List_of_Nobel_laureates

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia List of Nobel laureates List of Nobel laureates As of 2008, 789 individuals and 20 organizations have been awarded a Nobel Prize. Four Nobel laureates were not permitted by their governments to accept the Nobel Prize. Adolf Hitler forbade three Germans, Richard Kuhn (Chemistry, 1938), Adolf Butenandt (Chemistry, 1939), and Gerhard Domagk (Physiology or Medicine, 1939), from accepting their Nobel Prizes, and the government of the Soviet Union pressured Boris Pasternak (Literature, 1958) to decline his award. Two Nobel laureates, Jean-Paul Sartre (Literature, 1964) and Lê Ðức Thọ (Peace, 1973), declined the award; Sartre declined the award as he declined all official honors, and Lê declined the award due to the situation Vietnam was in at the time. Six laureates have received more than one prize; of the six, the International Committee of the Red Cross has received the Nobel Peace Prize three times, more than any other.[6] Among the 809 Nobel Laureates, 35 Nobel laureates have been women; the first woman to win a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903.[7] In years in which the Nobel Prize is not awarded due to external events or a lack of nominations, the prize money is returned to the funds delegated to the relevant prize.[8] The Nobel Prize was not awarded between 1940 and 1942 due to the outbreak of World War II.[9] U.S. President George W. Bush with the six 2003 American Nobel laureates in the Oval Office The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: Nobelpriset, Norwegian: Nobelprisen) are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Another prize, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributors to the field of economics.[2] Each prize is awarded by a separate committee; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace.[3] Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years.[2] In 1901, the winners of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the winners were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK.[4] The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel’s death.[5] Laureates Notes • A In 1938 and 1939, the government of Germany did not allow three German Nobel Laureates to accept their Nobel Prizes. The three were Richard Kuhn, Nobel Laureate in Chemistry in 1938; Adolf Butenandt, Nobel Laureate in Chemistry in 1939; and Gerhard Domagk, Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine in 1939. They were later awarded the Nobel Prize diploma and medal, but not the money.[6] • B In 1958, Russian-born Boris Pasternak, under pressure from the government of 1 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Year Physics 1901 Röntgen, Wilhelm ConradWilhelm Conrad Röntgen 1902 Lorentz, Hendrik A.Hendrik A. Lorentz; Zeeman, PieterPieter Zeeman 1903 Becquerel, HenriHenri Becquerel; Curie, PierrePierre Curie; Curie, MarieMarie Curie 1904 Rayleigh, LordLord Rayleigh Chemistry van ’t Hoff, Jacobus H.Jacobus H. van ’t Hoff Physiology or Medicine von Behring, EmilEmil von Behring List of Nobel laureates Literature Prudhomme, SullySully Prudhomme P D D P F Fischer, Hermann Ross, RonaldRonald Mommsen, EmilHermann Emil Ross TheodorTheodor Fischer Mommsen Arrhenius, SvanteSvante Arrhenius Finsen, Niels RybergNiels Ryberg Finsen Bjørnson, BjørnstjerneBjørnstjerne Bjørnson Mistral, FrédéricFrédéric Mistral; Echegaray, JoséJosé Echegaray D D G G C C Ramsay, WilliPavlov, Ivan PetroamWilliam Ramsay vichIvan Petrovich Pavlov von Baeyer, AdolfAdolf von Baeyer I I 1905 Lenard, PhilippPhilipp Lenard Koch, RobertRobert Sienkiewicz, v Koch HenrykHenryk Sienkiewicz t Golgi, CamilloCaCarducci, GiosuèGiosuè millo Golgi; Carducci Ramón y Cajal, SantiagoSantiago Ramón y Cajal Laveran, Charles Louis AlphonseCharles Louis Alphonse Laveran Mechnikov, Ilya IlyichIlya Ilyich Mechnikov; Ehrlich, PaulPaul Ehrlich Kocher, Emil TheodorEmil Theodor Kocher Kipling, RudyardRudyard Kipling 1906 Thomson, J. J.J. J. Thomson Moissan, HenriHenri Moissan R T R 1907 Michelson, Albert A.Albert A. Michelson Buchner, EduardEduard Buchner M T T R R 1908 Lippmann, GabrielGabriel Lippmann Rutherford, ErnestErnest Rutherford Eucken, Rudolf ChristophRudolf Christoph Eucken A t s B B 1909 Braun, FerdinandFerdinand Braun; Marconi, GuglielmoGuglielmo Marconi Ostwald, WilhelmWilhelm Ostwald Lagerlöf, SelmaSelma Lagerlöf B M M B d C B B n 1910 van der Waals, Johannes DiderikJohannes Diderik van der Waals 1911 Wien, WilhelmWilhelm Wien Wallach, OttoOtto Wallach Kossel, AlbrechtAlbrecht Kossel Heyse, PaulPaul Heyse I B Curie, MarieMarie Gullstrand, Curie AllvarAllvar Gullstrand Maeterlinck, MauriceMaurice Maeterlinck A C C 2 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia List of Nobel laureates F m F 1912 Dalén, GustafGustaf Dalén Grignard, VictCarrel, AlexisAlexis orVictor Grignard; Carrel Sabatier, PaulPaul Sabatier Werner, AlfredAlfred Werner Richards, Theodore WilliamTheodore William Richards Willstätter, Richard MartinRichard Martin Willstätter None None Richet, CharlesCharles Richet Bárány, RobertRobert Bárány None Hauptmann, GerhartGerhart Hauptmann R 1913 Onnes, Heike KamerlinghHeike Kamerlingh Onnes 1914 von Laue, MaxMax von Laue Tagore, RabindranathRabindranath Tagore None L H F N 1915 Bragg, William HenryWilliam Henry Bragg; Bragg, William LawrenceWilliam Lawrence Bragg 1916 None 1917 Barkla, Charles GloverCharles Glover Barkla 1918 Planck, MaxMax Planck 1919 Stark, JohannesJohannes Stark 1920 Guillaume, Charles EdouardCharles Edouard Guillaume 1921 Einstein, AlbertAlbert Einstein Rolland, RomainRomain Rolland N None None von Heidenstam, VernerVerner von Heidenstam N Gjellerup, Karl AdolphKarl I Adolph Gjellerup; t Pontoppidan, HenrikHenrik Pontoppidan None Spitteler, CarlCarl Spitteler Hamsun, KnutKnut Hamsun France, AnatoleAnatole France Haber, FritzFritz Haber None Nernst, Walther HermannWalther Hermann Nernst None Bordet, JulesJules Bordet Krogh, AugustAugust Krogh N W d B B Soddy, FrederNone ickFrederick Soddy B H i L L L 1922 Bohr, NielsNiels Bohr Aston, Francis Wil- Hill, liamFrancis Willi- ArchibaldArchibald am Aston Hill; Meyerhof, Otto FritzOtto Fritz Meyerhof Pregl, FritzFritz Pregl Banting, FrederickFrederick Banting; Macleod, John James RichardJohn Benavente, JacintoJacinto Benavente N F 1923 Millikan, Robert A.Robert A. Millikan Yeats, William ButlerWilli- N am Butler Yeats 3 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia List of Nobel laureates James Richard Macleod 1924 Siegbahn, ManneManne Siegbahn None Einthoven, WillemWillem Einthoven Reymont, WładysławWładysław Reymont Shaw, George BernardGeorge Bernard Shaw N 1925 Franck, JamesJames Zsigmondy, None Franck; Richard Hertz, GustavGustav Hertz AdolfRichard Adolf Zsigmondy 1926 Perrin, Jean BaptisteJean Baptiste Perrin Svedberg, TheodorTheodor Svedberg Fibiger, Johannes Andreas GribJohannes Andreas Grib Fibiger C A b D G Deledda, GraziaGrazia Deledda B B S G S 1927 Compton, Arthur H.Arthur Wieland, Heinrich H. Compton; OttoHeinrich Otto Wilson, Charles Thomson Wieland ReesCharles Thomson Rees Wilson 1928 Richardson, Owen WillansOwen Willans Richardson 1929 de Broglie, LouisLouis de Broglie Wagner-Jauregg, Bergson, HenriHenri JuliusJulius Wagner- Bergson Jauregg B a Q Q Windaus, Adolf Nicolle, Otto ReinholdAdolf CharlesCharles Otto Reinhold Nicolle Windaus Harden, ArthurArthur Harden; von Euler-Chelpin, HansHans von Euler-Chelpin Eijkman, ChristiaanChristiaan Eijkman; Hopkins, Frederick GowlandFrederick Gowland Hopkins Undset, SigridSigrid Undset N Mann, ThomasThomas Mann K B 1930 Raman, VenkataVenkata Raman 1931 None Fischer, HansHans Landsteiner, Fischer KarlKarl Landsteiner Lewis, SinclairSinclair Lewis S a Bosch, CarlCarl Warburg, Otto Hein- Karlfeldt, Erik AxelErik Bosch; richOtto Heinrich Axel Karlfeldt Bergius, Warburg FriedrichFriedrich Bergius Langmuir, IrvingIrving Langmuir Sherrington, Charles ScottCharles Scott Sherrington; Adrian, Edgar DouglasEdgar Douglas Adrian Morgan, Thomas HuntThomas Hunt Morgan Galsworthy, JohnJohn Galsworthy A d B r B 1932 Heisenberg, WernerWerner Heisenberg N 1933 Schrödinger, ErwinErwin Schrödinger; Dirac, Paul A.M.Paul A.M. Dirac None Bunin, IvanIvan Bunin A m 4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1934 None Urey, Harold ClaytonHarold Clayton Urey List of Nobel laureates Whipple, GeorgeGe- Pirandello, LuigiLuigi orge Whipple; Pirandello Minot, GeorgeGeorge Minot; Murphy, William P.William P. Murphy Spemann, None HansHans Spemann H t 1935 Chadwick, JamesJames Chadwick Joliot, FrédéricFrédéric Joliot; Joliot-Curie, IreneIrene JoliotCurie Debye, PeterPeter Debye v v 1936 Hess, Victor F.Victor F. Hess; Anderson, Carl D.Carl D. Anderson 1937 Davisson, ClintonClinton Davisson; Thomson, George PagetGeorge Paget Thomson Dale, Henry HallettHenry Hallett Dale; Loewi, OttoOtto Loewi Szent-Györgyi, AlbertAlbert SzentGyörgyi O’Neill, EugeneEugene O’Neill L S S Haworth, WalterWalter Haworth; Karrer, PaulPaul Karrer du Gard, Roger MartinRoger Martin du Gard C C w 1938 Fermi, EnricoEnrico Fermi Kuhn, RichardRichard Kuhn[A] 1939 Lawrence, ErnestErnest Lawrence Butenandt, AdolfAdolf Butenandt;[A] Ružička, LavoslavLavoslav Ružička None None None de Hevesy, GeorgeGeorge de Hevesy Heymans, CorneilleCorneille Heymans Domagk, GerhardGerhard Domagk[A] Buck, Pearl S.Pearl S. Buck Sillanpää, Frans EemilFrans Eemil Sillanpää N O N 1940 None 1941 None 1942 None 1943 Stern, OttoOtto Stern None None None None None None N N N Dam, HenrikHenrik None Dam; Doisy, Edward AdelbertEdward Adelbert Doisy Erlanger, JosephJoseph Erlanger; Gasser, Herbert SpencerHerbert Spencer Gasser Jensen, Johannes VilhelmJohannes Vilhelm Jensen N 1944 Rabi, Isidor IsaacIsidor Isaac Rabi Hahn, OttoOtto Hahn I t 1945 Pauli, WolfgangWolfgang Pauli Virtanen, Artturi Il- Fleming, AlexanMistral, GabrielaGabriela mariArtturi Ilmari derAlexander Flem- Mistral Virtanen ing; Chain, Ernst BorisErnst Boris Chain; Florey, Howard H H 5 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia List of Nobel laureates WalterHoward Walter Florey 1946 Bridgman, Percy W.Percy W. Bridgman Sumner, James Muller, Hermann B.James B. SumJosephHermann ner; Joseph Muller Northrop, John HowardJohn Howard Northrop; Stanley, Wendell MeredithWendell Meredith Stanley Robinson, RobertRobert Robinson Cori, Carl FerdinandCarl Ferdinand Cori; Cori, Gerty TheresaGerty Theresa Cori; Houssay, BernardoBernardo Houssay Hesse, HermannHermann Hesse B G B M 1947 Appleton, Edward V.Edward V. Appleton Gide, AndréAndré Gide F c A v 1948 Blackett, Patrick M.S.Patrick M.S. Blackett 1949 Yukawa, HidekiHideki Yukawa Tiselius, ArneArne Müller, Paul HerEliot, T. S.T. S. Eliot Tiselius mannPaul Hermann Müller Giauque, WilliamWilliam Giauque Hess, Walter Faulkner, WilliamWilliam RudolfWalter Rudolf Faulkner Hess; Moniz, António EgasAntónio Egas Moniz N O B 1950 Powell, CecilCecil Powell Diels, OttoOtto Diels; Alder, KurtKurt Alder Hench, Philip Russell, BertrandBertrand B ShowalterPhilip Russell B Showalter Hench; Kendall, Edward CalvinEdward Calvin Kendall; Reichstein, TadeusTadeus Reichstein Lagerkvist, PärPär Lagerkvist 1951 Cockcroft, JohnJohn Cockcroft; Walton, Ernest T.S.Ernest T.S. Walton McMillan, EdTheiler, MaxMax winEdwin McMil- Theiler lan; Seaborg, Glenn T.Glenn T. Seaborg Waksman, SelmanSelman Waksman J J 1952 Bloch, FelixFelix Bloch; Martin, Archer Purcell, Edward M.Edward John PorterArcher M. Purcell John Porter Martin; Synge, Richard Laurence MillingtonRichard Laurence Millington Synge Mauriac, FrançoisFrançois S Mauriac b 6 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1953 Zernike, FritsFrits Zernike Staudinger, HermannHermann Staudinger List of Nobel laureates Krebs, Hans AdolfHans Adolf Krebs; Lipmann, Fritz AlbertFritz Albert Lipmann Churchill, WinstonWinston M Churchill o 1954 Born, MaxMax Born; Bothe, WaltherWalther Bothe Pauling, Enders, John Frank- Hemingway, ErnestErnest U LinusLinus Pauling linJohn Franklin Hemingway C Enders; R Robbins, Frederick ChapmanFrederick Chapman Robbins; Weller, Thomas HuckleThomas Huckle Weller du Vigneaud, VincentVincent du Vigneaud Hinshelwood, Cyril NormanCyril Norman Hinshelwood; Semenov, Nikolay NikolaevichNikolay Nikolaevich Semenov Theorell, HugoHugo Laxness, HalldórHalldór Theorell Laxness 1955 Lamb, Willis E.Willis E. Lamb; Kusch, PolykarpPolykarp Kusch 1956 Bardeen, JohnJohn Bardeen; Brattain, Walter H.Walter H. Brattain; Shockley, William B.William B. Shockley N Cournand, André Jiménez, Juan RamónJuan FrédéricAndré Ramón Jiménez Frédéric Cournand; Forssmann, WernerWerner Forssmann; Richards, Dickinson W.Dickinson W. Richards Bovet, DanielDaniel Camus, AlbertAlbert Bovet Camus N 1957 Yang, Chen NingChen Ning Todd, Lord (AlexYang; ander R.)Lord (AlLee, Tsung-DaoTsung-Dao exander R.) Todd Lee 1958 Cherenkov, Pavel A.Pavel A. Cherenkov; Frank, Il´ja M.Il´ja M. Frank; Tamm, Igor Y.Igor Y. Tamm Sanger, FrederickFrederick Sanger P B Beadle, George WellsGeorge Wells Beadle; Tatum, Edward LawrieEdward Lawrie Tatum; Lederberg, JoshuaJoshua Lederberg Pasternak, BorisBoris Pasternak[B] P P 1959 Segrè, EmilioEmilio Segrè; Heyrovský, Chamberlain, OwenOwen JaroslavJaroslav Chamberlain Heyrovský Kornberg, ArthurAr- Quasimodo, SalvatoreSalthur Kornberg; vatore Quasimodo Ochoa, SeveroSevero Ochoa Burnet, Frank MacfarlaneFrank Macfarlane Burnet; Medawar, PeterPeter Medawar Perse, Saint-JohnSaintJohn Perse N J 1960 Glaser, Donald A.Donald A. Libby, WillardWilGlaser lard Libby L L 7 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1961 Hofstadter, RobertRobert Hofstadter; Mössbauer, RudolfRudolf Mössbauer 1962 Landau, LevLev Landau Calvin, MelvinMelvin Calvin Perutz, MaxMax Perutz; Kendrew, JohnJohn Kendrew List of Nobel laureates von Békésy, GeorgGeorg von Békésy Andrić, IvoIvo Andrić H D Crick, FrancisFran- Steinbeck, JohnJohn cis Crick; Steinbeck Watson, James D.James D. Watson; Wilkins, MauriceMaurice Wilkins Eccles, John CarewJohn Carew Eccles; Hodgkin, Alan LloydAlan Lloyd Hodgkin; Huxley, AndrewAndrew Huxley Seferis, GiorgosGiorgos Seferis P P 1963 Wigner, EugeneEugene Wigner; Goeppert-Mayer, MariaMaria Goeppert-Mayer; Jensen, J. Hans D.J. Hans D. Jensen Ziegler, KarlKarl Ziegler; Natta, GiulioGiulio Natta I t L s 1964 Townes, Charles H.Charles Hodgkin, Dorothy H. Townes; CrowfootDorothy Basov, Nicolay G.Nicolay Crowfoot Hodgkin G. Basov; Prokhorov, Aleksandr M.Aleksandr M. Prokhorov 1965 Tomonaga, Sin-ItiroSinItiro Tomonaga; Schwinger, JulianJulian Schwinger; Feynman, Richard P.Richard P. Feynman Bloch, Konrad Sartre, Jean-PaulJean-Paul K EmilKonrad Emil Sartre[C] e Bloch; J Lynen, Feodor Felix KonradFeodor Felix Konrad Lynen Woodward, Robert Jacob, Sholokhov, Michail BurnsRobert Burns FrançoisFrançois Ja- AleksandrovichMichail Woodward cob; Aleksandrovich Sholokhov Lwoff, André MichelAndré Michel Lwoff; Monod, JacquesJacques Monod Mulliken, Robert S.Robert S. Mulliken Rous, Francis PeytonFrancis Peyton Rous; Huggins, Charles BrentonCharles Brenton Huggins Agnon, Shmuel YosefShmuel Yosef Agnon; Sachs, NellyNelly Sachs U n E ( 1966 Kastler, AlfredAlfred Kastler N 1967 Bethe, HansHans Bethe Eigen, ManfredManfred Eigen; Norrish, Ronald George WreyfordRonald George Wreyford Norrish; Porter, GeorgeGeorge Porter Granit, RagnarRag- Asturias, Miguel Ánnar Granit; gelMiguel Ángel Asturias Hartline, Haldan KefferHaldan Keffer Hartline; Wald, GeorgeGeorge Wald N 8 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1968 Alvarez, LuisLuis Alvarez List of Nobel laureates Onsager, LarsLars Holley, Robert Kawabata, Onsager W.Robert W. Holley; YasunariYasunari Khorana, Har GoKawabata bindHar Gobind Khorana; Nirenberg, Marshall WarrenMarshall Warren Nirenberg Barton, DerekDerek Barton; Hassel, OddOdd Hassel Leloir, Luis F.Luis F. Leloir Delbrück, MaxMax Delbrück; Hershey, AlfredAlfred Hershey; Luria, SalvadorSalvador Luria Beckett, SamuelSamuel Beckett C C 1969 Gell-Mann, MurrayMurray Gell-Mann I O 1970 Alfvén, HannesHannes Alfvén; Néel, LouisLouis Néel Axelrod, JuliusJulius Solzhenitsyn, Axelrod; AleksandrAleksandr von Euler, UlfUlf Solzhenitsyn von Euler; Katz, BernardBernard Katz Sutherland, Jr., Earl Neruda, PabloPablo WilburEarl Wilbur Neruda Sutherland, Jr. B m 1971 Gabor, DennisDennis Gabor 1972 Bardeen, JohnJohn Bardeen; Cooper, Leon NeilLeon Neil Cooper; Schrieffer, RobertRobert Schrieffer Herzberg, GerhardGerhard Herzberg Anfinsen, Christian B.Christian B. Anfinsen; Moore, StanfordStanford Moore; Stein, William HowardWilliam Howard Stein Fischer, Ernst OttoErnst Otto Fischer; Wilkinson, GeoffreyGeoffrey Wilkinson Flory, PaulPaul Flory B B Edelman, GerBöll, HeinrichHeinrich Böll N aldGerald Edelman; Porter, Rodney RobertRodney Robert Porter 1973 Esaki, LeoLeo Esaki; Giaever, IvarIvar Giaever; Josephson, Brian DavidBrian David Josephson von Frisch, KarlKarl White, PatrickPatrick von Frisch; White Lorenz, KonradKonrad Lorenz; Tinbergen, NikolaasNikolaas Tinbergen Claude, AlbertAlbert Claude; de Duve, ChristianChristian de Duve; Palade, George EmilGeorge Emil Palade Baltimore, DavidDavid Baltimore; Dulbecco, RenatoRenato Johnson, EyvindEyvind Johnson; Martinson, HarryHarry Martinson K K T T 1974 Ryle, MartinMartin Ryle; Hewish, AntonyAntony Hewish M M S S 1975 Bohr, Aage N.Aage N. Bohr; Mottelson, Ben R.Ben R. Mottelson; Cornforth, JohnJohn Cornforth; Prelog, VladimirVladimir Prelog Montale, EugenioEugenio Montale S A 9 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Rainwater, JamesJames Rainwater List of Nobel laureates Dulbecco; Temin, Howard MartinHoward Martin Temin 1976 Richter, BurtonBurton Richter; Ting, Samuel C.C.Samuel C.C. Ting Lipscomb, WilliamWilliam Lipscomb Blumberg, Baruch Bellow, SaulSaul Bellow SamuelBaruch Samuel Blumberg; Gajdusek, Daniel CarletonDaniel Carleton Gajdusek W W C a 1977 Anderson, Philip W.Philip Prigogine, IlyaIlya W. Anderson; Prigogine Mott, Sir Nevill F.Sir Nevill F. Mott; van Vleck, John H.John H. van Vleck Guillemin, RogerRo- Aleixandre, VicenteVicente A ger Guillemin; Aleixandre Schally, AndrewAndrew Schally; Yalow, Rosalyn SussmanRosalyn Sussman Yalow Arber, WernerWern- Singer, Isaac Bashever Arber; isIsaac Bashevis Singer Nathans, DanielDaniel Nathans; Smith, Hamilton O.Hamilton O. Smith Cormack, Allan McLeodAllan McLeod Cormack; Hounsfield, GodfreyGodfrey Hounsfield Elytis, OdysseasOdysseas Elytis 1978 Kapitsa, PyotrPyotr KapMitchell, Peter itsa; D.Peter D. Mitchell Penzias, ArnoArno Penzias; Wilson, Robert WoodrowRobert Woodrow Wilson S E B a 1979 Glashow, SheldonSheldon Glashow; Salam, AbdusAbdus Salam; Weinberg, StevenSteven Weinberg 1980 Cronin, JamesJames Cronin; Fitch, ValVal Fitch Brown, Herbert C.Herbert C. Brown; Wittig, GeorgGeorg Wittig Berg, PaulPaul Berg; Gilbert, WalterWalter Gilbert; Sanger, FrederickFrederick Sanger Fukui, KenichiKenichi Fukui; Hoffmann, RoaldRoald Hoffmann T T Benacerraf, Miłosz, CzesławCzesław BarujBaruj Benacer- Miłosz raf; Dausset, JeanJean Dausset; Snell, George DavisGeorge Davis Snell Sperry, Roger W.Ro- Canetti, EliasElias Canetti ger W. Sperry; Hubel, David H.David H. Hubel; Wiesel, Torsten N.Torsten N. Wiesel Bergström, SuneSune Bergström; Samuelsson, Bengt I.Bengt I. Samuelsson; Vane, John E P E 1981 Bloembergen, NicolaasNicolaas Bloembergen; Schawlow, Arthur L.Arthur L. Schawlow; Siegbahn, Kai M.Kai M. Siegbahn U C R 1982 Wilson, Kenneth G.Kenneth Klug, AaronAaron G. Wilson Klug Márquez, Gabriel GarM cíaGabriel García Márquez M R c R 10 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia List of Nobel laureates RobertJohn Robert Vane 1983 Chandrasekhar, Subraman- Taube, McClintock, BaryanSubramanyan HenryHenry Taube baraBarbara Chandrasekhar; McClintock Fowler, William A.William A. Fowler Golding, WilliamWilliam Golding W W 1984 Rubbia, CarloCarlo Rubbia; Merrifield, Robert Jerne, Niels KajNiels Seifert, JaroslavJaroslav van der Meer, SimonSimon BruceRobert Bruce Kaj Jerne; Seifert van der Meer Merrifield Köhler, Georges J. F.Georges J. F. Köhler; Milstein, CésarCésar Milstein 1985 von Klitzing, KlausKlaus von Klitzing Hauptman, Herbert A.Herbert A. Hauptman; Karle, JeromeJerome Karle Herschbach, Dudley R.Dudley R. Herschbach; Lee, Yuan T.Yuan T. Lee; Polanyi, John C.John C. Polanyi Brown, Michael Stu- Simon, ClaudeClaude artMichael Stuart Simon Brown; Goldstein, Joseph L.Joseph L. Goldstein Cohen, StanleyStan- Soyinka, WoleWole ley Cohen; Soyinka Levi-Montalcini, RitaRita LeviMontalcini T m I c t 1986 Ruska, ErnstErnst Ruska; Binnig, GerdGerd Binnig; Rohrer, HeinrichHeinrich Rohrer W 1987 Bednorz, J. GeorgJ. Georg Bednorz; Müller, K. AlexK. Alex Müller Cram, Donald Tonegawa, J.Donald J. Cram; SusumuSusumu Lehn, Jean-MarTonegawa ieJean-Marie Lehn; Pedersen, Charles J.Charles J. Pedersen Deisenhofer, JohannJohann Deisenhofer; Huber, RobertRobert Huber; Michel, HartmutHartmut Michel Altman, SidneySidney Altman; Cech, ThomasThomas Cech Brodsky, JosephJoseph Brodsky A A 1988 Lederman, Leon M.Leon M. Lederman; Schwartz, MelvinMelvin Schwartz; Steinberger, JackJack Steinberger Black, James Mahfouz, NaguibNaguib W.James W. Black; Mahfouz Elion, Gertrude B.Gertrude B. Elion; Hitchings, George H.George H. Hitchings U K 1989 Ramsey, Norman F.Norman F. Ramsey; Dehmelt, Hans G.Hans G. Dehmelt; Paul, WolfgangWolfgang Paul Bishop, J. MichaelJ. Cela, Camilo JoséCamilo Michael Bishop; José Cela Varmus, Harold E.Harold E. Varmus G G L 1990 Friedman, Jerome I.Jerome Corey, Elias I. Friedman; JamesElias James Kendall, Henry W.Henry Corey Murray, JosephJoseph Murray; Paz, OctavioOctavio Paz G M G 11 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia W. Kendall; Taylor, Richard E.Richard E. Taylor List of Nobel laureates Thomas, E. DonnallE. Donnall Thomas 1991 de Gennes, PierreGillesPierre-Gilles de Gennes 1992 Charpak, GeorgesGeorges Charpak Ernst, Richard Neher, ErwinErwin R.Richard R. Ernst Neher; Sakmann, BertBert Sakmann Marcus, Rudolph A.Rudolph A. Marcus Fischer, Edmond H.Edmond H. Fischer; Krebs, Edwin G.Edwin G. Krebs Gordimer, NadineNadine Gordimer S S Walcott, DerekDerek Walcott M R M 1993 Hulse, Russell A.Russell A. Hulse; Taylor, Jr., Joseph H.Joseph H. Taylor, Jr. Mullis, KaryKary Mullis; Smith, MichaelMichael Smith Roberts, Richard Morrison, ToniToni J.Richard J. Roberts; Morrison Sharp, Phillip AllenPhillip Allen Sharp Gilman, Alfred G.Al- Oe, KenzaburoKenzaburo fred G. Gilman; Oe Rodbell, MartinMartin Rodbell M s d W d 1994 Brockhouse, Bertram Olah, George N.Bertram N. Brockhouse; AndrewGeorge Shull, Clifford G.Clifford G. Andrew Olah Shull A A P P R R 1995 Perl, Martin L.Martin L. Perl; Reines, FrederickFrederick Reines Crutzen, Paul J.Paul J. Crutzen; Molina, Mario J.Mario J. Molina; Rowland, Frank SherwoodFrank Sherwood Rowland Curl Jr., Robert F.Robert F. Curl Jr.; Kroto, HaroldHarold Kroto; Smalley, RichardRichard Smalley Lewis, Edward Heaney, SeamusSeamus B.Edward B. Lewis; Heaney Nüsslein-Volhard, ChristianeChristiane Nüsslein-Volhard; Wieschaus, Eric F.Eric F. Wieschaus Doherty, Peter C.Peter C. Doherty; Zinkernagel, Rolf M.Rolf M. Zinkernagel Szymborska, WisławaWisława Szymborska R R P o A 1996 Lee, David M.David M. Lee; Osheroff, Douglas D.Douglas D. Osheroff; Richardson, Robert ColemanRobert Coleman Richardson B m m R R 1997 Chu, StevenSteven Chu; Cohen-Tannoudji, ClaudeClaude Cohen-Tannoudji; Phillips, William D.William D. Phillips Boyer, Paul D.Paul Prusiner, Stanley D. Boyer; B.Stanley B. Walker, John Prusiner E.John E. Walker; Skou, Jens ChristianJens Christian Skou Fo, DarioDario Fo I p m W W 12 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1998 Laughlin, Robert B.Robert B. Laughlin; Störmer, Horst L.Horst L. Störmer; Tsui, Daniel C.Daniel C. Tsui Kohn, WalterWalter Kohn; Pople, JohnJohn Pople List of Nobel laureates Furchgott, Robert F.Robert F. Furchgott; Ignarro, Louis J.Louis J. Ignarro; Murad, FeridFerid Murad Blobel, GünterGünter Blobel Saramago, JoséJosé Saramago H T T 1999 Hooft, Gerardus ’tGerardus Zewail, ’t Hooft; AhmedAhmed Veltman, Martinus Zewail J.G.Martinus J.G. Veltman 2000 Alferov, Zhores I.Zhores I. Alferov; Kroemer, HerbertHerbert Kroemer; Kilby, JackJack Kilby Heeger, Alan J.Alan J. Heeger; MacDiarmid, AlanAlan MacDiarmid; Shirakawa, HidekiHideki Shirakawa Knowles, William S.William S. Knowles; Noyori, RyojiRyoji Noyori; Sharpless, Karl BarryKarl Barry Sharpless Fenn, John BennettJohn Bennett Fenn; Tanaka, KoichiKoichi Tanaka; Wüthrich, KurtKurt Wüthrich Agre, PeterPeter Agre; MacKinnon, RoderickRoderick MacKinnon Ciechanover, AaronAaron Ciechanover; Hershko, AvramAvram Hershko; Rose, IrwinIrwin Rose Grass, GünterGünter Grass M F Carlsson, ArvidArvid Xingjian, GaoGao Xingjian Carlsson; Greengard, PaulPaul Greengard; Kandel, EricEric Kandel J J 2001 Cornell, Eric A.Eric A. Cornell; Ketterle, WolfgangWolfgang Ketterle; Wieman, Carl E.Carl E. Wieman 2002 Davis, Jr., RaymondRaymond Davis, Jr.; Koshiba, MasatoshiMasatoshi Koshiba; Giacconi, RiccardoRiccardo Giacconi 2003 Abrikosov, Alexei A.Alexei A. Abrikosov; Ginzburg, Vitaly L.Vitaly L. Ginzburg; Leggett, Anthony J.Anthony J. Leggett 2004 Gross, David J.David J. Gross; Politzer, H. DavidH. David Politzer; Wilczek, FrankFrank Wilczek 2005 Glauber, Roy J.Roy J. Glauber; Hall, John L.John L. Hall; Hartwell, Leland Naipaul, V. S.V. S. Naipaul U H.Leland H. A Hartwell; Hunt, TimTim Hunt; Nurse, PaulPaul Nurse Brenner, Kertész, ImreImre Kertész C SydneySydney BrenC ner; Horvitz, H. RobertH. Robert Horvitz; Sulston, John E.John E. Sulston Lauterbur, PaulPaul Coetzee, J. M.J. M. Coetzee E Lauterbur; E Mansfield, PeterPeter Mansfield Axel, Jelinek, ElfriedeElfriede RichardRichard Jelinek Axel; Buck, Linda B.Linda B. Buck M W M Chauvin, YvesYves Marshall, Chauvin; BarryBarry MarGrubbs, Robert shall; H.Robert H. Pinter, HaroldHarold Pinter I E E 13 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Hänsch, Theodor W.Theodor W. Hänsch Grubbs; Schrock, Richard R.Richard R. Schrock List of Nobel laureates Warren, RobinRobin Warren M E 2006 Mather, John C.John C. Kornberg, Roger Mather; D.Roger D. Smoot, George F.George F. Kornberg Smoot 2007 Fert, AlbertAlbert Fert; Grünberg, PeterPeter Grünberg Ertl, GerhardGerhard Ertl Fire, AndrewAndrew Fire; Mello, CraigCraig Mello Pamuk, OrhanOrhan Pamuk Y M Y G Capecchi, Lessing, DorisDoris MarioMario Capec- Lessing chi; Evans, MartinMartin Evans; Smithies, OliverOliver Smithies zur Hausen, Le Clézio, Jean-Marie HaraldHarald zur GustaveJean-Marie Hausen; Gustave Le Clézio Barré-Sinoussi, FrançoiseFrançoise Barré-Sinoussi; Montagnier, LucLuc Montagnier I P C G 2008 Nambu, YoichiroYoichiro Nambu; Kobayashi, MakotoMakoto Kobayashi; Maskawa, ToshihideToshihide Maskawa Shimomura, OsamuOsamu Shimomura; Chalfie, MartinMartin Chalfie; Tsien, Roger Y.Roger Y. Tsien A A the Soviet Union, was forced to decline the Nobel Prize in Literature.[6] • C In 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre refused to accept the Nobel Prize in Literature, as he had consistently refused all official honors in the past.[6] • D In 1973, Lê Ðức Thọ declined the Nobel Peace Prize. His reason was that he felt he did not deserve because although he helped negotiate the Paris Peace Accords (a cease-fire in the Vietnam War), there had been no actual peace agreement.[6][9] References • "All Nobel Laureates in Physics". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/ nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/. Retrieved on 2008-11-25. • "All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/ nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/. Retrieved on 2008-11-25. • "All Nobel Laureates in Medicine". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/ nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/. Retrieved on 2008-11-25. • "All Nobel Laureates in Literature". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/ nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/. Retrieved on 2008-11-25. • "All Nobel Peace Prize Laureates". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/ nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/. Retrieved on 2008-11-25. • "All Laureates in Economics". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/ nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/. Retrieved on 2008-11-25. Specific [1] "Alfred Nobel – The Man Behind the Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/. Retrieved on 2008-11-27. [2] ^ "The Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/. Retrieved on 2008-11-27. [3] "The Nobel Prize Awarders". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/ prize_awarders/. Retrieved on 2008-11-27. [4] "The Nobel Prize Amounts". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/ nobel_prizes/amounts.html. Retrieved on 2008-11-27. 14 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [5] "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/ award_ceremonies/. Retrieved on 2008-11-27. [6] ^ "Nobel Laureates Facts". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/ nobel_prizes/nobelprize_facts.html. Retrieved on 2008-11-27. [7] "Women Nobel Laureates". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/ nobel_prizes/lists/women.html. Retrieved on 2008-11-27. [8] "List of All Nobel Laureates 1942". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/ List of Nobel laureates nobel_prizes/lists/1942.html. Retrieved on 2008-11-30. [9] ^ Lundestad, Geir (2001-03-15). "The Nobel Peace Prize 1901-2000". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/ nobel_prizes/peace/articles/lundestadreview/index.html. Retrieved on 2008-11-30. External links • Official website of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences • Official website of the Nobel Foundation Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" Categories: Award winners, Lists of awards, Nobel laureates, Lists of inventions or discoveries This page was last modified on 19 May 2009, at 22:37 (UTC). All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) taxdeductible nonprofit charity. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers 15