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Incest

Incest
For other uses, see Incest (disambiguation). For the biological aspect, see Inbreeding. Incest refers to any sexual activity between closely related persons (often within the immediate family) that is illegal or a social taboo. The type of sexual activity and the nature of the relationship between persons that constitutes a breach of law or social taboo vary with culture and jurisdiction. Some societies consider it to include only those who live in the same household, or who belong to the same clan or lineage; other societies consider it to include "blood relatives"; other societies further include those related by adoption or marriage.[1] The most frequently reported type of incest is father-daughter incest.[2] Incest between adults and prepubescent or adolescent children is considered a form of child sexual abuse[3] that has been shown to be one of the most extreme forms of childhood trauma, a trauma that often does serious and long-term psychological damage, especially in the case of parental incest.[4] Prevalence is difficult to generalize, but research has estimated 10-15% of the general population as having at least one incest experience, with less than 2% involving intercourse or attempted intercourse.[5] Among women, research by Russell (1986) and Wyatt (1985) has yielded estimates as high as twenty percent.[4] Consensual adult incest is rarely reported.[3] Consensual incest between adults is criminalized in most countries, although it is seen by some as a victimless crime.[6] Most societies have some form of incest avoidance.[7][8] The incest taboo is and has been one of the most common of all cultural taboos, both in current nations and many past societies,[9] with legal penalties imposed in some jurisdictions. Most modern societies have legal or social restrictions on closely consanguineous marriages.[10] However, in some societies, such as that of Ancient Egypt, brother–sister, father–daughter, and mother–son relations were practiced among royalty.[11][12] In addition, the Balinese[13] and some Inuit tribes[14] have altogether different beliefs about what constitutes illegal and immoral incest.

Types
Abuse of children
Incest perpetrated by an adult of either gender against a child is called "intrafamilial child sexual abuse." The most-often reported form of incest is of this inherently abusive form. Father-daughter and stepfather-daughter incest is most commonly reported, with most of the remaining reports consisting of mother/stepmother-daughter/son incest.[8] Father-son incest is reported less often, however it is not known if the prevalence is less, because it is under-reported by a greater margin.[15][16] Prevalence of parental child sexual abuse is difficult to assess due to secrecy and privacy; some estimates show 20 million Americans have been victimized by parental incest as children.[8] According to the National Center for Victims of Crime a large proportion of rape committed in the United States is perpetrated by a family member: Research indicates that 46% of children who are raped are victims of family members. (Langan and Harlow, 1994.) The majority of American rape victims (61%) are raped before the age of 18; furthermore, 29 percent (29%) of all forcible rapes occurred when the victim was less than 11 years old. Eleven percent (11%) of rape victims are raped by their fathers or step-fathers, and another 16 percent (16%) are raped by other relatives. [17] Emotional incest occurs when a parent relates to a child as a substitute for an adult partner. That child may become emotionally bonded to, and codependent with, the parent. Emotional incest usually occurs before physical parent-child incest. Even without physical sexual contact, the consequences to such "bonded" children include a lifetime of

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partnership difficulties, according to Martyn Carruthers who wrote that this is a socially accepted form of child abuse in many countries.[18] A study of victims of father-daughter incest in the 1970s showed that there were "common features" within families prior to the occurrence of incest: estrangement between the mother and the daughter, extreme paternal dominance, the mother’s inability to fulfill her traditional parental role and reassignment of some of the mother’s major family responsibility to the daughter. Oldest and only daughters were more likely to be the victims of incest. Furthermore, it was stated that the incest experience was psychologically harmful to the woman in later life, frequently leading to feelings of low selfesteem, unhealthy sexual activity, contempt for other women and other emotional problems[19]. The ISNA reported that a counselling hotline stated that a large percentage of the calls they handle deal with the issue of parental child abuse.[20] Adults who were incestuously victimized by adults in their childhood often suffer from low self-esteem, difficulties in interpersonal relationships, and sexual dysfunction, and are at an extremely high risk of many mental disorders, including depression, anxiety, phobic avoidance reactions, somatoform disorder, substance abuse, borderline personality disorder, and complex post-traumatic stress disorder.[4][21][22] The Goler clan is a specific instance in which child sexual abuse in the form of forced adult/child and sibling/sibling incest took place over at least three generations. [23] A number of Goler children were victims of sexual abuse at the hands of fathers, mothers, uncles, aunts, sisters, brothers, cousins, and each other. During interrogation by police, several of the adults openly admitted to engaging in many forms of sexual activity, up to and including full intercourse, multiple times with the children. Sixteen adults (both men and women) were charged with hundreds of allegations of incest and sexual abuse of children as young as five.[23]

Incest
child-on-child sexual abuse when there is overt and deliberate actions directed at sexual stimulation. Childhood sibling–sibling incest is also considered to be widespread but rarely reported. The most commonly reported form of abusive sibling incest is abuse between an older brother and a younger brother or sister.[8] According to a study by Floyd Martinson, 10–15% of college students reported childhood sexual experiences with a brother or sister, mostly fondling of genitals rather than actual sexual intercourse. Of those, 30% reported negative reactions and 30% reported positive reactions; 25% of the reported experiences involved coercion and there was a correlation of coercion with the negative responses.[24] A 2006 study showed a large portion of adults who experienced sibling incest have distorted or disturbed beliefs both about their own experience and the subject of sexual abuse in general.[25] An observational study in 1993 found that 16% of the 930 adult women interviewed reported that they had been sexually abused by a sibling before they were 18 years old.[26] Sibling incest is most prevalent in families where one or both parents are often absent or emotionally unavailable, with the abusive siblings using incest as a way to assert their power over a weaker sibling and thereby express their feelings of hurt and rage.[26] Absence of the father in particular has been found to be a significant element of most cases of sexual abuse of female children by a brother.[27] The damaging effects on both childhood development and adult symptoms resulting from brother–sister sexual abuse are similar to the effects of father–daughter, including substance abuse, depression, suicidality, and eating disorders.[27][28]

Between consenting adults
Incest between consenting adults is sexual behavior between adult, blood relatives (which can include parents and adult offspring, siblings, cousins, etc.) that is not coerced or forced in any way.[29] While incest between consenting adults has not been widely reported in the past, the internet has shown that this behavior does take place, possibly more often than many people realize.[29] Internet chatrooms and topical websites exist that provide support for incestuous couples.[29]

Between childhood siblings
Many types of sexual contact between children (e.g., "playing doctor") are not considered harmful or abnormal, but become

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Proponents of incest between consenting adults draw clear boundaries between the behavior of consenting adults and rape, child molestation, and abuse.[29] According to one incest participant who was interviewed for an article in The Guardian "You can’t help who you fall in love with, it just happens. I fell in love with my sister and I’m not ashamed ... I only feel sorry for my mom and dad, I wish they could be happy for us. We love each other. It’s nothing like some old man who tries to fuck his three-year-old, that’s evil and disgusting ... Of course we’re consenting, that’s the most important thing. We’re not fucking perverts. What we have is the most beautiful thing in the world."[29] The Guardian article also states: Voices in Action, a US support group for victims of incest, vehemently rejects these arguments: "These teens have been brainwashed into believing this behaviour is natural; it is not ... Sexual abuse is learned behaviour." But some political thinkers are prepared to support the distinction between abuse and consenting relationships. "[29] In Slate Magazine, William Saletan drew a legal connection between gay sex and incest between consenting adults.[30] As he described in his article, in 2003, U.S. Senator Rick Santorum publicly derided the theory of the Supreme Court ruling to allow private consensual sex in the home (primarily as a gay rights move). He stated: "If the Supreme Court says that you have the right to consensual sex within your home, then you have the right to bigamy, you have the right to polygamy, you have the right to incest, you have the right to adultery."[30] However, David Smith of the Human Rights Campaign professed outrage that Santorum placed being gay on the same moral and legal level as someone engaging in incest. Saletan argued that, legally and morally, there is essentially no difference between the two, and went on to support incest between consenting adults being covered by a legal right to privacy.[30]

Incest

Between adult siblings
The most public case of consensual adult sibling incest in recent years is the case of a brother-sister couple from Germany.[6] Due to violent behavior on the part of the father, the brother was taken in by foster parents at the age of 3 who adopted him later. At the age of 23 he learned about his real parents, contacted his mother and met her and his then 16 year old sister the first time. The now-adult brother moved in with his birth family shortly thereafter. After the sudden death of their mother a mere six months later, the couple became intimately close, and had their first child together in 2001. The public nature of their relationship, and the repeated prosecutions and even jail time they have served as a result, has caused some in Germany to question whether incest between consenting adults should be punished at all.[6] A Der Spiegel article about them claims the couple are happy together.[6]

Between adult cousins
See also: Cousin couple Marriages and sexual relationships between cousins are viewed differently in many cultures, in both law and religion. In most countries, marriage between cousins is legal, though some religious and cultural restrictions exist in these same nations. Many jurisdictions in the United States and the Netherlands follow a more Christian doctrine and legally prohibit such marriages as incestuous. [31] Whereas in most countries with Muslim-influenced laws, the marriage between first cousins is allowed.

Incest defined through marriage
Some cultures include relatives by marriage in incest prohibitions; these relationships are called affinity rather than consanguinity. For example, the question of the legality and morality of a widower who wished to marry his deceased wife’s sister was the subject of long and fierce debate in the United Kingdom in the 19th century, involving, among others, Matthew Boulton.[32][33] In medieval Europe, standing as a godparent to a child also created a bond of affinity. But in other societies, a deceased spouse’s brother or sister was considered the ideal person to marry. The Hebrew Bible forbids a man from marrying his brother’s widow with the exception that, if his brother died childless, the man is

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instead required to marry his brother’s widow so as to "raise up seed to him." - Deuteronomy 25:5-6

Incest
hǣmed ’sexual intercourse’) but in time, both words fell out of use.

Biological consequences of inbreeding
In many, but not all (see Incest taboo) cases, incest is also inbreeding. Although jurist Henry Maine first argued that incest necessarily leads to an increase in congenital birth defects, this is not necessarily the case. Inbreeding does not directly lead to congenital birth defects per se, it leads to an increase in the frequency of homozygotes.[34] An increase in homozygotes has diverging effects. A homozygote encoding a congenital birth defect will produce children with birth defects, but homozygotes that do not encode for congenital birth defects will decrease the number of carriers in a population. The overall consequences of these diverging effects depends in part on the size of the population. In small populations, as long as children born with heritable birth defects die before they reproduce, the ultimate effect of inbreeding will be to decrease the frequency of defective genes in the population; over time the gene pool will be healthier. In larger populations, however, it is more likely that large numbers of carriers will survive and mate, leading to more constant rates of birth defects.[35]

Ancient civilizations

Table of prohibited marriages from The Trial of Bastardie by William Clerke. London, 1594. It is generally accepted that incestuous marriages were widespread at least during the Graeco-Roman period of Egyptian history. Numerous papyri and the Roman census declarations attest to many husbands and wives being brother and sister (Lewis, 1983; Bagnall and Frier, 1994; Shaw, 1993). In Hopkins (1980) this is conclusively demonstrated, and more recent scholars in the field have not questioned it. Some of these incestuous relationships were in the royal family, especially the Ptolemies (see the biography of Cleopatra VII, who married more than one of her brothers). The fable of Oedipus, with a theme of inadvertent incest between a mother and son, ends in disaster and shows ancient taboos against incest as Oedipus is punished for incestuous actions by blinding himself. In the "sequel" to Oedipus, Antigone, his four children are also punished for their parents having been incestuous.

History
Etymology
The word ’incest’ was introduced into Middle English around 1225 as a legal term to describe the crime of familial incest as it is known today. It was also used to describe sexual relations between married persons, one of whom had taken a vow of celibacy (often called spiritual incest).[36] It derives from the Latin incestus or incestum, the substantive use of the adjective incestus meaning ’unchaste, impure’, which itself is derived from the Latin castus meaning ’chaste’. The derived adjective incestuous does not appear until the 16th century.[37] Prior to the introduction of the Latin term, incest was known in Old English as sibbleger (from sibb ’kinship’ + leger ’to lie’) or mǣġhǣmed (from mǣġ ’kin, parent’ +

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Incestuous unions were frowned upon and considered as nefas (against the laws of gods and man) in Roman times, and were explicitly forbidden by an imperial edict in AD 295, which divided the concept of incestus into two categories of unequal gravity: the incestus iuris gentium, which was applied to both Romans and non-Romans in the Empire, and the incestus iuris civilis, which concerned only Roman citizens. Therefore, for example, an Egyptian could marry an aunt, but a Roman could not. Despite the act of incest being unacceptable within the Roman Empire, Roman Emperor Caligula is rumored to have had open sexual relationships with all three of his sisters (Julia Livilla, Drusilla, and Agrippina the Younger). The taboo against incest in Ancient Rome is demonstrated by the fact that politicians would use charges of incest (often false charges) as insults and means of political disenfranchisement. Additionally, many European monarchs were related due to political marriages, sometimes resulting in distant cousins (and even first cousins) being married. This was especially true in the Habsburg, Hohenzollern and Bourbon dynasties. In ancient China, first cousins with the same surnames (i.e., those born to the father’s brothers) were not permitted to marry, while those with different surnames (i.e., maternal cousins and paternal cousins born to the father’s sisters) were.

Incest
pairs of family members. Men are prohibited, on pain of death, from having sexual relations with their daughters, sisters, mothers, aunts, and various other relations. (Father–daughter incest is covered by a prohibition on sexual relationships between a man and any daughter born to any woman he has had sexual relationships with, thereby prohibiting his incest not only with his own daughters but also with women who could be his stepdaughters by marriage.)(Lev 18:6–18) Several bishops in the Roman Catholic Church consider incest to be a less grave crime than abortion, and have recommended that girls who are raped by their parents to continue their pregnancy. This was notably the case in 2009 with archbishop José Cardoso Sobrinho in Brazil.

Islam
The Quran gives specific rules regarding incest, which prohibit a man from marrying or having sexual relationships with his mother, daughter, sister, paternal or maternal aunt, niece, a woman from whom he has nursed, a woman who has nursed from the same woman as he, his mother-in-law, the daughter of his wives with whom he has consummated the marriage, the wife of his biological son [38] , or his father’s wife [39] . It is also forbidden to be married to two sisters at the same time[38]. According to a Hadith by prophet Muhammad, it is also prohibited to be married to a woman and her paternal or maternal aunt at the same time [40] . The same applies for a woman with the male counterparts to the aforementioned. However, Islam allows for marriage with first cousins and beyond.

Laws regarding incest
Incest is illegal in many jurisdictions. The exact legal definition of "incest," including the nature of the relationship between persons, and the types sexual activity, varies by country, and by even individual states or provinces within a country. These laws can also extend to marriage between said individuals. In some places, incest is illegal, regardless of the ages of the two partners. In other places, incestuous relationships between two consenting adults (with the age varying by location) are permitted.

Hinduism
Hinduism speaks of incest in highly abhorrent terms. Hindus were greatly fearful of the bad effects of incest and thus practise to date strict rules of both endogamy and exogamy, that is, marriage in the same caste (Varna in Hinduism) but not in the same family tree (gotra) or bloodline (Parivara). Marriages within the gotra ("swagotra" marriages) are banned under the rule of exogamy in the traditional matrimonial system. People within the gotra are regarded as kin and marrying such a person would be thought of as incest. In some South Indian communities, where gotra membership passed from father to children, marriages were allowed between uncle

Religious views on incest
Judeo-Christian
The Book of Leviticus lists prohibitions against sexual relations between various

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and niece, while such marriages were forbidden in matrilineal communities, like Malayalis and Tuluvas, where gotra membership was passed down from the mother. A much more common characteristic of south Indian Hindu society is permission of marriage between cross-cousins (children of brother and sister). Thus, a man is allowed to marry his maternal uncle’s daughter or his paternal aunt’s daughter but is not allowed to marry his paternal uncle’s daughter, a parallel cousin, who is treated as a sister.

Incest
Harvard University Press. pp. 282. ISBN 0-674-29506-4. [3] ^ Wolf, Arthur P.; William H. Durham (2004). Inbreeding, Incest, and the Incest Taboo: The State of Knowledge at the Turn of the Century. Stanford University Press. pp. p170–172. ISBN 0804751412. [4] ^ Courtois, Christine A. (1988). Healing the Incest Wound: Adult Survivors in Therapy. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. p208. ISBN 0393313565. [5] Nemeroff, Charles B.; Craighead, W. Edward (2001). The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology and behavioral science. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-24096-6. [6] ^ Hipp, Dietmar (2008-03-11). ""German High Court Takes a Look at Incest"". Der Spiegel. http://www.spiegel.de/ international/germany/ 0,1518,540831,00.html. Retrieved on 2008-04-12. [7] Brown, Donald E., Human Universals. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991, p. 118-29 [8] ^ Turner, Jeffrey S. (1996). Encyclopedia of Relationships Across the Lifespan. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. p92. ISBN 031329576X. [9] Incest: The Nature and Origin of the Taboo, by Emile Durkheim (tr.1963) [10] Kinship, Incest, and the Dictates of Law, by Henry A. Kelly, 14 Am. J. Juris. 69 [11] Maurice Godelier, Métamorphoses de la parenté, 2004 [12] "New Left Review - Jack Goody: The Labyrinth of Kinship". http://newleftreview.org/?view=2592. Retrieved on 2007-07-24. [13] Bateson, Gregory (2000). Steps to an Ecology of Mind: Collected Essays in Anthropology, Psychiatry, Evolution, and Epistemology. University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226039053. [14] Briggs, Jean (2006). Never in Anger: Portrait of an Eskimo Family. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674608283. [15] Dorais, Michel; Translated by Isabel Denholm Meyer (2002). Don’t Tell: The Sexual Abuse of Boys. McGill-Queen’s Press. pp. p24. ISBN 0773522611. [16] Courtois, Christine A. (1988). Healing the Incest Wound: Adult Survivors in Therapy. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393313565.

Buddhism
Asian societies shaped by Buddhist traditions take a strong ethical stand in human affairs and sexual behavior in particular. In most of those societies, incest is regarded as highly abhorrent. However, unlike most other world religions, most variations of Buddhism do not go into details regarding what is right and what is wrong in mundane activities of life. Incest (or any other detail of human sexual conduct for that matter) is not specifically mentioned in any of the religious scriptures. The most common formulation of Buddhist ethics are the Five Precepts and the Eightfold Path, one should neither be attached to nor crave sensual pleasure. These precepts take the form of voluntary, personal undertakings, not divine mandate or instruction. The third of the Five Precepts is "To refrain from committing sexual misconduct". It is understandable that incest itself could constitute "sexual misconduct".[41] ’Sexual misconduct’ is a loose term, and is subjected to interpretation relative to the social norms of the followers. In fact, Buddhism in its fundamental form, does not define what is right and what is wrong in absolute terms for lay followers. Therefore the interpretation of whether incest for a layperson is right or wrong, is not a religious matter as far as Buddhism is concerned.

See also
• Incest in folklore

Notes
[1] Elementary Structures Of Kinship, by Claude Lévi-Strauss. (tr.1971). [2] Herman, Judith (1981). Father-Daughter Incest. Cambridge, Massachusetts:

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Incest

[17] "Incest". National Center for Victims of http://www.sciencedirect.com/ Crime and Crime Victims Research and science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V7N-46TGF9P-2& Treatment Center. National Center for [29] ^ Johann Hari (2002-01-09). ""Forbidden Victims of Crime. 1992. love"". The Guardian. http://www.ncvc.org/ncvc/ http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/ main.aspx?dbName=DocumentViewer&DocumentID=32360. Article/0,4273,4331603,00.html. [18] EMOTIONAL INCEST Retrieved on 2008-04-11. [19] Emotional Inheritance: A Dubious [30] ^ Saletan, William (2003-04-23). ""Incest Legacy. (May 21, 1977). Science News, Repellent? If gay sex is private, why isn’t 111 (21), 326. incest?"". Slate Magazine. [20] "’???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? http://www.slate.com/id/2081904/. ?????’ - BBC Persian: Incest paedophilia, Retrieved on 2008-04-12. one of great challenges of Iranian [31] Joanna Grossman, Should the law be Children". http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/ kinder to kissin’ cousins? iran/story/2007/09/070911_shr[32] Pollak, Ellen (2003). Incest and the childabuse.shtml. English Novel, 1684-1814. Baltimore [21] Trepper, Terry S.; Mary Jo Barrett MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. (1989). Systemic Treatment of Incest: A pp. 38. ISBN 0801872049. Therapeutic Handbook. Psychology [33] Tann, Jennifer (May 2007). "Boulton, Press. ISBN 0876305605. Matthew (1728–1809)". Oxford [22] Kluft, Richard P. (1990). Incest-Related Dictionary of National Biography. Syndromes of Adult Psychopathology. Oxford, England: Oxford University American Psychiatric Pub , Inc.. Press. pp. p83,89. ISBN 0880481609. [34] Livingstone, Frank B. 1969 "Genetics, [23] ^ Cruise, David, and Griffiths, Alison. On Ecology, and the Origins of Incest and South Mountain: The Dark Secrets of the Exogamy" in Current Anthropology Goler Clan (Penguin Books, 1998) ISBN 10:45-62 0670873888 [35] Thornhill, Nancy, ed. 1993 The Natural [24] CHILD AND ADOLESCENT SEXUALITY History of Inbreeding and Outbreeding. [25] Bonnie E. Carlson, PhD (December, Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2006). "Sibling Incest: Reports from [36] Online Etymology entry for ’incest’ Forty-One Survivors", Journal of Child [37] Oxford Concise Dictionary of Etymology, Sexual Abuse: Volume 15, Issue 4, T.F. Hoad (ed.) (1996), p232 December 2006, Pages 19–34. [38] ^ Sûrah an Nisa 4:23 [26] ^ Jane Mersky Leder. "Adult Sibling [39] Surah an-Nisa 4:22 Rivalry: Sibling rivalry often lingers [40] "Islam Question and Answer - Is it through adulthood". Psychology Today permissible to marry two sisters from one father at the same time?". (Sussex Publishers) January/February http://www.islamqa.com/en/ref/8442. 93. http://psychologytoday.com/articles/ [41] Higgins, W. "Buddhist Sexual Ethics". index.php?term=19930101-000023&page=1. BuddhaNet Magazine. [27] ^ Jane M. Rudd; Sharon D. Herzberger http://www.buddhanet.net/winton_s.htm. (September 1999). "Brother-sister Retrieved on 2007-01-15. incest—father-daughter incest: a comparison of characteristics and consequences". Child Abuse & Neglect Volume 23, Issue 9: pp915–928. • Adams, Kenneth, M., Silently Seduced: http://www.sciencedirect.com/ When Parents Make Their Children Their science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V7N-3X6B587-7&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort Partners, Understanding Covert Incest, [28] Mireille Cyr; S John Wrighta, Pierre HCI, 1992. McDuffa and Alain Perron (September • Adams, Kenneth, M., When He’s Married 2002). "Intrafamilial sexual abuse: to His Mom: How to Help Motherbrother–sister incest does not differ from Enmeshed Men Open Their Hearts To father–daughter and True Love, Fireside, 2007. stepfather–stepdaughter incest". Child • Anderson, Peter B., and Cindy StruckmanAbuse & Neglect Volume 26, Issue 9: Johnson, Sexually Aggressive Women: pp957–973.

References

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Current Perspectives and Controversies, Guilford, 1998. Bagnall, Roger S. and Bruce W. Frier, The demography of Roman Egypt, Cambridge, 1994 Bixler, Ray H. (1982) "Comment on the Incidence and Purpose of Royal Sibling Incest," American Ethnologist, 9(3), August, pp. 580–582. Blume, E. Sue, Secret Survivors: Uncovering Incest and its Aftereffects in Women, Ballantine, 1991. DeMilly, Walter, In My Father’s Arms: A True Story of Incest, University of Wisconsin Press, 1999. Murador, Gordan, "Just Curious and Incestuous - Two Best Friends Finding Out Their True Past", TTMFTW, 2008. Elliot, Michelle, Female Sexual Abuse of Children, Guilford, 1994. Forward, Susan (1990). Toxic Parents: Overcoming Their Hurtful Legacy and Reclaiming Your Life. Bantam. ISBN 0-553-28434-7. Goody, John (Jack Goody) (1956) A Comparative Approach to Incest and Adultery, The British Journal of Sociology, 7 (4), December, pp. 286–305 doi:10.2307/ 586694 Gil, Eliana, Treating Abused Adolescents, Guilford, 1996. Herman, Judith, Father-Daughter Incest, Harvard University Press, 1982. Hislop, Julia, "Female Sexual Offenders: What Therapists, Law Enforcement, and Child Protective Services Need to Know", Issues, 2001. Hopkins, Keith (1980) "Brother-Sister Marriage in Roman Egypt", Comparative Studies in Society and History, 22: 303-354. Leavitt, G. C. (1990) "Sociobiological explanations of incest avoidance: A critical claim of evidential claims", American Anthropologist, 92: 971-993. Lew, Mike, Victims No Longer: Men Recovering from Incest and Other Sexual Child Abuse, Nevraumont, 1988. Lewis, Naphtali, Life in Egypt under Roman Rule, Oxford, 1983.

Incest
• Lobdell, William, "Missionary’s Dark Legacy", Los Angeles Times, November 19, 2005, p. A1. • Love, Pat, Emotional Incest Syndrome: What to Do When a Parent’s Love Rules Your Life, Bantam, 1991. • Méndez-Negrete, Josie, Las hijas de Juan: Daughters Betrayed, Duke University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-8223-3896-3. • Miletski, Hani, Mother-Son Incest: The Unthinkable Broken Taboo, Safer Society, 1999. • Miller, Alice, That Shalt Not Be Aware: Society’s Betrayal of the Child, Farrar Strauss Giroux, 1983. • Pryor, Douglass, Unspeakable Acts: Why Men Sexually Abuse Children, New York University Press, 1996. • Rosencrans, Bobbie, and Eaun Bear, The Last Secret: Daughters Sexually Abused by Mothers, Safer Society, 1997. • Scruton, Roger, Sexual Desire: A Moral Philosophy of the Erotic, Free Press, 1986. • Shaw, Brent D., Explaining Incest: Brother-Sister Marriage in Graeco-Roman Egypt, Man, New Series, 27(2), June 1992, pp. 267–299. JSTOR article • Shaw, Risa, Not Child’s Play: An Anthology on Brother-Sister Incest, Lunchbox, 2000. • Tyldesley, Joyce, Ramesses: Egypt’s Great Pharaoh, London, 2000. The New England Association for Women in Psychology. "Current Feminist Issues in Psychotherapy"

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External links
• Incest at the Open Directory Project • Child sexual abuse at the Open Directory Project • National Sexual Assault Hotline operated by RAINN

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Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" Categories: Incest, Family law, Sex crimes, Sexual abuse, Child sexual abuse, Anthropology, Sexology, Sexual acts, Human sexuality

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Incest

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