Burlington__Vermont

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Burlington, Vermont Burlington, Vermont Burlington, Vermont - Land - Water Elevation 10.6 sq mi (27.4 km2) 4.9 sq mi (12.7 km2) 200 ft (61 m) Burlington, Mount Mansfield and Lake Champlain Nickname(s): Queen City of Vermont Population (2000)[2][3] 38,889 - City 3,682.0/sq mi (1,421.6/ - Density km2) 105,683 (2,007) - Urban 198,889 - Metro Time zone - Summer (DST) ZIP code Area code(s) FIPS code GNIS feature ID Website EST (UTC-5) EDT (UTC-4) 05401-05403, 05405-05408 802 50-10675[2] 1456663[4] www.ci.burlington.vt.us Location in Vermont Coordinates: 44°28′0″N 73°9′0″W / 44.46667°N 73.15°W / 44.46667; -73.15Coordinates: 44°28′0″N 73°9′0″W / 44.46667°N 73.15°W / 44.46667; -73.15 Country State County Settled Organized (town) Incorporated (city) Government - Mayor Area - City United States Vermont Chittenden 1783 1785 1865 Burlington is the largest city in the U.S. state of Vermont and the shire town (county seat)[5] of Chittenden County.[6] With a population of 38,889 at the 2000 census, the city is the core of one of the nation’s smaller metropolitan areas, and is also the smallest U.S. city to be the largest city in its state. The urbanized area consists of the cities of Burlington, South Burlington, and Winooski; the towns of Colchester, Essex, and Williston; and the village of Essex Junction. As of 2000, the metropolitan area contained the three northwestern Vermont counties of Chittenden, Franklin, and Grand Isle, with an estimated 2006 population of 206,007, approximately one third of Vermont’s total population.[7][8] History One of the New Hampshire grants, it was awarded by Governor Benning Wentworth on July 7, 1763 to Samuel Willis and 63 others.[9] Burlington was named after Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington. In the summer of 1775, land clearing began and two or three log huts were erected, but the Revolution delayed permanent settlement until 1783, when Stephen Lawrence arrived with his family. The town was organized in 1785.[10] Bob Kiss[1] 15.5 sq mi (40.1 km2) 1 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Burlington, Vermont ineffectual response from the Americans, or a weak sally by the British properly ignored by the Americans, depending on who related the story. The cannonade lasted for about ten minutes and did not affect the outcome of the war. The American side was commanded by Naval Lieutenant Thomas MacDonough, later hero of the Battle of Lake Champlain.[11] The town’s position on Lake Champlain helped it develop into a port of entry and center for trade, particularly after completion of the Champlain Canal in 1823, the Erie Canal in 1825, and the Chambly Canal in 1843. Waterfront wharves allowed steamboats to connect freight and passengers with the Rutland & Burlington Railroad and Vermont Central Railroad. Burlington became a bustling lumbering and manufacturing center, and incorporated as a city in 1865. Its Victorian era prosperity left behind much fine architecture, including buildings by Ammi B. Young, H. H. Richardson and McKim, Mead & White. The city was a filming location for Me, Myself & Irene (2000) and What Lies Beneath (2000). Current U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders was the Socialist mayor of Burlington from 1981 to 1989. In 2007, the city was named one of the top four "places to watch" in the United States by the AARP.[14] Ratings were based on what was perceived as ideal for older residents. Criteria included what makes a community livable: new urbanism, smart growth, mixeduse development, and easy-living standards. Church Street in 1907 The War of 1812 was unpopular in Vermont. Along with the rest of New England, Vermont did not provide militia units or financial support – a serious blow to the cause. Vermont voted for the Federalist party, which opposed the war.[11] Nevertheless, 5,000 troops were stationed here at one point during the War of 1812, outnumbering residents. About 500 of these died of disease.[12] Some soldiers were quartered in the main building at the University of Vermont. A memorial plaque commemorates them.[13] Burlington from the lake in 1858 Demographics The Van Ness House, built 1870, once the largest hotel in Burlington In a skirmish on August 2, 1813, the British shelled Burlington. This has either been cited as a bold stroke by the British with an Noon hour at the Queen City Mill, 1909, photograph by Lewis Hine As of the census[2] of 2000, there were 38,889 people, 15,885 households, and 7,052 families residing in the city. The population 2 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia density was 3,682.0 people per square mile (1,421.9/km²). There were 16,395 housing units at an average density of 1,552.3 per square mile (599.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 92.27% White, 1.78% Black or African American, 0.47% Native American, 2.65% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.54% from other races, and 2.27% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.40% of the population. There were 15,885 households out of which 21.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.4% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 55.6% were non-families. 35.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.86. In the city the population was spread out with 16.3% under the age of 18, 25.4% from 18 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 16.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.7 males. In 2008, about 39% of the population lived alone; 45% percent of households consisted of families; and 57% of men and 51% of women, 15 years or older, had never married. 7% of the population were born in a foreign country, 10% of residents spoke a language other than English at home, and half of the population had a college degree.[15] Burlington, Vermont Climate Climate chart for Burlington J F M A M J J A S O N D 1.9 1.7 2.2 2.6 3.1 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.4 3 2.8 2.1 27 28 38 53 66 75 80 78 70 57 44 31 10 10 21 34 45 55 60 58 50 40 30 17 average temperatures in °F precipitation totals in inches source: National Weather Service Metric conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D 47 42 55 65 78 89 94 90 87 76 71 54 -3 -2 3 12 19 24 27 26 21 14 7 -1 -12 -12 -6 1 7 13 16 14 10 4 -1 -8 average temperatures in °C • precipitation totals in mm Lake Champlain as a body of water is often responsible for localized snowsqualls, producing up to 13 inches in 12 hours on rare occasions.[17] The coldest days on record were −30 °F (−34.4 °C) on January 15, 1957 and February 12, 1979.[18] Economy One measure of economic activity is retail sales. Burlington was fifth in the state in 2007 with $242.2 million.[19] Geography Personal income As of the census of 2000,[2] the median income for a household in the city was $33,070, and the median income for a family was $46,012. Males had a median income of $30,144 versus $25,270 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,011. About 10.4% of families and 20.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.4% of those under age 18 and 10.5% of those age 65 or over. There were 4,989 single-family owner-occupied homes. Their median value was $131,200.[20]:) Lake Champlain from the Burlington wharves The city is situated on the eastern shore of Lake Champlain, north of Shelburne Bay. It was built on a strip of land extending about 6 mi south from the mouth of the Winooski River along the lake shore and rises from the water’s edge to a height of 300 ft.[16] 3 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Burlington, Vermont Industry Burlington’s economy is based mostly in education and health services; trade, transportation and utilities; though the city retains some manufacturing work. The city’s largest employer is Fletcher Allen Health Care and The University of Vermont employing 4086 and 3137 people respectively.[21] Corporate headquarters located here include:Burton Snowboards, Bruegger’s, Seventh Generation Inc., and Lake Champlain Chocolates. Downtown on Church Street is the Burlington Town Center mall with over 75 specialty shops and 15 national retailers such as Macy’s, Hollister Co., Abercrombie & Fitch, American Eagle Outfitters, and Old Navy. Forbes magazine selected the city as one of the "prettiest" cities in 2009, featuring a picture of the Church Street Marketplace.[22] The G.S. Blodgett Company, one of the oldest and largest commercial oven companies in the country, manufactures restaurant equipment. Its history dates back to the mid 1800s. IDX Systems, now a division of General Electric, develops software for the hospital industry and is headquartered in South Burlington. Vermont Teddy Bear Company whose founder started on a cart on a Burlington street, is now a publicly traded company that ships custom teddy bears worldwide. Burlington is also the birthplace of the ice cream enterprise Ben & Jerry’s, founded in 1978 in a renovated gas station. It is now headquartered in South Burlington. General Dynamics Armament and Technical Products division employs 450 workers locally. A solely owned subsidiary, the division is based here.[23] Church Street Marketplace Real estate In 2008, vacancy rates for office space reached 4.5%, high for the city but low compared to the surrounding suburbs.[25] Government Burlington has a city council-mayor form of government.[26] Democrats and the Progressive Party make up the majority of the council. Bob Kiss, the current mayor,[27] is a Progressive who was elected in 2006. The City Council has fourteen seats, which are currently occupied by seven Democrats, threeProgressives, two Republicans, and two Independents.[28] Peter Clavelle, Burlington’s longest serving mayor, held that office from 1989 to 1993, and again from 1995 to 2006. The large transient student population votes in local, as well as state and national elections, resulting in a considerable impact on local elections.[29] The city signed up 2,527 new voters in the six weeks from September 1, 2008. This is the highest number for that time frame in nine years or longer.[29] The city was ranked "average" nationally in political involvement in 2008.[30] As a non-profit institution, The University of Vermont pays no real estate taxes, though like many other schools, it does make an annual payment in lieu of taxes. In 2007, the college agreed to raise this from $456,006 to $912,011 in 2010 plus a "public works" supplement rising from $180,040 to $191,004 over the same time frame.[31] The city maintains three parks on Lake Champlain. One is free, while the other two have parking fees. Retailing The Church Street Marketplace, a fourblock pedestrian mall in the heart of the city, is the site of festivals throughout the year. Events such as the South End Art Hop and public galleries such as The Firehouse Gallery and Pine Street Art Works, provide a forum for the visual arts. The American Planning Association named the Marketplace one of America’s "Great Public Spaces" for 2008.[24] 4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The city owns the local television cable. In 2008, cable management tried to drop Al-Jazeera from the lineup. This was successfully thwarted by protesters and the station was, in 2009, one of three "small cable operators" in the nation to carry this channel.[32][33] Like many Vermont municipalities, Burlington owns its own power company, Burlington Electric Department. In 2009, the department announced that it would purchase 40% of the 40 MG Sheffield wind-generated electricity when it becomes available.[34] Burlington, Vermont Health Burlington is the home of Fletcher Allen Health Care, a tertiary referral hospital for Vermont and northern New York State, Level I Trauma Center, and teaching hospital. In 2006, Burlington was rated the ninthbest city to live in. The criteria were health, quality of life, and fitness.[35] In 2007, it was rated 11th out of 100, for auto safety. The criteria were observing speed limits, accident infrequency, and seatbelt use.[36] In 2008 it was ranked second out of 100 for "greenest driving."[37] Criteria included gasoline consumption, and air quality. In 2008, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that Burlington is tops among U.S. metropolitan areas by having the largest proportion of people – 92 percent – who say they are in good or great health. The report went on to rate it best in exercise and lowest in obesity, diabetes, and other measures of ill health. Champlain College Burlington is a college town, home to The University of Vermont (UVM), Burlington College, and to Champlain College, as well as a Community College of Vermont campus. In 2008, about 26% of city 3,600 students were minorities. This contrasts with the state where 96% of the population was white.[38] Religion The episcopal see for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Burlington is in Burlington. There are also synagogues; (Orthodox- Chabad House, ConservativeOhavi Zedek Synagogue). Culture and landmarks Burlington has the largest public library in Vermont, the Carnegie Building of the Fletcher Free Library. In 2002, it had a budget of over $1 million, circulated more books, had more visitors, and had more computers, than any other library.[39] Unlike most libraries in Vermont, it is publicly owned. The building was originally endowed by Andrew Carnegie. It is on the National Register of Historic Places. The Burlington waterfront along the shore of Lake Champlain has bench swings and paths for walking and biking. It provides a place to view the Adirondacks. ECHO Lake Aquarium and Science Center,[40] housed in Vermont’s first Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Certified Green Building, is located at the waterfront and harbors over seventy species of fish, amphibians, invertebrates, and reptiles. Education University of Vermont – Old Mill building 5 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Club Vermont Lake Monsters Vermont Frost Heaves (shared with Barre) Sport Baseball League Minor league baseball; Class A (Short Season) Memorial Auditorium Barre Auditorium NCAA Division I America East Conference/Hockey East • WWMP - 103.3 FM • WXXX - 95.5 FM Burlington, Vermont Stadium Centennial Field Basketball Premier Basketball League University of Ver- Multiple sports mont Catamounts Most notably Men’s Hockey and Men’s and Women’s Basketball Dragon boat races to benefit charity have been held in Lake Champlain in August since 2006.[41] There has been an annual First Night community celebration of the arts on New Year’s Eve since 1982. Burlington was the fourth city to embrace this concept.[42] Patrick Gym, Centennial Field, Gutterson Fieldhouse Television The Burlington area is served by four network television stations. They include WFFF channel 44 (Fox), The CW network, on WFFF’s digital subchannel 44-2, WVNY channel 22 (ABC), WPTZ channel 5 (NBC), and WCAX channel 3 (CBS). WCAX, WFFF, and WPTZ operate news departments. WCAX is the only Burlington based news channel, while WPTZ is based in Plattsburgh, New York with a bureau in nearby Colchester. These cable channels are Burlington based: VCAM-Channel 15,[46] RETN-Channel 16,[47] and Channel 17.[48] Local music The city has, over the years, supported a number of local bands as various "scenes" waxed and waned, and has even launched a handful of national acts. The most famous of these is Phish, which originated at The University of Vermont circa 1983. Other acts with ties to the city include Strangefolk, The Essex Green, RAQ, James Kochalka, The Jazz Mandolin Project, Pork Tornado, Anais Mitchell, Greg Davis, Koushik, Grace Potter and the Nocturnals, Dispatch, and KT Tunstall. Sports Burlington is home to the Vermont Lake Monsters, a Class A minor league baseball team. Formerly the Vermont Expos baseball club of the New York – Penn League, it plays on the campus of UVM at Centennial Field. Burlington is also home to a professional basketball franchise, the Vermont Frost Heaves, for half of their season. The team, which is part of the American Basketball Association (ABA), splits their inaugural 2005-2006 season home games between Burlington and Barre. The Frost Heaves, owned by Sports Illustrated writer Alexander Wolff, play their Burlington games at the Memorial Auditorium, on South Union Street, at the corner of Main. There is also a rugby union team in Burlington, the Burlington RFC. Daniel W. Fish, a former member of the Air Force’s Wings of Blue, was the first Media Newspapers and other publications Burlington is served by the • Burlington Free Press newspaper which is delivered throughout Vermont[43] • Seven Days, a free weekly newspaper, delivered in bulk to pickup points in the Burlington metropolitan area, emphasizing arts and culture[44] • Vermont Business Magazine[45] Radio • • • • • WOKO – 98.9 FM; 100 kW WIZN – 106.7 FM WEZF – 92.9 FM WRUV – 90.1 FM WCLX – 102.9 FM 6 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia person to obtain a permit and skydive in the city of Burlington. The Vermont City Marathon has drawn thousands of competitors annually.[49] A local Golden Gloves boxing tournament has been held annually since 1946.[50] • Burlington, Vermont Moss Point, Mississippi — In the fall of 2005, the city decided to help out Moss Point which was devastated by Hurricane Katrina, and held a concert called Hurricane Benefete to raise money. Transportation Burlington is the central focus of the Chittenden County Transportation Authority, providing bus service to and from the surrounding communities (and the shopping districts of South Burlington and Williston). Burlington is also the headquarters of the Lake Champlain Transportation Company with seasonal service provided between Burlington’s King Street ferry terminal and Port Kent, New York. Burlington International Airport provides the area with commercial service to major regional hubs and international airports. Despite its name, it does not offer scheduled commercial flights to destinations outside the United States but does have a Customs Port of Entry.[51] The name dates to a time when it offered flights to Montreal. Vermont Transit provides intercity bus service from a depot south of downtown to other communities in Vermont as well as to Boston’s South Station and Logan International Airport, while Amtrak rail service stops in the nearby village of Essex Junction. Sites of interest Aerial view of Burlington. • Ethan Allen Homestead Museum[52] • Chittenden County Historical Society & Museum[53] • Echo Lake Aquarium & Science Center[54] • Fleming Museum, University of Vermont[55] • Flynn Center for the Performing Arts[56] • The 1885 building of Ohavi Zedek one of the oldest synagogue buildings still standing in the United States.[57] Notable residents • Warren Austin, senator from Vermont and ambassador to the United Nations • Ralph Abraham, mathematician • Marc Awodey, artist and writer • Ben Bagley, musical theater producer and innovator • Orson Bean, film and stage actor • Alison Bechdel, cartoonist best known for the comic strip Dykes to Watch Out For • Morgan Benoit, actor and martial artist • Harry Blanchard, Formula One driver who raced for the Porsche team • Murray Bookchin, environmentalist and anarchist philosopher • Ted Bundy, serial killer • Peter Clavelle, former mayor of Burlington • Accie Connor, professional wrestler under the name of D’Lo Brown • Grace Coolidge, wife of Calvin Coolidge and First Lady • Howard Dean, chairman of the Democratic Party, former presidential candidate in 2004, and former governor of Vermont Major routes Burlington is served by one major Interstate highway (along with its spur route into the southern part of the city), and is at the junction of two U.S. highways. Several Vermont state highways also provide routes into and through the Burlington area. • • • • Interstate 89 Interstate 189 U.S. Route 2 U.S. Route 7 Sister cities Burlington has four sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International: • • • • Yaroslavl, Russia Arad, Israel Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua Bethlehem, Palestinian territories 7 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia • Judith Steinberg Dean, physician and First Lady of Vermont • John Dewey, philosopher, psychologist and educational reformer • John Chipman Farrar, writer and publisher • Kevin McKenzie, artistic director American Ballet Theatre • Paul Hackett, football coach • Henry Hitchcock, first attorney general of Alabama • Philip H. Hoff, former governor of Vermont • Oliver O. Howard, general in the Civil War • Eugene Hütz, actor and lead singer of Gogol Bordello • Horatio Nelson Jackson, first person to drive an automobile across the United States • James Kochalka, cartoonist, singer/ songwriter • Madeleine M. Kunin, diplomat and governor of Vermont • Patrick Leahy, senator and current chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee • Members of the rock band Phish: • Jon Fishman, drummer • Mike Gordon, bassist • Page McConnell, keyboardist • Ross Powers, Olympic gold medalist • William Hepburn Russell, founder of the Pony Express • Bernie Sanders, senator from Vermont • Truman Seymour, Union Army general[58] • Birdie Tebbetts, baseball player • Len Whitehouse, baseball player and assistant coach of Burlington High School’s varsity baseball team Burlington, Vermont Template.cfm?Section=Find_a_County&Template=/ cffiles/counties/usamap.cfm. Retrieved on 2008-01-31. [6] Title 24, Part I, Chapter 1, §5, Vermont Statutes. Accessed 2007-11-01. [7] US Government Census [8] Annual Population Estimates 2000 to 2007 [9] A. J. Coolidge & J. B. Mansfield, A History and Description of New England; Boston, Massachusetts 1859 [10] A. J. Coolidge & J. B. Mansfield, A History and Description of New England; Boston, Massachusetts 1859 [11] ^ Johnson, Tim (July 29, 2007). 1812:A look back a Burlington’s 20-minute war. Burlington Free Press. page 4A [12] Logan, Lee (July 8, 2007). Grant may help Burlington reclaim War of 1812 heritage. Burlington Free Press. [13] [1] [14] http://www.rismedia.com/wp/2007-07-23/ aarp-the-magazine-announces-top-fiveplaces-to-live-and-retire retrieved on July 24, 2007 [15] Sutkowski, Matt (December 10, 2008). County shows its traits. Burlington Free Press. [16] Maptech MapServer II [17] http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/ams/ AMS%20VP/Storm%20Conference/ NESC%20Presentations/ 32ndNESC_Presentation/Abstracts/ Payer.pdf [18] Cold spell lingers. Burlington Free Press. January 16, 2009. [19] McLean, Dan (July 13, 2008). Retail Sales by the numbers. Burlington Free Press. [20] [2] [21] Burlington: Economy - Major Industries and Commercial Activity [22] [3] retrieved February 3, 2009 [23] McLean, Dan (November 21, 2008). General Dynamics buys Michigan company. Burlington Free Press. [24] ’ Briggs, John (October 9, 2008). Marketplace: ’Great Public Space. Burlington Free Press. [25] McLean, Don (December 11, 2008). Vacant office space hits record high. Burlington Free Press. [26] Burlington City Council [27] Mayor Bob Kiss, Burlington. Accessed 2009-04-19. References [1] Mayor’s Office [2] ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved on 2008-01-31. [3] Burlington, VT Urbanized Area, United States Census Bureau, 2008 [?]. Accessed 2009-01-07. [4] "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. http://geonames.usgs.gov. Retrieved on 2008-01-31. [5] "Find a County". National Association of Counties. http://www.naco.org/ 8 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [28] City Council Members, Burlington. Accessed 2009-04-19. [29] ^ Editorial: Student voters add to ballot participation. Burlington Free Press. October 24, 2008. [30] Criteria included percentage registered to vote, percentage participating in most recent elections and campaign contributions Where We Play Politics. Men’s Health. October 2008. [31] Johnson, Tim (September 29, 2007). City, UVM sign fees deal. Burlington Free Press. [32] [4] [33] Surk, Barbara and Schreck, Adam, Associated Press (January 25, 2009). AlJazeera drew U.S. viewers to web for news. Burlington Free Press. [34] Lefebvre, Paul and Braithwaite, Chris (March 11, 2009). VEC wants wind power from both Sheffield and Lowell. the Chronicle. [35] "Best and Worst Cities for Men", Men’s Health, January/February 2006, page 129 [36] "The Capitals of Crash", Men’s Health, April 2007, page 86 [37] Driven to Extinction?. Men’s Health. July/ August 2008. [38] Walsh, Molly (October 31, 2008). Schools hire director of diversity. Burlington Free Press. [39] Libraries on the rise. Burlington Free Press. July 25, 2008. [40] ECHO=Ecology, Culture, History and Opportunity [41] Dragon boats fill the waters off Burlington. Burlington Free Press. August 6, 2007. [42] [5] Burlington, Vermont [43] http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/ apps/pbcs.dll/frontpage retrieved July 30, 2007 [44] http://www.sevendaysvt.com/ masthead.html retrieved July 30, 2007 [45] http://www.vermontbiz.com Vermont Business Magazine [46] Vermont Community Access Television [47] Retn.org [48] Channel 17 [49] KeyBank VT City Marathon: General Information [50] Donoghue, Mike (January 25, 2009). Boxers battle at Memorial. Burlington Free Press. [51] Port Of Entry – Burlington International Airport [52] Ethan Allen Homestead Museum [53] Chittenden County Historical Society & Museum [54] Echo Lake Aquarium & Science Center [55] Fleming Museum, University of Vermont [56] Flynn Center for the Performing Arts [57] Rediscovering Jewish Infrastructure: Update on United States Nineteenth Century Synagogues, Mark W. Gordon, American Jewish History 84.1 (1996) 11-27 [6] [58] [7] External links • • • • • City of Burlington, Vermont Fletcher Free Library City of Burlington Sister Cities Preservation Burlington Article on Burlington Community Land Trust in Dollars & Sense magazine • Elevation data: USGS—City of Burlington, VT Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont" Categories: Burlington, Vermont, Chittenden County, Vermont, Cities in Vermont, BurlingtonSouth Burlington metropolitan area, County seats in Vermont This page was last modified on 21 May 2009, at 20:25 (UTC). All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) taxdeductible nonprofit charity. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers 9