Spider_taxonomy

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Spider taxonomy Spider taxonomy Spider taxonomy is the alpha taxonomy of the spiders, members of the Araneae order of the arthropod class Arachnida with about 40,000 described species. However there are likely many species that have escaped the human eye to this day, and many specimens stored in collections waiting to be described and classified. It is estimated that only one third to one fifth of existing species have been described. Arachnology currently divides spiders into three suborders with about 38 superfamilies, and 111 families. Seven of the 111 families are incertae sedis, meaning that their placement into superfamilies is not agreed upon; several other families are not placed in any superfamily. Due to constant research, with new species being discovered every month and others being recognized as synonyms, the number of species in the families is bound to change and can never reflect the present status with total accuracy. Nevertheless, the species numbers given here are useful as a guideline. See a table of Araneae families at the end of the article with some genera and species listed for each family (only identified species are included). Mesothelae resemble the Solifugae ("wind scorpions" or "sun scorpions") in having segmented plates on their abdomens that create the appearance of the segmented abdomens of these other arachnids. They are both few in number and also limited in geographical range. • Arthrolycosidae (primitive spiders) • Arthromygalidae (primitive spiders) • Liphistiidae (primitive burrowing spiders) Suborder Opisthothelae Suborder Opisthothelae contains the spiders that have no plates on their abdomens. It can be somewhat difficult on casual inspection to determine whether the chelicerae of members are of the sort that would put them into the infraorder of the mygalomorphs or the infraorder of the Araneomorphs. The spiders that are called "tarantulas" in English are so large and hairy that inspection of their chelicerae is hardly necessary to categorize one of them as a Mygalomorph. Other, smaller, members of this suborder, however, look little different from the Araneomorphs. (See the picture of the Sphodros rufipes below.) Many Araneomorphs are immediately identifiable as such since they are found on webs designed for the capture of prey or exhibit other habitat choices that eliminate the possibility that they could by Mygalomorphs. Suborder Mesothelae Infraorder Mygalomorphae Digitally enhanced image of a Sphodros rufipes that shows the nearly perfectly vertical orientation of the chelicerae, a prime characteristic of the Mygalomorphae. Digitally modified photograph showing "chopsticks" orientation of the chelicerae of the Araneomorphae. 1 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1 <10 >=10 >=100 >=1000 Spider taxonomy Spiders in infraorder Mygalomorphae are characterized by the vertical orientation of their chelicerae and the possession of four book lungs. Infraorder Araneomorphae Most, if not all, of the spiders one encounters in everyday life belong to infraorder Araneomorphae. It includes a wide range from the spiders that weave their beautiful orb webs in the garden, the more chaotic-looking webs of the cobweb spiders that frequent window frames and the corners of rooms, the crab spiders that lurk waiting for nectar- and pollen-gathering insects on flowers, to the jumping spiders that patrol the outside walls of a dwelling, and so on. They are characterized by having chelicerae whose tips approach each other as they bite, and (usually) having one pair of book lungs. Some important spider families are :• Pholcidae (daddy long-legs spiders) These spiders are frequently seen in cellars. When light contact disturbs their web their characteristic response is to set the entire web moving the way a person would jump up and down on a trampoline. It is unclear why they cause their webs to vibrate in this way; moving their webs back and forward may increase the possibility that insects flying close by may be ensnared, or the rapid gyrations caused by the spider in its web may make the spider harder to target by predators. • Plectreuridae (plectreurid spiders) • Salticidae (jumping spiders) The family of Araneae commonly called jumping spiders have a characteristic cephalothorax shapes, as shown in the diagram below. They have eight eyes, two of the very prominent, and excellent vision. Their maximum size is perhaps 13/16 inch (20 mm), but many species are much smaller than that. The largest North American species such as Phidippus regius, P. octopunctatis, etc., are so heavy bodied that they cannot jump far. The smaller species of jumping spider can jump many times their own body length. They hunt by first getting within range of a prey animal Megaphobema robusta, one of the many kinds of spiders called "Tarantulas" such as a fly, securing a silken "climbing rope" to their current perch, and then jumping onto their prey and biting it. Many seem to take unerring aim at the neck of their prey. Should they jump from one twig to another in an attempt to capture prey and miss or get knocked off the second twig by their struggling prey then they are protected from falling by their silken lifeline. At night these spiders usually retreat to a silken "puptent" that they construct for their own protection and, when needed, as a place to deposit their eggs. They are frequently seen in sunlit areas on walls, tree trunks, and other such vertical surfaces. They are perhaps the only family of spiders who will take cognizance of a human in their general area and then turn their bodies and elevate their cephalothoraxes to keep the human under observation. If approached closely, e.g., with the lens of a camera, some of them may choose to jump onto the nearby object to explore it. This behavior may be alarming but it never seems to be aggressive since these spiders are unwilling to attack prey that are very much larger than they are. Table of Families Families listed in boldface contain one or more species which are believed to be venomous to humans. 2 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Spider families (July 20, 2007) Suborder Mesothelae Superfamily Family Liphistiidae Spider taxonomy Genera Species Common name 5 4 7 11 87 9 14 86 venomous funnel-web tarantulas funnel-web tarantulas segmented spiders dwarf tarantulas Example Kimura-gumo Mygalomorphae Mecicobothrioidea Mecicobothriidae Microstigmatidae Hexatheloidea Hexathelidae Envia garciai Sydney funne web spider Dipluroidea Nemesioidea Theraphosoidea Dipluridae Nemesiidae Theraphosidae Paratropididae 24 41 113 4 44 3 2 18 22 9 10 3 2 3 7 16 1 1 175 339 903 8 300 43 32 126 281 121 91 41 11 9 16 110 14 2 Spruce-fir mo spider Black wishbo spider tarantulas baldlegged spiders Goliath birde Barycheloidea Atypoidea Barychelidae Atypidae Antrodiaetidae trapdoor ba- Sason sundai boon spiders purse web spiders Red legged purseweb spi folding trap- Atypoides riv door spiders Cyrtauchenioidea Cyrtaucheniidae Idiopoidea Ctenizoidea Migoidea Idiopidae Ctenizidae Migidae Actinopodidae Araneomorphae Hypochiloidea Austrochiloidea Hypochilidae Austrochilidae Gradungulidae Filistatoidea Scytodoidea Filistatidae Drymusidae Periegopidae wafer trapAptostichus s door spiders Black rugose door spider cork-lid trap- Cteniza sauva door spiders tree trapdoor spiders lampshade spiders Hypochilus thorelli Mouse spider Tasmanian ca spider large-clawed Carrai Cave spiders Spider crevice weavers false violin spiders Southern hou spider 3 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Scytodidae Sicariidae Leptonetoidea Leptonetidae Ochyroceratidae 5 2 15 14 192 122 201 154 Spider taxonomy spitting spiders recluse spiders leptonetid spiders midget ground weavers long-legged cave spiders coneweb spiders daddy longlegs spiders plectreurid spiders Scytodes thoracica Brown reclu Tooth cave sp Theotima minutissima Telemidae Pholcoidea Diguetidae Pholcidae Plectreuridae Caponioidea Caponiidae Tetrablemmidae Dysderoidea Dysderidae 7 2 81 2 11 29 24 22 15 969 30 70 126 494 Daddy long-le spider Two-eyed ora spider armored spiders woodlouse hunter spiders dwarf hunting spiders tubeweb spiders velvet spiders tree trunk spiders disc web spiders pelican spiders Woodlouse sp Oonopidae Orsolobidae Segestriidae Eresoidea Eresidae Hersiliidae Oecobiidae Archaeoidea Archaeidae Holarchaeidae Mecysmaucheniidae Pararchaeidae Palpimanoidea Huttoniidae Palpimanidae Stenochilidae 72 28 3 10 11 6 3 1 7 7 1 15 2 487 178 106 101 158 103 25 2 25 33 34 1 128 12 Oonops domesticus Segestria florentina Ladybird spid Two-tailed sp Oecobius nav Assassin spid Micropholcommatidae 8 Huttonia palpimanoide palp-footed spiders 4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Mimetoidea Malkaridae Mimetidae Uloboroidea Deinopidae Uloboridae Araneoidea Anapidae Araneidae Cyatholipidae Linyphiidae 4 12 4 18 35 166 23 570 10 152 57 264 145 2845 58 4323 Spider taxonomy shield spiders pirate spiders net-casting spiders Oarces reticu Rufous net-ca spider hackled orb- Uloborus weaver walckenaeriu orb-weaver spiders dwarf / money spiders Zygiella x-not Blacktailed re sheetweaver Mysmenidae Nesticidae Pimoidae Symphytognathidae Synaphridae Synotaxidae Tetragnathidae Nephilidae Theridiidae Theridiosomatidae Lycosoidea Ctenidae Lycosidae Oxyopidae Pisauridae Psechridae Senoculidae Stiphidiidae Trechaleidae Zoridae 22 9 3 6 3 13 51 4 96 12 39 107 9 54 2 1 13 17 13 92 204 26 45 12 68 958 73 2281 75 472 2320 422 331 24 31 94 78 74 spurred orb- Mysmenopsis weavers furtiva cave cobweb Nesticella ma spiders dwarf orbweavers Patu digua Pimoa altiocu long jawed orb-weavers large-jawed spiders cobweb spiders ray spiders Orchard orb weaver Golden orb-w spider Black widow spider Theridiosoma gemmosum tropical wolf Brazilian wa spiders dering spide wolf spiders lynx spiders Lycosa tarent Green lynx sp nursery web Fishing spide spiders Tartarus mullamullang 5 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Zorocratidae Zoropsidae Agelenoidea Agelenidae 5 12 41 21 76 508 Spider taxonomy zorocratid spiders zoropsid spiders Zoropsis spinimana araneomorph Hobo spider funnel-web spiders tangled nest Callobius spiders claustrarius anyphaenid sac spiders intertidal spiders dictynid spiders dwarf sheet spiders huntsman spiders wall spiders zodariid ground spiders tengellid spiders sac spiders Yellow ghost spider Water spider Amphinectidae Amaurobioidea Dictynoidea Amaurobiidae Anyphaenidae Cybaeidae Desidae Dictynidae Hahniidae Nicodamidae Sparassoidea Selenopoidea Zodaroidea Sparassidae Selenopidae Zodariidae 36 71 56 12 38 48 26 9 83 4 74 187 679 508 157 182 563 235 29 1018 190 845 Metaltella sim Foliage webb spider Nigma walckenaeri Avondale spid Selenops rad Zodarion germanicum Tengelloidea incertae sedis Tengellidae Chummidae Clubionidae Cycloctenidae Homalonychidae Miturgidae 8 1 14 5 1 26 12 5 4 2 10 114 37 2 541 36 3 353 54 46 18 6 48 1990 Clubiona triv long-legged sac spiders titanoecid spiders Yellow sac sp Titanoecoidea Phyxelididae Titanoecidae Goeldia obscu Gnaphosoidea Ammoxenidae Cithaeronidae Gallieniellidae Gnaphosidae flat-bellied ground spiders white-tailed spiders Drassodes lapidosus White-tailed spider Lamponidae 23 191 6 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Prodidomidae 31 303 Spider taxonomy long-spinner- Lygromma an et ground spiders philodromid Philodromus crab spiders dispar jumping spiders dark sac spiders liocranid sac spiders Total Zebra spider Trochanteriidae Thomisoidea Philodromidae Thomisidae Salticoidea Corinnoidea Salticidae Corinnidae Liocranidae 3 ca. 38 108 18 29 171 559 77 29 3676 149 522 2062 5088 935 160 39882 crab spiders Goldenrod sp Castianeira s Sources: • The World Spider Catalog, Version 8.0 (families, species count) • Synopsis of the described Araneae of the World (suborders) References • Reiskind, J. (1965). The Taxonomic Problem of Sexual Dimorphism in Spiders and a Synonymy in Myrmecotypus (Araneae, Clubionidae). Psyche 72:279-281 PDF See also • European and Australian spiders - info and identification • Spiders of Europe and Greenland External links • Abbreviations for Insect and Spider Collections of the World • International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_taxonomy" Categories: Spiders This page was last modified on 17 May 2009, at 02:16 (UTC). All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) taxdeductible nonprofit charity. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers 7 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Spider taxonomy 8 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "Squared-off" cephalothorax of the jumping spiders. Spider taxonomy 9 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Spider taxonomy 10 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Eye pattern of the jumping spiders. Spider taxonomy 11