Ted_Kennedy

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Ted Kennedy Ted Kennedy Edward Moore Kennedy In office January 3, 2001 – January 20, 2001 Preceded by Succeeded by Jim Jeffords Jim Jeffords In office June 6, 2001 – January 3, 2003 Preceded by Succeeded by Incumbent Assumed office January 4, 2007 Preceded by United States Senator from Massachusetts Incumbent Assumed office November 7, 1962[1] Serving with John Kerry Preceded by Benjamin A. Smith Political party Spouse Born Mike Enzi February 22, 1932 (1932-02-22) Boston, Massachusetts Democratic Joan Bennett Kennedy (1958–1982) Victoria Reggie Kennedy (1992-) Kara Anne Kennedy Edward Kennedy, Jr. Patrick J. Kennedy Hyannis Port, Massachusetts Harvard College University of Virginia School of Law Politician, lawyer Roman Catholic kennedy.senate.gov Jim Jeffords Judd Gregg 16th United States Senate Majority Whip In office January 3, 1969 – January 3, 1971 Leader Preceded by Succeeded by Mike Mansfield Russell B. Long Robert Byrd Profession Religion Website Military service Service/ branch Years of service Children Residence Alma mater Chairman of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary In office January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1981 Preceded by Succeeded by James Eastland Strom Thurmond United States Army 1951–1953 Chairman of the Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resource In office January 3, 1987 – January 3, 1995 Preceded by Succeeded by Orrin Hatch Nancy Kassebaum Baker Chairman of the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Edward Moore "Ted" Kennedy (born February 22, 1932) is the senior United States Senator from Massachusetts and a member of the Democratic Party. In office since November 1962, he is currently in his eighth full (and ninth overall) term in the 1 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Senate. Kennedy is the second most senior member of the Senate, after President pro tempore Robert Byrd of West Virginia.[1] Kennedy was elected to a full six-year term in 1964 and was reelected in 1970, 1976, 1982, 1988, 1994, 2000 and 2006. Kennedy is the Chairman of the Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee. He also serves on the Armed Services Committee. Due to his long history of public service, he has become well known by his nickname "The Lion of the Senate". The most prominent living member of the Kennedy family, he is the youngest brother of the late President John F. Kennedy and the late Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and the father of Congressman Patrick J. Kennedy. Kennedy is also the sole surviving son of Joseph P. Kennedy and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy, and one of three of their surviving children (along with Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Jean Kennedy Smith). On May 20, 2008, doctors announced that Kennedy had a malignant brain tumor, diagnosed after he experienced a seizure at the Kennedy compound situated in Hyannisport, Massachusetts the previous weekend. On June 2, 2008, Kennedy underwent brain surgery at Duke University Medical Center. He returned to the U.S. Capitol on November 17, 2008. Ted Kennedy towards him as the youngest child but also compared him unfavorably with his older brothers.[2] Between the ages of eight and sixteen he suffered the loss of his sister Rosemary Kennedy to a failed lobotomy and the deaths of his brother Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. in World War II and sister Kathleen Agnes Kennedy in an airplane crash.[2] An early political and personal influence was his affable maternal grandfather, John "Honey Fitz" Fitzgerald, a former Mayor of Boston and U.S. Representative.[2] Kennedy spent his four high school years at Milton Academy prep school, where his grades were ordinary, but he did well at football.[3] He also played on the tennis and hockey teams and was in the drama, debate, and glee clubs.[2] He graduated from there in 1950.[5] Kennedy entered Harvard College, and in his spring semester was assigned to the athlete-oriented Winthrop House, where his brothers had also lived.[6] He played as a large, fearless offensive and defensive end on the freshman football team.[2] In May 1951, anxious about maintaining his eligibility for athletics for the next year,[2] he had a friend who was knowledgeable on the subject take his Spanish language examination for him.[7] The two were quickly caught and expelled, but in a standard Harvard treatment for cases of this kind, they were told they could apply for readmission in a year or two after demonstrating good behavior.[7] Kennedy enlisted in the United States Army in June 1951.[7] Following basic training at Fort Dix, he requested assignment to Fort Holabird for Army Intelligence training, but was dropped after a few weeks without explanation.[7] He went to Camp Gordon for training in the Military Police Corps.[7] In June 1952, he was assigned to the honor guard at SHAPE headquarters in Paris.[2][7] His father’s political connections ensured he was not deployed to the ongoing Korean War.[2][8] While in Europe he travelled a lot on weekends and climbed the Matterhorn.[9] He was discharged in March 1953 as a private first class.[7][9] He re-entered Harvard in summer 1953 and improved his study habits.[2] He joined the Owl Club in 1954;[10] he was also chosen for the Hasty Pudding Club and the Pi Eta fraternity.[11] On athletic probation during his sophomore year, he returned as a secondstring end for Harvard Crimson football during his junior year and barely missed earning Early life, military service, and education Kennedy was born in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, the youngest of nine children of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. and Rose Fitzgerald, who were both members of prominent Irish American families in Boston.[2] Some of his elder siblings include John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, and Eunice Shriver. Frequently uprooted as a child as his family moved among Bronxville, New York, Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, Palm Beach, Florida, and the Court of St. James’s in London,[3] Kennedy attended ten different schools by the age of eleven.[2] At age seven, he received his First Communion from Pope Pius XII in the Vatican.[4] He spent sixth and seventh grades in Fessenden School, where he was a mediocre student,[2] and eighth grade at Cranwell Preparatory School, both in Massachusetts.[3] His parents were affectionate 2 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia his varsity letter.[12] Nevertheless, he received a recruiting feeler from Green Bay Packers head coach Lisle Blackbourn, asking about his interest in playing professionally.[13] Kennedy demurred, saying he had plans to attend law school and to "go into another contact sport, politics."[14] Kennedy became a starting end on the Harvard Crimson football team in his senior year, working hard to improve his blocking and tackling to complement his 6-foot 2-inch, 200 pound size.[9] In the 1955 Harvard-Yale game, which Yale won 21–7, Kennedy caught Harvard’s only touchdown pass.[9] He graduated from Harvard in 1956[5] with a B.A. in history and government.[15] Kennedy enrolled in the University of Virginia School of Law in 1956,[2] and also attended the Hague Academy of International Law during 1958.[5] At Virginia he was in the middle of the class ranking but was the winner of the prestigious William Minor Lile Moot Court Competition.[2][16] While there, his fast automotive habits were curtailed when he was charged with reckless driving and driving without a license.[2] He was officially manager of his brother John’s 1958 Senate re-election campaign, and Ted’s ability to connect to ordinary voters on the street helped bring a record-setting victory margin that gave credibility to John’s presidential aspirations.[17] Kennedy graduated from law school in 1959.[5] Ted Kennedy John, Robert and Ted Kennedy, c. 1960. Kennedy was admitted to the Massachusetts Bar in 1959.[20] In 1960, John Kennedy ran for President of the United States, and Ted managed his campaign in the Western states.[2] Ted learned to fly, and during the Democratic primary campaign he barnstormed around the western states, meeting with delegates and bonding with them by trying his hand at ski jumping and bronc riding.[9] His seven weeks spent in Wisconsin helped his brother win the first contested primary of the season there, and similar time spent in Wyoming was rewarded when a unanimous vote from that state’s delegates put his brother over the top at the 1960 Democratic National Convention.[21] Upon his victory in the general election, John vacated his Massachusetts Senate seat. Ted would not be eligible to fill the vacancy until February 22, 1962, when he would turn thirty. Ted initially wanted to stay out West and do something other than run for office right away; he said, "The disadvantage of my position is being constantly compared with two brothers of such superior ability."[19] His Marriage, family, and early career While still in law school, Kennedy met Virginia Joan Bennett, known as Joan, while delivering a speech at Manhattanville College in October 1957.[18] She was a senior there, had worked as a model and won beauty contests, but was unfamiliar with the world of politics.[18] After their engagement she grew nervous about marrying someone she did not know that well, but his father insisted the wedding not be put off.[18] They were married by Francis Cardinal Spellman on November 29, 1958, in Bronxville, New York.[2][9] They had three children together: Kara Anne (born February 27, 1960), Edward Jr. (born September 26, 1961), and Patrick (born July 14, 1967). By the mid-1960s, their marriage was troubled by his womanizing and her growing alcoholism.[19] 3 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia brothers were also not in favor of his running immediately, but their father overruled them.[9] Thus, the President-elect asked Massachusetts Governor Foster Furcolo to name Kennedy family friend Benjamin A. Smith II to fill out John’s term, which he did in December 1960.[22] This kept the seat open for Ted.[9] Meanwhile, Ted began work in February 1961 an assistant district attorney for Suffolk County, Massachusetts (for which he took only $1 in salary), where he first developed a hard-nosed attitude towards crime.[23] He also took many overseas tours[23] and began speaking to local political clubs and organizations.[19] Ted Kennedy the family political machine finally getting fully behind him, Kennedy won the September 1962 primary by a two-to-one margin.[9] In the November special election, Kennedy defeated Republican George Cabot Lodge II, another product of a noted Massachusetts political family, gaining 55 percent of the vote.[9][25] United States Senator First years and assassinations of two brothers Kennedy maintained a deferential attitude towards the older, seniority-laden Southern members when he first entered the Senate, avoiding publicity and focusing on committee assignments and local issues.[26][27] Compared to his brothers in office, he lacked John’s sophistication and Robert’s intense, sometimes grating drive, but was more affable than either of them.[26] On November 22, 1963, he was presiding over the Senate, a task given to junior members, when an aide rushed in to tell him that his brother, President John F. Kennedy, had been shot; his brother Robert soon told him that the president was dead.[19] Ted flew to the family home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts to tell his stroke-afflicted father the news.[19] On June 19, 1964, Kennedy was flying in a private Aero Commander 680 from Washington to Massachusetts that crashed on landing in bad weather.[28][29] The pilot and Edward Moss, one of Kennedy’s aides, were killed.[30] Kennedy was pulled from the wreckage by fellow Senator Birch E. Bayh II[28] and spent months in hospital recovering from a severe back injury, a punctured lung, broken ribs and internal bleeding.[19] He has suffered chronic pain since the event.[31] Kennedy took advantage of his long convalescence to meet with academics and study issues more closely, and the hospital experience triggered his lifelong interest in the provision of health care services.[19] His wife Joan did the campaigning for him in the regular 1964 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts,[19] and he defeated his Republican opponent by a threeto-one margin.[25] Kennedy returned to the Senate in January 1965, walking with a cane but employing a stronger and more effective legislative First Senate campaign, 1962. In the 1962 U.S. Senate special election in Massachusetts, Kennedy first faced a Democratic Party primary challenge from Edward J. McCormack, Jr., the state Attorney General. Kennedy’s slogan was "He can do more for Massachusetts", the same one John had used in his first campaign for the seat ten years earlier.[24] McCormack had the support of many liberals and intellectuals, who thought Kennedy inexperienced and knew of his suspension from Harvard, a fact which subsequently became public during the race.[19] Kennedy also faced the notion that with one brother President and another U.S. Attorney General, "Don’t you think that Teddy is one Kennedy too many?"[9] But Kennedy proved to be an effective streetlevel campaigner.[9] In a televised debate, McCormack said "The office of United States senator should be merited, and not inherited," and said that if his opponent’s name was Edward Moore rather than Edward Moore Kennedy, his candidacy "would be a joke."[19] Voters thought McCormack’s performance overbearing, and combined with 4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia staff.[19] He took on President Lyndon B. Johnson in almost getting a ban on the poll tax added to the Voting Rights Act of 1965,[19] and even though defeated gained reputation for legislative skill.[15] He was a leader in pushing through the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, which ended a quota system based upon national origin[15] and which despite Kennedy’s predictions at the time would have a profound effect upon the demographic makeup of the United States.[32] He also played a role in creation of the National Teachers Corps.[19][33] Following in the Cold Warrior tradition of his fallen brother, Kennedy initially said he had "no reservations" about the expanding U.S. role in the Vietnam War, acknowledging that it would be a "long and enduring struggle".[15] Kennedy held hearings on the plight of refugees in the conflict, which revealed that the U.S. government had no coherent policy on them.[34] Kennedy also tried to reform "unfair" and "inequitable" aspects of the draft.[15] By the time of a January 1968 trip to Vietnam, Kennedy was disillusioned by the lack of U.S. progress, and suggested publicly that the U.S. should tell South Vietnam, "Shape up or we’re going to ship out."[35] In the 1968 presidential election, Ted first advised his brother Robert to not challenge the incumbent President Johnson for the Democratic nomination.[19] Once Eugene McCarthy’s strong showing in the New Hampshire primary led to Robert’s presidential campaign starting in March 1968, Ted recruited endorsements for his brother in the Western states.[19] Ted was in San Francisco as his brother won the crucial California primary on June 4, 1968; after midnight, Robert was shot in Los Angeles and died a day later.[19] Ted Kennedy was particularly devastated by this death, as he was closer to Robert than to any other member of the Kennedy family;[36] Kennedy aide Frank Mankiewicz said of seeing Ted at the hospital where Robert lay mortally wounded: "I have never, ever, nor do I expect ever, to see a face more in grief."[19] Ted Kennedy delivered a eulogy at Robert’s funeral, which included the oft-quoted section: My brother need not be idealized, or enlarged in death beyond what he was in life; to be remembered simply as a good and decent man, who saw wrong and tried to right it, saw Ted Kennedy suffering and tried to heal it, saw war and tried to stop it. Those of us who loved him and who take him to his rest today, pray that what he was to us and what he wished for others will some day come to pass for all the world. As he said many times, in many parts of this nation, to those he touched and who sought to touch him: "Some men see things as they are and say why. I dream things that never were and say why not." At the chaotic 1968 Democratic National Convention in August, Mayor of Chicago Richard J. Daley and some other party leaders wanted to give the nomination to Ted Kennedy, fearing that Hubert Humphrey would be unable to unite the party.[19] The 36-year-old Kennedy was seen as the natural heir to his brothers,[24] and "Draft Ted" movements sprung up from various quarters and among delegates.[37] Thinking that he was only being seen as a stand-in for his brother and that he was not ready for the job himself, Kennedy rejected any move to put him in nomination,[37] and also declined the vice-presidential running mate position.[26] George McGovern became the symbolic standard-bearer for Robert’s delegates instead. After his brothers’ deaths, Ted Kennedy took on the role of surrogate father for their 13 children.[38][39] By some reports, he also negotiated the October 1968 marital contract between Jacqueline Kennedy and Aristotle Onassis.[40] Following Republican Richard Nixon’s victory in November, Kennedy was widely assumed to be the front-runner for the 1972 Democratic nomination.[41] In January 1969, Kennedy defeated Louisiana Senator Russell B. Long by a 31–26 margin to become Senate Majority Whip, the youngest person to attain that position.[26][42] While this further boosted his presidential image, he also appeared conflicted by the inevitability of having to run for the position.[39][41] Chappaquiddick incident On the night of July 18, 1969, Kennedy was on Martha’s Vineyard’s Chappaquiddick Island at a party for the "Boiler Room Girls", a group of young women who had worked on his brother Robert’s presidential campaign 5 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Ted Kennedy In January 1970, an inquest into Kopechne’s death took place in Edgartown, Massachusetts. At the request of Kennedy’s lawyers, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ordered the inquest be conducted in secret.[43][44] Judge James A. Boyle presided over the inquest. His conclusions were as follows: • "Kopechne and Kennedy did not intend to return to Edgartown" at the time they left the party. • "Kennedy did not intend to drive to the ferry slip". • "[Kennedy]’s turn onto Dike Road was intentional". Judge Boyle also said that "negligent driving appears to have contributed to the death of Mary Jo Kopechne."[44] Under Massachusetts law, Boyle could have ordered Kennedy’s arrest, but he chose not to do so.[44] A grand jury on Martha’s Vineyard staged a two-day investigation in April 1970 but issued no indictment, after which Boyle made his inquest report public.[41] Kennedy deemed its conclusions "not justified."[41] Doubts about the Chappaquiddick incident generated a large number of articles and books over the next several years.[45] Kennedy easily won re-election to another term in the Senate later in 1970, getting 62 percent of the vote against an underfunded Republican[41] although his vote total was 500,000 less than it had been in 1964.[45] Mary Jo Kopechne the year before.[41] Leaving the party, Kennedy was driving a 1967 Oldsmobile Delmont 88 with one of the women, 28-year-old Mary Jo Kopechne, as his passenger, when Kennedy drove off Dike Bridge into Poucha Pond between Chappaquiddick Island and Cape Poge barrier beach. Kennedy escaped the overturned vehicle and swam to safety, but Kopechne died in the car. Kennedy left the scene and did not call authorities until after Kopechne’s body was discovered the following day. On July 25, Kennedy pleaded guilty to leaving the scene of an accident and was given a sentence of two months in jail, suspended.[41] That night, Kennedy gave a national broadcast in which he said, "I regard as indefensible the fact that I did not report the accident to the police immediately," but denied driving under the influence of alcohol and denied any immoral conduct between him and Kopechne.[41] Kennedy asked the Massachusetts electorate whether he should stay in office, and after getting a favorable response, he did.[41] 1970s In January 1971, Kennedy lost his position as Senate Majority Whip when he lost the support of several members and was defeated by Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, 31–24.[46] Kennedy would later tell Byrd that the defeat was a blessing, as it allowed him to focus more on issues and committee work, where his best strengths lay[46] and where he could exert influence independently from the Democratic party apparatus.[47] Kennedy became chair of the Senate subcommittee on health care and played a leading role with Jacob Javits in the creation and passage of the National Cancer Act of 1971.[48] In October 1971, Kennedy made his first speech about The Troubles in Northern Ireland: he said that "Ulster is becoming Britain’s Vietnam", demanded that British troops leave the northern counties, and called for a united 6 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Ireland.[49] Kennedy was harshly criticized by the British, and formed a long political relationship with Irish Social Democratic and Labour Party founder John Hume.[49] In scores of anti-war speeches, Kennedy opposed President Richard Nixon’s policy of Vietnamization, calling it "a policy of violence [that] means more and more war."[45] Kennedy had declared shortly after Chappaquiddick that he would not be a candidate in the 1972 U.S. presidential election.[41] Nevertheless, polls in 1971 suggested he could win the nomination if he tried, and Kennedy gave some thought to running. In May of that year he decided not to, saying he needed "breathing time" to gain more experience and to take care of the children of his brothers and that in sum, "It feels wrong in my gut."[50] Once George McGovern was near clinching the Democratic nomination in June 1972, various anti-McGovern forces tried to get Kennedy to enter the contest at the last minute, but he declined.[51] At the 1972 Democratic National Convention McGovern repeatedly tried to recruit Kennedy as his vice presidential running mate, but was turned down.[51] When McGovern’s choice of Thomas Eagleton had to step down soon after the convention, McGovern again tried to get Kennedy to take the nod, again without success.[51] McGovern instead chose Kennedy’s brother-in-law Sargent Shriver. In 1973, Kennedy’s son Edward Kennedy, Jr. was discovered to have chondrosarcoma; his leg was amputated and he underwent a long, difficult, experimental two-year drug treatment.[41][52] The case brought international attention both among doctors and in the general media,[52] as did the young Kennedy’s return to the ski slopes on an artificial leg half a year later.[53] His other son, Patrick J. Kennedy, was suffering from severe asthma attacks.[41] The pressure of the situation mounted on Joan Kennedy, who was several times checked into facilities for alcoholism and emotional strain and was arrested for drunk driving after a traffic accident.[41][54] Meanwhile, Kennedy renewed his efforts for national health insurance. While proposing a single-payer solution favored by organized labor, he also negotiated with the Nixon administration on their preferred employerbased, HMO-oriented solution.[55] The two sides could not come to agreement, and Ted Kennedy Kennedy would later regret not seizing upon the Nixon plan.[56] In the wake of the Watergate scandal, Kennedy pushed campaign finance reform; he was a leading force behind passage of the Federal Election Campaign Act Amendments of 1974.[57] In April 1974, Kennedy travelled to the Soviet Union, where he met with leader Leonid Brezhnev and advocated a full nuclear test ban as well as relaxed emigration, gave a speech at Moscow State University, met with Soviet dissidents, and secured an exit visa for famed cellist Mstislav Rostropovich.[58] Kennedy’s Subcommittee on Refugees and Escapees continued to focus on Vietnam, especially after the Fall of Saigon in 1975.[45] Kennedy was again much talked about as a contender in the 1976 U.S. presidential election, with no strong front-runners among the other possible Democratic candidates.[59] But Kennedy’s concerns about his family were strong, and Chappaquiddick was still in the news, with The Boston Globe, The New York Times Magazine, and Time magazine all reassessing the incident and raising doubts about Kennedy’s version of events.[41][60][61] In September 1974, Kennedy announced that for family reasons he would not run in the 1976 election, declaring that his decision was "firm, final, and unconditional."[59] The eventual Democratic nominee, Jimmy Carter, built little relationship with Kennedy during his primary campaign, the convention, or the general election campaign.[62] Kennedy himself was up for Senate re-election in 1976; he defeated a primary challenger angry at his support for school busing in Boston, then won the general election with 69 percent of the vote.[62] The Carter administration years were Kennedy’s least successful as a politician.[63] He had been the most important Democrat in Washington ever since his brother Robert’s death, but now Carter was, and Kennedy at first did not have a committee chairmanship with which to wield influence.[63] Despite generally similar ideologies, their priorities were different, and Carter did not push Kennedy’s top issue of national health insurance.[63] Kennedy and his wife Joan separated in 1977, although they still rejoined for some public events.[64] Kennedy visited China on a goodwill mission in late December 1977, meeting with leader Deng Xiaoping and eventually gaining permission for a number of Chinese to leave the country; in 1978, 7 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia he also visited the Soviet Union and Brezhnev and dissidents there again.[65] Kennedy did become chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee in 1978, by which time he had amassed a wide-ranging senate staff of a hundred.[66] Carter and Kennedy had another falling out on national health care during 1978, capped by Carter’s concern about the proposed $60 billion cost and Kennedy’s speech at the Democratic mid-term convention saying "Sometimes a party must sail against the wind."[67][68][69] Ted Kennedy the matter.[73] In the January 1980 Iowa caucuses that began the primaries season, Carter demolished Kennedy by a 59–31 percent margin.[67] Kennedy’s fundraising immediately dropped off and his campaign had to downsize, but he remained defiant, saying "[Now] we’ll see who is going to whip whose what."[75] Nevertheless, Kennedy lost three New England contests.[67] Kennedy did form a more coherent message about why he was running, saying at Georgetown University: "I believe we must not permit the dream of social progress to be shattered by those whose premises have failed."[76] In a key March 18 primary in Illinois, Chappaquiddick hurt Kennedy badly among Catholic voters; during a St. Patrick’s Day Parade the day before, Kennedy had to wear a bullet-proof vest due to assassination threats as hecklers yelled "Where’s Mary Jo?" at him.[77] Carter crushed Kennedy on polling day, winning 155 of 169 delegates.[33][67] With little mathematical hope of winning the nomination and polls showing likely defeat in the New York primary, Kennedy prepared to withdraw from the race.[67] But due in part to Jewish voter unhappiness with a U.S. vote at the United Nations against Israeli settlements in the West Bank, Kennedy staged an upset and won the March 25 vote by a 59–41 percent margin.[67] Carter counterattacked by issuing ads that by implication criticized Kennedy on Chappaquiddick, but Kennedy still managed a narrow win in the April 22 Pennsylvania primary.[67] Carter won 11 of 12 primaries held in May, while on the June 3 Super Tuesday primaries, Kennedy won California, New Jersey, and three smaller states out of eight contests.[78] Overall, Kennedy had won 10 presidential primaries against Carter, who won 24.[79] Although Carter now had enough delegates to clinch the nomination,[78] Kennedy carried his campaign on to the 1980 Democratic National Convention in August in New York, hoping to pass a rule there that would free delegates from being bound by primary results and open the convention.[67] This move failed on the first night of the convention, and Kennedy withdrew.[67] On the second night, August 12, Kennedy delivered the most famous speech of his career.[80] Drawing on allusions to and quotes of Martin Luther King, Jr., Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and Alfred Lord Tennyson to say that 1980 presidential campaign Kennedy finally threw his hat into the ring for the Democratic nomination in the 1980 presidential election by launching an unusual, insurgent campaign against the incumbent Carter, a member of his own party. A midsummer 1978 poll had shown Democrats preferring Kennedy over Carter by a 5-to-3 margin.[45] During spring and summer 1979, as Kennedy deliberated whether to run, Carter was unintimidated despite his 28 percent approval rating, saying publicly: "If Kennedy runs, I’ll whip his ass."[67][69] Labor unions urged Kennedy to run, as did some Democratic party officials who feared Carter’s unpopularity leading to bad losses in the 1980 congressional elections.[70] By August 1979, when Kennedy decided to run, polls showed him with a 2-to-1 advantage over Carter,[71] and Carter’s approval rating slipped to 19 percent.[70] Kennedy formally announced his campaign on November 7, 1979, at Boston’s Faneuil Hall.[67] By then, he had already faltered, as he received substantial negative press from a rambling response to the question "Why do you want to be President?" during an interview broadcast a few days earlier with Roger Mudd of CBS News.[67][72] The Iranian hostage crisis, which began on November 4, and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, which began on December 27, caused the electorate to rally around the president, allowed Carter to pursue a Rose Garden strategy of staying at the White House, and knocked Kennedy’s campaign out of the headlines.[67][73] Kennedy’s campaign staff was disorganized and Kennedy initially an ineffective campaigner.[73][74] The Chappaquiddick incident became more of a factor than the staff expected, with several newspaper columnists and editorials criticizing Kennedy’s answers on 8 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia American liberalism was not passé,[81] he concluded with the words:[82] For me, a few hours ago, this campaign came to an end. For all those whose cares have been our concern, the work goes on, the cause endures, the hope still lives, and the dream shall never die. The Madison Square Garden audience reacted with wild applause and demonstrations for half an hour.[67] On the final night, however, Kennedy arrived late after Carter’s acceptance speech, and while he shook Carter’s hand, he failed to raise Carter’s arm in the traditional show of party unity.[33][81] Carter’s difficulty in securing Kennedy supporters during the general election campaign was one of many causes that led to his defeat in November by Ronald Reagan.[81] Ted Kennedy Kennedy easily defeated Republican businessman Ray Shamie to win re-election in 1982.[87] Senate leaders granted him a seat on the Armed Services Committee, while allowing to keep his other major seats despite the traditional limit of two such seats.[88] Kennedy became very visible in opposing aspects of the foreign policy of the Reagan administration, including U.S. intervention in the Salvadoran Civil War and U.S. support for the Contras in Nicaragua, and in opposing Reagan-supported weapons systems, including the B-1 bomber, the MX missile, and the Strategic Defense Initiative.[88] Kennedy became the Senate’s leading advocate for a nuclear freeze.[88] For a while Kennedy toyed with running in the 1984 presidential election, but with his family opposed and his realization that the Senate was a fully satisfying career, in late 1982 he decided not to run.[67][89] Kennedy campaigned hard for Democratic presidential nominee Walter Mondale and defended vice presidential nominee Geraldine Ferraro from criticism over a being a pro-choice Catholic, but Reagan was re-elected in a landslide.[90] Kennedy staged a tiring, dangerous, and high-profile trip to South Africa in January 1985.[91] He defied both the apartheid government’s wishes and militant anti-white AZAPO demonstrators by spending a night in the Soweto home of Bishop Desmond Tutu and also visited Winnie Mandela, wife of imprisoned black leader Nelson Mandela.[67][91] Upon returning, Kennedy became a leader in the push for economic sanctions against South Africa; collaborating with Senator Lowell Weicker, he secured Senate passage, and the overriding of Reagan’s veto, of the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986.[91] Despite their many political differences, Kennedy and Reagan had a good personal relationship,[92] and with the administration’s approval Kennedy travelled to the Soviet Union in 1986 to act as a go-between in arms control negotiations with reformist Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.[67] The discussions were productive, and Kennedy also helped gain the release of a number of Soviet Jewish refuseniks, including Anatoly Shcharansky.[67][93] Although Kennedy was an accomplished legislator, his personal life was troubled during this time.[94] His weight fluctuated wildly, he drank heavily at times – although not when it would interfere with his Senate 1980s In January 1981, Ted and Joan Kennedy announced they were getting a divorce.[83] The proceedings were generally amicable,[83] and she received a reported $4 million settlement when the divorce was granted in 1982.[84] The 1980 election saw the Republicans capture not just the presidency but control of the Senate as well, and Kennedy was in the minority party for the first time in his career. Kennedy did not dwell upon his presidential loss,[67] but instead reaffirmed his public commitment to American liberalism.[85] He chose to become the ranking member of the Labor and Public Welfare Committee rather than of the Judiciary Committee, which he would later say was one of the most important decisions of his career.[85] Kennedy became a committed champion of women’s issues and of gay rights,[85] and established relationships with select Republican senators in an effort to block Reagan’s actions and preserve and improve the Voting Rights Act, funding for AIDS treatment, and equal funding for women’s sports under Title IX.[67] To combat being in the minority, he worked long hours and devised a series of hearings-like public forums to which he could invite experts and discuss topics important to him.[67] Kennedy could not hope to stop all of Reagan’s reshapings of government, but was often nearly the sole effective Democrat battling him.[86] 9 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia duties – and his cheeks became blotchy.[95][94] Kennedy later acknowledged, "I went through a lot of difficult times over a period in my life where [drinking] may have been somewhat of a factor or force."[94] He chased women frequently,[96] and also was in a series of more serious romantic relationships but did not want to commit to anything long-term.[97] He often caroused with fellow Senator Chris Dodd;[97] twice in 1985 they were in drunken incidents in Washington restaurants, with one involving unwelcome physical contact with a waitress.[96] Ted Kennedy Bork appointment as leading to a dismantling of civil rights law that he had helped put into place, and feared Bork’s originalist judicial philosophy.[67] Kennedy’s staff had researched Bork’s writings and record, and within an hour of the nomination – which was initially expected to succeed – Kennedy went on the Senate floor to announce his opposition:[100] "Robert Bork’s America is a land in which women would be forced into back-alley abortions, blacks would sit at segregated lunch counters, rogue police could break down citizens’ doors in midnight raids, schoolchildren could not be taught about evolution, writers and artists could be censored at the whim of the Government, and the doors of the Federal courts would be shut on the fingers of millions of citizens ..." The overdrawn, incendiary rhetoric of what became known as the "Robert Bork’s America" speech enraged Bork supporters, who considered it slanderous, and worried some Democrats as well.[100][101][102] But the Reagan administration was unprepared for the assault, and the speech froze some Democrats from supporting the nomination and gave Kennedy and other Bork opponents time to prepare the case against him.[103][100] When the September 1987 Judiciary Committee hearings began, Kennedy challenged Bork forcefully on civil rights, privacy, women’s rights, and other issues.[67] Bork’s own demeanor hurt him,[100] and the nomination was defeated both in committee and the full Senate.[67] The tone of the Bork battle changed the way Washington worked – with controversial nominees or candidates now experiencing all-out war waged against them – and the ramifications of it were still being felt two decades later.[101][103][104] In the 1988 presidential election, Kennedy supported the eventual Democratic nominee, Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis, from the start of the campaign.[105] In the fall, Dukakis fell to George H. W. Bush, but Kennedy won re-election to the Senate over Republican Joseph D. Malone in the easiest race of his career.[106] Kennedy remained a powerful force in the Senate; after prolonged negotiations during 1989 with Bush chief of staff John H. Sununu and Attorney General Senator Kennedy talking to sailors aboard USS Theodore Roosevelt, February 1987 Influenced by his personal difficulties and family concerns, and content with remaining in the Senate,[96][67] in December 1985 Kennedy publicly cut short any talk that he might run in the 1988 presidential election. He added: "I know this decision means I may never be president. But the pursuit of the presidency is not my life. Public service is."[67] Kennedy used his legislative skills to get passed the COBRA Act, which extended employer-based health benefits after leaving a job.[56][98] Following the 1986 congressional elections, the Democrats regained control of the Senate and Kennedy became chair of the Labor and Public Welfare Committee. By now Kennedy had become what colleague Joe Biden termed "the best strategist in the Senate," who always knew when best to move legislation.[67] Kennedy continued his close working relationship with ranking Republican Senator Orrin Hatch,[56] and they were close allies on many health-related measures.[99] One of Kennedy’s biggest battles in the Senate came with Reagan’s July 1987 nomination of Judge Robert Bork to the U.S. Supreme Court.[67] Kennedy saw a possible 10 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Richard Thornburgh to secure Bush’s approval, he directed passage of the landmark Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.[56][107] Kennedy had personal interest in the bill due to his sister Rosemary’s condition and his son’s lost leg, and he considered its enactment one of the most important successes of his career.[56] In the late 1980s Kennedy and Hatch staged a prolonged battle against Senator Jesse Helms to provide funding to combat the AIDS epidemic and provide treatment for low-income people affected; this would culminate in passage of the Ryan White Care Act.[108] In late November 1989, Kennedy travelled to see first-hand the newly fallen Berlin Wall; he spoke at John-F.-Kennedy-Platz, site of the famous "Ich bin ein Berliner" speech in 1963, and said "Emotionally, I just wish my brother could have seen it."[109] Ted Kennedy feeding the press with negative information about Bowman’s background and several mainstream newspapers broke a taboo by publishing her name.[112] The case quickly became a media frenzy.[94][112] While not directly implicated in the case, Kennedy became the frequent butt of jokes on The Tonight Show and other late-night television programs.[94][113] Time magazine said Kennedy was being perceived as a "Palm Beach boozer, lout and tabloid grotesque" while Newsweek said Kennedy was "the living symbol of the family flaws."[114] Along with Bork, the other most contentious Supreme Court nomination in U.S. history has been the one for Clarence Thomas.[115] When the Thomas hearings began in September 1991, Kennedy pressed Thomas on his unwillingness to express an opinion about Roe v. Wade, but the nomination appeared headed for success.[116] But when the sexual harassment charges by Anita Hill broke the following month, and the nomination battle dominated public discourse, Kennedy was hamstrung by his past reputation and the ongoing developments in the William Kennedy Smith case.[94][117] He said almost nothing until the third day of the Thomas-Hill hearings, and when he did it was criticized by Hill supporters for being too little, too late.[94] Thomas was confirmed by a 52–48 margin, the narrowest ever for a successful nomination.[117] Biographer Adam Clymer rates Kennedy’s silence during the Thomas hearings as the worst moment of his Senate career.[117] Feminist writer Anna Quindlen said "[Kennedy] let us down because he had to; he was muzzled by the facts of his life."[117] Due to the Palm Beach media attention and the Thomas hearings, Kennedy’s public image suffered. A Gallup Poll gave Kennedy a very low 22 percent national approval rating.[94] A Boston Herald/WCVB-TV poll found that 62 percent of Massachusetts citizens thought Kennedy should not run for reelection, by a 2-to-1 margin thought Kennedy has misled authorities in the Palm Beach investigation, and had Kennedy losing a hypothetical Senate race to Governor William Weld by 25 points.[118] Meanwhile, at a June 17, 1991 dinner party, Kennedy saw Victoria Reggie Kennedy, a Washington lawyer at Keck, Mahin & Cate, a divorced mother of two, and the daughter of an old Kennedy family ally, Louisiana Fall and rise Kennedy’s personal life now came to dominate his image. In 1989 the European paparazzi stalked him on a vacation there and photographed him having sex on a motorboat.[94] In February 1990, Michael Kelly published his long, thorough profile "Ted Kennedy on the Rocks" in GQ magazine.[110] It captured Kennedy as "an aging Irish boyo clutching a bottle and diddling a blonde," portrayed him as an Regency rake, and brought his behavior to the forefront of public attention.[94][97] The death from cancer of brother-in-law Stephen Edward Smith in August 1990 left Kennedy emotionally bereft at the loss of a close family member and troubleshooter.[94][111] On Easter weekend 1991, Kennedy was at a get-together at the family’s Palm Beach, Florida estate when, restless and maudlin after reminiscing about his brother-in-law, he left for a late-night visit to a local bar, getting his son Patrick and nephew William Kennedy Smith to accompany him.[94][112] Patrick Kennedy and Smith returned with women they met there, Michelle Cassone and Patricia Bowman. Cassone said that Ted Kennedy subsequently walked in on her and Patrick, dressed only in a nightshirt and with a weird look on his face.[94][112] Smith and Bowman went out on the beach, where they had sex that he said was consensual and she said was rape.[94] The local police made a delayed investigation; soon Kennedy sources were 11 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia judge Edmund Reggie.[119] They began dating and by September were in a serious relationship.[119] In a late October speech at the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Kennedy sought to begin a political recovery, saying: "I am painfully aware that the criticism directed at me in recent months involves far more than disagreements with my positions ... [It] involves the disappointment of friends and many others who rely on me to fight the good fight. To them I say, I recognize my own shortcomings — the faults in the conduct of my private life. I realize that I alone am responsible for them, and I am the one who must confront them."[94] In December 1991, the William Kennedy Smith rape trial was held; it was nationally televised and the most watched until the O. J. Simpson murder case several years later.[94] Kennedy’s testimony at the trial seem relaxed, confident, and forthcoming, and helped convince the public that his involvement had been peripheral and unintended.[120] Smith was acquitted. Kennedy and Reggie continued their relationship and he was devoted towards her two children, Curran and Caroline.[94][121] They became engaged in March 1992,[122] and were married by Judge A. David Mazzone on July 3, 1992, in a civil ceremony at Kennedy’s home in McLean, Virginia.[123] She would gain credit with stabilizing his personal life and helping him resume a productive career in the Senate.[94][121] With no presidential ambitions left, Kennedy formed a good relationship with Democratic President Bill Clinton upon the latter taking office in 1993.[124] Kennedy floor managed successful passage of Clinton’s National and Community Service Trust Act of 1993 and despite reservations supported the president on NAFTA.[125] On the issue Kennedy cared most about, national health insurance, he supported but was not much involved in formation of the Clinton health care plan, which was run by First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton and others.[56] It failed badly and damaged the prospects for such legislation for years to come.[56] In 1994, Kennedy’s strong recommendation of his former Judiciary Committee staffer Stephen Breyer played a role in Clinton appointing Breyer to the U.S. Supreme Court.[126] In the 1994 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts, Kennedy faced his first serious challenger, the young, telegenic, and very Ted Kennedy well funded Mitt Romney.[94] Romney ran as a successful entrepreneur and Washington outsider with a strong family image and moderate stands on social issues, while Kennedy was saddled not only with his recent past but the 25th anniversary of Chappaquiddick and his first wife Joan seeking a renegotiated divorce settlement.[94] By mid-September 1994, polls showed the race to be even.[94][127] Kennedy’s campaign ran short on money, and belying his image as endlessly wealthy, he was forced to take out a second mortgage on his Virginia home.[128] Kennedy responded with a series of attack ads, which focused both of Romney’s shifting political views and the treatment of workers at a paper products plant owned by Romney’s Bain Capital.[94][129] Kennedy’s new wife Vicki proved to be a strong asset in campaigning[127] and Kennedy won a key October debate against Romney as he reconnected with his traditional bases of support.[94] In the November election, despite a very bad result for Democrats overall, Kennedy won re-election by a 58 percent to 41 percent margin,[130] the closest race of his career. Committee assignments • • Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities • Subcommittee on Personnel • Subcommittee on SeaPower (Chairman) • (Chairman) • As chairman of the full committee, Sen. Kennedy may serve as an ex officio member of all subcommittees. • Brain tumor On May 17, 2008, seven months after having surgery to clear a blocked left carotid artery, Kennedy was rushed to Cape Cod Hospital from the Kennedy Compound after feeling ill. He was transferred by helicopter to Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston.[131] According to multiple sources, Kennedy was suffering from symptoms of a stroke.[132] It was later reported that Kennedy had suffered two seizures, one initially at his Hyannis Port home and another in a helicopter en route to Massachusetts General Hospital from Cape Cod Hospital.[133] 12 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia On May 20, doctors announced that Kennedy has a malignant glioma, a type of cancerous brain tumor.[134] The treatment for this condition is often surgery, radiation or chemotherapy, depending on the type, location and degree of malignancy. Kennedy’s own doctors have not publicly released a prognosis, but experts report that the median survival time for patients with this condition is 15 months.[135] Kennedy left the hospital and returned to Cape Cod on May 21. Doctors said that he had "recovered remarkably quickly" from the biopsy in which the tumor was found and that he was waiting for additional test results as well as treatment plans.[136] On June 2, 2008, Kennedy underwent brain surgery at Duke University Medical Center in an attempt to remove as much of the brain tumor as possible.[137][138] Surgery was considered the most aggressive route possible in treating the tumor; his doctors had not previously mentioned the possibility of surgery to the public.[137] The surgery, conducted by Dr. Allan Friedman, lasted for about three and a half hours, and according to Friedman, it was successful in its goals. Friedman said that the surgery was performed on Kennedy while he was awake and that he did not expect Kennedy to suffer any permanent neurological effects from the surgery. Kennedy planned to spend a brief period recuperating from the surgery before beginning chemotherapy and radiation treatment at Massachusetts General Hospital.[138] He left the hospital at Duke on June 9, returning to Cape Cod.[139] Ted Kennedy Opinions vary regarding Kennedy’s prognosis. The surgery can extend survival time but only by a matter of months.[140] John H. Sampson, a neurosurgeon who worked with Friedman, stated: "It almost certainly won’t be curative, but it should enhance the chances that additional treatment will be effective." Others noted that some people with similar tumors have survived for years.[138][141] Though ill, Senator Kennedy attended the first night of the 2008 Democratic National Convention in August 2008, where a video tribute to Kennedy was played. Introduced by his niece, Caroline Kennedy, he delivered a speech to the delegates[142] in which, reminiscent of his speech at the 1980 Democratic National Convention, he said, "this November, the torch will be passed again to a new generation of Americans. So, with Barack Obama and for you and for me, our country will be committed to his cause. The work begins anew. The hope rises again. And the dream lives on."[143] On September 26, 2008, Kennedy suffered a mild seizure while at his home in Hyannis Port, for which he was examined and released from hospital on the same day. Doctors believe that a change in his medication triggered the seizure.[144] On January 20, 2009, Kennedy suffered a seizure during Barack Obama’s Presidential Inaugural luncheon. He was taken via wheelchair from the Capitol building, and was taken to Washington Hospital Center.[145][146][147][148] A statement later that afternoon after tests had been carried out reported doctors believed the collapse was brought on by "simple fatigue" and that he was awake and talking to family and friends and feeling well.[149] The following morning, he was released from the hospital to his home in Virginia.[150] It was wrongly reported on Wikipedia that Kennedy had died, which prompted calls for changes to be made to the online encyclopedia’s editing process.[151][152] Democratic Party icon Kennedy speaks during the first night of the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado, while delegates hold signs reading "KENNEDY". Since his presidential bid, Kennedy has become one of the most recognizable and influential members of the party, and is sometimes called a "Democratic icon".[153] Kennedy and his Senate staff have written about 2,500 bills, of which more than 300 13 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia have been enacted into law.[56] Kennedy has co-sponsored another 550 bills that became law since 1973.[56] Kennedy is known for his effectiveness in dealing with Republican senators and administrations; during the 101st Congress under President George H. W. Bush, fully half of the successful proposals put forward by the Senate Democratic policy makers came out of Kennedy’s Labor and Human Resources Committee.[154] In April 2006, Kennedy was selected by Time as one of "America’s 10 Best Senators"; the magazine noted that he had "amassed a titanic record of legislation affecting the lives of virtually every man, woman and child in the country" and that "by the late 1990s, the liberal icon had become such a prodigious cross-aisle dealer that Republican leaders began pressuring party colleagues not to sponsor bills with him".[155] Ted Kennedy Obama with an endorsement given on January 28, 2008. In 2006, Kennedy released a children’s book from the view of his dog "Splash" My Senator and Me: A Dog’s-Eye View of Washington, D.C.[157] Also in 2006, Kennedy released a political history entitled America Back on Track.[158] Awards and honors Honorary knighthood In a speech to Congress on March 4, 2009,[159] Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Gordon Brown announced that Kennedy had been granted an honorary knighthood by Queen Elizabeth II for his work in the Northern Ireland peace process, and for his contribution to UK–US relations.[160] As an American citizen, this title would be purely honorary, and therefore he is not entitled to "Sir", though he is able to use the post-nominal Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) outside of the United States.[161][162] Kennedy released a statement saying he is "deeply grateful" for the "extraordinary honor." "I have always prized the opportunity to work with the British government and strengthen and deepen the role of our two countries as leading beacons of democracy in the world," Kennedy said. "So for me this honor is moving and personal—a reflection not only of my public life, but of things that profoundly matter to me as an individual." The granting of an honorary knighthood to Kennedy caused controversy in the UK due to his connections with Gerry Adams of the Irish republican political party Sinn Féin.[163][164][165][166][167] Barack Obama and Ted Kennedy in Hartford, Conn., February 4, 2008. While Kennedy himself did not run for President after 1980, he has endorsed and campaigned for other candidates in the Democratic presidential primary contests. In 1988, he supported the successful nomination bid of Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis.[156] Four years later, in 1992, he backed former fellow Massachusetts Senator Paul Tsongas.[156] In 2000, Kennedy endorsed Vice President Al Gore.[156] In 2004, he endorsed and campaigned for fellow Massachusetts Senator John Kerry,[156] speaking for Kerry multiple times and lending his chief of staff, Mary Beth Cahill, to the Kerry campaign. Kennedy stated that he would have supported Kerry should he have chosen to run for president in 2008. In 2008, Kennedy supported the bid of Illinois Senator Barack Order of the Aztec Eagle Kennedy received the Order of the Aztec Eagle in July 2008 in recognition of his support for immigrants’ rights, the order is the highest decoration awarded to foreigners in Mexico.[168] Other Kennedy is a founder of the Congressional Friends of Ireland, and a trustee of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C.[14] 14 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia On September 23 2008, Kennedy was presented with the Order to the Merit of Chile by the Chilean President Michelle Bachelet for his dedication to human rights and his support to the Chilean people during the military regime. The Order is the Republic of Chile’s highest civilian award.[169] [170] On March 8, 2009, Kennedy received the John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award, as part of a 77th birthday celebration event at the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts.[171] On April 7, 2009, Kennedy threw the ceremonial first pitch at Fenway Park to Jim Rice, before the season opener between the Boston Red Sox and Tampa Bay Rays.[172] On April 25, 2009, Kennedy is scheduled to receive the annual Cancer Compassion Award from the George Washington University Medical Center.[173] Ted Kennedy votes align with the positions of each group.[180] The American Civil Liberties Union gives him an 84 percent lifetime score as of 2009.[181] During the 1990s and 2000s, NARAL Pro-Choice America and Planned Parenthood typically gave Kennedy ratings of 100 percent, while the National Right to Life Committee typically gave him a rating of less than 10 percent.[180] The Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence gave Kennedy a lifetime rating of 100 percent through 2002, while National Rifle Association gave Kennedy a lifetime grade of ’F’ (failing) as of 2006.[180] Writings • Kennedy, Edward M. (1968). Decisions for a Decade: Policies and Programs for the 1970s. Michael Joseph. • Kennedy, Edward M. (1972). In Critical Condition: The Crisis in America’s Health Care. Simon & Schuster. • Kennedy, Edward M. (ed.) (1979). Our Day and Our Generation: The Words of Edward M. Kennedy. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0671241338. • Kennedy, Edward M. (2006). America Back On Track. Viking Adult. ISBN 0670037648. • Kennedy, Edward M.; Small, David (illus.) (2006). My Senator and Me: A Dog’s-Eye View of Washington, D.C.. Scholastic Press. ISBN 0-439-65077-1. Political positions A method that political scientists use for gauging ideology is to compare the annual ratings by the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) with the ratings by the American Conservative Union (ACU).[174] Kennedy had a lifetime liberal 90 percent score from the ADA through 2004,[175] while the ACU awarded Kennedy a lifetime conservative rating of 2 percent through 2008.[176] Using another metric, Kennedy has a lifetime average liberal score of 88.7 percent, according to a National Journal analysis that places him ideologically as the third-most liberal senator of all those in office in 2009.[177] A 2004 analysis by political scientists Joshua D. Clinton of Princeton University, Simon Jackman and Doug Rivers of Stanford University examined some of the difficulties in making this kind of analysis, and found Kennedy likely to be the 8th-to-15th-most liberal Senator during the 108th Congress.[178] The Almanac of American Politics rates congressional votes as liberal or conservative on the political spectrum, in three policy areas: economic, social, and foreign. For 2005–2006, Kennedy’s average ratings were as follows: the economic rating was 91 percent liberal and 0 percent conservative, the social rating was 89 percent liberal and 5 percent conservative, and the foreign rating was 96 percent liberal and 0 percent conservative.[179] Various interest groups have given Kennedy scores or grades as to how well his Electoral history References [1] ^ "Longest Serving Senators", United States Senate, http://www.senate.gov/ pagelayout/reference/four_column_table/ Longest_Serving_Senators.htm, retrieved on 2009-02-26. [2] ^ English, Bella (2009-02-15), "Chapter 1: Teddy: A childhood of privilege, promise, and pain", The Boston Globe, http://www.boston.com/news/nation/ articles/2009/02/15/chapter_1_teddy/, retrieved on 2009-02-24. [3] ^ Clymer, A Biography, pp. 13, 16–17. [4] Clymer, A Biography, p. 11. [5] ^ "Kennedy, Edward Moore (Ted), (1932 - )", Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 15 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Ted Kennedy http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/ [24] ^ Barone and Cohen, Almanac of biodisplay.pl?index=K000105, retrieved American Politics 2008, p. 791. on 2009-02-24. [25] ^ "Edward Kennedy (Dem)", The [6] McGinnis, The Last Brother, p. 194. 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Insists He Won’t Run for President in [69] ^ "On Who Will Whip Whom", Time, ’72", The New York Times, 1979-06-25, http://www.time.com/time/ http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/ printout/0,8816,912449,00.html. pdf?res=F10B1FFB355F127A93C1AB178ED85F458785F9. [70] ^ Hersh, The Shadow President, pp. [51] ^ Clymer, A Biography, pp. 187–190. 38–39. [52] ^ Clymer, A Biography, pp. 205–208. [71] Clymer, A Biography, pp. 284–285. [53] Cherry, Rona and Cherry, Laurence [72] Lamb, Brian (2008-04-06), "Roger Mudd: (1974-04-07), "When cancer strikes at Fmr. CBS Correspondent & Author - Part children", The New York Times II", Q&A (C-SPAN), http://www.q-andMagazine, http://select.nytimes.com/ a.org/transcript/?programid=1174, mem/archive/ retrieved on 2009-03-17. pdf?res=FB0A13F8385515738DDDAE0894DC405B848BF1D3. [73] ^ Clymer, A Biography, pp. 294–299. [54] "Kennedy’s Wife Faces Drunken Driving [74] Hersh, The Shadow President, pp. 45–47. 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"Ted" Kennedy [145] euters (January 20, 2009), "U.S. R [157] ed Kennedy pens children’s book, T senator collapses at inaugural lunch Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, media", Reuters.com, January 9, 2006. Accessed online http://www.reuters.com/article/ December 26, 2006. bondsNews/idUSWBT01044320090120, retrieved on January 20 2009. 19 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [158]Sen. Ted Kennedy and ’America Back on " Track’", NPR, April 20, 2006. Accessed online February 22, 2007. [159] rown, Gordon, "In full: Brown’s speech B to Congress", BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/ 7924332.stm, retrieved on 4 March 2009, "Northern Ireland is today at peace, more Americans have health care, more children around the world are going to school, and for all those things we owe a great debt to the life and courage of Senator Edward Kennedy. And so today, having talked to him last night, I want to announce that Her Majesty The Queen, has awarded an honorary Knighthood for Sir Edward Kennedy." [160]Ted Kennedy to receive knighthood", " BBC News, 4 Mach 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/ 7922703.stm, retrieved on 4 March 2009. [161]Kennedy to be knighted", Boston Globe, " http://www.boston.com/news/politics/ politicalintelligence/2009/03/ kennedy_to_be_k.html, retrieved on 2009-03-04. [162]Ted Kennedy to be knighted", The " Times, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/ news/world/us_and_americas/ article5842904.ece, retrieved on 2009-03-04. [163]Controversy over Kennedy knighthood", " newsletter.co.uk, 6 March 2009, http://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/ Controversy-over-Kennedyknighthood.5045865.jp, retrieved on 2009-03-06. [164]Tory backlash over Kennedy honour", " BBC News, 5 March 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/ northern_ireland/7925769.stm, retrieved on 2009-03-06. [165] rury, Ian (4 March 2009), "MPs’ fury as D U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy gets honorary knighthood for Northern Ireland role", Daily Mail, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/ news/worldnews/article-1159094/MPsfury-U-S-Senator-Ted-Kennedy-getshonorary-knighthood-Northern-Irelandrole.html, retrieved on 2009-03-06. [166]Editorial: The Big Sir", The Times, 5 " March 2009, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/ comment/leading_article/ Ted Kennedy article5847660.ece, retrieved on 2009-03-06. [167] ierce, Andrew (6 March 2009), P "Kennedy should not be honoured", Daily Telegraph, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ comment/columnists/andrewpierce/ 4945407/Kennedy-should-not-behonoured.html, retrieved on 2009-03-06. [168] ttp://www.nowpublic.com/world/mexicoh honours-senador-edward-kennedy-azteceagle [169]Sen. Kennedy back home after brief " hospital trip" USA Today. [170]As Chile hails his support, Kennedy " projects aura of strength" Boston.com [171] ordes, Nancy (2009-03-08), "An C Enchanted Evening With Ted Kennedy", CBS News, http://www.cbsnews.com/ stories/2009/03/08/eveningnews/ main4852656.shtml, retrieved on 2009-03-09. [172]Mass. Sen. Kennedy throws Red Sox " first pitch" Yahoo Sports. [173]Inside the Beltway: This Just In", The " Washington Times, 2009-04-16, http://washingtontimes.com/news/2009/ apr/16/inside-beltway/, retrieved on 2009-04-17. [174] ayer, William (2004-03-28), "Kerry’s M Record Rings a Bell", The Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/ ac2/wp-dyn/ A28761-2004Mar27?language=printer, retrieved on 2008-08-24, "The question of how to measure a senator’s or representative’s ideology is one that political scientists regularly need to answer. For more than 30 years, the standard method for gauging ideology has been to use the annual ratings of lawmakers’ votes by various interest groups, notably the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) and the American Conservative Union (ACU)." [175] iely, Kathy (2005-09-12), "Judging K Judge Roberts: A look at the Judiciary Committee", USA Today, http://www.usatoday.com/news/ washington/judicial/ 2005-09-11-judiciarycommitteeprofiles_x.htm, retrieved on 2009-03-02. [176]2008 U.S. Senate Votes", American " Conservative Union, http://www.acuratings.org/ 2008senate.htm, retrieved on 2009-03-20. Lifetime rating is given. 20 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Ted Kennedy [177]Committed Senate Liberals", National " • Leo Damore (1988). Senatorial Privilege: Journal, 2009-02-28, The Chappaquiddick Cover-Up. Regnery http://www.nationaljournal.com/ Gateway. ISBN 0-89526-564-8. njmagazine/cs_20090228_5247.php, • Hersh, Burton (1972). The Education of retrieved on 2009-03-03. Kennedy’s Edward Kennedy: A Family Biography. composite average only goes back to Wm. Morrow & Company. 1981, when National Journal began their • Hersh, Burton (1997). The Shadow ratings. President: Ted Kennedy in Opposition. [178] linton, Joshua D.; Jackman, Simon; C Steerforth Press. ISBN 1-883642-30-2. Rivers, Doug (October 2004), "“The Most • Leamer, Laurence (2004). Sons of Liberal Senator”? Analyzing and Camelot: The Fate of an American Interpreting Congressional Roll Calls" Dynasty. Wm. Morrow & Company. ISBN (PDF), Political Science & Politics: 0-06-620965-X. 805–811, http://www.apsanet.org/ • Murray Levin (1966). Kennedy imgtest/TheMostLiberalSenatorCampaigning: the System and the Style as Clinton.pdf. Practiced By Senator Edward Kennedy. [179] arone and Cohen, Almanac of American B Beacon Press. Politics 2008, p. 791. In 2005, the ratings • Murray Levin (1980). Edward Kennedy: were E 95 0, S 90 0, F 95 0; in 2006, E The Myth of Leadership. ISBN 87 0, S 88 11, F 98 0. Examination of two 0-395292492. previous volumes of The Almanac of • McGinnis, Joe (1993). The Last Brother. American Politics shows similar scores Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0671679457. for 2001–2002 and 1997–1998. • Moritz, Charles (ed.) (1978). Current [180] "Senator Edward M. ’Ted’ Kennedy, ^ Biography Yearbook 1978. H. W. Wilson Sr. (MA)", Project Vote Smart, Company. http://www.votesmart.org/ issue_rating_category.php?can_id=53305, retrieved on 2009-03-03. [181]ACLU Congressional Scorecard", " Official sites American Civil Liberties Union, • Senate homepage http://action.aclu.org/site/ • Campaign homepage VoteCenter?congress=111&repId=320&session_num=0&page=legScore, • Committee for a Democratic Majority PAC retrieved on 2009-03-02. founded by Kennedy to support and expand the Democratic majority in the Senate and House of Representatives • Gary Allen (1981). Ted Kennedy: In over Kennedy in his own words His Head, Conservative Pr. ISBN 978-0892450206. • Complete text and audio of Ted Kennedy’s • Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. Eulogy for Robert (2008). The Almanac of American Politics. KennedyAmericanRhetoric.com Washington: National Journal Group. • Complete text and partial audio of Ted ISBN 0-89234-116-0. Kennedy’s Chappaquiddick • Nellie Bly. (1996). The Kennedy Men: AddressAmericanRhetoric.com Three Generations of Sex, Scandal and • Complete text and audio of Ted Kennedy’s Secrets. ISBN 1-57566-106-3. 1980 DNC AddressAmericanRhetoric.com • Richard E. Burke (1993). The Senator: My • Complete text and audio of Ted Kennedy’s Ten Years With Ted Kennedy. St. Martin’s Address at Liberty Baptist Press. ISBN 0-312-95133-7. UniversityAmericanRhetoric.com • Canellos, Peter S. (ed.) (2009). The Last • Webcast of Kennedy at a January 21, 2003 Lion: The Fall and Rise of Ted Kennedy. National Press Club event, via NPR Simon & Schuster. ISBN 1439138176. • Ted Kennedy’s 1980 Democratic National • Adam Clymer (1999). Edward M. Convention Address Kennedy: A Biography. Wm. Morrow & • Kennedy on the Iraq War at the National Company. ISBN 0-688-14285-0. Press Club External links Further reading 21 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Ted Kennedy Nonpartisan information • Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress • Voting record maintained by The Washington Post • Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission • Campaign contributions at OpenSecrets.org • Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart • Issue positions and quotes at On The Issues • Staff salaries, trips and personal finance at LegiStorm.com • Current Bills Sponsored at StateSurge.com • Congressional profile at GovTrack.us • FBI FOIA Investigation on Chappaquiddick • New York Times – Edward Kennedy News collected news and commentary • SourceWatch Congresspedia – Edward M. Kennedy profile • Ted Kennedy at the Internet Movie Database Persondata NAME Kennedy, Edward Moore ALTERNATIVE Kennedy, Ted NAMES SHORT American politician; DemoDESCRIPTION cratic Senator for Massachusetts DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH February 22, 1932 Boston, Massachusetts 22 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia United States Senate Preceded by Benjamin A. Smith II United States Senator (Class 1) from Massachusetts November 7, 1962 – present Served alongside: Leverett Saltonstall, Edward Brooke, Paul Tsongas, John Kerry Ted Kennedy Incumbent Political offices Preceded by Russell B. Long Louisiana Senate Majority Whip Senate Democratic Whip 1969 – 1971 Succeeded by Robert C. Byrd West Virginia Preceded by James Eastland D-Mississippi Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Succeeded by Strom Thurmond Committee 1978 – 1981 R-South Carolina Chairman of the Senate Labor and Human Resources Committee 1987 – 1995 Chairman of the Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee January 3 - January 20, 2001 Chairman of the Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee June 5, 2001 – 2003 Chairman of the Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee 2007 – present United States order of precedence United States Senator Succeeded by Nancy Landon Kassebaum R-Kansas Preceded by Orrin Hatch R-Utah Preceded by James Jeffords R-Vermont Succeeded by James Jeffords R-Vermont Preceded by James Jeffords I-Vermont Succeeded by Judd Gregg R-New Hampshire Preceded by Michael Enzi R-Wyoming Incumbent Order of precedence in the United States of America Preceded by Robert Byrd President pro tempore of the United States Senate Preceded by Robert Byrd (Dean of the Senate) Party political offices Preceded by John F. Kennedy Succeeded by Democratic Party nominee for United States Senator from Mas- to be determined sachusetts (Class 1) 1962, 1964, 1970, 1976, 1982, 1988, 1994, 2000, 2006 Succeeded by Daniel Inouye United States Senator Order of precedence in the United States of America United States Senators by seniority 2nd Succeeded by Daniel Inouye Honorary titles 23 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Preceded by John Tower (R-Texas) Ted Kennedy Baby of the United States Senate Succeeded by 1962-1969 Bob Packwood (R-Oregon) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" Categories: American Roman Catholics, American Roman Catholic politicians, Cancer patients, Gun control advocates, Hague Academy of International Law people, Irish-Americans, Irish-American politicians, Irish-American writers, Irish-Americans in the military, John F. Kennedy, Kennedy family, Harvard Crimson football players, Massachusetts Democrats, Massachusetts lawyers, Milton Academy alumni, People from Boston, Massachusetts, Recipients of Honorary British Knighthoods, Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire, Robert F. Kennedy, Siblings of Presidents of the United States, Social Progressives, Survivors of aviation accidents or incidents, United States Army soldiers, United States presidential candidates, 1980, United States Senators from Massachusetts, University of Virginia School of Law alumni, 1932 births, Living people This page was last modified on 22 May 2009, at 13:59 (UTC). All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) taxdeductible nonprofit charity. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers 24