042; 37045; 37047; 37049; 37050; 37051; 37052; 37058; 37059; 37060; 37061; 37062; 37067; 37068; 37069; 37070; 37072; 37073; 37077; 37079; 37081; 37082; 37085; 37087; 37088; 37089; 37090; 37092; 37096; 37098; 37099; 37100; 37104; 37106; 37108; 37110; 37113; 37114; 37116; 37117; 37118; 37120; 37121; 37122; 37124; 37125; 37126; 37128; 37129; 37130; 37131; 37132; 37134; 37135; 37137; 37141; 37142; 37143; 37144; 37148; 37149; 37150; 37151; 37152; 37159; 37160; 37162; 37164; 37165; 37167; 37169; 37170; 37172; 37173; 37174; 37175; 37179; 37180; 37182; 37184; 37185; 37186; 37187; 37188; 37189; 37190; 37192; 37194; 37197; 37198; 37199; 37202; 37203; 37205; 37206; 37207; 37208; 37209; 37211; 37214; 37215; 37216; 37219; 37222; 37223; 37224; 37225; 37226; 37228; 37229; 37230; 37231; 37232; 37235; 37236; 37237; 37238; 37239; 37240; 37241; 37242; 37247; 37248; 37249; 37250; 37253; 37254; 37256; 37257; 37260; 37262; 37266; 37267; 37268; 37270; 37271; 37273; 37275; 37277; 37278; 37279; 37280; 37281; 37283; 37284; 37285; 37286; 37287; 37288; 37289; 37290; 37291; 37292; 37293; 37294; 37296; 37299; 37300; 37301; 37305; 37306; 37309; 37310; 37311; 37314; 37316; 37317; 37318; 37320; 37322; 37323; 37324; 37325; 37327; 37328; 37329; 37330; 37331; 37332; 37335; 37336; 37338; 37339; 37340; 37342; 37344; 37345; 37346; 37347; 37348; 37349; 37350; 37351; 37352; 37353; 37354; 37355; 37356; 37358; 37360; 37361; 37362; 37363; 37364; 37365; 37366; 37368; 37369; 37370; 37372; 37374; 37375; 37377; 37379; 37380; 37381; 37382; 37701; 49034; 49081; 49115; 49230; 49241; 37274 - Santa Cruz de Tenerife: 38004; 38011; 38012; 38018; 38020; 38025; 38026; 38032; 38034; 38039; 38041; 38043; 38046; 38051; 38023; 38038 - Santander: 39003; 39008; 39016; 39018; 39019; 39026; 39028; 39037; 39039; 39040; 39042; 39044; 39045; 39048; 39052; 39054; 39056; 39061; 39062; 39064; 39071; 39073; 39074; 39078; 39081; 39082; 39085; 39087; 39098; 39099; 39100; 39075 - Santiago de Compostela: 15002; 15007; 15012; 15013; 15033; 15056; 15060; 15065; 15066; 15074; 15082; 15085; 15086; 15088; 15089; 36044; 15078 - Segovia: 40001; 40002; 40015; 40017; 40018; 40019; 40021; 40022; 40026; 40028; 40031; 40033; 40034; 40035; 40036; 40041; 40043; 40058; 40059; 40062; 40068; 40072; 40073; 40074; 40075; 40077; 40094; 40101; 40103; 40105; 40106; 40111; 40112; 40113; 40118; 40119; 40122; 40126; 40128; 40131; 40134; 40135; 40136; 40139; 40148; 40151; 40152; 40155; 40157; 40160; 40173; 40180; 40181; 40182; 40185; 40188; 40190; 40199; 40200; 40203; 40205; 40206; 40207; 40208; 40211; 40213; 40214; 40 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 40216; 40223; 40231; 40233; 40901; 40903; 40904; 40906; 40194 - Sevilla: 41003; 41004; 41005; 41007; 41009; 41010; 41012; 41013; 41015; 41016; 41017; 41018; 41019; 41021; 41022; 41023; 41024; 41025; 41027; 41028; 41030; 41031; 41034; 41040; 41043; 41044; 41045; 41049; 41051; 41057; 41058; 41059; 41063; 41067; 41069; 41070; 41079; 41081; 41083; 41085; 41087; 41089; 41092; 41093; 41094; 41095; 41096; 41098; 41099; 41101; 41102; 41902; 41029; 41038; 41047; 41086; 41091 - Talavera de la Reina: 45006; 45009; 45020; 45028; 45033; 45043; 45045; 45049; 45068; 45072; 45074; 45080; 45086; 45093; 45097; 45104; 45105; 45110; 45114; 45130; 45132; 45139; 45146; 45150; 45154; 45155; 45160; 45162; 45164; 45169; 45170; 45181; 45165 - Tarragona: 43003; 43005; 43007; 43009; 43011; 43012; 43015; 43017; 43031; 43033; 43038; 43039; 43042; 43043; 43045; 43047; 43049; 43053; 43057; 43066; 43075; 43076; 43080; 43081; 43083; 43088; 43089; 43091; 43095; 43096; 43097; 43098; 43100; 43103; 43109; 43112; 43114; 43115; 43116; 43118; 43122; 43126; 43127; 43128; 43129; 43134; 43144; 43145; 43151; 43153; 43157; 43158; 43160; 43164; 43165; 43166; 43167; 43168; 43169; 43171; 43173; 43178; 43905; 43123; 43148 - Toledo: 45001; 45003; 45012; 45016; 45019; 45023; 45032; 45042; 45052; 45055; 45057; 45070; 45083; 45094; 45096; 45102; 45107; 45116; 45122; 45133; 45140; 45147; 45174; 45190; 45196; 45197; 45168 - Torrevieja: 03012; 03120; 03903; 03133 - Valencia: 02013; 12002; 12010; 12022; 12043; 12065; 12069; 12071; 12081; 12097; 12107; 12110; 12125; 12140; 16093; 16097; 16126; 16137; 16274; 16276; 44002; 44231; 46007; 46008; 46009; 46010; 46012; 46014; 46015; 46018; 46022; 46024; 46025; 46026; 46028; 46029; 46030; 46031; 46032; 46036; 46038; 46041; 46050; 46051; 46052; 46058; 46060; 46067; 46070; 46076; 46079; 46080; 46082; 46089; 46093; 46094; 46095; 46097; 46099; 46101; 46103; 46105; 46106; 46108; 46109; 46111; 46112; 46114; 46115; 46116; 46117; 46120; 46122; 46126; 46133; 46134; 46135; 46136; 46141; 46147; 46148; 46149; 46152; 46155; 46156; 46158; 46159; 46161; 46163; 46164; 46165; 46166; 46167; 46171; 46172; 46176; 46177; 46178; 46182; 46191; 46192; 46193; 46194; 46197; 46199; 46202; 46204; 46205; 46207; 46212; 46214; 46216; 46224; 46228; 46229; 46230; 46232; 46233; 46234; 46235; 46241; 46244; 46245; 46248; 46254; 46256; 46258; 46259; 46260; 46261; 46262; 46902; 46903; 46005; 46013; 46021; 46035; 46054; 46065; 46074; 46078; 46102; 46110; 46169; 46186; 46190; 46223; 46237; 46250; 46220 - Valladolid: 09339; 34031; 34045; 34048; 34066; 34106; 34232; 47001; 47003; 47004; 47005; 47006; 47007; 47009; 47010; 47012; 47013; 47014; 47015; 47016; 47017; 47018; 47019; 47022; 47023; 47024; 47025; 47026; 47027; 47029; 47030; 47031; 47032; 47033; 47034; 47035; 47036; 47037; 47038; 47039; 47041; 47042; 47043; 47044; 47045; 47046; 47047; 47048; 47050; 47051; 47052; 47053; 47054; 47055; 47056; 47057; 47059; 47060; 47061; 47062; 47063; 47065; 47066; 47069; 47070; 47071; 47073; 47074; 47076; 47077; 47080; 47081; 47082; 47083; 47086; 47087; 47088; 47090; 47091; 47092; 47093; 47094; 47096; 47097; 47098; 47099; 47101; 47102; 47103; 47105; 47106; 47109; 47110; 47111; 47113; 47114; 47115; 47116; 47117; 47118; 47119; 47121; 47122; 47124; 47125; 47127; 47129; 47130; 47131; 47133; 47135; 47137; 47138; 47139; 47142; 47143; 47144; 47145; 47146; 47149; 47150; 47151; 47152; 47153; 47154; 47155; 47157; 47158; 47159; 47160; 47161; 47162; 47163; 47164; 47165; 47166; 47167; 47168; 47169; 47170; 47171; 47172; 47173; 47174; 47175; 47176; 47177; 47178; 47179; 47181; 47182; 47183; 47184; 47185; 47187; 47188; 47190; 47191; 47192; 47193; 47194; 47195; 47197; 47198; 47199; 47200; 47203; 47204; 47205; 47206; 47207; 47208; 47209; 47210; 47212; 47213; 47215; 47216; 47217; 47218; 47220; 47221; 47222; 47224; 47225; 47226; 47227; 47229; 47230; 47231; 49055; 49226; 49249; 49252; 49263; 47186 - Vic: 08017; 08037; 08067; 08083; 08100; 08111; 08112; 08116; 08117; 08129; 08149; 08150; 08183; 08199; 08215; 08220; 08241; 08243; 08246; 08247; 08254; 08265; 08271; 08275; 08278; 08280; 08283; 08285; 08303; 17063; 08298 - Vigo: 36001; 36003; 36008; 36009; 36013; 36014; 36019; 36021; 36023; 36029; 36030; 36031; 36033; 36034; 36035; 36036; 36037; 36039; 36042; 36045; 36048; 36049; 36050; 36053; 36054; 36055; 36057 - Vitoria-Gasteiz: 01001; 01006; 01008; 01009; 01013; 01014; 01016; 01017; 01018; 01020; 01021; 01027; 01028; 01030; 01037; 01044; 01046; 01047; 01049; 01051; 01053; 01054; 01055; 01056; 01058; 01061; 01062; 01063; 01702; 01703; 01704; 01901; 01902; 09109; 09190; 09192; 09276; 20068; 31116; 48072; 48088; 01059 - Zamora: 49005; 49006; 49007; 49009; 49010; 49012; 49013; 49014; 49016; 49022; 49023; 49025; 49031; 49036; 49038; 49039; 49042; 49044; 49047; 49053; 49054; 49056; 49061; 49076; 49077; 49084; 49086; 49087; 49090; 49091; 49095; 49096; 49098; 49099; 49101; 49103; 49108; 49111; 49119; 49122; 49123; 49125; 49127; 49132; 49133; 49135; 49138; 49141; 49142; 49146; 49148; 49149; 49151; 49152; 49153; 49155; 49157; 49158; 49164; 49176; 49178; 49180; 49184; 49186; 49191; 49194; 49197; 49202; 49210; 49222; 49227; 49233; 49234; 49237; 49240; 49245; 49246; 49247; 49251; 49258; 49261; 49265; 49269; 49275 - Zaragoza: 19016; 19109; 19122; 19139; 19222; 22004; 22008; 22018; 22083; 22119; 22137; 22172; 22173; 42039; 42063; 44006; 44008; 44011; 44023; 44024; 44031; 44032; 44033; 44034; 44035; 44039; 44042; 44043; 44047; 44065; 44067; 44084; 44085; 44090; 44100; 44102; 44110; 44124; 44125; 44129; 44131; 44132; 44133; 44138; 44142; 44152; 44161; 44164; 44167; 44169; 44172; 44184; 44190; 44191; 44200; 44203; 44205; 44207; 44208; 44211; 44222; 44224; 44227; 44237; 44252; 44256; 44265; 44267; 44701; 44702; 50001; 50002; 50003; 50004; 50005; 50006; 50007; 50008; 50009; 50010; 50012; 50013; 50015; 50016; 50017; 50018; 50019; 50021; 50022; 50023; 50024; 50025; 50026; 50028; 50031; 50032; 50033; 50036; 50037; 50039; 50040; 50041; 50042; 50043; 50044; 50045; 50047; 50048; 50050; 50051; 50052; 50053; 50056; 50059; 50061; 50062; 50064; 50065; 50066; 50068; 50069; 50070; 50071; 50072; 50073; 50075; 50077; 50078; 50080; 50082; 50083; 50084; 50085; 50086; 50088; 50089; 50090; 50091; 50093; 50094; 50096; 50098; 50099; 50100; 50101; 50104; 50107; 50108; 50109; 50110; 50111; 50113; 50114; 50115; 50116; 50117; 50118; 50119; 50123; 50124; 50131; 50132; 50133; 50134; 50135; 50136; 50137; 50138; 50139; 50142; 50143; 50144; 50146; 50147; 50148; 50149; 50150; 50151; 50153; 50154; 50155; 50156; 50161; 50162; 50163; 50164; 50166; 50167; 50169; 50170; 50171; 50173; 50174; 50175; 50178; 50179; 50180; 50181; 50182; 50184; 50185; 50187; 50188; 50191; 50192; 50193; 50195; 50197; 50198; 50199; 50200; 50202; 50203; 50204; 50205; 50206; 50207; 50208; 50209; 50210; 50211; 50212; 50213; 50214; 50216; 50217; 50218; 50219; 50220; 50221; 50222; 50223; 50224; 50225; 50227; 50228; 50229; 50230; 50231; 50233; 50235; 50236; 50238; 50239; 50240; 50241; 50244; 50246; 50247; 50249; 50250; 50255; 50256; 50258; 50260; 50262; 50263; 50264; 50266; 50267; 50269; 50270; 50271; 50272; 50273; 50274; 50275; 50276; 50278; 50283; 50284; 50285; 50287; 50288; 50289; 50290; 50291; 50292; 50293; 50294; 50295; 50296; 50298; 50901; 50902; 50297 b) Functional Urban Regions. Italy - Alessandria: 005010; 006003; 006006; 006013; 006015; 006019; 006021; 006029; 006031; 006037; 006043; 006047; 006051; 006052; 006054; 006064; 006068; 006071; 006074; 006075; 006076; 006078; 006089; 006091; 006105; 006122; 006128; 006129; 006130; 006138; 006140; 006141; 006142; 006143; 006144; 006145; 006154; 006161; 006163; 006168 - Ancona: 042001; 042002; 042006; 042007; 042014; 042018; 042027; 042030; 042032; 042033; 042034; 042038; 042048 41 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 - Aosta: 007001; 007003; 007005; 007006; 007008; 007010; 007011; 007015; 007019; 007024; 007026; 007027; 007030; 007031; 007035; 007038; 007040; 007045; 007046; 007047; 007049; 007051; 007054; 007056; 007057; 007058; 007059; 007060; 007061; 007062; 007063; 007064; 007066; 007068; 007069; 007070; 007072; 007074 - Arezzo: 051002; 051006; 051008; 051011; 051012; 051014; 051016; 051017; 051018; 051019; 051021; 051022; 051024; 051025; 051028; 051037; 051038 - Ascoli Piceno: 044001; 044005; 044006; 044007; 044011; 044012; 044013; 044014; 044020; 044027; 044038; 044054; 044056; 044064; 044071; 044073; 067046 - Asti: 005001; 005003; 005005; 005006; 005007; 005008; 005014; 005016; 005018; 005023; 005025; 005026; 005028; 005030; 005034; 005036; 005038; 005039; 005044; 005045; 005046; 005049; 005050; 005051; 005055; 005056; 005057; 005059; 005062; 005066; 005067; 005069; 005071; 005074; 005075; 005076; 005077; 005083; 005087; 005089; 005090; 005093; 005096; 005097; 005099; 005103; 005106; 005107; 005108; 005109; 005115; 005116; 005119; 006004; 006135 - Avellino: 064001; 064002; 064006; 064008; 064016; 064018; 064024; 064026; 064028; 064029; 064034; 064039; 064042; 064045; 064046; 064049; 064053; 064054; 064055; 064056; 064058; 064059; 064065; 064067; 064069; 064072; 064073; 064074; 064075; 064076; 064081; 064082; 064084; 064086; 064088; 064091; 064093; 064095; 064099; 064102; 064105; 064107; 064110; 064111; 064113; 064119 - Bari: 072001; 072002; 072006; 072008; 072010; 072011; 072012; 072014; 072015; 072016; 072018; 072019; 072022; 072024; 072027; 072028; 072029; 072032; 072033; 072037; 072038; 072039; 072040; 072043; 072044; 072046; 072047; 072048 - Barletta: 071030; 072005; 072007 - Bassano: 024012; 024023; 024025; 024026; 024031; 024033; 024039; 024057; 024070; 024073; 024077; 024081; 024086; 024087; 024093; 024101; 024104; 024114; 026004 - Benevento: 062003; 062004; 062006; 062008; 062009; 062011; 062012; 062013; 062018; 062021; 062022; 062030; 062033; 062034; 062043; 062045; 062046; 062047; 062049; 062050; 062052; 062053; 062054; 062058; 062060; 062065; 062066; 062067; 062071; 062073; 062076; 062077; 062078; 064027; 064071; 064078 - Bergamo: 016003; 016004; 016005; 016006; 016007; 016008; 016009; 016011; 016015; 016016; 016018; 016021; 016022; 016023; 016024; 016025; 016027; 016029; 016030; 016031; 016032; 016035; 016038; 016039; 016042; 016043; 016050; 016055; 016066; 016068; 016069; 016079; 016081; 016082; 016084; 016085; 016089; 016091; 016092; 016094; 016106; 016112; 016114; 016115; 016117; 016123; 016126; 016127; 016130; 016131; 016132; 016139; 016143; 016144; 016150; 016152; 016153; 016155; 016156; 016160; 016167; 016169; 016170; 016171; 016173; 016176; 016178; 016185; 016186; 016188; 016189; 016190; 016192; 016194; 016196; 016197; 016198; 016199; 016202; 016203; 016206; 016207; 016208; 016213; 016214; 016216; 016218; 016220; 016221; 016222; 016224; 016228; 016232; 016233; 016236; 016239; 016240; 016245; 016246; 016247; 016248; 016249 - Biella: 096002; 096003; 096004; 096005; 096006; 096008; 096009; 096010; 096011; 096012; 096017; 096018; 096020; 096024; 096025; 096026; 096028; 096029; 096030; 096031; 096034; 096035; 096037; 096038; 096039; 096040; 096041; 096042; 096043; 096044; 096046; 096047; 096049; 096051; 096052; 096053; 096054; 096055; 096056; 096057; 096058; 096059; 096060; 096061; 096063; 096065; 096066; 096067; 096068; 096069; 096071; 096072; 096073; 096074; 096075; 096076; 096077; 096081; 096082; 096083; 096084 - Bologna: 037001; 037002; 037003; 037004; 037005; 037006; 037007; 037008; 037009; 037011; 037012; 037014; 037015; 037016; 037017; 037018; 037019; 037020; 037021; 037022; 037023; 037024; 037025; 037026; 037028; 037030; 037031; 037032; 037034; 037035; 037036; 037037; 037038; 037039; 037040; 037041; 037042; 037043; 037044; 037045; 037046; 037047; 037048; 037050; 037051; 037052; 037053; 037054; 037055; 037056; 037057; 037058; 037059; 037060; 039003; 039013 - Bolzano: 021001; 021002; 021004; 021007; 021008; 021012; 021015; 021019; 021022; 021023; 021024; 021025; 021029; 021031; 021032; 021035; 021039; 021040; 021045; 021050; 021053; 021055; 021058; 021059; 021060; 021065; 021066; 021072; 021076; 021079; 021086; 021097; 021098; 021099; 021100; 021102; 021105; 021114; 022159; 022162 - Brescia: 017008; 017009; 017011; 017014; 017015; 017021; 017023; 017025; 017026; 017029; 017030; 017031; 017037; 017040; 017042; 017043; 017046; 017048; 017057; 017061; 017064; 017066; 017072; 017077; 017078; 017081; 017088; 017091; 017093; 017097; 017099; 017107; 017112; 017114; 017117; 017119; 017120; 017123; 017126; 017127; 017130; 017132; 017136; 017146; 017147; 017155; 017156; 017161; 017163; 017165; 017173; 017178; 017186; 017188; 017190; 017199; 017201 - Brindisi: 074001; 074002; 074004; 074006; 074009; 074010; 074011; 074013; 074014; 074015; 074016; 074017; 074018; 074019 - Cagliari: 091020; 092003; 092005; 092008; 092009; 092011; 092015; 092016; 092017; 092020; 092022; 092024; 092027; 092030; 092031; 092034; 092037; 092038; 092040; 092042; 092044; 092048; 092051; 092052; 092053; 092054; 092059; 092061; 092066; 092067; 092068; 092069; 092070; 092071; 092072; 092073; 092074; 092075; 092078; 092080; 092081; 092082; 092083; 092088; 092090; 092091; 092096; 092099; 092101; 092102; 092105; 092108; 092109 - Caltanissetta: 085002; 085004; 085006; 085008; 085010; 085011; 085016; 085017; 085018; 085019; 085022 - Campobasso: 070002; 070005; 070006; 070007; 070008; 070009; 070012; 070013; 070014; 070016; 070017; 070018; 070019; 070022; 070023; 070024; 070025; 070026; 070028; 070030; 070032; 070033; 070035; 070037; 070038; 070039; 070040; 070041; 070048; 070049; 070052; 070053; 070054; 070057; 070059; 070063; 070066; 070067; 070073; 070074; 070075; 070079; 070080; 070082; 070084 - Catania: 086006; 086007; 087001; 087002; 087003; 087004; 087005; 087006; 087007; 087008; 087012; 087013; 087015; 087017; 087019; 087022; 087023; 087024; 087026; 087029; 087030; 087031; 087033; 087034; 087035; 087039; 087041; 087042; 087044; 087045; 087046; 087047; 087048; 087050; 087051; 087052; 087053; 087055; 087058 - Catanzaro: 079002; 079003; 079004; 079011; 079012; 079017; 079020; 079023; 079027; 079030; 079034; 079036; 079043; 079052; 079056; 079058; 079059; 079068; 079072; 079077; 079080; 079081; 079092; 079094; 079095; 079108; 079115; 079126; 079127; 079130; 079131; 079133; 079134; 079137; 079139; 079142; 079143; 079146; 079147; 079151; 079157 - Cosenza: 078008; 078012; 078014; 078026; 078027; 078028; 078030; 078031; 078034; 078035; 078037; 078043; 078045; 078049; 078050; 078052; 078053; 078059; 078065; 078066; 078070; 078072; 078075; 078076; 078077; 078078; 078079; 078081; 078093; 078094; 078095; 078096; 078097; 078098; 078102; 078105; 078106; 078109; 078110; 078112; 078116; 078124; 078127; 078134; 078135; 078139; 078141; 078143; 078144; 078148; 078151; 078155 - Cremona: 019001; 019003; 019006; 019008; 019014; 019016; 019026; 019028; 019030; 019031; 019032; 019033; 019036; 019038; 019040; 019045; 019046; 019048; 019050; 019051; 019056; 019061; 019063; 019065; 019068; 019069; 019070; 019074; 019075; 019076; 019077; 019085; 019089; 019093; 019095; 019099; 019100; 019103; 019107; 019113; 033014; 033027 - Cuneo: 004002; 004016; 004022; 004025; 004028; 004034; 004040; 004044; 004049; 004053; 004060; 004061; 004064; 004068; 004078; 004079; 004082; 004084; 004093; 004110; 004112; 004118; 004119; 004123; 004136; 004138; 004139; 004144; 004163; 004165; 004173; 004182; 004183; 004185; 004187; 004191; 004192; 004207; 004225; 004233; 004234; 004235; 004239; 004243; 004244; 004247; 004248 - Ferrara: 029009; 029022; 029025; 029033; 029045; 038002; 038003; 038007; 038008; 038009; 038010; 038012; 038013; 038015; 038016; 038017; 038018; 038019; 038020; 038022; 038023; 038024; 038026 42 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 - Firenze: 047002; 047007; 047010; 047014; 047015; 047017; 047018; 047019; 047020; 048001; 048002; 048004; 048005; 048006; 048008; 048013; 048015; 048016; 048017; 048021; 048022; 048023; 048024; 048025; 048028; 048030; 048032; 048033; 048035; 048036; 048037; 048038; 048039; 048040; 048041; 048042; 048043; 048044; 048045; 048046; 048049; 051023; 051029; 051033; 100001; 100002; 100003; 100004; 100005; 100006; 100007 - Foggia: 071001; 071005; 071006; 071007; 071010; 071015; 071016; 071019; 071022; 071023; 071024; 071028; 071029; 071032; 071034; 071035; 071036; 071037; 071039; 071041; 071047; 071052; 071055; 071058; 071062; 071063 - Frosinone: 060003; 060005; 060008; 060009; 060014; 060023; 060024; 060025; 060028; 060032; 060033; 060038; 060039; 060041; 060042; 060044; 060045; 060047; 060048; 060055; 060058; 060064; 060075; 060076; 060079; 060082; 060085; 060087; 060090 - Genova: 006125; 009003; 009004; 009005; 009010; 009018; 009022; 009026; 009036; 009039; 009042; 009050; 009051; 009052; 009055; 009056; 009057; 009058; 009064; 009067 - Grosseto: 053002; 053006; 053008; 053010; 053011; 053013; 053020; 053021; 053023 - La Spezia: 011001; 011002; 011003; 011004; 011005; 011006; 011007; 011008; 011010; 011013; 011015; 011016; 011017; 011019; 011021; 011022; 011023; 011024; 011025; 011026; 011027; 011028; 011030; 011031; 011032; 045001; 045004; 045007; 045008; 045009; 045013; 045015; 045016 - L'Aquila: 066001; 066008; 066009; 066013; 066014; 066016; 066019; 066021; 066022; 066024; 066026; 066030; 066031; 066042; 066043; 066044; 066049; 066052; 066055; 066056; 066058; 066059; 066072; 066073; 066074; 066081; 066082; 066086; 066087; 066088; 066090; 066091; 066095; 066097; 066100; 066101; 066105 - Lecce: 075007; 075010; 075011; 075013; 075014; 075015; 075017; 075018; 075020; 075022; 075023; 075034; 075035; 075036; 075038; 075040; 075041; 075043; 075048; 075055; 075065; 075068; 075069; 075071; 075075; 075076; 075079; 075080; 075083; 075087; 075092; 075093; 075094 - Lecco: 097001; 097004; 097007; 097008; 097013; 097014; 097015; 097018; 097022; 097025; 097027; 097029; 097030; 097033; 097034; 097035; 097036; 097038; 097040; 097042; 097043; 097045; 097046; 097047; 097050; 097052; 097055; 097057; 097059; 097060; 097064; 097065; 097067; 097068; 097070; 097078; 097079; 097080; 097081; 097082; 097083; 097084; 097085; 097086; 097089 - Livorno-Pisa: 049008; 049009; 049017; 050003; 050004; 050008; 050013; 050014; 050017; 050018; 050023; 050026; 050031; 050034; 050037; 050038 - Lucca: 046004; 046007; 046017; 046022; 046026 - Mantova: 020003; 020004; 020005; 020013; 020014; 020016; 020021; 020026; 020030; 020031; 020033; 020045; 020051; 020052; 020053; 020055; 020057; 020062; 020064; 020068; 020069 - Massa-Carrara: 011011; 011020; 045003; 045010; 045011 - Matera: 077011; 077012; 077013; 077014; 077015; 077017; 077022 - Messina: 083002; 083003; 083021; 083027; 083036; 083045; 083048; 083054; 083061; 083065; 083072; 083073; 083076; 083085; 083089; 083092; 083093; 083094; 083096; 083098; 083103; 083104; 083105 - Milano: 012002; 012005; 012012; 012026; 012029; 012032; 012034; 012039; 012040; 012042; 012048; 012050; 012067; 012068; 012070; 012075; 012078; 012079; 012085; 012090; 012098; 012107; 012108; 012109; 012118; 012119; 012121; 012122; 012123; 012127; 012130; 012140; 013003; 013004; 013005; 013007; 013009; 013010; 013011; 013012; 013024; 013025; 013026; 013028; 013029; 013030; 013032; 013034; 013035; 013036; 013041; 013043; 013044; 013045; 013046; 013048; 013050; 013053; 013055; 013060; 013061; 013063; 013064; 013065; 013068; 013074; 013075; 013084; 013087; 013093; 013098; 013099; 013100; 013101; 013102; 013109; 013110; 013114; 013118; 013119; 013121; 013125; 013126; 013128; 013129; 013131; 013133; 013135; 013136; 013137; 013138; 013143; 013144; 013148; 013152; 013153; 013154; 013157; 013159; 013161; 013163; 013165; 013169; 013170; 013172; 013175; 013186; 013199; 013201; 013202; 013203; 013206; 013211; 013212; 013222; 013223; 013225; 013227; 013228; 013236; 013238; 013242; 013245; 013246; 015002; 015003; 015004; 015005; 015006; 015007; 015008; 015009; 015010; 015011; 015012; 015013; 015014; 015015; 015016; 015017; 015018; 015019; 015021; 015022; 015023; 015024; 015026; 015027; 015030; 015032; 015033; 015034; 015035; 015036; 015037; 015038; 015039; 015040; 015041; 015042; 015044; 015045; 015046; 015047; 015048; 015049; 015050; 015051; 015055; 015058; 015059; 015060; 015061; 015068; 015069; 015070; 015071; 015072; 015074; 015075; 015076; 015077; 015078; 015080; 015081; 015082; 015084; 015085; 015086; 015087; 015088; 015092; 015093; 015096; 015097; 015098; 015099; 015100; 015101; 015103; 015105; 015106; 015107; 015108; 015110; 015112; 015113; 015114; 015115; 015116; 015117; 015118; 015119; 015120; 015121; 015122; 015123; 015125; 015129; 015130; 015131; 015134; 015136; 015138; 015139; 015140; 015142; 015144; 015145; 015146; 015147; 015149; 015150; 015151; 015152; 015154; 015156; 015157; 015158; 015159; 015161; 015164; 015165; 015166; 015167; 015168; 015169; 015170; 015171; 015172; 015173; 015175; 015176; 015177; 015178; 015179; 015180; 015181; 015182; 015184; 015185; 015186; 015187; 015188; 015189; 015191; 015192; 015194; 015195; 015200; 015201; 015202; 015204; 015205; 015206; 015208; 015209; 015210; 015211; 015212; 015213; 015216; 015217; 015219; 015220; 015221; 015222; 015223; 015224; 015227; 015229; 015230; 015231; 015232; 015233; 015234; 015235; 015236; 015237; 015239; 015241; 015242; 015243; 015244; 015246; 015247; 015248; 015249; 016013; 016034; 016037; 016047; 016049; 016051; 016059; 016096; 016135; 016219; 016250; 018001; 018002; 018004; 018006; 018008; 018009; 018012; 018013; 018014; 018015; 018018; 018019; 018023; 018026; 018030; 018031; 018032; 018034; 018035; 018038; 018041; 018043; 018046; 018048; 018050; 018053; 018056; 018060; 018063; 018068; 018070; 018071; 018072; 018075; 018076; 018077; 018078; 018080; 018081; 018085; 018086; 018087; 018091; 018092; 018093; 018099; 018103; 018106; 018109; 018110; 018112; 018115; 018119; 018124; 018127; 018129; 018133; 018135; 018137; 018141; 018145; 018150; 018151; 018152; 018157; 018158; 018159; 018160; 018162; 018163; 018164; 018165; 018169; 018173; 018175; 018176; 018177; 018179; 018180; 018181; 018185; 018189; 018190; 019002; 019005; 019010; 019015; 019017; 019018; 019019; 019020; 019024; 019029; 019035; 019041; 019058; 019066; 019067; 019073; 019078; 019079; 019084; 019102; 019105; 019109; 019111; 019112; 097006; 097012; 097016; 097017; 097020; 097024; 097028; 097039; 097044; 097048; 097049; 097053; 097054; 097058; 097061; 097062; 097066; 097071; 097073; 097074; 097076; 097087; 097088; 097090; 098001; 098002; 098003; 098004; 098005; 098006; 098008; 098009; 098010; 098012; 098014; 098015; 098017; 098018; 098019; 098020; 098021; 098024; 098025; 098026; 098027; 098028; 098030; 098031; 098032; 098034; 098035; 098036; 098037; 098039; 098040; 098041; 098042; 098043; 098044; 098045; 098046; 098047; 098048; 098050; 098052; 098053; 098054; 098055; 098056; 098058; 098059; 098060; 098061 - Modena: 035034; 035035; 036001; 036002; 036003; 036004; 036005; 036006; 036007; 036008; 036009; 036015; 036023; 036027; 036028; 036034; 036036; 036039; 036044; 036045 - Napoli: 061005; 061009; 061013; 061016; 061018; 061019; 061020; 061021; 061022; 061023; 061024; 061026; 061027; 061028; 061029; 061032; 061035; 061037; 061043; 061046; 061047; 061048; 061049; 061053; 061054; 061056; 061061; 061062; 061067; 061074; 061075; 061077; 061078; 061081; 061082; 061087; 061090; 061092; 061094; 061097; 061098; 061099; 061103; 061104; 063001; 063002; 063005; 063006; 063008; 063009; 063010; 063011; 063012; 063013; 063015; 063016; 063017; 063018; 063020; 063021; 063023; 063024; 063025; 063026; 063027; 063028; 063029; 063030; 063032; 063033; 063034; 063035; 063036; 063040; 063041; 063042; 063043; 063045; 063046; 063047; 063048; 063049; 063050; 063051; 063053; 063055; 063056; 063057; 43 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 063058; 063059; 063060; 063061; 063062; 063063; 063064; 063065; 063066; 063067; 063068; 063069; 063070; 063072; 063073; 063075; 063076; 063077; 063079; 063082; 063083; 063084; 063085; 063086; 063087; 063089; 063091; 063092; 064007; 064010; 064031; 064043; 064047; 064068; 064100; 064103; 065137 - Novara: 002164; 003012; 003016; 003018; 003023; 003027; 003030; 003032; 003036; 003037; 003039; 003040; 003041; 003042; 003045; 003049; 003065; 003068; 003069; 003077; 003083; 003090; 003100; 003104; 003106; 003129; 003131; 003134; 003135; 003138; 003139; 003141; 003144; 003146; 003149; 003153; 003158; 003159; 003164; 018052 - Padova: 027003; 027010; 027014; 027017; 027039; 027043; 028001; 028002; 028003; 028004; 028005; 028006; 028007; 028008; 028011; 028014; 028015; 028016; 028017; 028018; 028021; 028026; 028028; 028030; 028034; 028035; 028036; 028040; 028044; 028045; 028048; 028054; 028055; 028057; 028058; 028060; 028061; 028063; 028065; 028066; 028068; 028069; 028070; 028071; 028072; 028073; 028079; 028082; 028085; 028086; 028089; 028090; 028092; 028094; 028096; 028099; 028100; 028103; 028104; 028106 - Palermo: 082004; 082005; 082006; 082007; 082008; 082009; 082011; 082013; 082016; 082018; 082019; 082020; 082021; 082023; 082026; 082030; 082031; 082034; 082035; 082038; 082040; 082043; 082046; 082047; 082048; 082049; 082050; 082053; 082054; 082057; 082062; 082063; 082064; 082066; 082067; 082071; 082072; 082073; 082074; 082077; 082078; 082079; 082080 - Parma: 034005; 034008; 034009; 034010; 034012; 034013; 034014; 034015; 034016; 034017; 034018; 034019; 034020; 034021; 034022; 034023; 034024; 034025; 034027; 034030; 034031; 034032; 034033; 034034; 034035; 034036; 034037; 034038; 034039; 034041; 034042; 034043; 034044; 034045; 034046; 035006; 035022 - Perugia: 054001; 054002; 054003; 054014; 054015; 054017; 054020; 054026; 054027; 054029; 054037; 054038; 054039; 054040; 054053; 054055; 054056; 054057 - Pesaro: 041004; 041010; 041012; 041013; 041019; 041020; 041027; 041028; 041029; 041032; 041034; 041036; 041037; 041038; 041040; 041044; 041045; 041046; 041050; 041051; 041052; 041056; 041058; 041062; 041065; 041067; 099009 - Pescara: 067040; 068001; 068002; 068003; 068004; 068006; 068007; 068008; 068009; 068010; 068011; 068012; 068013; 068014; 068015; 068016; 068017; 068020; 068021; 068022; 068023; 068024; 068025; 068026; 068027; 068028; 068029; 068030; 068031; 068032; 068034; 068035; 068036; 068037; 068038; 068039; 068040; 068041; 068042; 068043; 068044; 068045; 068046; 069003; 069008; 069013; 069016; 069022; 069030; 069032; 069035; 069042; 069050; 069069; 069071; 069072; 069073; 069081; 069094; 069098; 069101 - Piacenza: 033001; 033003; 033004; 033005; 033006; 033007; 033008; 033010; 033011; 033013; 033016; 033017; 033018; 033019; 033022; 033023; 033024; 033025; 033026; 033032; 033034; 033035; 033036; 033037; 033038; 033039; 033040; 033041; 033042; 033043; 033045; 098029; 098049 - Pordenone: 093001; 093003; 093004; 093005; 093008; 093010; 093013; 093017; 093021; 093022; 093024; 093027; 093031; 093032; 093033; 093036; 093040; 093051 - Potenza: 076001; 076002; 076003; 076004; 076007; 076010; 076012; 076013; 076014; 076015; 076017; 076018; 076024; 076032; 076041; 076056; 076059; 076060; 076061; 076062; 076063; 076071; 076073; 076082; 076083; 076084; 076089; 076090; 076093; 076094; 076096; 077004; 077028 - Ragusa: 088002; 088004; 088006; 088007; 088009; 088010 - Ravenna: 039001; 039002; 039004; 039005; 039006; 039007; 039009; 039010; 039014; 039015; 039016; 039018; 040003; 040005; 040007; 040008; 040009; 040011; 040012; 040013; 040014; 040015; 040018; 040019; 040020; 040022; 040028; 040032; 040033; 040036; 040037; 040044; 040046; 040049; 048026 - Reggio di Calabria: 080006; 080007; 080013; 080016; 080018; 080022; 080029; 080034; 080041; 080050; 080053; 080054; 080063; 080066; 080068; 080073; 080077; 080080; 080083; 080085; 080096 - Reggio di Emilia: 035001; 035002; 035004; 035008; 035010; 035013; 035015; 035017; 035018; 035027; 035028; 035029; 035030; 035033; 035036; 035037; 035038; 035039; 035040; 035043; 035044 - Rimini: 040004; 099001; 099002; 099003; 099004; 099005; 099007; 099008; 099010; 099011; 099012; 099013; 099014; 099016; 099017; 099018; 099019; 099020 - Roma: 055006; 055026; 056002; 056003; 056004; 056005; 056006; 056007; 056008; 056009; 056010; 056011; 056013; 056014; 056015; 056016; 056017; 056019; 056021; 056022; 056023; 056024; 056025; 056027; 056029; 056031; 056032; 056033; 056034; 056036; 056038; 056039; 056041; 056042; 056043; 056045; 056046; 056048; 056049; 056051; 056052; 056053; 056054; 056055; 056056; 056057; 056058; 056059; 056060; 057004; 057010; 057011; 057012; 057014; 057018; 057019; 057020; 057021; 057027; 057029; 057030; 057034; 057035; 057038; 057039; 057040; 057041; 057044; 057046; 057047; 057048; 057049; 057052; 057053; 057054; 057055; 057056; 057058; 057061; 057062; 057063; 057064; 057065; 057066; 057067; 057068; 057069; 057070; 057071; 057072; 058001; 058002; 058003; 058004; 058005; 058006; 058007; 058008; 058009; 058010; 058011; 058012; 058013; 058014; 058015; 058016; 058017; 058018; 058019; 058020; 058021; 058022; 058023; 058024; 058025; 058026; 058027; 058028; 058029; 058030; 058031; 058032; 058033; 058034; 058035; 058036; 058037; 058038; 058039; 058040; 058041; 058042; 058043; 058044; 058045; 058046; 058047; 058048; 058049; 058050; 058051; 058052; 058053; 058054; 058055; 058056; 058057; 058058; 058059; 058060; 058061; 058062; 058063; 058064; 058065; 058066; 058067; 058068; 058069; 058070; 058071; 058072; 058073; 058074; 058075; 058076; 058077; 058078; 058079; 058080; 058081; 058082; 058083; 058084; 058085; 058086; 058087; 058088; 058089; 058090; 058091; 058092; 058093; 058094; 058095; 058096; 058097; 058098; 058099; 058100; 058101; 058102; 058103; 058104; 058105; 058106; 058107; 058109; 058110; 058111; 058112; 058113; 058114; 058115; 058116; 058117; 058118; 058119; 058120; 058122; 059001; 059002; 059005; 059006; 059011; 059013; 059016; 059017; 059019; 059020; 059021; 059022; 059023; 059024; 059027; 059028; 059029; 060034; 060046; 060053; 060071; 060073; 060080; 066025; 066062; 066067; 066080; 066089; 066099 - Rovigo: 028010; 028012; 028088; 028097; 029003; 029007; 029015; 029018; 029019; 029023; 029024; 029026; 029028; 029031; 029035; 029036; 029037; 029038; 029041; 029043; 029044; 029048; 029049; 029050; 029051 - Salerno: 065013; 065016; 065020; 065036; 065037; 065041; 065052; 065055; 065056; 065067; 065072; 065090; 065099; 065116; 065118; 065121; 065157; 065158 - Sassari: 090003; 090005; 090007; 090010; 090011; 090015; 090022; 090023; 090024; 090025; 090026; 090027; 090029; 090030; 090033; 090034; 090038; 090039; 090040; 090043; 090046; 090048; 090050; 090051; 090053; 090057; 090058; 090060; 090061; 090064; 090067; 090068; 090069; 090071; 090072; 090073; 090076; 090077; 090086; 090089 - Sassuolo: 035012; 035014; 036013; 036033; 036040 - Savona: 006014; 006035; 006044; 006063; 006069; 006085; 006095; 006119; 006139; 006146; 006176; 006190; 009063; 009065; 010001; 010002; 010003; 010004; 010006; 010007; 010008; 010009; 010012; 010014; 010015; 010017; 010020; 010021; 010022; 010024; 010025; 010027; 010028; 010029; 010031; 010032; 010033; 010035; 010036; 010038; 010039; 010041; 010043; 010045; 010046; 010047; 010049; 010050; 010051; 010052; 010054; 010055; 010057; 010058; 010060; 010061; 010062; 010063; 010064; 010065; 010066; 010067 - Siena: 052002; 052003; 052005; 052006; 052010; 052013; 052014; 052016; 052017; 052018; 052019; 052026; 052029; 052032; 052034 - Siracusa: 089002; 089005; 089007; 089008; 089009; 089012; 089013; 089015; 089017; 089018; 089019; 089021 44 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 - Taranto: 073001; 073002; 073003; 073004; 073005; 073006; 073008; 073009; 073010; 073011; 073012; 073013; 073014; 073015; 073016; 073017; 073018; 073019; 073020; 073021; 073022; 073023; 073024; 073025; 073026; 073027; 073028; 073029; 074020 - Teramo: 067005; 067006; 067008; 067009; 067010; 067011; 067016; 067018; 067022; 067023; 067024; 067026; 067028; 067033; 067034; 067036; 067041; 067043; 067045 - Terni: 054047; 055001; 055004; 055005; 055008; 055012; 055014; 055015; 055016; 055017; 055019; 055022; 055024; 055027; 055029; 055031; 055032; 055033; 057022; 057024; 057026; 057032 - Torino: 001001; 001002; 001006; 001008; 001009; 001012; 001013; 001016; 001018; 001021; 001023; 001024; 001028; 001031; 001032; 001033; 001034; 001037; 001038; 001039; 001040; 001041; 001044; 001045; 001046; 001047; 001048; 001050; 001051; 001053; 001054; 001055; 001058; 001059; 001060; 001062; 001063; 001064; 001065; 001068; 001069; 001071; 001072; 001076; 001078; 001080; 001081; 001082; 001085; 001086; 001088; 001089; 001090; 001093; 001094; 001096; 001097; 001099; 001100; 001102; 001104; 001106; 001109; 001110; 001112; 001113; 001114; 001115; 001116; 001117; 001119; 001120; 001123; 001126; 001127; 001128; 001129; 001130; 001133; 001135; 001136; 001141; 001142; 001143; 001144; 001146; 001147; 001148; 001149; 001150; 001152; 001153; 001154; 001156; 001157; 001158; 001159; 001161; 001162; 001163; 001164; 001166; 001168; 001169; 001171; 001172; 001174; 001178; 001180; 001183; 001188; 001189; 001191; 001192; 001193; 001194; 001195; 001197; 001203; 001211; 001213; 001214; 001215; 001217; 001218; 001219; 001220; 001221; 001222; 001225; 001228; 001229; 001236; 001237; 001239; 001240; 001241; 001243; 001244; 001245; 001246; 001247; 001248; 001249; 001250; 001252; 001253; 001255; 001256; 001257; 001260; 001262; 001265; 001270; 001272; 001273; 001276; 001279; 001280; 001283; 001284; 001285; 001286; 001289; 001290; 001291; 001292; 001293; 001294; 001299; 001300; 001301; 001302; 001303; 001304; 001305; 001308; 001309; 001310; 001311; 001313; 001314; 001315; 002067; 002128; 004045; 004171; 004214; 005002; 005004; 005009; 005012; 005019; 005031; 005033; 005035; 005047; 005052; 005053; 005070; 005073; 005079; 005082; 005084; 005085; 005086; 005091; 005092; 005101; 005110; 005112; 005114; 005117; 005118; 006184 - Trapani: 081002; 081003; 081007; 081008; 081013; 081021; 081022; 081023 - Trento: 022002; 022003; 022009; 022011; 022013; 022022; 022023; 022031; 022032; 022034; 022035; 022037; 022052; 022053; 022055; 022056; 022058; 022061; 022077; 022080; 022081; 022082; 022085; 022089; 022090; 022091; 022092; 022094; 022096; 022101; 022102; 022103; 022104; 022105; 022108; 022109; 022116; 022117; 022126; 022128; 022129; 022132; 022133; 022139; 022144; 022156; 022157; 022160; 022161; 022166; 022167; 022168; 022172; 022177; 022180; 022181; 022182; 022189; 022190; 022192; 022200; 022202; 022205; 022206; 022208; 022212; 022214; 022215; 022216; 022219; 022222; 022224; 022225 - Treviso: 026005; 026008; 026009; 026010; 026035; 026040; 026044; 026047; 026055; 026059; 026062; 026063; 026064; 026069; 026071; 026081; 026082; 026086; 026091; 026095 - Trieste: 031012; 032001; 032002; 032003; 032004; 032005; 032006 - Udine: 030006; 030007; 030009; 030010; 030011; 030013; 030014; 030016; 030019; 030020; 030026; 030027; 030028; 030031; 030032; 030036; 030037; 030039; 030044; 030048; 030051; 030052; 030057; 030058; 030060; 030061; 030062; 030063; 030065; 030068; 030072; 030074; 030078; 030079; 030080; 030083; 030090; 030091; 030095; 030102; 030103; 030104; 030106; 030109; 030111; 030113; 030114; 030116; 030118; 030122; 030126; 030127; 030128; 030129 - Varese: 012004; 012006; 012008; 012009; 012010; 012011; 012015; 012016; 012018; 012021; 012023; 012024; 012025; 012030; 012035; 012036; 012038; 012041; 012043; 012046; 012047; 012049; 012053; 012055; 012057; 012058; 012059; 012060; 012064; 012069; 012071; 012072; 012073; 012074; 012080; 012082; 012083; 012091; 012093; 012096; 012099; 012100; 012105; 012110; 012113; 012117; 012131; 012133; 012134; 012139 - Venezia: 026043; 027002; 027004; 027008; 027012; 027020; 027021; 027022; 027023; 027024; 027026; 027028; 027031; 027032; 027035; 027037; 027038; 027042; 027044 - Verona: 023011; 023015; 023016; 023017; 023021; 023022; 023024; 023026; 023028; 023033; 023035; 023038; 023039; 023040; 023042; 023046; 023047; 023051; 023052; 023055; 023056; 023057; 023058; 023060; 023067; 023071; 023073; 023074; 023076; 023077; 023078; 023080; 023082; 023083; 023087; 023088; 023090; 023091; 023094; 023096; 023097 - Viareggio: 046005; 046018; 046033 - Vicenza: 024004; 024006; 024011; 024013; 024016; 024018; 024021; 024027; 024035; 024036; 024038; 024044; 024046; 024047; 024048; 024051; 024064; 024065; 024066; 024067; 024069; 024071; 024083; 024091; 024103; 024108; 024116; 024121; 028041 c) Dynamic metropolitan areas. Spain - Albacete: 02003; 02006; 02011; 02012; 02017; 02021; 02022; 02029; 02027; 02035; 02038; 02040; 02041; 02044; 02046; 02047; 02050; 02052; 02060; 02059; 02061; 02901; 02063; 02064; 02065; 02068; 02071; 02075; 02076 - Alcoy/Alcoi: 03003; 03007; 03008; 03009; 03016; 03017; 03020; 03022; 03028; 03032; 03035; 03036; 03038; 03039; 03056; 03067; 03068; 03072; 03073; 03084; 03086; 03092; 03103; 03106; 03060; 03130; 03134 - Algeciras: 11004; 11008; 03004 - Alicante/Alacant: 03014; 03046; 03050; 03090; 03122; 03119; 04001; 04002 - Almería: 04004; 04005; 04009; 04010; 04011; 04012; 04013; 04014; 04015; 04023; 04024; 04026; 04027; 04028; 04030; 04033; 04036; 04034; 04045; 04047; 04050; 04051; 04052; 04054; 04055; 04058; 04060; 04065; 04067; 04068; 04071; 04074; 04077; 04078; 04080; 04081; 04082; 04088; 04090; 04091; 04901; 04094; 04095; 04097; 04101; 33004; 33016; 33020; 33021; 33025 - Oviedo: 33030; 33039; 33051; 33069; 06005; 06007; 06010; 06015; 06042; 06066; 06095; 06107; 06902; 06128; 06129; 06131; 06901; 06143; 06155; 08001; 08014; 43002; 08003; 08005; 43016; 08006; 08007; 08009; 08013; 08015; 08904; 43020; 08252; 08019; 08020; 08021; 43024; 08023; 43028 - Badajoz: 43030; 17027; 08025; 08026; 08027; 08028; 08029; 08030; 43037; 08032; 08033; 08035; 08039; 08040; 08041 - Barcelona: 08042; 08043; 08044; 08046; 08051; 08054; 08055; 08056; 08058; 08063; 08064; 08065; 08066; 08067; 08266; 08068; 08069; 08070; 08072; 08073; 08074; 43051; 08075; 08076; 08077; 08079; 08134; 08082; 08081; 08085; 08086; 08087; 08088; 08089; 08091; 08094; 08095; 08096; 08097; 08101; 08162; 17083; 08104; 08105; 08107; 08108; 08106; 43074; 08110; 08114; 08115; 08118; 08119; 17101; 08120; 08121; 08122; 08138; 08123; 08124; 08127; 08125; 08126; 43090; 08135; 08136; 08137; 08129; 08139; 08145; 08146; 08147; 08148; 08153; 08154; 08155; 08156; 08157; 08905; 08158; 08159; 08161; 43105; 08163; 08164; 08167; 08168; 08169; 08230; 08172; 08174; 43120; 08179; 17146; 08180; 08181; 43131; 08184; 08187; 08194; 08196; 08197; 08198; 08200; 08203; 08202; 08204; 08205; 08206; 08207; 08208; 17159; 08210; 08211; 08209; 08193; 43137; 08217; 08221; 08222; 08223; 08224; 08227; 08231; 08232; 08234; 08235; 08236; 08238; 08239; 08240; 08264; 08263; 08244; 08245; 08248; 08249; 08251; 08256; 08257; 08259; 43140; 08260; 08261; 08267; 08269; 08270; 08273; 08276; 08277; 08281; 45 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 08279; 08282; 08284; 08286; 08287; 08288; 08289; 08290; 08291; 08292; 08294; 08295; 08296; 43163; 08301; 08300; 08305; 08306; 08902; 08307; 08214; 08219; 08304; 03011; 03018; 03027; 03031; 03037; 03045; 03048; 03057; 03069; 03094; 03098; 03107; 03112; 03124; 03127; 03139; 48002; 48911; 48912; 48003; 48004; 01002; 48005; 48006; 48093; 48009; 48914; 48010; 48011; 48023; 48008; 01004; 48070; 01010; 48012 - Benidorm: 48090; 48013; 48014; 48015; 48092; 48016; 48017; 48020; 48021; 39020; 48901; 48026; 48028; 48031; 48902; 48033; 48079 - Bilbao: 48029; 48906; 48035; 48036; 48037; 48038; 48040; 48041; 48046; 48044; 48047; 48042; 48043; 48045; 39030; 48048; 48094; 48049; 48022; 48907; 48051; 48052; 48053; 48054; 48057; 48055; 48056; 48081; 39036; 01036; 48903; 48061; 48062; 48063; 48064; 48066; 48068; 48069; 48007; 48908; 48071; 48067; 48909; 01042; 48075; 48083; 48077; 48078; 48082; 48084; 48904; 48085; 48086; 48076; 48087; 48065; 48089; 48074; 09410; 48080; 39101; 48096; 48905; 48097; 48024; 48025; 48913; 09001; 09006; 09007; 09009; 09907; 09014; 09023; 09024; 09026; 09027; 09029; 09030; 09032; 09033; 09034; 09037; 09038; 09039; 09041; 09043; 09044; 09045; 09047; 09052; 09058; 09059; 09062; 09063; 09066; 09067; 09070; 09071; 09072; 09073; 09074; 09075 - Burgos: 09078; 09079; 09084; 09088; 09086; 09090; 09091; 09093; 09094; 09095; 09100; 09101; 09103; 09104; 09105; 34060; 09108; 09110; 09113; 09114; 09119; 09123; 09125; 09127; 09128; 09133; 09144; 09148; 09159; 09162; 09166; 09167; 09169; 09172; 09173; 09175; 09176; 09177; 09179; 09180; 09181; 09182; 09183; 09184; 09191; 09194; 09195; 09196; 09197; 09198; 09200; 09202; 09206; 09208; 09211; 09906; 09217; 09221; 09224; 09225; 09226; 09227; 09231; 09232; 09236; 09241; 09242; 09243; 09244; 09247; 09248; 09249; 34121; 09250; 09259; 09257; 09258; 09262; 09265; 09266; 09267; 09268; 09269; 09270; 09272; 09275; 09277; 09280; 09283; 09287; 09288; 09289; 09292; 09294; 09901; 09295; 09301; 09297; 09302; 09303; 09304; 09309; 09311; 09314; 09316; 09312; 09315; 09318; 09323; 09325; 09326; 09327; 09328; 09329; 09330; 09332; 09335; 09338; 09340; 09360; 09343; 09346; 09348; 09350; 09351; 09352; 09354; 09355; 09356; 09358; 09361; 09362; 09363; 09366; 09368; 09372; 09373; 09374; 09375; 09377; 09378; 09381; 09382; 09384; 09386; 09388; 09389; 09390; 09395; 09398; 34186; 09406; 09904; 09411; 09902; 09905; 09414; 09415; 09417; 09418; 09407; 09422; 09423; 09427; 09429; 09430; 09431; 09432; 09433; 09434; 09437; 09439; 09441; 09442; 09443; 09444; 09446; 09447; 09448; 09449; 09450; 09455; 09456; 09458; 09460; 09463; 09466; 09467; 09471; 09472; 09473; 34242; 09476; 09425; 09478; 09480; 09482; 10007; 10012; 10018; 10021; 10027; 10032; 10037; 10049; 10052; 10082; 10095; 10115; 10125; 10133; 10162; 10163; 10168; 10170; 10177; 10178; 10192; 10193; 10194; 10198; 10208; 11012; 11015; 11028; 11031; 30016; 30041; 12009; 12001; 12025; 12028; 12029; 12031 - Cáceres: 12033; 12040; 12041; 12055; 12051; 12085; 12094; 12105; 12119; 12120; 12117; 12122; 12124; 12128; 12132; 12139; 51001; 13007; 13022; 13029; 13030; 13031; 13034; 13035; 13040 - Cádiz: 13051; 13056; 13062; 13064 - Cartagena: 13066; 13067 - Castellón de la Plana/Castelló de la Plana: 13083; 13095; 14005; 14017; 14018; 14021; 14025; 14027; 14033; 14041; 14047; 14050; 14053; 14059; 14065; 14067; 14068; 14073; 15001; 15003; 15005; 15008 - Ceuta: 15009 - Ciudad Real: 15010; 15014; 15017; 15019; 15021; 15024; 15026; 15027; 15029; 15030; 15031; 15032; 15039; 15041; 15040; 15043 - Córdoba: 15047; 15048; 15058; 15063; 15064; 15068; 15075; 15080; 15091; 15090; 15093; 20001; 20002; 20016; 20004; 20005 - Coruña (A): 20006; 20906; 20007; 20008; 20009; 20010; 31024; 20014; 20903; 20904; 20021; 20022; 20023; 20024; 20069; 20031; 20067; 20907; 20039; 31117; 20040; 20041; 20036; 20042; 20044; 20045; 20046; 20047; 20048; 20902; 20050; 20052 - Donostia-San Sebastián: 20053; 20054; 20063; 20905; 20060; 20061; 20064; 20071; 20072; 20073; 20075; 20079; 20028; 04003; 04007; 04020; 04029; 04038; 04902; 04046; 04057; 04903; 18141; 04073; 18181; 03065; 03066; 03104; 15004; 15015; 15018; 15025; 15035; 15036; 15049; 15051; 15054; 15055; 15069; 15076; 15087; 46002; 46043; 46023; 46033; 46034; 46037; 46046; 46048; 46055 - Ejido (El): 46057; 46061; 46066; 46091; 46113; 46127; 46131; 46140; 46153; 46168; 46175; 46187 - Elda: 46188; 46195 - Ferrol: 46198; 46208; 46211; 46218; 46240; 46255; 46143; 46146; 33014; 33024; 17002; 17007; 17008 - Gandia: 17010; 17015; 17016; 17019; 17020; 17021; 17025; 17028; 17031; 17033; 17035; 17038; 17040; 17044; 17189; 17049; 17050; 17055; 17057; 17056; 17058; 17065; 17067; 17068; 17071; 17073; 17076; 17079; 17085; 17087; 17089 - Girona: 17090; 17103; 17097; 17098; 17105; 17116; 17123; 17126; 17130; 17133; 17136; 17137; 17142; 17148; 17150; 17153; 17154; 17155; 17157; 17183; 17161; 17162; 17163; 17165; 17168; 17166; 17169; 17903; 17172; 17173; 17174; 17180; 17186; 17187; 17190; 17191; 17193; 17194; 17200; 17203; 17211; 17213; 17215; 17216; 17218; 17222; 17233; 17232; 18001; 18003; 18007; 18011; 18014; 18021; 18022; 18024; 18025; 18028; 18034; 18036; 18037; 18038; 18047; 18059; 18061; 18062; 18048; 18050; 18051; 18054; 18057; 18063; 18066; 18067; 18068; 18070; 18071; 18072; 18076; 18079; 18905; 18083 - Granada: 18084; 18087; 18094; 18095; 18096; 18099; 18101; 18102; 18105; 18111; 18115; 18119; 18126; 18127; 18132; 18134; 18136; 18138; 18909; 18143; 18144; 18145; 18149; 18150; 18152; 18153; 18154; 18910; 18157; 18158; 18159; 18161; 18165; 18168; 18175; 18178; 18902; 18911; 18185; 18908; 18188; 18189; 18193; 21002; 21003; 21006; 21011; 21014; 21015; 21035; 21037; 21041; 21050; 21053; 21057; 21058; 21060; 21063; 21064; 21065; 21070; 21075; 21076; 23035; 23038; 23050; 23051; 23086; 23099; 11020; 11037; 24001; 24002; 24004; 24005; 24006; 24012 - Huelva: 24015; 24017; 24021; 24026; 24028; 24032; 24033; 24037; 24039; 24040; 24042; 24051; 24065; 24055; 24058; 24060; 24061; 24062; 24063; 24068; 24073 - Jaén: 24076; 24079; 24081; 24082; 24084; 24087 - Jerez de la Frontera: 24088; 24089; 24092; 24094 - León: 24095; 24096; 24097; 24098; 24099; 24101; 24104; 24105; 24107; 24114; 24120; 24121; 24123; 24129; 24130; 24132; 24133; 24134; 24137; 24142; 24149; 24150; 24151; 24153; 24158; 24157; 24159; 24160; 24162; 24163; 24164; 24167; 24168; 24173; 24175; 24177; 24178; 24179; 24180; 24183; 24184; 24187; 24188; 24189; 24190; 24193; 24197; 24194; 24199; 24201; 24203; 24205; 24207; 24211; 24901; 24212; 24213; 24215; 24217; 24218; 24902; 24222; 24223; 24224; 24225; 24227; 24230; 23055; 23057; 23085; 11022; 25038; 25004; 25006; 25007; 25008; 25010; 25011; 25012; 25013; 25014; 25015; 25016; 25019; 25020; 25021; 25023; 25033; 25036; 25048; 25052; 25053; 25056; 25067; 25076; 25078; 25912; 25101; 25102; 25105; 25112; 25118; 25125; 25120; 25133; 25131; 25134; 25142 - Linares: 25174; 25182; 25189 - Lleida: 25200; 25204; 25205; 25206; 25210; 25211; 25212; 25220; 25224; 25226; 25228; 25231; 25232; 25233; 25254; 25251; 26002; 26004; 26005; 26006; 26007; 26009; 26010; 26012; 26014; 31026; 26015; 26016; 31035; 26019; 26022; 26023; 26024; 26026; 26025; 31047; 26027; 26030; 26031; 26032; 26034; 26035; 26037; 26038; 26039; 26040; 26041; 26044; 26046; 26050; 26051; 26052; 26053; 26056; 26057; 31079 - Logroño: 26059; 31096; 26060; 26064; 26066; 26067; 26068; 26073; 26074; 26075; 26076; 26077; 26078; 26079; 26081; 01019; 26082; 26083; 01032; 31141; 01033; 26084; 31145; 26086; 26087; 26088; 26089; 26091; 26092; 26093; 26094; 26095; 46 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 26096; 42121; 01039; 26099; 26101; 26102; 26103; 26105; 26106; 26107; 26109; 26108; 26110; 26111; 26112; 01043; 26113; 26114; 26115; 26118; 26121; 26122; 26123; 26124; 26126; 26129; 26130; 26132; 31219; 26134; 26135; 26140; 26141; 26143; 26144; 26145; 26146; 26147; 26149; 26153; 26151; 26152; 31231; 26157; 26158; 26160; 26162; 26163; 26164; 31251; 26165; 26167; 26168; 26169; 26171; 26172; 26174; 26175; 26176; 26177; 26178; 26179; 01060; 26181; 26183; 30024; 27007; 27011; 27014; 27020; 27023; 27028; 27039; 27049; 27056; 19001; 19002; 16002; 05002; 28002; 45002; 28003; 19004; 28004; 19005; 19006; 19007; 19008; 45004; 28005; 28006; 19009; 16011; 19010; 19011; 28007; 28008; 45008; 40007; 19015; 28009; 19017; 19018; 19019; 45011 - Lorca: 19021 - Lugo: 19022; 45013; 19023; 19024; 28010; 28011; 28012; 19031; 19032 - Madrid: 19033; 45014; 28013; 19036; 19037; 19038; 45015; 28014; 19039; 19040; 19041; 19042; 28015; 19043; 28016; 19045; 19046; 19049; 16027; 19050; 28017; 28018; 16032; 28019; 19051; 28021; 28020; 28022; 28023; 45021; 28024; 28025; 19053; 28026; 19054; 45022; 28027; 19055; 05041; 19057; 28028; 28029; 19058; 45025; 45026; 45027; 28030; 28031; 45031; 28032; 19060; 19061; 13028; 28033; 28034; 19064; 19065; 19066; 28035; 45035; 45038; 19070; 19071; 45040; 45041; 28036; 19073; 05054; 05055; 19074; 19075; 19078; 05057; 45047; 19080; 19081; 28037; 19082; 28038; 45048; 28039; 28051; 19106; 19105; 28052; 45056; 28040; 19086; 19088; 45050; 19089; 45051; 28041; 19092; 28046; 28047; 28043; 28042; 28045; 28044; 19095; 19096; 19097; 19098; 28048; 45054; 28049; 28050; 19102; 28053; 45058; 45059; 19107; 19108; 45060; 45061; 19110; 19111; 19112; 28054; 40076; 19113; 19114; 45064; 19115; 28055; 19116; 19117; 05075; 28056; 28057; 19119; 28058; 16086; 28059; 19120; 19121; 19123; 19124; 28060; 19125; 28061; 19126; 19127; 28062; 28063; 28064; 19129; 05082; 28065; 28066; 19130; 28067; 28068; 45071; 19132; 19133; 19135; 05095; 28069; 19138; 19142; 28070; 16106; 28071; 19143; 45076; 19145; 28072; 05102; 16108; 19146; 19147; 45078; 19148; 19150; 19151; 28073; 45079; 19152; 45081; 19153; 19154; 19155; 40104; 19156; 19157; 05110; 19159; 28074; 16119; 45084; 28075; 45085; 19160; 28076; 28901; 19161; 19162; 19163; 28078; 28079; 28080; 19165; 19166; 19167; 19168; 19169; 28082; 45091; 19170; 19171; 19172; 19173; 40125; 19174; 19175; 19176; 28083; 19177; 28084; 19179; 45099; 19181; 19182; 45101; 05127; 19184; 19186; 28085; 19187; 19189; 28086; 28087; 19191; 19192; 19193; 28088; 28089; 28090; 28091; 19194; 28092; 19196; 28093; 05156; 05157; 28094; 28095; 28096; 05161; 05163; 05164; 28097; 05167; 19197; 40146; 05168; 28099; 05169; 19198; 45115; 45117; 28100; 45119; 45121; 19199; 19200; 19201; 19202; 28101; 45123; 19203; 28102; 19208; 45127; 45128; 28104; 45129; 19210; 19211; 28106; 19212; 28107; 40156; 28108; 05182; 05184; 28109; 19214; 19215; 28110; 19217; 28111; 05187; 19218; 19219; 28112; 28113; 28114; 19220; 19224; 19225; 16167; 16169; 28115; 28116; 40162; 19226; 28117; 45135; 19228; 16173; 28118; 40163; 19229; 28902; 19230; 28119; 45143; 28120; 40165; 45145; 19232; 28121; 19233; 19234; 19235; 28122; 40172; 19238; 28123; 28124; 19239; 28125; 19240; 28126; 19242; 28127; 28128; 19244; 16185; 19245; 19246; 19247; 28129; 19248; 19249; 05201; 05207; 28130; 05211; 28131; 28132; 28133; 28134; 45157; 05221; 28135; 05227; 45158; 19250; 28136; 28137; 45159; 19252; 19254; 19901; 28138; 28140; 45161; 28141; 19256; 19257; 19258; 19259; 28143; 19260; 05240; 28144; 19261; 28145; 19262; 19263; 19264; 19266; 19267; 28146; 05241; 19268; 28147; 19269; 45167; 19270; 19274; 45171; 19279; 19278; 28148; 28149; 28150; 19280; 28151; 28152; 19281; 28153; 19283; 28154; 16212; 19286; 19288; 28903; 19290; 19291; 19293; 45176; 19294; 19296; 28155; 19297; 19298; 19299; 28156; 19300; 19301; 19302; 28157; 28158; 28159; 28160; 28161; 19304; 28162; 19305; 28163; 19306; 19307; 28164; 28165; 19308; 40220; 40221; 45180; 28166; 19311; 28167; 16240; 28168; 45183; 40224; 28169; 28171; 28170; 28172; 45188; 28173; 28174; 28175; 16249; 45191; 45192; 19317; 19318; 05905; 45193; 28176; 19319; 28178; 28177; 28179; 28180; 19321; 45195; 19322; 19323; 45198; 28181; 28182; 16275; 19325; 45199; 19326; 19327; 19329; 19330; 45201; 42219; 45202; 45203; 45204; 45205; 19331; 19333; 16279; 28183; 19334; 19335; 29003; 29004; 29007; 29011; 29012; 29025; 29030; 29036; 29038; 29039; 29040; 29043; 29044; 29066; 29067; 29071; 29080; 29082; 29083; 29901; 29092; 29093; 29096; 29097; 08002; 08010; 08012; 08018; 08034; 08038; 08047; 08049; 08053; 08061; 08062; 08084; 08090; 08113; 08242; 08128; 08140; 08141; 08182; 08175; 08178; 08191; 08212; 08213; 08218; 08229; 08098 - Málaga: 08262; 08258; 08192; 08274; 08308; 29006; 29013; 29014; 29021; 29022; 29023; 29024; 29037; 29041; 29042; 29051; 29057; 29058; 29060; 29061; 29064; 29068; 29069; 29073; 29076; 29077; 29081; 29090; 29100; 52001; 06004; 06009 - Manresa: 06012; 06025; 06032; 06043; 06046; 06058; 06083; 06084; 06090; 06098; 06119; 06132; 06133; 06135; 06145; 06151; 06162; 18906; 18103; 18133; 18140; 18173; 18184; 30004; 30005; 30007; 30009; 30010; 30011; 30018; 30025; 30027 - Marbella: 30029; 30030; 30031; 30032; 30034; 30901; 30038; 30040; 30042; 03025; 03099; 03109; 03111; 32001; 32002; 32003; 32006; 32007; 32008; 32010; 32012; 32013; 32014; 32018 - Melilla: 32019 - Mérida: 32020; 32022; 32024; 32025; 32029; 32026; 32027; 32030; 32031; 32033; 32035; 32040; 32041; 32042; 32043; 32045; 32046; 32047; 32049 - Motril: 32051; 32052; 32054; 32055; 32057; 32058 - Murcia: 32059; 32061; 32064; 32062; 32065; 32066; 32067; 32068; 32069; 32074; 32075; 32076; 32077; 32078; 32079; 32080; 32081; 32082; 32084 - Orihuela: 32087; 32089; 32090; 32036 - Ourense: 32037; 33002; 33006; 33009; 33010; 33015; 33026; 33031; 33032; 33033; 33035; 33037; 33038; 33040; 33042; 33044; 33052; 33053; 33054; 33057; 33058; 33060; 33064; 33065; 33066; 33067; 33068; 33072; 33078; 34001; 34009; 34010; 34011; 34012; 34015; 34017; 34018; 34019; 34022; 34024; 34029; 34033; 34035; 34034; 34046; 34051; 34053; 34057; 34063; 34069; 34072; 34074; 34076; 34077; 34079; 34081; 34082; 34084; 34086; 34087; 34088 - Palencia: 34089; 34098; 34099; 34101; 34102; 34103; 34104; 34108; 34110; 34120; 34123; 34125; 34127; 34130; 34132; 34133; 34146; 34149; 34152; 34155; 34159; 34167; 34174; 34177; 34178; 34180; 34181; 34182; 34184; 34189; 34196; 34023; 34201; 34210; 34213; 34215; 34217; 34220; 34221; 34224; 34225; 34227; 34237; 34238; 34240; 34243; 34246; 07001; 07004; 07005; 07901; 07007; 07008; 07009; 07010; 07011; 07012; 07016; 07017; 07018; 07020; 07025; 07027; 07028; 07029; 07030; 07031; 07034; 07035; 07036; 07038; 07040; 07043; 07045; 07049; 07053; 07056; 07058; 07047; 07060; 07061 - Palma de Mallorca: 07063; 07065; 35001; 35002; 35005; 35006; 35008; 35009; 35011; 35013; 35016; 35021; 35023; 35025; 35026; 35027; 35032; 35031; 35033; 31001; 31002; 31003; 31004; 31005; 31007; 31009; 31012; 31010; 31014; 31016; 31017; 31018; 31019; 31020; 31025; 31023; 31027 - Palmas de Gran Canaria (Las): 31028; 31029; 31030; 31031; 31033; 31034; 31036; 31037; 31038; 31039; 31040; 31058; 31041; 31044; 31901; 31045; 31046 - Pamplona/Iruña: 31049; 31050; 31137; 31051; 31052; 31053; 31905; 31902; 31903; 31054; 31055; 31253; 31056; 31059; 31060; 31061; 31065; 31067; 31069; 31074; 31075; 31076; 31080; 31081; 31221; 31083; 31086; 31087; 31089; 31090; 31091; 31092; 31094; 31095; 31097; 31098; 31099; 31084; 31085; 31101; 31093; 31102; 31103; 31104; 31109; 31110; 31111; 31112; 31113; 31114; 31115; 31118; 31119; 31120; 31121; 31256; 31122; 31124; 31125; 31126; 31127; 31904; 31128; 31129; 31130; 31131; 31132; 31133; 31134; 31135; 31136; 31138; 31140; 31142; 31144; 31146; 31147; 31149; 31908; 31150; 31151; 31152; 31154; 31155; 31156; 31158; 31159; 31160; 31248; 31161; 31164; 31166; 31167; 31168; 31170; 31171; 31172; 31174; 31175; 31178; 31179; 31180; 31181; 31088; 31183; 31185; 31184; 31186; 31187; 31188; 31190; 31191; 31194; 31192; 31193; 31195; 31196; 47 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 31906; 31197; 31198; 31199; 31211; 31200; 31201; 31205; 31206; 31207; 31209; 31210; 31212; 31213; 31214; 50232; 31217; 31216; 31220; 31222; 31224; 50245; 31225; 31226; 31227; 31228; 31229; 31230; 31234; 31123; 31235; 31236; 31237; 31238; 31240; 31241; 31242; 31244; 31243; 31245; 31246; 31247; 31252; 31255; 31257; 31258; 31260; 31261; 31262; 31073; 31907; 31263; 31264; 24007; 24009; 24011; 24014; 24019; 24022; 24027; 24030; 24034; 24036; 24038; 24041; 24049; 24057; 24059; 24064; 24070; 24071; 24083; 24100; 24102; 24103; 24110; 24112; 24115; 24119; 24143; 24165; 24169; 24170; 24171; 24196; 24198; 24206; 24209; 24210; 36002; 36007; 36011 - Ponferrada: 36012; 36025; 36026; 36028; 36032; 36041; 36043; 36038; 36040; 36058; 11027; 04041; 04043; 04079; 37001; 37003; 37008; 37012; 37014; 37016; 37017; 37018; 37019; 37020; 37021; 37022; 37023; 37025; 37026; 37027; 37028; 37029; 37030; 37031; 37032; 37033 - Pontevedra: 37034; 37038; 37039; 37040; 37041; 37042; 37045; 37047; 37050; 37051; 37052; 37055; 37059 - Salamanca: 37060; 37062; 37067; 37068; 37069; 37070; 37072; 37073; 37077; 37079; 37081; 37082; 49034; 37085; 37087; 37088; 37089; 37092; 37185; 37096; 37098; 37099; 37100; 37101; 37114; 37106; 37108; 37110; 37113; 37116; 37117; 37118; 37120; 37121; 37122; 37124; 37125; 37128; 37129; 37130; 37131; 37132; 37134; 37135; 37137; 37141; 37142; 37143; 37144; 37148; 37149; 37150; 37151; 37152; 37158; 37159; 37160; 37162; 37164; 37167; 37169; 37170; 37172; 37173; 37175; 37174; 37176; 37180; 37183; 37182; 37184; 37186; 37187; 37188; 37189; 37190; 37192; 37196; 37197; 37198; 37202; 37203; 49126; 37205; 37206; 37207; 37208; 37209; 37211; 37215; 37216; 37219; 37222; 37223; 37224; 37225; 37226; 37228; 37229; 37230; 37231; 37235; 37236; 37237; 37238; 37239; 37240; 37241; 37242; 37247; 37248; 37249; 37250; 37253; 37254; 37255; 37256; 37257; 37260; 37266; 37267; 37268; 37270; 37271; 37273; 37274; 37275; 37277; 37278; 37285; 37286; 37287; 37036; 37288; 37289; 37291; 37290; 37292; 37281; 37279; 37283; 37293; 37294; 37296; 37299; 37301; 37302; 37309; 37310; 37311; 37314; 37316; 37317; 37318; 37320; 37322; 37323; 37324; 37325; 37327; 37328; 37329; 37330; 37335; 37336; 37338; 49230; 37340; 37342; 37344; 37345; 37346; 37347; 37348; 49241; 37351; 37352; 37353; 37354; 37355; 37360; 37361; 37362; 37363; 37364; 37365; 37366; 37368; 37369; 37370; 37372; 37373; 37374; 37375; 37350; 37379; 37380; 37381; 37382; 11032; 38004; 38011; 38012; 38018; 38020; 38025; 38026; 38028; 38031; 38032; 38023; 38034; 38038; 38039; 38041; 38043; 38046; 38051; 39001; 39003; 39004; 39008; 39010; 39011; 39012; 39014; 39016; 39018; 39019; 39021; 39024; 39025; 39026; 39028; 39031; 39033; 39034; 39037; 39039; 39040; 39041; 39042; 39044; 39045; 39046; 39048; 39049; 39051; 39052; 39054; 39056; 39060; 39061; 39062; 39063 - Santa Cruz de Tenerife: 39064; 39066; 39068; 39069; 39070; 39071; 39073; 39074; 39075; 39076; 39078; 39081; 39082; 39084; 39085; 39086; 39087; 39088 - Santander: 39089; 39090; 39091; 39097; 39098; 39099; 39100; 15002; 15007; 15012; 15013; 36010; 15033; 15056; 15060; 15065; 15066; 36044; 15074; 15078; 15082; 15085; 15086; 15088; 36056; 15089; 40001; 40002; 40004; 40012; 40015; 40017; 40018; 40019; 40021; 40022; 40026; 40031; 40033; 40034; 40035; 40036; 40041; 40043; 40059; 40062; 40072; 40073; 40074; 40075; 40077; 40094; 40101; 40103; 40105; 40106; 40112; 40113; 40903; 40118; 40119; 40131 - Santiago de Compostela: 40134; 40135; 40136; 40141; 40904; 40148; 40901; 40152; 40155; 40160; 40173; 40906; 40181; 40182; 40180; 40185; 40188; 40190; 40194 - Segovia: 40199; 40200; 40206; 40203; 40205; 40207; 40208; 40211; 40213; 40214; 40216; 40223; 40231; 40233; 40234; 41003; 41004; 41005; 41006; 41007; 41009; 41010; 41012; 41013; 41015; 41016; 41017; 41018; 41019; 41021; 41022; 41023; 41024; 41025; 41027; 41028; 41029; 41030; 41031; 41034; 41036; 41038; 41040; 41043; 41044; 41045; 41047; 41049; 41051; 41057; 41058; 41059; 41063; 41067; 41069; 41070; 41071; 41079; 41081; 41083; 41085; 41086; 41087; 41089; 41091; 41092; 41093; 41094; 41095; 41096; 41098; 41099; 41101; 41102; 45005 - Sevilla: 45009; 45028; 45045; 45049; 45072; 45074; 45080; 45086; 45093; 45097; 45104; 45105; 45110; 45114; 45130; 45132; 45154; 45160; 45164; 45165; 45181; 43003; 43005; 43007; 43009; 43011; 43012; 43015; 43017; 43023; 43031; 43033; 43038; 43039; 43042; 43043; 43045; 43047; 43049; 43050; 43053; 43055; 43057; 43066; 43076; 43075; 43080; 43081; 43083; 43088; 43089; 43091; 43092; 43095; 43096; 43097; 43098; 43100; 43103; 43109 - Talavera de la Reina: 43111; 43112; 43114; 43115; 43116; 43118; 43122; 43123; 43126; 43127; 43128; 43129; 43134; 43905; 43144; 43145; 43148; 43151; 43153; 43157; 43158; 43160 - Tarragona: 43162; 43164; 43165; 43166; 43167; 43168; 43169; 43171; 43173; 43178; 45001; 45003; 45012; 45016; 45019; 45023; 45032; 45042; 45057; 45052; 45055; 45067; 45070; 45083; 45088; 45094; 45096; 45098; 45102; 45107; 45116; 45122; 45133; 45140; 45151; 45168; 45174; 45182; 45190; 45196; 45197; 03012; 03903; 03120; 03133; 44002; 46005; 46007; 46009; 46010; 46012; 46013; 46014; 46015; 46018; 46021; 46022; 46024; 46025; 46026; 46028; 46030; 46031; 46032; 46035; 46036; 46038; 46041; 12022; 46050; 46051 - Toledo: 46052; 46054; 46060; 46058; 46065; 46067; 46070; 46074; 46076; 46077; 46078; 46079; 46080; 46082; 46089; 46093; 46094; 46106; 46108; 46109; 46111; 46112; 46099; 46105; 46114; 46115; 46116; 46117; 46120; 46122; 46126 - Torrevieja: 46902; 46133; 46134; 46135 - Valencia: 46136; 46141; 46155; 46147; 46156; 46148; 46149; 46152; 46158; 46159; 46161; 46163; 46164; 46165; 46166; 46167; 46169; 46171; 46172; 46176; 46177; 46178; 46182; 46186; 46190; 46191; 46192; 46193; 46194; 46199; 46202; 46197; 46205; 46204; 46101; 46102; 46103; 46207; 46212; 46214; 46215; 46216; 12097; 46220; 46903; 46223; 46224; 46228; 46229; 46230; 46232; 46233; 46234; 46235; 46237; 46241; 46244; 46245; 44231; 46247; 46248; 46250; 46256; 46258; 46260; 46110; 46261; 46262; 47001; 47003; 47004; 47005; 47006; 47007; 47009; 47010; 47012; 47013; 47014; 47015; 34031; 47016; 47017; 47018; 47019; 47022; 47023; 47024; 47025; 47026; 47027; 47029; 47032; 47034; 34045; 47035; 47036; 34048; 47037; 47038; 47039; 47041; 47042; 47043; 47044; 47045; 47046; 47047; 47048; 47050; 47051; 47052; 47053; 47054; 47055; 47056; 47057; 47059; 47060; 47061; 47062; 47065; 47066; 47069; 47070; 47071; 47073; 47074; 47076 - Valladolid: 47077; 47080; 47081; 47082; 47083; 47086; 47087; 47090; 47092; 47093; 47094; 47096; 47097; 47098; 47099; 47101; 47102; 47103; 47105; 47106; 47109; 47110; 47111; 47113; 47115; 47117; 47118; 47119; 47121; 47122; 47124; 47125; 47129; 47130; 47131; 47133; 47135; 47137; 47139; 47142; 47143; 47144; 47145; 47146; 47149; 47150; 47151; 47152; 47154; 47155; 47157; 47158; 47159; 47160; 47161; 47162; 47163; 47164; 47165; 47169; 47170; 47166; 47167; 47168; 47171; 47172; 47173; 47174; 47175; 47176; 47177; 47178; 47179; 47181; 47182; 47186; 47184; 47185; 47188; 47190; 47191; 47192; 47193; 47195; 47197; 47199; 47200; 47203; 47204; 47205; 47206; 47207; 47208; 47209; 47210; 47212; 47213; 49249; 49252; 47215; 47216; 47217; 47218; 47219; 47220; 47221; 47222; 49263; 47223; 47224; 47225; 47226; 47227; 47228; 47229; 47194; 47230; 47231; 29005; 29009; 29019; 29026; 29027; 29050; 29062; 29094; 36001; 36003; 36004; 36008; 36009; 36013; 36014; 36019; 36021; 36023; 36029; 36030; 36031; 36033; 36034; 36035; 36036; 36037; 36042; 36039; 36045; 36048; 36049; 36050; 36053; 36054; 36055; 36057; 01001; 09013; 09016; 01049; 01006; 01037; 01008; 01009; 01013; 01014; 01016; 09054; 09057; 01017; 09109; 01021; 09120; 26062; 26063; 26065; 31116; 01056; 01901; 01027; 09190 - Vigo: 09192; 01020; 01028; 01030; 31139; 01902; 31143; 01058; 20068; 09219; 48072; 09251; 09255; 01044; 09276; 01046; 01047; 26128; 01051; 01053; 09347; 09353; 48088; 01054; 01055; 09419; 01059; 01061 - Vitoria-Gasteiz: 01062; 01018; 01063; 31265; 49005; 49006; 49007; 49009; 49010; 49013; 49016; 49022; 49025; 49031; 49036; 49038; 49039; 49042; 49044; 49047; 49053; 49054; 49056; 49061; 49076; 49077; 49084; 49086; 49087; 49090; 49095; 49096; 48 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 49098; 49099; 49103; 49108; 49111; 49115; 49119; 49122; 49123; 49125; 49127; 49132; 49133; 49135; 49138; 49141; 49142; 49148; 49149; 49151; 49152; 49153; 49155; 49157; 49158; 49164; 49178 - Zamora: 49184; 49186; 49191; 49194; 49197; 49202; 49210; 49222; 49227; 49233; 49234; 49237; 49240; 49245; 49246; 49247; 49251; 49258; 49261; 49269; 49275; 50001; 50002; 50003; 50004; 22004; 50005; 50006; 44006; 50007; 50008; 44008; 50010; 50011; 50012; 50013; 50014; 22018; 50016; 50017; 50018; 50019; 44023; 50021; 50022; 50023; 50024; 50025; 50026; 50027; 44024; 50028; 50030; 50031; 50032; 50033; 50036; 50037; 44031; 50039; 44032; 50040; 44033; 50041; 50042; 50043; 50044; 50045; 44039; 50047; 50048; 50901; 50050; 50051; 50052; 44043; 50053 - Zaragoza: 50055; 50056; 50058; 50060; 44047; 50061; 50062; 50063; 50064; 50066; 50068; 50069; 50071; 50073; 22083; 44065; 50077; 44067; 50078; 50080; 50093; 42063; 50082; 50083; 50085; 50086; 44084; 44085; 50088; 50089; 50090; 44090; 50091; 50094; 19109; 50096; 50098; 50099; 50100; 50101; 44100; 50104; 50107; 50108; 50109; 50110; 50111; 50113; 50114; 44110; 50115; 50116; 50117; 50118; 50119; 50122; 50123; 22119; 50124; 44122; 44124; 44125; 44129; 50131; 44131; 50132; 50133; 44132; 50134; 44133; 50135; 50136; 50138; 50137; 50139; 50140; 50141; 50142; 50143; 50144; 44138; 50146; 50147; 50148; 50149; 50150; 50151; 50153; 44142; 50154; 50155; 50156; 50160; 50161; 50162; 50163; 50902; 50164; 50166; 50167; 50169; 50170; 50171; 44152; 50173; 50174; 50175; 50176; 50178; 50179; 50180; 50181; 50182; 44161; 50184; 50185; 50187; 44164; 50188; 50191; 50193; 44172; 50195; 50197; 50198; 50199; 50200; 50202; 50203; 50204; 50205; 50206; 50207; 50208; 50209; 50210; 50211; 50212; 50213; 44184; 50214; 50216; 50217; 50218; 50219; 44191; 50220; 50221; 50222; 50223; 50224; 50225; 50227; 50228; 50229; 50241; 50230; 44203; 50231; 44205; 50233; 50234; 44207; 50235; 50236; 44208; 50238; 50239; 50240; 50242; 44211; 50244; 50247; 50249; 50250; 50255; 50256; 50258; 44224; 44227; 44222; 50260; 50262; 50263; 50264; 50265; 50266; 50267; 44237; 50269; 50270; 50271; 50272; 50274; 50273; 50275; 50276; 50278; 50279; 50280; 50283; 50284; 50285; 44252; 50286; 50287; 50288; 50290; 50289; 44256; 50291; 50292; 50293; 50294; 44265; 50295; 44267; 50296; 50297; 50298; 03033; 34070; 21005; 24113; 24056; 24118; 24052; 40093; 40123; 40020; 40150; 28001; 19020; 19091; 19282; 19251; 19310; 19701; 30014; 34096; 34230; 07021; 31753; 31071; 31767; 31729; 37349; 37243; 37065; 37191; 37044; 37049; 37367; 37337; 37123; 37154; 37377; 37376; 37280; 37004; 37058; 37165; 37262; 37126; 37358; 37200; 37304; 40086; 40192; 40222; 40157; 40126; 41902; 26045; 01703; 49014; 44702 d) Dynamic metropolitan areas. Italy - Agrigento: 084001; 084003; 084016; 084017; 084018; 084019; 084024; 084028; 084030; 084032; 084037; 084039; 084042 - Alessandria: 005010; 006003; 006006; 006007; 006015; 006019; 006021; 006031; 006037; 006043; 006047; 006051; 006052; 006054; 006064; 006068; 006071; 006074; 006075; 006076; 006078; 006089; 006091; 006105; 006122; 006129; 006130; 006140; 006141; 006142; 006144; 006145; 006154; 006161; 006163 - Ancona: 042001; 042002; 042005; 042006; 042007; 042010; 042014; 042018; 042019; 042021; 042022; 042025; 042027; 042030; 042031; 042032; 042033; 042034; 042038; 042041; 042043; 042048; 043042; 043044 - Arezzo: 051002; 051006; 051008; 051011; 051012; 051014; 051016; 051017; 051018; 051019; 051021; 051022; 051025; 051028; 051037; 051038 - Ascoli Piceno: 044001; 044005; 044006; 044007; 044011; 044013; 044014; 044020; 044027; 044038; 044056; 044064; 044071; 044073; 067046 - Asti: 005001; 005003; 005005; 005006; 005007; 005008; 005014; 005016; 005023; 005025; 005026; 005028; 005030; 005034; 005036; 005038; 005039; 005044; 005045; 005046; 005049; 005050; 005051; 005055; 005056; 005059; 005066; 005067; 005071; 005074; 005075; 005076; 005077; 005083; 005087; 005089; 005090; 005093; 005096; 005097; 005099; 005103; 005106; 005107; 005108; 005109; 005111; 005115; 005116; 005119; 005120; 006004 - Avellino: 064001; 064002; 064006; 064008; 064016; 064018; 064024; 064026; 064028; 064029; 064034; 064039; 064042; 064046; 064049; 064053; 064054; 064055; 064056; 064058; 064059; 064065; 064067; 064069; 064072; 064073; 064074; 064075; 064076; 064081; 064082; 064084; 064086; 064088; 064091; 064093; 064095; 064099; 064102; 064105; 064107; 064110; 064111; 064113; 064116; 064119 - Bari: 072001; 072002; 072006; 072008; 072010; 072011; 072012; 072014; 072015; 072016; 072018; 072019; 072022; 072024; 072027; 072028; 072032; 072033; 072037; 072039; 072040; 072044; 072046; 072047; 072048 - Benevento: 062003; 062004; 062006; 062008; 062012; 062013; 062014; 062015; 062018; 062021; 062022; 062030; 062033; 062034; 062045; 062046; 062047; 062049; 062050; 062052; 062053; 062058; 062060; 062065; 062066; 062067; 062071; 062075; 062076; 062077; 062078; 064027; 064071; 064078 - Bergamo: 016003; 016004; 016005; 016006; 016007; 016008; 016009; 016011; 016012; 016014; 016015; 016016; 016018; 016021; 016022; 016023; 016024; 016025; 016026; 016027; 016028; 016029; 016030; 016031; 016032; 016035; 016036; 016038; 016039; 016041; 016042; 016043; 016048; 016050; 016052; 016055; 016056; 016057; 016058; 016060; 016061; 016066; 016067; 016068; 016069; 016070; 016071; 016072; 016073; 016074; 016075; 016077; 016079; 016080; 016081; 016082; 016084; 016085; 016089; 016090; 016091; 016092; 016093; 016094; 016098; 016100; 016102; 016106; 016108; 016110; 016111; 016112; 016113; 016114; 016115; 016116; 016117; 016118; 016119; 016120; 016121; 016123; 016124; 016125; 016126; 016127; 016130; 016131; 016132; 016133; 016134; 016136; 016137; 016139; 016141; 016143; 016144; 016145; 016146; 016148; 016150; 016151; 016152; 016153; 016155; 016156; 016157; 016158; 016160; 016161; 016162; 016163; 016164; 016165; 016166; 016167; 016168; 016169; 016170; 016171; 016173; 016175; 016176; 016178; 016179; 016184; 016185; 016186; 016187; 016188; 016189; 016190; 016191; 016192; 016194; 016196; 016197; 016198; 016199; 016200; 016202; 016203; 016204; 016205; 016206; 016207; 016208; 016210; 016212; 016213; 016214; 016216; 016218; 016220; 016221; 016222; 016224; 016225; 016226; 016227; 016228; 016229; 016230; 016232; 016233; 016234; 016236; 016239; 016240; 016241; 016244; 016245; 016246; 016247; 016248; 016249; 097080 - Bologna: 036026; 036041; 036047; 037001; 037002; 037003; 037004; 037005; 037006; 037007; 037008; 037009; 037010; 037011; 037012; 037013; 037014; 037015; 037016; 037017; 037018; 037019; 037020; 037021; 037022; 037023; 037024; 037025; 037026; 037027; 037028; 037029; 037030; 037031; 037032; 037033; 037034; 037035; 037036; 037037; 037038; 037039; 037040; 037041; 037042; 037043; 037044; 037045; 037046; 037047; 037048; 037049; 037050; 037051; 037052; 037053; 037054; 037055; 037056; 037057; 037058; 037059; 037060; 038004; 038021; 039003; 047018 - Bolzano: 021001; 021002; 021003; 021004; 021007; 021008; 021012; 021015; 021023; 021024; 021025; 021029; 021031; 021035; 021040; 021045; 021050; 021053; 021055; 021058; 021059; 021060; 021065; 021066; 021072; 021076; 021079; 021086; 021097; 021098; 021099; 021100; 021102; 021105; 022162 - Brescia: 017002; 017008; 017009; 017011; 017013; 017014; 017015; 017020; 017021; 017023; 017024; 017025; 017026; 49 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 017029; 017030; 017031; 017032; 017033; 017034; 017037; 017038; 017039; 017040; 017041; 017042; 017043; 017045; 017046; 017048; 017052; 017053; 017056; 017057; 017058; 017059; 017060; 017061; 017062; 017064; 017066; 017069; 017072; 017074; 017075; 017077; 017078; 017080; 017081; 017084; 017085; 017088; 017090; 017091; 017092; 017093; 017096; 017097; 017099; 017102; 017103; 017104; 017105; 017106; 017107; 017109; 017111; 017112; 017113; 017114; 017116; 017117; 017119; 017120; 017122; 017123; 017125; 017126; 017127; 017129; 017130; 017132; 017133; 017136; 017137; 017138; 017141; 017144; 017145; 017146; 017147; 017152; 017155; 017156; 017158; 017161; 017162; 017163; 017164; 017165; 017166; 017167; 017169; 017170; 017171; 017172; 017173; 017174; 017178; 017180; 017182; 017183; 017186; 017187; 017188; 017190; 017192; 017193; 017199; 017200; 017201; 017204; 017205 - Brindisi: 074001; 074004; 074009; 074010; 074013; 074015; 074016; 074017; 074018; 074019 - Cagliari: 092001; 092003; 092005; 092006; 092008; 092009; 092011; 092014; 092015; 092016; 092017; 092018; 092019; 092020; 092022; 092023; 092024; 092025; 092027; 092029; 092030; 092031; 092032; 092034; 092035; 092036; 092037; 092038; 092040; 092042; 092044; 092045; 092046; 092048; 092050; 092051; 092052; 092053; 092054; 092055; 092057; 092059; 092061; 092065; 092066; 092067; 092068; 092069; 092070; 092071; 092072; 092073; 092074; 092075; 092076; 092077; 092078; 092080; 092081; 092082; 092083; 092084; 092086; 092087; 092088; 092089; 092090; 092091; 092092; 092093; 092095; 092096; 092099; 092101; 092102; 092105; 092108; 092109; 095024 - Caltanissetta: 085002; 085004; 085006; 085008; 085011; 085016; 085017; 085018; 085019 - Campobasso: 070002; 070005; 070006; 070007; 070008; 070009; 070012; 070013; 070014; 070016; 070017; 070018; 070019; 070022; 070023; 070024; 070025; 070026; 070028; 070030; 070032; 070033; 070035; 070037; 070038; 070039; 070040; 070041; 070049; 070052; 070053; 070054; 070057; 070059; 070063; 070066; 070067; 070071; 070073; 070074; 070075; 070079; 070080; 070082; 070084 - Carpi: 035034; 035035; 036005; 036028; 036044 - Catania: 087001; 087002; 087003; 087004; 087005; 087007; 087012; 087015; 087016; 087017; 087019; 087023; 087024; 087026; 087029; 087030; 087031; 087033; 087034; 087035; 087039; 087041; 087042; 087044; 087045; 087046; 087047; 087048; 087050; 087051; 087052; 087053; 087055; 087058 - Catanzaro: 078090; 079002; 079003; 079004; 079005; 079009; 079011; 079012; 079017; 079020; 079023; 079027; 079030; 079034; 079036; 079052; 079056; 079058; 079059; 079068; 079072; 079077; 079080; 079081; 079092; 079095; 079108; 079115; 079126; 079127; 079130; 079131; 079133; 079134; 079139; 079142; 079143; 079146; 079147; 079151; 079157 - Cesena: 040007; 040015; 040018; 040020; 040028; 040037; 040044; 040046 - Cosenza: 078008; 078012; 078014; 078017; 078026; 078027; 078028; 078030; 078031; 078034; 078035; 078037; 078038; 078039; 078045; 078049; 078050; 078053; 078059; 078065; 078066; 078070; 078072; 078075; 078076; 078077; 078078; 078079; 078080; 078081; 078093; 078094; 078095; 078097; 078098; 078102; 078105; 078106; 078109; 078110; 078112; 078116; 078124; 078127; 078134; 078135; 078139; 078141; 078143; 078144; 078148; 078151; 078155 - Cremona: 019001; 019003; 019004; 019006; 019007; 019008; 019013; 019014; 019016; 019022; 019026; 019028; 019030; 019031; 019032; 019033; 019036; 019038; 019040; 019044; 019045; 019046; 019048; 019050; 019051; 019056; 019061; 019063; 019064; 019065; 019068; 019069; 019070; 019074; 019075; 019076; 019077; 019085; 019088; 019089; 019091; 019093; 019095; 019099; 019100; 019103; 019107; 019113; 019114; 033014; 033027 - Crotone: 101002; 101004; 101006; 101010; 101012; 101013; 101014; 101019; 101020; 101021; 101022; 101024; 101025 - Cuneo: 004002; 004016; 004022; 004025; 004028; 004034; 004038; 004040; 004044; 004049; 004053; 004060; 004061; 004064; 004068; 004078; 004079; 004082; 004084; 004093; 004110; 004112; 004118; 004119; 004123; 004136; 004138; 004139; 004144; 004163; 004165; 004167; 004173; 004174; 004182; 004183; 004185; 004187; 004189; 004191; 004192; 004204; 004207; 004224; 004225; 004233; 004234; 004235; 004239; 004243; 004247; 004248 - Faenza: 039004; 039005; 039006; 039010; 039015; 039018; 048026 - Fano: 041004; 041010; 041013; 041015; 041016; 041028; 041029; 041034; 041037; 041038; 041040; 041046; 041050; 041051; 041052; 041058; 041062; 042028 - Ferrara: 029009; 029022; 029025; 029033; 029036; 029045; 038002; 038007; 038008; 038009; 038010; 038012; 038013; 038015; 038016; 038017; 038018; 038019; 038020; 038022; 038023; 038024; 038026 - Firenze: 047002; 047007; 047010; 047014; 047015; 047017; 047020; 048001; 048002; 048003; 048004; 048005; 048006; 048008; 048011; 048013; 048014; 048015; 048016; 048017; 048021; 048022; 048023; 048024; 048025; 048028; 048030; 048032; 048033; 048035; 048036; 048037; 048038; 048039; 048040; 048041; 048042; 048043; 048044; 048045; 048046; 048049; 048050; 051005; 051009; 051013; 051020; 051023; 051026; 051029; 051033; 051039; 100001; 100002; 100003; 100004; 100005; 100006; 100007 - Foggia: 071001; 071005; 071006; 071007; 071010; 071015; 071016; 071019; 071022; 071023; 071024; 071028; 071034; 071035; 071036; 071037; 071039; 071041; 071055; 071058; 071062; 071063 - Forlì: 040003; 040005; 040009; 040011; 040012; 040013; 040014; 040019; 040031; 040032; 040033; 040036 - Gela: 085003; 085007; 085013 - Genova: 006069; 006190; 009065; 010001; 010002; 010003; 010004; 010005; 010006; 010007; 010008; 010009; 010010; 010011; 010012; 010014; 010015; 010016; 010017; 010018; 010019; 010020; 010021; 010022; 010023; 010024; 010025; 010026; 010027; 010028; 010029; 010030; 010031; 010032; 010033; 010034; 010035; 010036; 010038; 010039; 010040; 010041; 010042; 010043; 010045; 010046; 010047; 010049; 010050; 010051; 010052; 010053; 010054; 010055; 010057; 010058; 010059; 010060; 010061; 010062; 010063; 010064; 010065; 010066; 010067 - Grosseto: 053002; 053006; 053008; 053011; 053013; 053021; 053023 - La Spezia: 011001; 011002; 011003; 011004; 011006; 011007; 011008; 011010; 011011; 011013; 011015; 011016; 011021; 011022; 011023; 011024; 011025; 011026; 011027; 011028; 011030; 011031; 011032; 045001; 045002; 045004; 045005; 045006; 045007; 045008; 045009; 045012; 045013; 045014; 045015; 045016 - Lamezia Terme: 079033; 079039; 079047; 079048; 079060; 079065; 079069; 079073; 079074; 079087; 079096; 079099; 079110; 079114; 079129; 079160; 102011 - L'Aquila: 066001; 066008; 066009; 066013; 066014; 066019; 066021; 066022; 066024; 066030; 066042; 066043; 066044; 066049; 066052; 066056; 066058; 066059; 066072; 066073; 066074; 066081; 066082; 066086; 066087; 066088; 066090; 066091; 066095; 066100; 066101; 066105 - Lecce: 075007; 075010; 075011; 075013; 075014; 075015; 075017; 075020; 075034; 075035; 075036; 075038; 075040; 075041; 075043; 075048; 075055; 075065; 075068; 075069; 075071; 075076; 075079; 075080; 075083; 075087; 075093; 075094 - Livorno: 049008; 049009; 050014; 050018; 050023 - Lucca: 046001; 046002; 046003; 046004; 046006; 046007; 046008; 046009; 046010; 046011; 046012; 046014; 046015; 046016; 046017; 046019; 046020; 046021; 046022; 046023; 046025; 046026; 046027; 046029; 046031; 046032; 046034; 046035 - Marsala: 081011; 081024 - Massa: 011020; 045003; 045010; 045011 50 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 - Matera: 077014; 077015; 077017; 077022 - Messina: 083002; 083003; 083004; 083012; 083018; 083021; 083024; 083027; 083036; 083045; 083048; 083054; 083061; 083065; 083072; 083073; 083076; 083085; 083089; 083092; 083093; 083094; 083096; 083098; 083103; 083104; 083105 - Milano: 012026; 012034; 012042; 012050; 012067; 012075; 012078; 012079; 012089; 012098; 012108; 012109; 012119; 012122; 012127; 012130; 013003; 013004; 013005; 013006; 013007; 013009; 013010; 013011; 013012; 013013; 013015; 013022; 013023; 013024; 013025; 013026; 013028; 013029; 013030; 013032; 013034; 013035; 013036; 013037; 013038; 013041; 013042; 013043; 013044; 013045; 013046; 013048; 013050; 013052; 013053; 013055; 013058; 013059; 013060; 013061; 013063; 013064; 013065; 013068; 013074; 013075; 013084; 013087; 013093; 013095; 013097; 013098; 013099; 013100; 013101; 013102; 013109; 013110; 013113; 013114; 013118; 013119; 013120; 013121; 013122; 013123; 013125; 013126; 013128; 013129; 013131; 013133; 013134; 013135; 013136; 013137; 013138; 013143; 013144; 013147; 013148; 013152; 013153; 013154; 013157; 013159; 013161; 013163; 013165; 013169; 013170; 013172; 013175; 013179; 013184; 013186; 013187; 013188; 013192; 013193; 013194; 013195; 013197; 013199; 013201; 013202; 013203; 013205; 013206; 013211; 013212; 013215; 013222; 013223; 013225; 013227; 013228; 013229; 013232; 013236; 013238; 013242; 013245; 013246; 015002; 015003; 015004; 015005; 015006; 015007; 015008; 015009; 015010; 015011; 015012; 015013; 015014; 015015; 015016; 015017; 015018; 015019; 015021; 015022; 015023; 015024; 015026; 015027; 015030; 015032; 015033; 015034; 015035; 015036; 015037; 015038; 015039; 015040; 015041; 015042; 015044; 015045; 015046; 015047; 015048; 015049; 015050; 015051; 015055; 015058; 015059; 015060; 015061; 015062; 015068; 015069; 015070; 015071; 015072; 015074; 015075; 015076; 015077; 015078; 015080; 015081; 015082; 015084; 015085; 015086; 015087; 015088; 015092; 015093; 015096; 015097; 015098; 015099; 015100; 015101; 015103; 015105; 015106; 015107; 015108; 015110; 015112; 015113; 015114; 015115; 015116; 015117; 015118; 015119; 015120; 015121; 015122; 015123; 015125; 015129; 015130; 015131; 015134; 015136; 015138; 015139; 015140; 015142; 015144; 015145; 015146; 015147; 015149; 015150; 015151; 015152; 015154; 015155; 015156; 015157; 015158; 015159; 015161; 015164; 015165; 015166; 015167; 015168; 015169; 015170; 015171; 015172; 015173; 015175; 015176; 015177; 015178; 015179; 015180; 015181; 015182; 015183; 015184; 015185; 015186; 015187; 015188; 015189; 015191; 015192; 015194; 015195; 015200; 015201; 015202; 015204; 015205; 015206; 015208; 015209; 015210; 015211; 015212; 015213; 015216; 015217; 015219; 015220; 015221; 015222; 015223; 015224; 015226; 015227; 015229; 015230; 015231; 015232; 015233; 015234; 015235; 015236; 015237; 015239; 015241; 015242; 015243; 015244; 015246; 015247; 015248; 015249; 016010; 016013; 016019; 016020; 016034; 016037; 016040; 016046; 016047; 016049; 016051; 016053; 016059; 016063; 016096; 016097; 016105; 016122; 016129; 016135; 016140; 016142; 016154; 016172; 016209; 016219; 016238; 016250; 016251; 018001; 018002; 018003; 018004; 018006; 018008; 018009; 018011; 018012; 018013; 018014; 018015; 018018; 018019; 018023; 018026; 018030; 018031; 018032; 018034; 018035; 018038; 018039; 018041; 018043; 018044; 018045; 018046; 018048; 018050; 018053; 018056; 018058; 018059; 018060; 018063; 018068; 018070; 018071; 018072; 018075; 018076; 018077; 018078; 018080; 018081; 018084; 018085; 018086; 018087; 018091; 018092; 018093; 018099; 018102; 018103; 018104; 018106; 018108; 018109; 018110; 018112; 018114; 018115; 018119; 018124; 018127; 018129; 018133; 018135; 018136; 018137; 018139; 018141; 018144; 018145; 018150; 018151; 018152; 018157; 018158; 018159; 018160; 018162; 018163; 018164; 018165; 018167; 018168; 018169; 018173; 018174; 018175; 018176; 018177; 018179; 018180; 018181; 018185; 018186; 018188; 018189; 018190; 019002; 019005; 019010; 019011; 019012; 019015; 019017; 019018; 019019; 019020; 019024; 019025; 019029; 019034; 019035; 019037; 019039; 019041; 019043; 019049; 019054; 019055; 019058; 019059; 019060; 019062; 019066; 019067; 019072; 019073; 019078; 019079; 019080; 019081; 019082; 019084; 019086; 019087; 019094; 019098; 019102; 019104; 019105; 019109; 019110; 019111; 019112; 097002; 097005; 097006; 097010; 097011; 097012; 097016; 097017; 097019; 097020; 097024; 097028; 097039; 097044; 097048; 097049; 097053; 097054; 097056; 097058; 097061; 097062; 097066; 097071; 097073; 097074; 097076; 097082; 097087; 097088; 097090; 098001; 098002; 098003; 098004; 098005; 098006; 098007; 098008; 098009; 098010; 098011; 098012; 098013; 098014; 098015; 098016; 098017; 098018; 098019; 098020; 098021; 098022; 098023; 098024; 098025; 098026; 098027; 098028; 098030; 098031; 098032; 098033; 098034; 098035; 098036; 098037; 098038; 098039; 098040; 098041; 098042; 098043; 098044; 098045; 098046; 098047; 098048; 098050; 098051; 098052; 098053; 098054; 098055; 098056; 098057; 098058; 098059; 098060; 098061 - Modena: 036001; 036002; 036003; 036004; 036006; 036007; 036008; 036013; 036015; 036017; 036019; 036020; 036023; 036027; 036033; 036034; 036036; 036039; 036040; 036042; 036045; 036046 - Napoli: 061005; 061009; 061013; 061016; 061018; 061020; 061021; 061022; 061023; 061024; 061026; 061027; 061029; 061032; 061043; 061046; 061047; 061049; 061053; 061054; 061056; 061062; 061067; 061078; 061081; 061087; 061090; 061092; 061094; 061097; 061104; 063001; 063002; 063005; 063006; 063008; 063009; 063010; 063011; 063012; 063013; 063015; 063016; 063017; 063018; 063020; 063021; 063022; 063023; 063024; 063025; 063026; 063027; 063028; 063029; 063030; 063032; 063033; 063034; 063035; 063036; 063039; 063040; 063041; 063042; 063043; 063045; 063047; 063048; 063049; 063050; 063051; 063052; 063054; 063055; 063056; 063057; 063058; 063059; 063060; 063061; 063062; 063063; 063064; 063065; 063066; 063067; 063068; 063069; 063070; 063072; 063073; 063075; 063076; 063077; 063079; 063081; 063082; 063083; 063084; 063085; 063087; 063088; 063089; 063090; 063091; 063092; 064007; 064010; 064031; 064043; 064047; 064064; 064068; 064077; 064100; 064103; 064106; 065137 - Novara: 002062; 002164; 003012; 003016; 003018; 003023; 003027; 003030; 003032; 003036; 003037; 003039; 003040; 003041; 003042; 003044; 003045; 003049; 003065; 003068; 003069; 003077; 003083; 003090; 003091; 003097; 003100; 003104; 003106; 003108; 003129; 003131; 003134; 003135; 003138; 003139; 003141; 003143; 003144; 003146; 003149; 003153; 003158; 003159; 003164; 018052 - Padova: 027003; 027006; 027010; 027014; 027017; 027039; 027043; 028001; 028002; 028003; 028004; 028005; 028006; 028007; 028008; 028009; 028010; 028011; 028013; 028014; 028015; 028016; 028017; 028018; 028019; 028020; 028021; 028022; 028026; 028028; 028030; 028031; 028033; 028034; 028035; 028036; 028037; 028040; 028043; 028044; 028045; 028047; 028048; 028054; 028055; 028057; 028058; 028059; 028060; 028061; 028063; 028065; 028066; 028067; 028068; 028069; 028070; 028071; 028072; 028073; 028074; 028075; 028079; 028080; 028081; 028082; 028083; 028084; 028085; 028086; 028087; 028088; 028089; 028090; 028092; 028094; 028096; 028098; 028099; 028100; 028102; 028103; 028104; 028105; 028106 - Palermo: 082004; 082005; 082006; 082007; 082008; 082009; 082011; 082013; 082016; 082019; 082020; 082021; 082023; 082026; 082030; 082031; 082035; 082038; 082040; 082043; 082046; 082047; 082048; 082049; 082050; 082053; 082054; 082057; 082063; 082064; 082066; 082067; 082071; 082072; 082073; 082074; 082077; 082079; 082080 - Parma: 034001; 034002; 034003; 034004; 034005; 034006; 034007; 034008; 034009; 034010; 034011; 034012; 034013; 034014; 034015; 034016; 034017; 034018; 034019; 034020; 034021; 034022; 034023; 034024; 034025; 034026; 034027; 034028; 034029; 034030; 034031; 034032; 034033; 034034; 034035; 034036; 034037; 034038; 034039; 034040; 034041; 034042; 034043; 034044; 034045; 034046; 034048; 035006; 035022 - Perugia: 043052; 054001; 054002; 054003; 054004; 054006; 054014; 054015; 054017; 054018; 054020; 054026; 054027; 054029; 054030; 054036; 054037; 054038; 054039; 054040; 054050; 054053; 054054; 054055; 054057; 054059; 055020; 055030 - Pesaro: 041012; 041020; 041027; 041030; 041032; 041036; 041044; 041045; 041056; 041065; 099006; 099009 - Pescara: 067040; 068004; 068006; 068008; 068010; 068011; 068012; 068013; 068014; 068015; 068016; 068017; 068018; 068019; 068020; 068021; 068022; 068023; 068024; 068025; 068026; 068027; 068028; 068029; 068030; 068031; 068035; 068040; 51 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 068041; 068044; 068045; 068046; 069008; 069016; 069022; 069035; 069050; 069072; 069073; 069081; 069094; 069101 - Piacenza: 033001; 033002; 033003; 033004; 033005; 033006; 033007; 033008; 033009; 033010; 033011; 033012; 033013; 033016; 033017; 033018; 033019; 033021; 033022; 033023; 033024; 033025; 033026; 033028; 033029; 033031; 033032; 033033; 033034; 033035; 033036; 033037; 033038; 033039; 033040; 033041; 033042; 033043; 033044; 033045; 033048; 098029; 098049 - Pisa: 050001; 050002; 050003; 050004; 050005; 050007; 050008; 050012; 050013; 050017; 050024; 050025; 050026; 050028; 050029; 050031; 050035; 050036; 050037; 050038 - Potenza: 076001; 076003; 076004; 076007; 076010; 076012; 076014; 076017; 076018; 076024; 076032; 076041; 076056; 076059; 076060; 076061; 076062; 076063; 076071; 076073; 076083; 076084; 076089; 076090; 076093; 076094; 076096; 077028 - Ragusa: 088002; 088004; 088007; 088009; 088010 - Ravenna: 039001; 039002; 039014; 039016 - Reggio di Calabria: 080006; 080013; 080016; 080018; 080022; 080029; 080034; 080041; 080050; 080053; 080054; 080056; 080063; 080066; 080068; 080073; 080077; 080080; 080083; 080085; 080096 - Reggio di Emilia: 035001; 035002; 035003; 035004; 035007; 035008; 035010; 035011; 035012; 035013; 035015; 035016; 035017; 035018; 035019; 035027; 035029; 035030; 035031; 035033; 035036; 035038; 035039; 035040; 035042; 035043; 035044; 035045 - Rimini: 040004; 040016; 040041; 040045; 041003; 041011; 041019; 041024; 041026; 041039; 041042; 041053; 041060; 041063; 041064; 099001; 099002; 099003; 099004; 099005; 099007; 099008; 099010; 099011; 099012; 099013; 099014; 099015; 099016; 099017; 099018; 099019; 099020 - Roma: 055006; 055026; 056004; 056005; 056010; 056014; 056015; 056016; 056017; 056021; 056023; 056024; 056025; 056027; 056038; 056039; 056041; 056042; 056045; 056049; 056055; 056056; 057010; 057011; 057012; 057014; 057020; 057021; 057026; 057027; 057029; 057030; 057035; 057038; 057039; 057040; 057041; 057042; 057044; 057047; 057048; 057052; 057053; 057054; 057055; 057056; 057058; 057061; 057063; 057064; 057065; 057066; 057067; 057068; 057069; 057070; 057071; 057072; 058001; 058002; 058003; 058004; 058005; 058006; 058007; 058008; 058009; 058010; 058011; 058012; 058013; 058014; 058015; 058016; 058017; 058018; 058019; 058020; 058021; 058022; 058023; 058024; 058025; 058026; 058027; 058028; 058029; 058030; 058031; 058032; 058033; 058034; 058035; 058036; 058037; 058038; 058039; 058040; 058041; 058042; 058043; 058044; 058045; 058046; 058047; 058048; 058049; 058050; 058051; 058052; 058053; 058054; 058055; 058056; 058057; 058058; 058059; 058060; 058061; 058062; 058063; 058064; 058065; 058066; 058067; 058068; 058069; 058070; 058071; 058072; 058073; 058074; 058075; 058076; 058077; 058078; 058079; 058080; 058081; 058082; 058083; 058084; 058085; 058086; 058087; 058088; 058089; 058090; 058091; 058092; 058093; 058094; 058095; 058096; 058097; 058098; 058099; 058100; 058101; 058102; 058103; 058104; 058105; 058106; 058107; 058109; 058110; 058111; 058112; 058113; 058114; 058115; 058116; 058117; 058118; 058119; 058120; 058122; 059001; 059002; 059005; 059006; 059011; 059013; 059016; 059017; 059019; 059020; 059021; 059022; 059023; 059024; 059027; 059028; 059029; 060046; 060053; 060071; 060080; 066080 - Rovigo: 028012; 028097; 029003; 029007; 029011; 029015; 029018; 029019; 029023; 029024; 029026; 029028; 029029; 029031; 029034; 029035; 029037; 029038; 029041; 029043; 029044; 029048; 029049; 029050; 029051 - Salerno: 065013; 065014; 065016; 065020; 065034; 065036; 065037; 065041; 065052; 065055; 065056; 065067; 065072; 065073; 065079; 065082; 065090; 065099; 065108; 065116; 065118; 065121; 065142; 065157; 065158 - Sanremo: 008006; 008007; 008013; 008014; 008016; 008021; 008035; 008036; 008039; 008044; 008050; 008055; 008056; 008059; 008060; 008061 - Sassari: 090005; 090007; 090010; 090011; 090015; 090022; 090024; 090025; 090026; 090029; 090033; 090039; 090043; 090046; 090048; 090050; 090051; 090057; 090058; 090060; 090064; 090067; 090068; 090069; 090072; 090073; 090076; 090077; 090086; 090089 - Savona: 004098; 004201; 006093; 006125; 009003; 009004; 009005; 009010; 009014; 009015; 009018; 009022; 009023; 009026; 009027; 009032; 009036; 009038; 009039; 009040; 009042; 009046; 009047; 009048; 009050; 009051; 009052; 009054; 009055; 009056; 009057; 009058; 009064; 009067 - Siena: 052002; 052003; 052006; 052010; 052016; 052017; 052018; 052019; 052026; 052029; 052032; 052034 - Siracusa: 089002; 089004; 089005; 089007; 089008; 089009; 089012; 089015; 089017; 089018; 089019; 089021 - Taranto: 073001; 073002; 073003; 073004; 073005; 073006; 073008; 073009; 073010; 073011; 073012; 073014; 073015; 073016; 073017; 073018; 073019; 073020; 073021; 073022; 073023; 073024; 073025; 073026; 073027; 073028; 073029; 074020 - Teramo: 067005; 067006; 067008; 067009; 067010; 067011; 067012; 067015; 067016; 067018; 067022; 067023; 067024; 067026; 067028; 067029; 067032; 067033; 067034; 067036; 067041; 067043; 067045 - Terni: 054047; 055001; 055003; 055004; 055005; 055008; 055012; 055014; 055015; 055016; 055017; 055019; 055022; 055024; 055027; 055029; 055031; 055032; 055033; 057022; 057024; 057032 - Torino: 001001; 001002; 001003; 001004; 001005; 001006; 001007; 001008; 001009; 001011; 001012; 001013; 001015; 001016; 001017; 001018; 001019; 001020; 001021; 001023; 001024; 001025; 001026; 001028; 001029; 001031; 001032; 001033; 001034; 001035; 001037; 001038; 001039; 001040; 001041; 001043; 001044; 001045; 001046; 001047; 001048; 001049; 001050; 001051; 001052; 001053; 001054; 001055; 001056; 001058; 001059; 001060; 001062; 001063; 001064; 001065; 001066; 001067; 001068; 001069; 001070; 001071; 001072; 001075; 001076; 001078; 001079; 001080; 001081; 001082; 001083; 001084; 001085; 001086; 001088; 001089; 001090; 001091; 001092; 001093; 001094; 001095; 001096; 001097; 001098; 001099; 001100; 001101; 001102; 001103; 001104; 001105; 001106; 001107; 001109; 001110; 001111; 001112; 001113; 001114; 001115; 001116; 001117; 001118; 001119; 001120; 001121; 001122; 001123; 001124; 001126; 001127; 001128; 001129; 001130; 001131; 001133; 001134; 001135; 001136; 001137; 001138; 001139; 001140; 001141; 001142; 001143; 001144; 001145; 001146; 001147; 001148; 001149; 001150; 001152; 001153; 001154; 001155; 001156; 001157; 001158; 001159; 001161; 001162; 001163; 001164; 001166; 001168; 001169; 001170; 001171; 001172; 001173; 001174; 001176; 001178; 001179; 001180; 001181; 001182; 001183; 001184; 001185; 001186; 001187; 001188; 001189; 001190; 001191; 001192; 001193; 001194; 001195; 001197; 001198; 001199; 001200; 001203; 001204; 001205; 001206; 001207; 001208; 001211; 001212; 001213; 001214; 001215; 001216; 001217; 001218; 001219; 001220; 001221; 001222; 001223; 001224; 001225; 001226; 001227; 001228; 001229; 001230; 001231; 001233; 001234; 001235; 001236; 001237; 001238; 001239; 001240; 001241; 001242; 001243; 001244; 001245; 001246; 001247; 001248; 001249; 001250; 001251; 001252; 001253; 001254; 001255; 001256; 001257; 001260; 001261; 001262; 001264; 001265; 001267; 001268; 001269; 001270; 001272; 001273; 001274; 001275; 001276; 001279; 001280; 001281; 001282; 001283; 001284; 001285; 001286; 001287; 001288; 001289; 001290; 001291; 001292; 001293; 001294; 001295; 001296; 001298; 001299; 001300; 001301; 001302; 001303; 001304; 001305; 001306; 001307; 001308; 001309; 001310; 001311; 001312; 001313; 001314; 001315; 002011; 002015; 002042; 002049; 002058; 002067; 002071; 002079; 002090; 002128; 004009; 004012; 004041; 004042; 004045; 004058; 004062; 004087; 004133; 004143; 004146; 004171; 004179; 004208; 004214; 004222; 004228; 004246; 005002; 005004; 005009; 005012; 005018; 005019; 005031; 005033; 005035; 005040; 005042; 005047; 005052; 005053; 005062; 005070; 005073; 005079; 005082; 005084; 005085; 005086; 005091; 005092; 005101; 005110; 005112; 005114; 005117; 005118; 005121; 006099; 006113; 006184 - Trapani: 081002; 081007; 081008; 081013; 081021; 081022 52 IERMB Working Paper in Economics, nº 09.01, March 2009 - Trento: 022002; 022003; 022009; 022011; 022013; 022015; 022022; 022023; 022031; 022032; 022034; 022035; 022037; 022043; 022048; 022049; 022052; 022053; 022055; 022056; 022058; 022059; 022061; 022069; 022074; 022080; 022081; 022082; 022085; 022086; 022089; 022090; 022091; 022092; 022094; 022095; 022096; 022099; 022101; 022103; 022104; 022105; 022108; 022109; 022116; 022117; 022126; 022127; 022128; 022129; 022130; 022132; 022133; 022139; 022142; 022144; 022156; 022157; 022160; 022165; 022167; 022168; 022171; 022172; 022173; 022175; 022177; 022178; 022180; 022181; 022185; 022186; 022188; 022189; 022190; 022192; 022194; 022200; 022202; 022205; 022206; 022208; 022212; 022214; 022215; 022216; 022219; 022221; 022222; 022224; 022225 - Treviso: 026002; 026005; 026008; 026009; 026010; 026032; 026035; 026040; 026044; 026047; 026050; 026055; 026059; 026062; 026063; 026064; 026069; 026071; 026081; 026082; 026085; 026086; 026091; 026093; 026094; 026095; 027015; 027022 - Trieste: 032001; 032002; 032003; 032004; 032005; 032006 - Udine: 030001; 030002; 030006; 030007; 030008; 030009; 030010; 030011; 030012; 030013; 030014; 030015; 030016; 030017; 030018; 030019; 030020; 030021; 030023; 030024; 030025; 030026; 030027; 030028; 030030; 030031; 030032; 030034; 030036; 030037; 030039; 030043; 030044; 030045; 030048; 030051; 030052; 030053; 030055; 030057; 030058; 030059; 030060; 030061; 030062; 030063; 030064; 030065; 030066; 030068; 030069; 030070; 030072; 030074; 030075; 030077; 030078; 030079; 030080; 030083; 030085; 030086; 030087; 030090; 030091; 030092; 030093; 030095; 030096; 030098; 030099; 030100; 030101; 030102; 030103; 030104; 030105; 030106; 030108; 030109; 030111; 030113; 030114; 030115; 030116; 030118; 030119; 030120; 030122; 030123; 030124; 030126; 030127; 030128; 030129; 030130; 030131; 030134; 030135; 030137; 031002; 031004; 031010; 031011; 093016; 093030; 093049 - Varese: 012002; 012003; 012004; 012006; 012007; 012008; 012009; 012010; 012011; 012012; 012013; 012014; 012015; 012016; 012017; 012018; 012019; 012021; 012022; 012023; 012024; 012025; 012027; 012028; 012030; 012031; 012033; 012035; 012036; 012037; 012038; 012041; 012043; 012044; 012046; 012047; 012048; 012049; 012051; 012052; 012053; 012054; 012055; 012057; 012058; 012059; 012060; 012062; 012063; 012064; 012066; 012069; 012071; 012072; 012073; 012074; 012080; 012081; 012082; 012083; 012084; 012085; 012087; 012088; 012091; 012093; 012095; 012096; 012097; 012099; 012100; 012101; 012103; 012104; 012105; 012106; 012107; 012110; 012111; 012113; 012115; 012116; 012117; 012121; 012124; 012125; 012126; 012128; 012131; 012132; 012133; 012134; 012136; 012137; 012138; 012139; 012141 - Venezia: 026043; 027002; 027004; 027008; 027012; 027020; 027021; 027023; 027024; 027026; 027028; 027031; 027032; 027035; 027037; 027038; 027042; 027044; 028050; 028093 - Verona: 020036; 020044; 023001; 023002; 023004; 023005; 023006; 023007; 023011; 023012; 023013; 023015; 023016; 023017; 023018; 023021; 023022; 023023; 023024; 023026; 023028; 023029; 023030; 023031; 023032; 023033; 023034; 023035; 023036; 023038; 023039; 023040; 023041; 023042; 023043; 023046; 023047; 023049; 023050; 023051; 023052; 023053; 023054; 023055; 023056; 023057; 023058; 023059; 023060; 023062; 023064; 023065; 023067; 023068; 023069; 023071; 023073; 023074; 023075; 023076; 023077; 023078; 023079; 023080; 023081; 023082; 023083; 023084; 023086; 023087; 023088; 023089; 023090; 023091; 023092; 023094; 023096; 023097; 023098 - Viareggio: 046005; 046018; 046033 - Vicenza: 024001; 024002; 024004; 024006; 024011; 024013; 024014; 024015; 024016; 024018; 024021; 024027; 024028; 024035; 024036; 024038; 024040; 024044; 024045; 024046; 024047; 024048; 024051; 024061; 024062; 024064; 024065; 024066; 024067; 024069; 024071; 024082; 024083; 024091; 024097; 024099; 024103; 024108; 024116; 024117; 024118; 024121; 028023; 028041; 028078 - Viterbo: 056002; 056003; 056006; 056007; 056009; 056011; 056013; 056018; 056019; 056020; 056022; 056026; 056029; 056031; 056032; 056033; 056034; 056036; 056043; 056046; 056048; 056051; 056052; 056053; 056054; 056057; 056058; 056059; 056060 - Vittoria: 088001; 088012 53