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Auxiliary verbs 6* ^ go i^dos?^ dt^tS^.:.. e^a question form subject siooCSj ifdbe)oa, am, is, are, was, were, have, has, had, will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must. 5 2] Do, does, did eo- Principal verbs assertive sentence e* subject S" g'o&g^ao, & e&s?^ &o&r>oD. Question 4] Informative 21 English Grammar form?So> & verbs- principal verb&ofi S&s^oo, subject^ 3] Negative sentence S" 6 do, does, did Principal verb &o& Sfi^coD, negative rr> ^joci sStfl&lS "not" I Question form Answer J I Answer (negative) (positive) 1 1) Do you play? 2) Does he play? Yes, I play. Yes, he plays. Yes, he played. No, I do not play No, he does not play 3) Did he play? No, he did not play. 4] Question form &* }&>, "3tf& Question words CHAPTER Spelling - 1 All the twenty six letters in English can be devided into two kinds according to their nature and function. They are [1] Vowels :- a, e, i, o, u. [2] Consonants :- b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, 1, m, n, p, q, : r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z. I] Vowels EJI . (QS^CO) sb sound 3ofik5>. s)S consonants o~fb Vowels ~$ consonants- meaningful sound Spelling 22 a) Vowels &* "s>^ 3-&0&& wlb (consonants meaningful sound & si^prco. J) Ex. : a = a,; o^L; Iss'Sifc. b) Vowels- consonants 8* SB, meaningful Ex. : at, get, on, in, : out. Consonants /rojexA gS vowels vowels * ^8 meaningful sound s?D, & SJP>O. ff* c^sSbo^ 31b ^^ consonants ^ meaningful unit of sounds &> "Syllable" 3] Syllable ^.Sf os^rto es^^ c3^MSPc^o) is : A of one a meaningful unit of sound, made vowels sound or the combination of vowel and Syllable consonant sounds. Ex. 4] : at, an, out, up, a, o, I : Words bles. (StfSiMeM) is the combination of one or more Syllae^dSr?^, esc^s'ola ^o^rrS Syllables gQbtitf e,Sf A Word word Ibtf^Sbefcca. Ex. 5] : One, two, three, ass, by, cart, boat. : Kinds of Syllables /foe^&tf tf^oo) : ;o Syllables can be devided into three kinds according the formation of a Syllable. They are 1] Vowel sound g &ti e^/vS, eso^'s'o'a a&oi Si r?S consonants s'o^ Sitf^ Syllable & tnative 23 'Sstfto English e^tfrrS, Grammar 2] Vowel sound e9orf$o"& onsonants- g-o& Jbtf^o Syllable e9otftfo"B> "SotfsS tfo ! 3] 3tfto- e.gdTva, vowel sound stay, w ^So^iTS &> ^^sr^ 5id consonants e.^43 consonants ^0?3 Syllable : One vowel sound + one or more consonants (V4-C) B) One or more consonants + one vowel A) sound (C+V) C) One or more sound + one consoriants-fone vowel or more consonants (C+V+C) nple words : Syllable 'A' : (1) at, (2) ass, (3) ash, 'B' : (1) to, three. (2) two, (3) KOCi + V, (2)C 2 + Vl C3)C 'C: (1) cart, (2) bat, (3) man. (2)C 1 + V l + (3) C nation of Words 1 "Words SajJe^fiooiS * combination syllables 1] els "3o&> syllables $Q!b, word r? Sj^ftSs&dfo- "3ofib Spelling 24 Ex,: = Me-an (C + V)(V+C) B0flt~Bo-at (C + V) (V+C) M). 2] "doth Syllables &g word S'Sctfato S&tfS&aff*- "3o<& consonants e.rfoa?* Ex, : ,a. "SotfsS tfo ! ! Attach^ At-tach (V-f C) (C-fV) A/rtr=AHer(V + C) (C+V) This is the combination of two or more consonants Inside a word &&. syllables SPELLING , : ra^ So ^0^ G.S' word 'syllables' word wS)^ spelling a^&jS^abletters & .. syllables S^S ^ A^BoerO. spelling- corr syllables^ ct r? esJ&s56ou), spelling S^foosSo^ QsSto Ex. 1] As-sas-si-na-ti-on = Assassination. 2] E-le-men-ta-ry : = EJementary. vowel "e" KEY TO SPELLING l] (_oa s)ofiaooa. SjCT-ofi^-last silent &S vowel S^ tfotfsS)(S) suffix love-lovable, loving. virtue-virtual virtuous. elemenate-eleminatioD. make-making. take-taking. change-changing. manage-raanaging, care-caring. ormative 2] a,g 25 English Grammar word OsStf- e, o, y oSo ^StfiSf*.,.. ^to^ e 'e' "e" eserT? D5 ing, able botfdb. e^suffixes Ex. 3] 1 : see-seeing, agree-agreeable. 3s$tf i &g word ^ e^D i suffix "y" Ex. 4] e, : lie-lying, die-dying, tie-tying. word i osStf."e silent 8 rt* a^^r - zyS)3 suffix & : "3ojdJdo consoDant care-careful, Ex. love-lovely, change- ehatigeblc, grace-graceful, trouble-troublesome, encourage- encouragement. 5] Consonant &QO& s&jo&tf^ suffix : oS, "y" 5^ eso^sfb^ words^> sonant Ex. ^6^^* y "i" r? sir'^Sboa. happy-happiness, plenty-plentiful, beauty-beautiful, apply-applieation. 6] 'el ST* Consonant &oob |^tfotf5& : 1 s^ofl, "y" ST eso^&rtb wordeci Aotoofi. suffix ostf^ "y" e?ej'7l Ex. try-trying, cry-crying, play-playing, buy- buying, apply- applying, imply-implying. 7] , word oste "Soifc , vowel tf&sr^- a,tf consonant 'vowel'g* ^B oa datf^asS ts syllable Os5tfsyllable io^s5)^ suffix ^ofciS^r 8 'double' s^s o^^ conson- Pronunciation Ex. : 26 rebel-rebellitvg, begin-beginning, fit-fitting, rob-robbing, 81 tis38 *5> J 0_ atfTio^ CU- swim-swimming. oi ao1> consonant double Ex. : soon-sooner, brood-brooder, broad-broader, break-breaker, CHAPTER - II Vowels Pronunciation * 8 5 English Language eja 6 s35 s ^(5e3^ "Pronunciation" words& sound atf^8oL5be6sS^cfo ^)7^ sound So rfoao "SoCSo tfrreo/T Aotooa. 1] Vowel sound, 2] Consonant sound. Vowel Sotind "SodSo Vowel sound vowel a,^ &, ^^exTV ^w^bo). a) ^ sounds E9^5ooa. b) "3o& vowels a) sounds si^oo. Single Vowel Vowel a a : | ti^S Diphthongs Sound aside (ef>) cS sfc^g^n-a, ^tfotfo^rrS ts "a Syllables j)^^&. 'a' ctfp sound sj^ofi. "3&r=o" eJ*?) "&r" s5S vowel sound sjoojto> Ex. 6] i, : apple, man, animal, pair. igh, ui- elb^: ^ ^^ S^orr 'V sound ^3 Ex. 7] bite, bright, guide, ou, oww : c5o&p- SJc^oiv "g?" sound Ss Ex. 8] a, o, stout, ground, down, crown. e^i u ejib^ a^oTV "es" sound ^ Ex, 9l j e, : away, observe, luck. en ea : "3o&r . Cj"! D^orp "^" sound Ex. 10] met, dead, bread. 's' & word T ^cr^s-a, si^ofi. _0 'z' ^cr'^^5'^ "ure" sj"fj 'saS"' sound ^b : Ex. 11] a,a' pleasure, measure, treasure, seizure. l wordff*-' xt 'ti6"' : efi sound mixture, torture, s, Ex. 12] c, "picture, lecture, 1, moisture. d, f, h, m, n, p, Eg to &&3-e "u 'sgpg' sounds Sao a. Ex. : cure, duty, failure, fuel, fuze, huge, luminate, mutal, nude, pure, sure, tution. & oa table 5^ ^ ^SSSoO^ sounds Pronunciation 30 t> "C M " i ^ ;> *J > O "S ^ * I I a c 3 O (fl * " a H S -=! a g g 3 S | a a S-S o| o o .0 ~ 3 -r a ^ o ro ' v? -w ft t+_ rH -w P U 'S (O ooooo o C O aj Informative 31 English Grammar .2 3 U, .> -52 <-> v- , ew a Q o o o o -* , en JH S o C 3 O (A a c 3 O V) a a as 1 O O o o -fl -3 3 o -g rt u X) < a 5 a Pronunciation 32 e 3 1 * ^2 " "O '3 .^J P* - X rt Sound K Sound . n ^ .2 d 2 d a S S "a a S 5 O 2 JS , 1 a, o Infformative 33 English Grammar Pronunciation 34 1 EXERCISE No. 1] : Find out the two words which are pronounced alike. crow, sew, drawn, four. 2] work, pour, journey, shore. 3] cre, powr, bamo, pwre. 4] real, steal, eager, stalk, stole. 5] rough, plough, enough, thowgh. 6] face, wash, sug^r, days. lead, shade, clowd. 7] mode, 8] grofin, jowrney, douTy, elbcnr. CHAPTER - III Consonants Pronunciation Consonants- Vowel r * ^0"^"^ o sounds owels sS5c35)o 3?yeb siS 5 meaningful sound $s [oi5 "^a^S" consonant sounds Informative 35 English Grammar Consonant ch | Sound \ Example chin, chain k d (&'") character, chemistry d (c) dog, date go, g g (rt) game, goat dg (<") g (ea) lodge, judge age, gin hat, h (sr") head (e>><5") 'h' silent words hour honour j (cs) joy, join J Q") Jaggery, Jar kite, kill k k k- () before n kn "n" (S) at the beginning of a word knife C3_5) s know sink, pi nk n-before k= tank, bank, "ng" (dT) 1 (o) silent if lady, leg, lass, lose '!' could ^SSS") walk (s? comes before d, in k, m. balm ^S>) oalrn 1 (s rn f^ man, lame Consonants Pronunciation 36 Consonant \ Sound n \ Example name, nob sing 9 long par, n ng p r () ng (df) p r 1 () () silent pen rack, bird 'r s words form, harm s () sing, site sh t sh t () (tf) ship, shield tin, (&>) ten, tax th the, this, that, they th (#) at the end of tenth, a sixth, fifth word thunder, throw nation, ratio th tic (j) () v v (^") van, leave w w () l cow, how w' [^silent at the draw, law end of a word wr r (tf) at the beginn- wry, awry ing of word- before-r x ks (f\) e) fox, bor, tax xyloid, xenial zyinesi je.'(j, z zh (es) 6] Informative 37 English Grammar Formation of Consonant Sounds 1] b-SOUND i] : "b" S}> : 5T*e30iTc3 "b (^a)" sound Ex ii] 'b' ball, base, : boy, bat, beauty. sStf silent a, "m" Ex. iii] : s5>^;6 b- sound e-fe' lamb, tomb, comb, thumb, dumb. 'b' silent ^^o 0^^ ^> 1 't s>ofl, CTS ^oo^ "b" s5>j b- sound : sis^&i. Ex 2] debt, doubt. : cil J SOUND Ex, : "k" sound : c rfsr-ejor?^ k sound > coy, cry, talc. : ii] "s" sound "s,(?3)" e, i, y- o5o S5&>o<3. sioo^ "c" sound & Ex. iii] : city, ice, icy. .- "ch" sound ch r^ s5c?o5^ "ch (tf)" sounds Ex. iv] : chin, change, chase, chance, charter. "ch" Ex. : "0^ s5cyo^ "k (3')" sound & eif6oo(S. character, chemistry, chemical. : 3] d- SOUND "d" sound : eja sSs^eaoT^S "d <" sound Ex. : dog, day, dose, Consonants Pronunciation 38 4] gi] SOUND : "g" sound : "g (tf)" sound Ex, ii] : gun, girl, goat. "j" sound" .- g &30& "d" sound Ex. iii] : & E)&o>. _B lodge, grudge, judge, edge, bridge. .- "j" sound "j e, i, y eSb oo (&)" sound : & 'g' gbo>. Ex, iv] age, gin, orgy. : "ng" sound (^")" sound g J&DO& "n ng ^D sj^ofi. Ex. : long, bring, cling. : v] "f" sound e.s' s3i5o O^d "h" g 'g' ds^ST3 ^ Ex. : esa "f fiV' sound \ -' rough 5 (tf5), cough enough tough .- &5. a,s' silent vi] 'gh* sStio O^^ 1 'gh sound Ex. : & ejsS'fi). through 6 j^r ), thorough ^ff*\ though. 5] h-Sound i] : "h" sound :- gfi "h soundrSj Ex. : hat, hut, head, heart. Informative 1 39 :- English 'h' Grammar silent rr ii] 'h silent r^ s5c?>^ ^cotf& &$^ Ex. 6] : hotel hour, honour, honest (w3|), : j- Sound sound i] "J" :- 3sr>sorr'3 "j (a)" sound &> Ex. ii] : jug, joy, jet. :- "j" *fc> sound "J : "j" &, n ('Ify sound o3 / jeal, jaw. : _& Ex. 7] k- Sound i] "k" sound Ex. : :- ^sj'esori ^ "k (g)" sound 'k' kill, kite, : keep. ii] 'k' silent : - "n"gb sioo^^ n sound Ex. iii] know, knot :- (^45")> knife, s5cao(& knowledge 6 "ng" sound 'k' - AJS^tf esa "ng sound Ex. 8] 1: si> sj&oa. a bank, ankle, tank, rank. : i] Sound "i" sound Ex. : :- sjfi ^ShesofV ^ "1 (o)" 1 sounds 1 leg, lady, lad, lass. :&, iil j T silent tio O^tf d, k, rn-o^i sfcaodSatS^ tj 'I sound Ex. : ^ e}s5?. Ex. : sit, seat, sing, see. Consonants Pronunciation 40 "sh" sound :- [sre "s" "sh ii] h 5 sfcoofib^ (^)" sound Ex. iii] : ship, shop, shield, :- shame. "z" sound 's' o tf&a-tf "ure" sSa^sStf*- $> "z fsV \oi ^ Ex. 10] t: sound & )&>oi _D Pleasure, measure, treasure, : . Sound i] "t" sound :- 3}<5 ^sr^esofv^ "t (to)" sound & Ex. : toy, till, tin, tax. ii] "th" sound :- h s&ocatf^ "t" "th (e^)" sound Ex. iii] : tenth, fifth, sixth. l "dh" sound > gj'CJ* h' sboc&^ "t" "dh ^)" sound& Q^Dofi). : Ex. 11] the, this, these, those. : w- Sound i] "w" sound :- sj& tifresorrt "W (SD)" sound & Ex. ii] : want, wax, water. :- 'w' silent Y & &ao&S6^ : 'w' sound Ex. iii] : write, wrong, wry, awry. 'w' voiced/voiceless &$ s3^o Stitf &> "w T^" sound g^ofi. i^^to sound Informative Es. : 41 1] English Grammar voiceless :- draw, flow, saw, jaw, know. 2] voiced : : cow, bow, down, crown. 12] xi] J SOUND "ks" sound :- $> & Soc5a OsStf &$\3*OL "ks Ex. ii] : fox, box, wax, tax. :Jd) "z" sound fesY' Vol ' a.s" s5cyS "Ssfito dcS^^- sjfi "z sound sj&ofi. _B Ex. 13] : xylophone, xylograph. : zi'l SOUND J "z" sound :- eja ^aor?^ "z (a) sound \ cco&>{S-\ d, __p &$8ot2bvfcJ$^ consonant sound ~3o& sound -^ s5od3ci &ec^ English sStfoS" 5 aorftpS)^ "rhyme"-e>o&n>tf>. rhymes- Poems Ex, : ^ 8 ^ra-^esofv lines O^^tS" &o&r>oKi, Rhyming words : trice, nice; flew, blue. : Nature of Rhyme /c&&)'&o 6$xfr. cO^SS&u) I] a) "3o< rhyming words S^S- vowel sounds Ex- : i) keep, peep; ii) lump, jump; iii)hate, late. "3o& ^D-o<5^ e,i sound b) IbObUjft. vowels- >%> Scrcr e>S) Scrcr : rhyming words r?^ &o6rcxo. me; ii) Ex. i) : lea, cloud, crowd; tS^J) . iii) He, eye. b) T3o&> rhyming words vowel sound go "Soifo (follow) &;S^ consonants sound SCPW- c) "^& "tcS consonants ^SS) EQKJ* a,i sound CT^D EcT-G' rhyme r? ft 56tfs5c6^&. P Ex : i] boughs, cows- S)05 'S?^' * oughs, ows e sound ?is Informative 43 English Grammar EXERCISE No. 3 : Write twenty sets of Rhyming words with the help of your text books or Dictionary. 1] 2] 6] 3] 4] 8] 5] 7]...., 9] 10] 14] 18] 11] 12] 16] 13] 17] 35] 19] 20] EXERCISE No. 4 : In the following sets of words two words each' other. Find the Rhyme with two words 7] Informative 1] 45 English Grammar seal, soul, pale, feel, soil 2] 3] hair, fire, dear, care, lawyer fear, fire, fare, flower, fire, foyer, fair, mayor 4] 5] fare flew, love, show, though 6] 7] made, lead, shade, cloud brought, draught, shout, craft CHAPTER V - STRESS Accent Accent Stress : Accent Stress Stress a, S . s a. 3 B Syllable Accent , Syllable "3o<^s5 Syllable Ex. : story', kindness', greatness' Stress 46 Symbol of Stress (^ \ & Stress &oS* ' & syllable ID a stress fectooS 51 5 - y syllable [ ] symbol&i a&ctoSaoS" q^co. etc. we?"* Chamber's Dictionary, Oxford Dictionary ~Si a &<$> ^s symbol' & ei3 stress &> S3 ^ _D 8o^o&! : Nature of Stress 1] -^e Q>y$ cS^SS^w) ^o^ accent stress i^ifo^oa. -&e accent 2] function B.S' sentence stress so ^a a-Si ^5o <3b^^_ nature and & : 6143 AotooS. etc. Ex-. aoua, verb, adjective e*$ 3] sStfsxflaSa^ formation (Scp^esSio) & ca|' stress ^ofcoofi, Ex. : (a) simple : word, (b) compound word, (-) &o"& "2ooC$< Key to Stress compound word 1] & Ex. 2] : s* hyphen )^5 syllable la stress 6otoo&. Q_ black'-boad, back'-bone, post'-rnan. &* Q compound word word S^S as56 syllable e.3' : hyphen ^g'^r8 ^ stre{ n> &ofa>oa. Ex. 3] backside', afternoon', policeman'. & compound word &*a 'Sodfo "3o& elements s58 stress sirtoefr* Ao"!) elements 8*$ syllabi la^ stress 1 : jig'-jag , riff-raff, ding'-dong'- tip'-top', chit'-chat'. Informative 4] & titioS* "5ootf& 47 English 5 Grammar syllable long vowel 8* S" &&$ &s3& short vowel syllable lb " &*&$ syllable AcSi^tf* stress aotooa. Ex. : ans'wer, ap'ple, bas'ket, don'key, far'mer. after, gar'den, mar'ket, tea'cher, wai'ter, use'ful, ac'tion. &g 5] titioS* "Stttfeo long vowel * sb^&(6 syllable y stress ^.AoPtf 5 vowel * gjp&?5 syllable "Soi^rf Ex. : al'most, al'ways, pas'sage, car'lo, cha'os, ex'treme, ab'tract, fol'low, da'ta, bam'boo, bag'gage. 6] &$ sJ^o^ "Sco!5d3 short vowel 5* 8 g3 8 syllable - ^tibsy^ long vowel ST gb-a^ syllable Atf^tf stress syllable ^ &ofcooa. Ex. : pota'to, toma'to, bsyond', about', beside', above', alive', arise', appeal', asleep', believe* mistake', agree', because', command', alone*, receive', before', upon', away', enjoy', succeed', important, elbow'. 7] ^ 3tio&* ^tfto short vowel 8* go-atf * gcr-fiS Syllab' ^{^s?^ sipcr short vowel slress syllable rs^ ^C3o5o ^^43 syllable syllable li Stress 48 Informative 49 English Grammar Stress 50 | EXERCISE No. in the 1] 5 In the following sets of words one word is s1 same way as the first word, find out that we admire, telegraph, democrat, magic, inform. order, enjoy, punish, electric, tomato. 2] 3] import, recognise, tomato, democrat, principal 4] 5] photograph, invitation, telegraph, politician. after, apple, aloud, action. 6] event, eager, extreme, elbow. 7] devine, dazzle, docorate, delay. CHAPTER - VI PREFIX A Prefix is a word or a verbal element placed beginning of a word qualifying meaning or au inf formation. Prefin leMrtbS" 9 ds$?5tf erofi3a. Ex : : en, i Nature of prefix 1] ej> (&S5tf 3g7S&) So && meaningful word 2] a) Noun- Verb Es : r joy (noun); ercjoy (verb). Informative 51 TV English Grammar b) Adjective-Verb Ex : rich (a); enrich (verb), Prefix-verbal element s'&jS sa verb TV 3&& sSotf ts sir'&Sooa. sSotf 3] Prefix ^tftoo tf&o cSaS^r meaning Ex : correct incorrect trust mistrust disloyal stop nonstop wrcdone loyal side done turn 4] Prefix a) preside return [Soft leg 6 & ejr o<5 b) rt A syllable, A word. Prefix 5] tfOJbdio^ sS^sia s5$5D tfo & &o& rv Prefix meaningful word 6 EXERCISE No. (a) : Pick out the Prefixes from the following mistake, won engulfed, recover, mistaken, impc illegal, enjoy, impose, repay, impress, refresh, impure, disagree, undc ing (b) Study the change in the meaning of the words when the Prefix joins them. foil Prefix 52 Informative 53 English Grammar Rhyme 54 Informative 55 English Grammar EXERCISE more words No. 7 : Pay attention to the prefix or using the same prefix. starter, and write two CHAPTER -VII Suffix A &$ Suffix is a letter or a syllable that can be placed at the end of a word in a word formation. tf&o OsStfdCo a,d 3$ wotf o"a> ^Sb^r^ letters & Suffix esokr&. si> "BeofibS^S (j$#gd&Sfo> (preposition") a] Nature of Suffix 1] sja {. oint mem O "S, *-> ft O X) o 2 S ca 53 'd a u 3 S o v o o d P 3 oj 4-J T-l o o CL, o ca acc a & BJ > t> o OS ce I -si I ^ S -o I a | w d O l-H O. CQ e> o O O cd OH rt & ^ I? O 2 c] s 1 ^ c/5 JJ T) * 6D .a 13 j Informative 59 English Grammar Suffix 60 8 : EXERCISE No. Study the following suffixes; pay attention starter and write one more word using the suffix. to th< CHAPTER Articles A or an, the - VIII e& "articles" eso^Co. Articles er< the demonstrative adjectives . $&> si 3 noun &> qualif; ! Noun & 1] s&>o& ^CoePoco, Articles the, 3o<& dyeo es>> Definite article- 2] Indefinite article < T an. 1] "The" definite article. &, So Ex. : The teacher came to the es^r? es class. "The teacher" >p tj sSb^sia & teacher teacher 9J Informative 2] "A" fi 61 English Grammar or "An" en "Bc&p "a,S" article- person, thing >_> So fr singular number S^S)- nouns Ex. : There is a man at the gate. esS e>tfo ! "& s&Sk" 5*3 ts ^bs: Use of the definite article 1] soo&> : & person, place or thing & So ftao) S5bo& "the a noun Ex. 2] EO : The pen you lost singular is found here. noun- nS) e^S^o^iSS &QO& Ex. : "the" &sS(3rAoi3'e. i) ii) 3~1 The cow is a usual animal. The horse is a noble animal. "fatf J tf&e : M S sioo^ "the" &<3j-Aoa). Ex. The Ganges, The Indus, TYze Godavari, The Krishna, The Pennar, The Amazon The Thames. &SJ$Sfc>(tf5&>o ID^ 2o 4] riSfoSfcoefl, Siuo(& "th Ex. : J'/ie Red Sea, The Black Sea, The Baltic Sea, 5] rotfen, sStfjtfsSbao The Indian ocean, The Passific ocean, The Atlantic ocean. "Sitf So ^oo^ "The" Articles 62 : Ex. The Nilagiris, The Himalayas, The Vi The Sathpuras, The Alps, 7V/e Aravalls e^tf&oe) "^'-'^ 6] ^c&sa, o& "The" Ex. : The Persian Gulf, 2 Vie California. jSsfcpsfofcae The Indus Valley, 7] g^sS 1=so &>o& "The" the British Islands, Ex- : ?y/e Andamans, the Phillipines, the East Indies. 81 J : Sh O<- Ss Jo^o Ij^So s5ooo& _fl f*> "The" the Ex. r/ze Vedas, the Rainayana, Puranas the Bharata, 6 the Bible. 9] (JoSSotfJ&S" e,^ &f ?5og5^ rfo srd'fjtf Bo "The Ex. : f/?^ Sun, r/;e Moon, the Earth. 2o the Sky, /7ze Sea, the Ocean, 10] &, proper noun &oc&> the Smo^ adjective adjective Ex. So "The" ^So^pftoira. ?/ie : Great Asoka, immortal Shakespear* adjective So 11] Superlative degree 8~*& The" Ex. : //re r/?e darkest, longest. r/re smallest, T/;e best, 12] "The" isS Informative Ex. : 63 the first, English Grammar the fourth the sixth, the second, the third, the seventh. "atf So r-i 13] Musical J instruments ^x>;> tr ;ao& "The" Ex. : ?/ze flute, the violin, the hormonium the thabala. 14] Noun So S^SjoD, . adjective fetf sSr'jji'to adjective Ex. xo& 1] "The" asSoarftoo-S. : 2] The poor cannot enjoy luxury. The educated will be cultured. degree <5"*3 15] Comparative adjective go adverb 77 "The" : &sSc3j*Aoiy>. Ex. the the more the more we merrier. get the : more we want. The use a) of indefinite article The use of "A" : eS^ singular (a number S^ nouns a dog.) So soo&- "A" ^sSiSrAo^o, twelve inches book, a boy, a ca Ex. : 1] make a foot. &s$ 2] 6,5^ : e>& estfc^ "A" Ex 3] Once there lived a King. 8 Any : && eitfoS" is SCPCT A Ex A cow a useful animal. b) Use of i] "A n " : & Singular CTS number S^S ^^sio5^ sioo<^- 'An' Sra^to vo sound 4eS5* a Articles 64 : Ex an ass, an ankle, an egg, an elephant, an ox, an ink-pot, an inn, an orange, an umbrella. 2] &e [o flrc an educated man, an uncultured man. vowel sound "3ri< soundsSn" Sicyo^ S3 consonant )S)S siooii) fl letter o^ yard sound. ^. ^owel sound s*&. srorf "A" ^sSc^pAoc 6 Ex : a fl woman whole 9 : ($>), 8 hole (s^ ), (csao-) fl (SS*" ), horse (SP-) a wheel ID' ( EXERCISE Fill an No. the blanks using suitable articles. trial 1] of case began in January. Take 2] umbrella but not a rain coat since 1 have two umbrellas but only one rain coat, Informative 3] I 65 English Grammar tell met him just- hour ago but he did not meeting tomorrow. me anything about 4] next morning boys were there again. as 5] Portia, dressed lawyer, helped duke conduct the case. 6] At 4 P M. -- interviews came to end. CHAPTER Preposition A Preposition is IX a word that takes the place before a noun or a pronoun in a sentence. &.S' Preposition S governs a noun or a pronoun. , preposition-noun pronoun^ lsHs sStfo rr ! sentence &*& &tf s^olf 5 ftv 3cao : The prepositions 2] are of three kinds 1] Simple Prepositions, Compound Prepositions, 3] Phrase Prepositions. I] Simple S'-B Prepositions /jStfS' a ^o)53S)iO "simple prepositions" .- Ex. at, by, for, from, in, of, off, till, on, out, through, to, up, with. Preposition 2] 66 Compound Ex. .- Prepositions above, across, about, along, amidst, among, amongst, around, before, behind, beetween, beneath, below, beside, beyond, inside, outside, within, without, underneath. 3] 6 Phrase Prepositions (sy g'c?ur>rt &tfexA &'! : tfo p group of words preposition orce : "phrase prepositions" -Bx. along with on (in) behalf of in case of in course on account of in away from because of regard to of in the event to of by dint of in favour of in front of owing by means of by reason of V f with lefe- rence to in order to with regard to with, a way of virtue of in place of view to in spile of in stead with an eye to in reference in addition or the sake of of to to Use of Prepositions f&'&'&tfz) ^JogSjotfo^ (a) e? >, : & preposition- & ff 9 sentence S* Qfr placet next place noun TPO, pronoun >) : "object of a preposition" e$o&r&. is Ex. The book in the box. Informative (b) Preposition 67 English Gramma* Ex. : 1] according to, 2] afraid of, 3] suffer from. 'according'^ sSoS, position^ tftftf 'to' es^ pre- A SSoooCfcfcjc^a. sa63 BJ afraid of, suffer from prepositions?^ ! L&a -^B Prepositions - prepositions JS afraid of, adstain from, acquainted with, aim at, associate with, ashamed of, addicted to, afflicted with, absorbed to, arrive in, accustomed at to, as well as, at the end of, able at at, day break, apply in, to, at dawn, apart with, to, noon, at night, of, at mid night, for, to, from, bewar* of of beg believe begin capable consist to, contrary differ care for, common to, from, depend upon, devoted due r disgustec froir with, deprived of, dispose off, deal with, 'escape exclude from, equal full of, fit for, to, eligible for, entitled to, to, fond c find out.favourable at, greedy of, grumt at, with, get up, glare good for, good hope for, invo t< ved in, invested with, indulged in, insist on, inferior in the morning, in the evening, in the day, in the af ternoo Preposition 68 junior to, key to, limit to, look at, known to,kick at, legal to, leave behind, less than, make up, make fun of, obe- dience to, oblige of, ought to, prevent to, on foot, out from, prepare for, pointed to, pick up, puzzle over, recover from, restrain from, reduce to, refer to, run away, superior to, subordinate to, suffer from, set submit to, sorry for, suited to, seem to, so well as, to, out, set up, search for, stare at true turn out, vex with. EXERCISE No. 1] 10 : Fill in the blanks using suitable prepositions : He sells twenty leaves the bread a day. going around 2] They were seen some tourists. museum 3] He walked parts east city. and came one of the quiet the 4] The white man looked superior me. May be he felt, me. invited to sing 5] M. S, was the great hall the U. N. General Assembly. 6] Sir, I want to be friend am 7] willing to lend -you and to prove this I you the money - three months he sprinkled the palm of free of interest. a plastic his bottle hand a white powder, 10J Informative 69 English Grammaf CHAPTER -X o;& "Conditionals" [2] >) SD'JO^CO'. [l]If> Unless. & "Sofiio conditionals- condition and result & 3eos& a) sentences & : frame 3dobgdy S^^^e5o. Ci^ sentences Use of 'If" a, "If" "%& conjunction. $> "3o&> eos&i$bo3. If ej^ & &g Q sentence rr 'if condition & 1 yei43 $j^ sentence- condition & 'isa^^boa. Sjo?S ^Co^eJ result sentence Ex. : condition ^D^ & : //you Part- 1 pass. .- study well, you can pass. You study well, Part-II You can ^e [oi : Nature of "If" Sentence If-Part-I l^j go siuoiSi ^Ob^bofi. ^e sentence 6 condition &> 3] I^^Ciboa. Part-II oSo 2] Part-II-Part-I ST ^cbdboa. Part-I and word Part-II dio^i. si^g 3* a verb 4] Part-I So ^ atflbtf conjunctive ^o^^ tense &, 5^^ verb cm>s'_ tense Conditionals 70 1 : Link Between the verbs of Part- & Part-ll Part-I S^S verb simple 'present l] &o~eb, tense' fir* Parr-Il<^) verb2] Part- 1 o"*) simple 'future tense' 5* ^ocrs. simple "past tense" Ssolb, ff* verb Part-ll 5~*3 verb ' simple "future" ^oc3 shall, can, Note co ; li 3^o,-v )3^&> will, may, must 3] sfr^o "past tense form"^ ^ocrO. Past-I 5*3 verb "Past perfect" 6* $o"&, Part-II 5^^ verb-"future perfect"^ ^oo-O. Note may, must Ex. : : &i ra li Note S^orv^ will, shall, can, ca 1] "Past tense form"^ $jocrs. 2] 3] // you run up, you can catch the bus. If you run up, you could catch the bus. If you had run up, you could have caught the bus, 41 "If" &> isStSrAou;, J oo& )> sentences &> eu e<. sentence a") / n* seoS3?6s3&) ^e ooiio (Joi eso^o sentences ^*S 'verbs'- Stforr ^SSarJ "So^a sentences b). former ^w^^iSo 5^0 verbscT?j 3*d3S) "If'ST* &o^s5ej^f6 * lJ form 35) c) ^5<^w form O Sa ^ra-\ "If" Part-I ^ob J ii "If" & condition & sentence 6' (jlL: Scr^O. d) "If" Co sr ^ sentence Si so clo^Sj (Part-I and Part-II) Satfg WCT^ conjunctive d5: Informative 71 English Grammar &* "SacSto only, then, then, e) "3o &, sentence Conditionals 72 " dio"a [1] If sentence $* Part- 1 negative negative &*"$ 6ocrD. Ex. : Positive : Negative not pass. 2] If : He studied hard, he could pass. He did not study hard, he could Part-I 8 sentences*- negative fj &$>*, Part-II <5* opposite meaning ooscK verb scn^ 1] If GJO. e Note dition : "unless" & s^g&o^" CP^. dkd5r Ao&c$sai3b con- ^$8*3: cr-sSo^cS result Ex Unless you start early, you cannot, bus. ~Z> catch the sentence &* "3o<& s^rfea &jg ^cx. t : Part-I Part-II > : You start early (condition) You cannot catch the bus (result) x goflorfS "unless" ^exs^sboa. ^s "unless" && 1 ,^s$a negative gj-cs tfOSjJg,^ wtyS^ Q^ofi. Ex. : 1] Unless you start early, the bus. You cannot catch 2] If you do not fcli start early, You cannot catch the bus. t> "3o&> o^. sentences e$a*K ^ a> : Nature of "Unless" sentence l] Unless Part-I ^"Cos?^ So oo& Part-I 2] Unless ^^ io sS^<& positive meaning ejaiv Part-II iocrO. Negative meaning 3] ae^sS^tft negative meaning Conditionals 4^ Part-I 74 and Part-TI So sfctfg b 3$"jxX> con- junctive word &oda*&. S^a So 5] Part-I verb Sbafy. tense So, Part- II a*a ztid verb (SflS^. tense &#g &$ 3#|b3 well, 'If sentence 5^ sS3^ &otoofi>. Ex.: a) Unless you play match. ^ you cannot win the b) c) Unless you played well, you could not win the match. Unless you had played well, you could not have won the match. 6] "Unless" & &SocapAo3, "do&> simple sentences & S" 8 sentence jv &$)'$)&>- If sentence unless a) "Unless" ^6bsy^ simple sentence- ao s positive sentence ?r3 6ocrO. b) 'So^^ sentence aosvy& negative sentence CHAPTER 'Jng' - XI form ^S (*gofi* Principal Verb esotn-to go Present Tense uisS^- iuj i^^ Participle e> firfr ^ "Ing" form S^ Presen lative x. &, 75 English Grammar : PJ ay -I- in g = Play ing. 'Ing' sentence <5~* form & ~do&> 1 l] 'Ing form ^ noun rv d^cS^Aca^^T8 Gerund 2] "Ing" iple form &> adjective A- re of 'ing' ll 'Ing' J Form r? : form- &$ noun ace 5"* noun 2] 'Ing' form a,^ adjective ?? ^"063 nou.Q &>- qualify ^^xioa. * 63 _J> 3] 'Ing' form Ji> BJ^ sentence ( noun &>5cx> verb e?^ "3o&> Jx : 1] Swimming is a good exercise, (noun) 2] I saw a monkey carrying like a mirror. (adjective) 3} I eating^ugar cane. (both noun and verb) "swimming" (noun) -subject, "carrying" (qualifying the noun) =monkey. "eating*' (noun) -object of the verb. like verb (taking the object) = sugar cane. 'Xng'forra 76 Use of "ing" form : Model-l e- : SIMPLE SLNTENCE + "ING" FORM sentence^ simple sentenced ^sbs?^ "Ing" "2tf form & tbsS(3j'fto^sS&^& & #or> &<3rAo>;$sa<& > "Ing" j&>cci, _e form- noun & qualify 3 IS "adjective" TV rs- Verb & modify 3~& 'adverb' : ^S^&oa. __o Ex. 1 saw an old lady wearing rags. "Wearing" (Adjective qualifying the noun) =Lady. Nature of sentence : l] !&>& simple sentence &&>& 'Jng' form 2] ^ "Sofiotf Si>^g Si S3^^^ conjunctive word 3] 'Ing' form a) Adjective r? noun & 'qualify' b) Adverb r? verb ^D 'modify' w&>o<3. joking J | (adverbs "Ing" forms/modifying the verb) = come. EXERCISE No. A) tence using 1] 13 : Combine the following sentences into one sen- 'Ing' form, as an adjective. a bag. It He should me and herbs. I contained the roots 2] noticed two little boys. They were playing a game. II] Informative 3] 77 English at the Grammar He was A white man was standing watching the boys. gate. 4] Yesterday I saw the white boy. over the dark boy. He was bossing 5] 6] There were- horses. They were riding by jockeys. There were forward. elephants. They were thundering following sentences B) Find out the verb is in the which 1] modified by the "Ing" form. She worked near us pretending not to know. All his life he has waited dreaming for this hour. 2] 3] They carne gathering into She spent all the great tent. it. 4] 5] the time thinking about She worked all the day cooking and buying. Model-U s : "ING" FORM + SIMPLE SENTENCE "SocSo model sentence &* r?&>, g?rex &otrcco. & "Ing" form ~dc& s?rto & simple sentence ! s)er 3"f)^&)SSyt3b ^oi&j actions ^odr^coi. 1) ^c^o, ! 2) c?) <3^ a "So^D actions <"*&,, simple sentence "Sp^a e-^ "Ing" form Ex, : A) Luz long kicked disgustedly at the ground, walking a few yards from the pit. 'ing'forrn 78 a B) Walking few yards from the pit, Luz long kicked disgustedly at the ground. First action :- Luz long walked pit. a few yards from at the S cond action :- Luz long kicked disgustedly ground. the Ti> examples $o&- (A) &* 'ing' '3cotfto simple sentence s' form, (B) 5^ 'Sstfto 'Ing' form tfc simple sentence ciKr^oc. & "*&> Ing' form- sentenced 'Ing' 'S&^u ag^rf &F?^ first action form &*&, second action simple sentence iocrS. : Nature of the "ing" form Sentence form &;?& "3^ follow words1] "Ing" complement 2~\ object^ r? ^o^^cij^oX). "Ing" form )3do simple sentence o5S >&&>$ conjunctive word &oti&. , (iii) complement : r>*&> [i] AS SUBJECT OF A VERB &S sentences"*- "Ing" form &>1 subject object rr sSab^Sa. (noun) Ex. : I like playing cricket. : [iii] AS & COMPLEMENT sentence^- Ing' forrnfo am/is, are, was were, has, have, had eb complements 'Ing'form transtive'verbso complement rr Ex. : The essential thing in life is not conquering but fighting well. Model-IV : "ING" a&oS. FORM AS PARTICIPLE n cfcSJcBr'AojDw^r 6 "Ing" form adjective .... e$a noun & qualify : Ex. Bookzwg Office; 5 Walkfng-stick. lb sJcyoS" - "Ing" form, noun & "3o&r> "ing" form- noun& qualify Walking-stick Re-opening-day Washing-Soap Dinirg-Hall Booking-office Working- day Moving-star Dressing- Writing-pad Match ing-grants Dressing-table Drawing-room CUeaning-oil room Closing-day Dancing-girl Joining time Reading-room Travelling-Agent Roxing-day Touring-Officer 15 Running condition EXERCISE No. Fill in the 1] : 2] 3] A -- (roll) stone gathers no mass. A -- (creek) door awakened the dog. The boy woke up I saw the storm The rain came inr it. blanks with suitable 'Ing' forms : 41 5] 6] -- (ask) a question -- (hear) the noise. -- (approach). -- (pour) down in torrent. is easier than to answer- Informative 81 English Grammar CHAPTER-XII To' Form ('$' 'principal verb 1 Present tense 5*0., sb &oo<3> 'to' tfgo, c?>a sentence "To" form b esodj^. "To" form S*S subject Soaotf s5bco#>. cx> s^otf subject (23 P erson > number, gender ^o^(ii. sirS^^- "To" forms* ScriS' 6^S "Infinitive" es) Sico^ci. NATURE OF 1] Siaoiii "TO"' FORM : 'To' form^- present tense^a Principal verbSo "To" &otoo>. ^S^ $&$&&&* verb & 'To' omit Sbofi. 2] "To" form &o5 sentence &* (a) E5j> "noun" "* ^sip^sia. e,^ noun placesS^ ASicS^^^^^oS*.... "To" form Ex. : I hate to take wine. rr s^cs- SD^^^oofi. ssja- (b) esja "verb" e^s" "noun 'transitive verb' rr objects Ex. 3] : I like to read a novel. a t^ca verbs & e^Sbs-^ sSd^ "To" form To 'To'Form 82 [5 [2] verbs"sotf will, would, shall, shoul (a) "Auxiliary must a ^cos'S" u$b\ "Tc can, could, might, may, \J form S" 6 To &o<&. : Ex. [1] I must go home, You should do it, 5 (b) 'Active voice"^ hear, see, make, know, fei r did, watch, behold o ^Sbs ^ tib To form 5* Ex. : [1] I heard him laugh, [2] I saw her wait, (c) 'Let' 1 let Ex. : &33^ sSc&y To forms'*- To &orfi him gr>, [2] Please let me know. 'interrogative' (d) 'Nagative', dare, sentences ^O^'To' forms (subjects of the verbs) = is. up I AS THE OBJECT OF A VERB formal&&' : 'To' SiCSbNcfc. sentence S* 8 object TV s)> noun : rv (SaidST^eSooS. Ex. I like to play cricket. the verb) To 3] play 'To' form (object of : = like. AS AN ADJECTIVE form&- & 'To' fto^o5fc>&' sentence \&>. Eifi form& 8j5' e,S' sentence &* 'adverb' verb J6a "modify" Sjojofi. Ex. I went to the market to buy vegetables. To buy 'To* form (modifying the verb) = went. : : (B) SOME IMPORTANT USAGES 1] -&B i o> verbs e^&s?^ person eS'co'B 'To' form ;& t ^ verbs &> s^cSa Sdio actionsSb Ex. : 1] want to play Cricket. 2] I like to see Sankarabharanam. 2>n-S>3533 "Scab 'transitive 2] verbs' r? * jjioa verbs z>~ Scr-zr- 33 3oo. q3 "objects" & && 1] Indirect object person, 2] Direct 1 object thing. $&&* 'To' form- direct 'objeet permit direct r? asSSpAckoa. ask, allow persuade regarded request or(i er command demand reject pray ~ " j P^y 7- Frame-2: Ex. 1] subject .1 | u verb I indirect | j object [ to form as dircct objcct : I ask him to stop. 2] 3] s He requested me to to help him. They allowed us So work. 3] . \%ab verbs ^Co^tf "To'* form & ^s verbs &S action r^Sb (Purpose) Ex. : 1] I go there to see my friend. 2] I sit here to read. <5"* 4] e LO> phrases &$ verb "To" form- "adjective'V person or thing E'exS &;5(3T'Aotfeifio>. & phrasesC"" & sb & s?3 IS pen quality s><6 e&S:QSooa. _D qualify "To" form "adjective"^ 'to* noun ^&oa. -J3 write with 'to' mouth *io' legs 'to' cat books soap 'to' T read news paper read walk think 'to wash food*to' eat cot 'to' sleep mind hands 'to' ball 'to' play 'to' work help T,V. radio 'to' see 'to' clothes 'to' wear friends 'to* hear house 'to' live tongue teachers *to* 'to'taste 'to' eyes 'to' see teach kindness help nosa 'to' smell lawyers 'to' argue sympathy 'to' help ears 'to' hear money 'io' spend willingness 'to' work 'to'Form Ex. : 86 1] I have ears to hea>\ willingness to work. L,~. 2] s (J:!., He has 5] adjectives^ ! sentenced" subjective e>?5rf complements were o s$&z; s j r? 6:o53rfluu)fci.T - am, is, are, was, iis76' s adjective 5"* ^O^^T r o^r adjective adverb "To" form iofcooa -3 adverb esoatf "To" form adjective to eat ?i> modify w good bad to use cheap to buy costly to buy beautiful to see dull to pass narrow to pass difficult to under- stand weak to walk easy to learn nice to play dirty to live ug!y to look at clever to score heavy to carry able to win small to bear sorry to bear Ex. : 1] The figs are is 2] The cap 16 : good to eat. bad to u e. v EXERCISE No. Fill in the blanks using 'To' f^-rm or if the verbs suggested in the brackets. 1] 'Ing form While (return) home because last night, he had not (drive) carefully his brakes were working properly. 2] 3] Think of what you want --(say) before you start. He started (behave) like a the police mail refused 4] druuken man, (arrept) him. (snatch) but (walk) by the girls road, he tried the necklace. Informative 5] 87 English Grammar (find) the front door unlocked, he decided (enter) the house. 6] (march) (attack) the down to Kalinga, Asoka decided, enemy immediately, CHAPTER Correct - XIII Form of Verb & sentence 5^0 'correct form of verb igo> 1] The nature of it the subject, 2] The auxiliary verb which 4] follows 3] The clue words in the in the sentence, 5] The tense of another verb sentence The time of action. 1] THE NATURE OF THE SUBJECT The correct form verb > : sentence &* csa subject lj wc*ds5(S d-otoofl. Subject person, number, gender oS^ acdcooS* verb gcres- v>~& person, number, gender uS" ^oc3o, Ex. : 8 1] Rajn, plays foot ball. 2] a] The boys play foot : ball. AUXILIARY VERB BO^ sentence eJ* auxiliary verb e.s'^^3 di^\^ a,"! & principal verb &$^$*- principal verb subject i person, number, aotoofi). gender a5^ djofcooS^ Person, gender aS^ Ex. : Leela reads the novel. : Subject Leela (singular number) reads (singular number) : Verb 2] : THE NATURE OF AUXILIARY VERB 8uS 5 sentence^ auxiliary verb, principal verb ^5 ooSofiS di^-MS" O- - form & igofi V S^orv &otooa. verb CT-S) of a) The form cSo^;^ nature t/ "S> (t auxiliary subje< yo-dsSfi &otoo>. b) The form of principal verb auxiliary verb n*i Sasg. jSsrsSoli is Ex. : 1] Mrs. Radha singing a song. 2] Mrs, Radha has sung a song. : Sentence-1 Auxiliary verb Principal verb 'is' 'singing* Sentecce-2 : Auxiliary verb 'has' Principal verb 'sung' Informative "3> 89 )S English Grammar S#orv principal verb s&o&tf^ auxiliary 6 verb& &43 ^do^ooa. -g-e sST'Cb^-^er- fcofcooS preparatorycT Ex. : "H 2] ~3] The criminal is running away. well. The lawyer had argued the case The story may corns to an end. She may be arriving here. He has been working well. 4] 5] 6] 7] The work The lesson :. is is being done. completed 3] CLUE WORDS & sentence &*& g" ?^ s$c? S' ^o ^ tense form & "B^osg rfo"ss'e!V (i) PRESENT TENSE "#e : ^goa iocs'o^ S>]3 a 1 e^a'^ a-S sentence 6 verb cSa^. tense present tenses" now-a-days at daily now just this present days every day now day in the present today in these days at this hour (ii) PASTTBNSR: ^6 ljHo> ^cyexS* ^ctf EO^ sentence &* bti^S* verb- past tense &* Correct form of verb long ago in the 90 the day before in the ancient days last week/month etc olden days long long ago yesterday in the past in the days gone by (iii) FUTURE TENSE s : (_oi sScFoS"* Si's ^ &$ sentenced verb future tensed &6ix>oc>) next week/day etc. in the tomorrow next time in future days : days to in future 4] come The TENSE & OF OTHER VERBS eS^ sentense tense "3o&>, bj*<3o verbs &o"& tense ID a,g verb form &6<3oo verb obatf^ tsq?6^a sen7? ^pq^^Esorf complex, compound form tence^ dokrcoD, 1)^5^ Prtoff* 5 "Sodfo SSwiSa wms) & sentence go 6o"S verb (Sa^^p tense es^ verb <5bD*_ tease form Example : Cmi or 1] f e fa -' } ' a "- U If you study well 1] and He went to the market you can score good marks and bought vegetables, 5] TIME OF ACTION & sentences'" ^ action 8 : sentence's verb cxto^j- correct tense form. e &^&) esQASS6 SCPCS* &o&, ssj^y^ ^r tfcoDSJ action tensed verb &C&DOS. perfect ej&ft&r & I^-^&SS present Ex. : ]] 2] (ii) He IKLI taken The Minister 5 his meal just HOW. has arrived just now. Past a" ^{JofijD, present &* o^cr atib^b^r 6^ tense action T* & "e^&& He verb- present perfect continuous 6ocrO. : Ex. (b) has been reading the novel since 6 A. : M. so^ PAST PERFECT TENSE &g action ^d-tfotf;>tf>toS& s^oo^ sSr^^o ^8 verb past perfect tense 5 the station, the train Ex. : Af ter left. I had arrived at (c) FUTURE PERFECT TENSE Future S* : & time limit a ^o^ s action & Ex. "eS3)&)^ verb- future perfect tense : I shall have visited your house by 10 A. M. : (d) TWO COMPLETED ACTIONS Past &* ~3o&> completed actions "S^eifSc'a^ tense JSaTJixS^toSb *so&,g* simple past ^jfr, "So^sS CT^S past perfect ^J Ex. : I had done to all rny home work, when Harj came mv house. Correct form of verb (e) 92. [tfci (Jd5r : PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE & Ex. (Joa verbs & s?) esoi^ ai3 present conti- nuous tense &* : i) Verbs of perception recognise. see, hear, smell, notice, ii) Verbs of appearing Verbs of emotion like, love, hate, appear, look, seen. iii) want, wish, desire, feel, hope, refuse, preter. think, suppose, iv) Verbs of thinking believe, agree, consider, trust, remember, forget, know, understand, imagine, mind, 3XERCISE NO. 17 :, Fill in the blanks in the following sentences using : the correct tense forms 1] of the verbs given in the brackets For the past fifteen years I (live) Yet whenever I (talk) of home. I in the ciiystill think of that green valley where I (grow) up. -That home and I - (remember) it like that latter is my years. 2] It was a magnificent trees morning. I (watch) as among the to see the flocks they (resound) (come) down the hill side. The air with the music of birds and tho young pale flowers 3] (bloom) in the night. In the moon light three figures (walk) noise. le^sly across the lawn towards trn window. They 1 3] Informative all 93 English Grammar (carry) guns them tired 4] under their arms and one of (have) a white, coat over his shoulders. A spaniel (return) again brown Today we (keep) close to their heels. home. The war - (be finish). And turning from into the inner tent and - (lie) bed. 5] them he - (go) down upon his Over the years M. people by first S. (help) thousands of poor (sing) for charitable causes. Portia (ask) Shylock S. (send) for a doctor. feeling tears to 6] The way M. that she - (sing) this song, the it of (put) into - (bring) the eyes everyone who - (listen) to her including Gandhi ji. 7] Indeed, many a time Antonic (call) Shylock a therefore, dog and (spit) upon him. No wonder opportunity that Shylock (bear) a deep grudge against for an him his and (wait) to have revenge. CHAPTER XIV - VOICE sentences I] Saakar helps Sasidhar, 2] Sasidhar is helped by Sankar. 'Voice 94 : Sentence- 1 Subject (helps) : Sankar- (doer of the action) S^c&os?&> s'_tf. S ntence-2 ft : Sasklhar (Not the doer e the Subject - verb action) Subject :- of action ^cdasycSD y&; ^S action NATURE OF ACTIVE VOICE 1] ($ V &$ sentence S* & subject(S^JO doer of the action & sentence verb- active voice &* NATURE OF PASSIVE VOICE l] Passive voice S" 8 sentence 6*S subject- doer of the action s*<&. verb- past participle 2] Principal 3] ^e Principal r? &ofcoo>. is, verb Sb SScoo^s e>s'fi3 am, are, was, vere, be, been, being 06* '35 aotoofi. 4] Principal verb- transitive verb A- Intransitive verb 5] go passive form S(2b. Passive voice <*- object, n-SS &oo& "by" CHANGE FROM ACTIVE VOICE TO PASSIVE VOICE : Active voice cT* &'$ c's'sioS & sentences sentences 6 & f c>3 passive Voice tT Informative Active Vojce 95 English Passive Voice Grammar Ravi plays Tennis. Ravi is Tennis Tennis is played by Ravi. playing Tennis. is being played by Ravi. Ravi has played Tennis Tennis has been played by Ravi. Tennis will be played by Ravi Ravi will play Tennis. Ravi would have played Tennis. Tennis would have been played by Ravi. Who can play Tennis ? By whom Tennis can be played. Let me play Tennis. Let Tennis be played by me. 1] He taught me English. English was taught to me by him. 2]I was taught English by him. MODEL-1 SENTENCE WITH ONLY ONE PRINCIPAL VERB Active voice rfo& tf&s& sentences S" 6 principal -s's verb &$_& aofcooS. ences & passive voice Auxiliary verb &ctt&. T*3 sent- &r> tfr t>> 1 $t \o, auxiliary ei verb Q&* e-n"3S principal verb am/is, are, was, were b ,joo i^Sri ,oc i O Ex. : Active \oice Passive voice ;:- Latha sings a song- A song is sung by Latha. object Change .- l"] Subject^ object place vO. subject place Voice 96 verb 2] Principal 3] e & past participle rr So principal verb oo&- am, is, are, was, were o^ a^o-OO AsSSSrAoS'e. sfc>o<2> 4] sSrtfy? sto^tf object^ "by" EXERCISE No. Change 1] 18: (he following sentences into passive voice. 2] 3] Raju broke the window. The students wrote six compositions. The doctor treated many patients. 4] 5] 6] The monkey carries the baby monkey. The van carries twenty students. He teaches me. 7] 8] They teach him. The donkey carries the load. 9] Five horses drag the cart. 10] The Swamiji blessed all the devotees, EXERCISE No 19 A poisonous 1] : snake bit Raju. 2] 31 He ate some special herbs as a cure. Srinivasa broke the glass. 4] 5] He threw the pieces of glass into the dust bin. The developments of rocket vehicles open up many new 6] 7] possibilities for re-search. The parents brought them up with poverty. difficulty. Tbey gave them a good education inspite of their loforjnative 8]j 97 English Gta&jtti* 9] The sudden storm brought about It swept away homes and crops people unaware. 10] ShohanlaJ polished the man's shoes, thanked him. Th man 11] They gram : a-?ked *!tndhiji tot if they should give a tele- Sei\6ag^* MODEL-2 am, is, SENTtNGE IN CONTINUOUS TENSE tf 1 *- Active voice ^ mode] sen tehees 1 tfodfc verb'ing' are was * were 06*?' Aofceoa** j &^-AoA; 0*0^^00^ CTS'^cbsy^ tense* S*1 fotm verb ejfi- Aofcoofi. (present cjitin^as alM8* pat^ eofrtfetro%&).* Active vo ice fl Ex. : Active voice :-Mahdthma is playing chess. VdcV :i:"Cftess islieing played by ? >+ i* object place 5^*35, ff* s> 5 object &- subject place sSr o-^O. 1 2] Principal verb 3^J &- past participle?? s5ro*^0 Principal verb subject & sioofia^ auxiliary verb e5'53^ S SS number 4] Auxiliary verb 'being' So principal verb ^sS^pAcc-O. 5] sS^5t6 object- so Informative 4] Auxiliary verb 99 English principal verb Grammar & "been" 5] sir"6^ object & boui> "by" 3 EXERCISE No. 21 : Change the verbs in the following sentences passive voice wherever necessary. Ex. : into 1] I have done a mistake. all 2] You have done the sums. 3] Saila has bought a new watch. his friends to the dinner 4] 5] Sekhar has invited Syam The The has received many down presents on his birthday. 6] Pilot has slowed terrorists the plane. 7] have killed hundreds of people in Punjab. 8] The the separatists had stored many arms in Golden Temple. 9] The Government has implemented the A. I. the police action in Punjab. 10] The Congress (i) has hJd Session at Kamaraj Nagar. : C. C. MODEL-4 s SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE simple future I Model Sentences Active voice S^S "2o3w4o tense &* sentence &* will, 3o<56 verbs shall, auxiliary verbs would, should, can, could, may, might, must v&* a^eJ &o&; Voice e,g 100 principal verb aodo&oS. -& sentences^ passive sSj-Ca^toBb voice fi^SS "be" ) principal verb & Ex, : Active voice Passive voice :- Kumar friend. will write a letter to his :- A letter will be written by Kumar Change : to his friend. l] Subject &- object place S^SI, object &>- subject place 5*38 sSrep^O. verb 2] Principal &- past participles verb SSptf&. 3] Auxiliary verb 4] Auxiliary go, principal verb go "be" 5] sfrStf object : So 'by' EXERCISE No. 22 Change the verbs in the following sentences into passive voice wherever necessary. 1] We The must respect the teachers. sight will delight us. 2] 3] 4] 5] We He The can gain nothing without effort. will speak the truth. will attend the The Chief Minister soldi:rs meeting. 6] 7] 8] must attack the enemy. The journalist will gather the news. all You must do the sums. 10] poem by heart. The lawyer may argue the case on his bahalf. We should get the 14] Informative 101 English Grammar MODEL-5 $ : FUTURE PERFECT TENSE sentence- Model eTS H future perfect tense verb 6 cf (o> sentence J*S cSs^ form Ex. : He would have Subject ::- received the gift. He; Verb :- would have received; Object the gift. & 6^a. verb &* "Sstfto e^Cflsye^ ~5o& auxiliary verbs "received" &' principal 'would' 'have' &c3^o3D. verb sentence- future tense verbs so^rf 83 i. . & 3o(S?5 !)"t>- have, w e^u) principal participle rr verb Aodj^oco. ^s principle verb SCPO* past c'S'sio &otooa. &' sentence sb &- passive voice "*) sSj'totoSo principal verb ^odb- "been" Ex. : Active voice : Nirmala would have done the home work. Passive voice :- The home work would have been done by NirmaJa. Change : l] - Subject & object place "*) 5"*, object ^> subject place sSro^O. verb- past participle ;v3 2] Principal verbs 3] "3o& auxiliary ^ds^. eer Voice 102 verb 4] -Auxiliary So, principal verb b 'been' &> asScSj-ofSos-O. 5] ^r6J6 object Eo boo& "by" EXERCISE No. Change 23 : the verbs in the following sentences info passive voice wherever necessary. 1] Ravi would have completed the story. She might have seen the thief. 2] 3] 4] i] Raju could have managed the shop. Rarou ought to have done his duty. The Janata Express could have stopped station. at the i] /] The Police might have arrested the criminal. The Minister may have visited the colony. 8] My friend might have written this letter. 9] The customers goods. would have purchased all the 10] The students may have attended the class. CHAPTER-XV Reported Speech NATURE OF DIRECT SPEECH Direct speech <5*> sentence & 1) Informative (1) Part-I (2) Part-II :- 103 English Grammar Inverted Inverted :- commas go commas So e3_< G*Q take you to Ex, Mr. Rao said to Krishna "I Madras". Part-I Mr. Rao said to Krishna. : : will Part-II 2) : "I will take you to Madras". II : LINK BETWEEN PART-I & [l] Part-il 8*3 So <*>>^ first personal pronouns Part-I *) subject SofiJSS. eshj_ [2] Part-II S^S So second personal pronouns- Part-I S^JD object [3] 3oa$3. Part-II &*> nouns eb^ vocative case So Part-I 5*0 object^ 3o>SS. [4] Part-II S*S verb s&, Part-I S^JD verb So [5] Part-II 6* ?3*eofa J5S^oe3 J6 sentences esD : [l] Assertive form, form [2] Question form. [3] Order^Request 3] form. [4] Exclamatory : CHANGE OF OTHER WORDS Reported Speech 104 MODEL-I :- PART Model form s* : II "ASSERTIVE FORM" Sentence Assertive ^r 8 Part-II (5^3 DIRECT SPEECH Raju Raju said to Hari "7 will give you : t my bicycle" REPORTED SPEECH told Hsri that he would give /rim, his bicycle. : CHANGE 7 [1] Part-II a*- sentence-assertive form <5"* form sfrtfs $Z3tfn to. esh first [2] Part-II (T'iO personal -pronouns So Part-I tT*3 subject cSoS'- person, number, gender o J^> [3] Part-II CP^ second personal Pronouns&person, Part-I S^a object 63^)5^ number, gender o I"4"I L _l Part-IT ^S3 verbs e5S>o63S) Part-I C*- ^S verb EXERCISE No. Change 1] 24 : the following sentences into reported like speech. Leela said to Rahim "I ness." you for your good- 2] The officer said to the steno "I want to send you to Hyderabad ou some urgent duty." 3] Sainatha said to Saothi "You can come to my house whenever vou like." Informative 4] 105 English Grammar The Police man said to the thief "I will not leav e you until you reveal the truth." MODEL-2 (a) : PART-II "QUESTION WITH A QUESTION WORD" Part-II S^S Model &* sentence aotoofi. question with a question word form 6* DIRECT SPEECH The Police : man said to the man "Why are you standing here doing nothing ?" REPORTED SPEECH: The "Why he was standing there Policeman asked the doing nothing." man CHANGE ^ : 1] Part-II <"*> sentence- question f orm S* assertive & &SS first form 5 S r5 sfra^S). 2] Part-II personal pronouns & Part-I &*a subject P erson 3] number, gender o S^sg sSro^o. Part-II (S^S <5"*!D cs^ second ' personal pronouns^ Part-I . object cSw^^r P erson number, gender o ^SS verb said, 4] Part-II cT'a verbs es^odS) Part-II tf*S tense 5^S3 s5j*a^0. r? 5] Part-I ^10 verb- "asked" r>- 5"^ questioned g"S Xrty^Q. EXERCISE No. 25 .- Change the following sentences into Reported speech! The officer shouted to his men "Why are you 1] moving on ?" The Traffic Policeman said to the driver. 'Why 2] are you moving the vehicle, When the red signal is given." Reported Speech 3] 106 said to the shop keeper. is The customer "Which to his of these two pens 4] cheaper ?" said What client. is your name ?" the lawyer MODEL- 2 (b) & :- PART-II "QUFSTION WITHOUT Part-II &*$ A QUESTION WORD" Model sentence 5^ sentence- question without a question word form &* DIRECT SPEECH Ranga said to : Rekha "Are you going home now?" REPORTED SPEECH: Ranga a=ked Rekha whether she was then. going home CHANGE form"*3g pronouns : 1] Part-II 2] &*S question form &- assertive Part-II S^IO sSj-o^O. vS^ first personal & Part- &*& sSrcr'^S. subject cSQ^^- person, number, 3] gender o S^SS Part-II ^^ &$^ second 5^S verbs personal pronouns &"*) Part-I 5^S) object cfagfr. person, number, gender o esa^odSb 5] ^cr'^O. 4] Part-II Part-II fi^S verb co-iDIO &&&*^oAoc?^. you, please, kindly, pray oS* a A^ - first personal 4] Part-II (3^^ pronouns^ Part-I r6 .5 S) subject Sx>3'k- person, number, gender v 5] Part-II e^S) 1 5Spcr>^D second personal - pronouns Part-I 5*0 object (Sxjg person, number, gendero Reported Speech 1 108 6] 'Said e>3 verb &- request^d/ordered/asked EXERCISE No. Change 1] 27 : the following sentences into reported speech. The gateman said to the lady "Please buy your tickets from the booking office." The old man to 2] said to the girl "Give a telegram your brother today. Don't waste time." 3] Suman said to Venkatesh. "Please give me your Wrist Watch." 4] "Do the home work PART-II Part-II first and then read your books." Said mother. MODEL &6 4 : "EXCLAMATORY sentence- SENTENCE" Models'* 1 fiT*iO exclamatory sentence/*? aodaofi. DIRECT SPEECH The : visitor said "How : high the building is !" REPORTED SPEECH The visitor exclaimed that the building was very high- CHANGE : l] Part-II 5^3 exclamatory sentence &- assertive sentence 7? 2] Part-II 5^3 first personal pronouns&> Part-I^lO subject c3^_ person, number, gendero 15J Informative Part-I J09 English personal Grammar &>- 3] r;o second pronouns object oxoS' person, number., gendero 4] Part-II S^S) verbs- Part-I S^iO verb tense S^SS sfra^O, 5] Part-I & II o& oo^>5o- )3>tfg- "that" Aoo>. 6] Said &>- exclaimed r? sSj'cf^D. EXERCISE No. 28 : Change the following sentences into reported speech : The guest said "What a clever girl Haritha is !" 1] 2] 3] Neeraja said f "What a fine picture it is v it is !' 'What a lovely garden !" he I" said. 4] "What a wonderful story it is Bharathi j.aid. EXERCISE No. "Now 29 : Reported the following sentences. 1] after trying the chillies and onions" He said to 2] me, "You should add the vegetables," driver, The policeman asked the show me your licence." "Could you I 3] The stranger asked me "Where can for me." "Pick up the stick" dark boy. the irhite get a care 4] boy told the 5] "My husband and said brothers will be home soon" Mr. Sappleton to Fromton," Reported Speech 6] 110 Gandhi I will said. "Why waste money en a telegram. announce the date in the course of my said prayer address." 7] "I've heard so to P. Suseela much about you." "Won't you sing for Helen me ?" CHAPTER XVI - Polite TOOL &>$ Manners &> Polite r? Sentence SJCTO&J r?, phrase s5> iv sentence ^aoaii w"S^ words/phrase ^ Tool USE OF TOOL 8u^ : sentence 4 So sicodi, &,& Tool ?SD ^^NtoosSo^XJ Si 'Tool' sentence S ^o^g^co:, polite sentence A: LINK BETWEEN TOOL AND SENTENCE 1] Tool r$ago sentence es&Scraor? So ^oi5b Stf "sentence" Tool ^oe? sS^db z><5* S3 verbs ^odd^o subject 2] Sentence 5^ auxiliary form jSyub-^ofii. Question 3] Sentence cSa^ assertive form o^SiS, assertive form- question form- form Informative 1 1 1 English Grammar MODEL- 1 : REQUESTING OTHERS FOR SOMETHING -6s model Ex. : Tool :- : "could you please." Sentence Please give : Polite request me your pen. Could you please give me your pen , CHANGE 1] : "Could you please" csTS "Tool" & sentence so 2] "Tool" 36^3 &z?- "sentence" question 56 form ^35 peoio>. s*3 sentence S^S principal verb 3] o^^D$)^> principal verb &- CT- Tool" ^* ^o^r-S. MODEL 2 : REQUESTING OTHERS TO DO SOMETHING FOR US Ex. : Tool :- : "could you please." Sentence Please read out the news paper for me. Polite sentence CHANGE e>3 "Tool" : 1] Cmtld you please read out the news paper for me. Sentence & oc&> "could you please" :>, & 3cr^ 2] Sentence ff* principal verb go Polite Manners 112 3] aoftDcsfcoiS^ sentence &- 'Tool 1 ST* sentence rv Sjtf^dfoSboa, e sentence- questionform MODEL-3 : AGREEING TO TEE REQUEST OF OTHERS request s S^?5^do....3r6 equest , & model &:ScSrAfoj)o). _0 Ex. : Tool : Request of others to the "By all means," Could you give me your : wrist watch Agreeing please take request ? : (polite) By all means, it. CHANGE (So too a. : I] sjeTioo request 'question [form' &* s*porf ^J6 reply assertive form cif* &OCTO. Tool ^ 'By all means' e>^ 2] Answer & SJ^&OCP Tool 8* answer n ^^tSrAo^^iS^^). answer S> 3] ^d^, SCPCT di^tST'Ao^^^efe-s'e answer A 5 - So "S5fci please kindly ej*ofi3 sScyaSSs gips* 4] ^ a^'oTT 1 Tool^T answer answer "positive" MODEL 4 : REFUSING THE REQUEST OF OTHERS &sa^6o y"Scr > eg^ioo request ao^^ ) Refuse ^ Ex model : ^so(Sr>f\SidSoSc)o6. : Tool "I am sorry, but." Informative Request of others : 113 English Grammar Could you give please. me your bicycle, but, I can't give Refusing the request of others (polite) : I am sorry, it; I have some urgent work. : Tool CHANGE l] & wc^a EI> question rr Sentence so ohjo& "I am sorry but" &"$ assertive 2] Sentence&* form &* form &fS^i& sj^Sbo request go- reply &o&>. 3] >. ^ -Bs^c6to?v &?S^s&) answer- negative 77 3 Positive TV MODEL- 5 SAYING : 'I AMSORRY (APOLOGY) J S^fTto&o, ^/Ttotoo; ^e model Ex. T* &otooa. ui^^j "apology" sorry." : Tool : : "1 am Sentence I have dropped down your mirror into pieces. Polite Sentence : 1 am sorry, I have droppec down your mirror into pieces. Tool&>sentence CHANGE l] "I : am sojrry" ^ 2] Sentence positive rv^ ^oc^O. Negative JT Polite Manners 114 6 MODEL : ASKING FOR INFORN modeler5 : 5oc?to oxr> (i) Ex. : Tool :- "could you please tel] Question Is the Chief Minister arriving : Polite Sentence Could you please tel Chief Minister is an ' now. CHANGE sentence g& .- 1] "Could you Please 3a^0, tell me" forn j&cdfc 2] Question sentence &>- 'answer form Ex. : Question form :- Is he playing ? is Answer form 3] :- He 6 playing. Tool&> sentence^" fe^cSpftoa9 !). gesSftrS) ^^ ^ ther & Question without word- ED3s3)ci If /whether^ dSb'cSpAoc?!). (ii) Ex. : Tool :- : "could you please tell does the G. T. Express i Question When : Polite Sentence Could you please fell n G. T. Express arrives here. CHANGE 1] : "CouJd you please tell me" ' sentenced &GG& ^a-^Q. 2] Question f< sentenced assertive form nfformative Ex. : 115 English Grammar Question form Assertive form : : When When tfe> does theG. T. arrive? the G. T. arrives. 3] Question word axcfo sSycr-^t). Questions &> Stfor? MODEL- 7 : ASKING FOR PERMISSION permission model (i) ;5cBjrtsadfoefcoa. Ex. Sentence Polite "Would you mind." :smoke here/can is oke here ? Sentence :- Would you mind my smoking : Tool I : herfi CHANGE ence 53 -. l] "Would you mind" CToAoi^b. ^ Tool & sent- &OQ& ^cr^O. 5*10 2] Sentence principal verb so wjooiibrf^ sb"c?a^ofi3S) (Subject^ Auxiliarj verbs), 3] Principal r?sSycr'^eJ. verb &- present partieiple ("Ing" form) 4] ^'-8 principle verb ^D go aiaoto- subject so SoftcS possesive its, pronoun dcr-^O, (my, our, your, his, her, their). (ii) Ex. : Tool :- :- sentence Can I : smoke "would you mind if." here/I smoke here. L Polite Sentence Would you mind if if" smoked here. CHANGE sentence So : 1] "Would you mind ^ tool &- ^o& ^T^S. 2] Sentences- assertive form Polite Manners 116 [aortas' i_s>6] Sentence- simple past- tense dT^i 3] sentence tense 5* ASJ 1 &c<3"0. ^- a-33 simple past- tense MODEL-8 : MAKING SUGGESTIONS #* model (i) Ex. : Tool :- :- "1 suggest you." Sentence You : must 1 seJl away ?ell your old bicycle. Polite Sentence suggest you away your old bicycle. So CHANGE : 1] "I suggest you" v>"a Tool &- sentence Principal 2] Sentence S^IQ verb So Toftoz?. 3] Principal verb ?jo- D g&a-ti (ii) AtS sentence 5?5oS^ A5&5 Tool S : Ex. Tool : "I suggest that/' Sentence : You must meet :-/ suggest the Principal at once. liiat Polite Sentence you mu r t meet so CHANGE \>. VJ : 1] "I suggest that" ^ Tool &,-vfO, the Principal at once. sentence & 3o^). 31 -I 2] Sentence- simple future tense ^aS noun Sentence 5*. "you" ^rcO^iSi ^^ Sj"a HQ SUbjeCt J r>* Si 5"* GS7n atf^ di06X)OiS S'^oJQ^^Sb. 8 Simple future ?5 tense sentence S" - must/ should X D. /TO.. & fTQ... 157157- 207157k 6Oji O 157157- 127- 555 : 257- 157- e DiSg 207127- 127127- 127167- 12787- 167- 107187- 87- eson 157- 157157127- 207878712767V3-(j^p' jB, 127tD(p" t O ^-,, 'w " J 67127 167 0-3 1 4767- 107S. ?)oirU"5>, MA. iTQ .... 157 57 107 127- 10; ^~i"i R^ 1 nn \/ P R PP*~* tij^u&uffi&iM.O. 'I^P Sv ""B^^ r ^ y 'i ^ioio^ o^i5^*o "!)&, y>\d^} rJ\i^uJrr i^ro'ij'i:), oo^ |oj5tJ*[D <=sit - 522 201. Phone No. 23037 Cont....4tf Voice . 98 20 : EXERCISE No. Change the verbs in the following sentences into passive voice wherever necessary. 1] They are repairing up the road. 2] 3] He was pulling down the rope. the children well. . The old lady was bringing up - .-4] 5] 6] The players are playing the Match The workers are cutting the crop. The driver : is repairing the engine. MODEL-3 &* SENTENCE IN PERFECT TENSE tense eT* Model sentence- perfect &o&o>, &$&* "5p&> verbs 60^00. L&* "Scotfd verb TV- have, has, had principal verb &ofcooo> o&* BJ &otoofi>. n"0 ^tfbsr^ r? Principal verb- past participle fect/past prefect). S)d30 (present per- passive voice principal verb Ex. : So s5ix)0(& "been" Active voice Passive voice :- Sumathi has seen the thieves. :- The thieves have been seen by Sumathi. Change .- l] Subject &- object place 5*03, object &>- subject place ^S sfrc^o. verb- past participle 2] Principal verb 3] Auxiliary &. sSpQtf subject So number 5*03'