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mŘ| @ 4 À €Ü7^µ ìÜ7 ìÜ7 ÐCöwÿÿ 8Ý7 ,è7 ðv œ|ÝCôwðvœ| öø0æø0ˆþ Œþ Åû 0 ñ 0 ˜þ ŗ½ ŗ½ €ñ Àäŕ |•ř| À½ ð 0ø½ ˜þ À½ À½ €ñ ø½ Ëà DocsìÍ Üð 0ø½ [ ¶ yÛÉ XfŗúâÇ ðº¶yÛÉ # • Docstoc Public Documents ics_by_n._gregory_mankiw__4_ed_2006.pdf ard_AGPS_PDF_Guide.pdf.url üý•´]Ř|øøý• % ؾ ľ x¾ Ⱦ õSŘ| ¾ `Âŕ |ľ ¼¾ ,¿ ø¿ Á , Œ¿ ðZŘ| P¿ ì¾ ÀÂŕ |O[Ř|@ DOCSTO~1 DOC õSŘ|X¿ ðÁŕ||¿ ¸¿ üý•-Ü WŘ| „¿ „¿ „¿ , DÀ towards the work and maintain ethics he supposed to do. Utilitarianism is an effort to provide an answer to the practical question ŖWhat ought a man to do?ŗ Its answer is that he ought to act so as to produce the best consequences possible. In the notion of consequences the Utilitarian includes all of the good and bad produced by the act, whether arising after the act has been performed or during its performance. If the difference in the consequences of alternative acts is not great, some Utilitarians do not regard the choice between them as a moral issue. According to Mill, acts should be classified as morally right or wrong only if the consequences are of such significance that a person would wish to see the agent compelled, not merely persuaded and exhorted, to act in the preferred manner. In assessing the consequences of actions, Utilitarianism relies upon some theory of intrinsic value: something is held to be good in itself, apart from further consequences, and all other values are believed to derive their worth from their relation to this intrinsic good as a means to an end. Bentham and Mill were hedonists; i.e., they analyzed happiness as a balance of pleasure over pain and believed that these feelings alone are of intrinsic value and disvalue. Utilitarians also assume that it is possible to compare the intrinsic values produced by two alternative actions and to estimate which would have better consequences. Bentham believed that a hedonic calculus is theoretically possible. A moralist, he maintained, could sum up the units of pleasure and the units of pain for everyone likely to be affected, immediately and in the future, and could take the balance as a measure of the overall good or evil tendency of an action. Such precise measurement as Bentham envisioned is perhaps not essential, but it is nonetheless necessary for the Utilitarian to make some interpersonal comparisons of the values of the effects of alternative courses of action. The action taken in my case should be the proper salary offered to trainees and existing persons in the field should help out the new ones. References John Stuart Mill, 2005, Ŗutilitarianismŗ Ethical Dilemma PAGE 5
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