Kurdish_alphabet

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Kurdish alphabet Kurdish alphabet The Kurdish alphabet is a writing system for the Kurdish language. Three systems currently exist. The form used in Turkey was derived from the Latin alphabet by Jeladet Ali Bedirkhan in 1932, and thus is also called the Bedirxan script or more properly Hawar. It is used by Kurds in Turkey and Syria. The Sorani alphabet is used by Kurds in Iraq and Iran, and there is also a recent alphabet called Yekgirtú which attempts to unify these. alphabet in which vowels are mandatory, making the script easy to read. Yet it is not a complete representation of Kurdish sounds, as it is missing short /i/ (as in English bird), and is also unable to differentiate between /w/ and short /u/ as well between /y/ and /î/. However it does show the two pharyngeal consonants, as well as a voiced velar fricative used in Kurdish. Hawar Alphabet The alphabet of the Kurmanji Kurdish dialect contains 31 letters: A, B, C, Ç, D, E, Ê, F, G, H, I, Î, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, Ş, T, U, Û, V, W, X, Y, Z a, b, c, ç, d, e, ê, f, g, h, i, î, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, ş, t, u, û, v, w, x, y, z There are eight vowels in this alphabet -three short and five long. For the vowels that can be both short and long, the long vowels are represented using a circumflex. The short vowels are (E, I, U) and the long ones are (A, Ê, Î, O, Û). When presenting this alphabet in his magazine "Hawar", Jeladet Ali Bedirkhan proposed using ḧ, ẍ and ’ for ‫ ,ﺡ, ﻍ‬and ‫ ,ﻉ‬sounds which he judged to be "non-Kurdish" (see [1] page 12,13). These three glyphs do not have the status of letter and serve to represent these sounds when they are indispensable to comprehension. The Turkish state does not recognise the alphabet, and use of the letters Q, W, X which do not exist in the Turkish alphabet has led to persecution in 2000 and 2003 (see [2], p.8, and [3]). Since September 2003, many Kurds have applied to the courts seeking to change their names to Kurdish ones written with the letters Q, W, and X but eventually failed.[1] ‫ڤ, ﻕ, ﮎ, ﮒ, ﻝ, ڵ, ﻡ, ﻥ, ﯙ, ﻭ, ﻭﻭ, ﻫ, ە, ێ, ى‬ ,‫ﭖ, ﺕ, ﺝ, ﭺ, ﺡ, ﺥ, ﺩ, ﺭ, ڕ, ﺯ, ﮊ, ﺱ, ﺵ, ﻉ, ﻍ, ﻑ‬ ,‫ﺍ, ﺏ‬ Kurds in Iraq and Iran mainly use this alphabet, though the Kurmanji alphabet is also in use. Cyrillic Alphabet A third system, used for the few (Kurmanjispeaking) Kurds in the former Soviet Union, uses a modified Cyrillic alphabet, consisting of 32 letters: А, Б, В, Г, Г’, Д, Е, Ә, Ә’, Ж, З, И, Й, К, К’, Л, М, Н, О, Ö, П, П’, Р, Р’, С, Т, Т’, У, Ф, Х, Һ, Һ’, Ч, Ч’, Ш, Щ, Ь, Э, Q, W Armenian alphabet From 1921 to 1929 the Armenian alphabet was used for Kurdish languages in the Soviet Armenia.[2] Then it was replaced to Janalif-like Latin alphabet during Latinisation campaign. Uniform Turkic Alphabet adaptation for Kurdish In 1928 Kurdish language in all USSR, including Armenian SSR, was switched to Latin alphabet, containing some additional Cyrillic characters: a, b, c, ç, d, e, ә, f, g, г, h, i, ь, j, k, ʀ, l, m, ɴ, o, ө, w, p, n, q, ч, s, ш, ц, t, u, y, v, x, z, ƶ. In 1929 it was reformed and was replaced by [3]: Aa Bb Cc Ә́ ә́ F f Gg K k K̡ k̡ L l Єє Çç Dd Ee Әә Jj Ƣƣ Hh Ħħ Ii Soraní Alphabet The Soraní Kurdish dialect is mainly written using a modified Arabic-based alphabet with 33 letters. Unlike the standard Arabic alphabet, which is an abjad, Soraní is a true Mm Nn Oo Öö Pp 1 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ?? Qq Rr Ss Şş Yy Tt Zz T̡ t̡ Uu Kurdish alphabet Ûû Vv Ww Xx Ƶƶ Ьь Yekgirtú The Yekgirtú alphabet is a recent creation. It has many advantages compared to the Kurmanji and Sorani alphabets. It is adapted for all Kurdish dialects and not exclusive to just one, and is therefore called Yekgirtú, which means "unified." It is also better adapted to the vowel-rich Kurdish language than is the Arabic script. Recently it has been used more than the Arabic script on Kurdish TV. The Yekgirtú alphabet consists of 34 letters: A, B, C, D, E, É, F, G, H, h’, I, Í, J, Jh, K, L, ll, M, N, O, P, Q, R, rr, S, Sh, T, U, Ú, Ù, V, W, X, xh, Y, Z [4] Bedirxan, Celadet Ali; Stockholm Arif Zêrevanî (2002). "Elfabeya kurdî & Bingehên gramera kurdmancî" (pdf). [NEFEL]. http://www.nefel.com/epirtuk/ pdf/ celadet_ali_bedir_xan_elfabeugramer_02.pdf?NR:122 [5] Bedirxan, Celadet Ali; Stockholm Arif Zêrevanî (2002). "Elfabeya kurdî & Bingehên gramera kurdmancî" (pdf). [NEFEL]. http://www.nefel.com/epirtuk/ pdf/ celadet_ali_bedir_xan_elfabeugramer_02.pdf?NR:122 External links • A table of the various Kurdish alphabets • Kurdish language, alphabet and pronunciation • Kurdish Unicode Fonts Comparison of Kurmanji, Yekgirtú and Sorani Alphabets References [1] Karakaş, Saniye; Diyarbakır Branch of the Contemporary Lawyers Association (March 2004). "Submission to the SubCommission on Promotion and Protection of Human Rights: Working Group of Minorities; Tenth Session, Agenda Item 3 (a)" (MS Word). United Nations Commission on Human Rights. http://www.unhchr.ch/minorities/ statements10/CLA3a.doc. Retrieved on 2006-11-07. "Kurds have been officially allowed since September 2003 to take Kurdish names, but cannot use the letters x, w, or q, which are common in Kurdish but do not exist in Turkey’s version of the Latin alphabet. [...] Those letters, however, are used in Turkey in the names of companies, TV and radio channels, and trademarks. For example Turkish Army has company under the name of AXA OYAK and there is SHOW TV television channel in Turkey." [2] (Russian) Курдский язык (Kurdish language), Кругосвет (Krugosvet) [3] (Russian) Культура и письменность Востока (Eastern Culture and Literature). 1928, №2. 2 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Kurmanji Yekgirtú Sorani - Standalone Sorani Initial Sorani Medial — Kurdish alphabet Sorani Final IPA [aː] [b] [ʤ] [ʧ] [d] [ɛː] [e] [f] [g] [h] [ħ] [ʕ] [ɯ] A,a B,b C,c Ç,ç D,d E,e Ê,ê F,f G,g H,h Ḧ,ḧ [4] — I,i Î,î J,j K,k L,l — A,a B,b J,j C,c D,d E,e É,é F,f G,g H,h H’,h’ ’ I,i Í,í Jh,jh K,k L,l ll M,m N,n O,o P,p Q,q R,r rr S,s Sh,sh T,t U,u Ú,ú Ù,ù V,v W,w ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﭺ‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﮦ‬ ‫ێ‬ ‫ﻑ‬ ‫ﮒ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺡ‬ ‫ﻉ‬ — ‫ﺍئ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﭼ‬ — ‫ﺍـ‬ ‫ﺏـ‬ ‫ﺝـ‬ ‫ﭺـ‬ ‫ﺩــ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ێـ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﮒـ‬ ‫ـهـ‬ ‫ﺡـ‬ ‫ﻉـ‬ ‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﮊـ‬ ‫ﮏ‬ ‫ﻝـ‬ ‫ڶـ ,ڵـ‬ ‫ﻡـ‬ ‫ﻥـ‬ ‫ﯙـ‬ ‫ﭖـ‬ ‫ﻕـ‬ ‫ﺭـ‬ ‫ڔـ ,ڒـ ,ڕـ‬ ‫ـﺏـ‬ ‫ـﺝـ‬ ‫ـﭺـ‬ — ‫ﮫﺋ‬ ‫ـێئ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﮔ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ـﺡ‬ ‫ـﻉ‬ ‫ﯾﺋ‬ — ‫ـێـ‬ ‫ـﻑـ‬ ‫ـﮒـ‬ ‫ـهـ‬ ‫ـﺡـ‬ ‫ـﻉـ‬ ‫ـيـ‬ ‫ـﮎـ‬ ‫ـﻝـ‬ ‫ـڶـ ,ـڵـ‬ ‫ـﻡـ‬ ‫ـﻥـ‬ - ‫ﯼ‬ ‫ﮊ‬ ‫ﮎ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ڶ ,ڵ‬ ‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﯙ‬ ‫ﭖ‬ ‫ﻕ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ڔ ,ڒ ,ڕ‬ ‫ﺱ‬ ‫ﺵ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ۇ ,ﻭﻭ‬ ‫ۈ‬ ‫ۋ ,ڤ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ [iː] [ʒ] [k] [l] [lˁ] [m] [n] [o] [p] [q] [r] [r] [s] [ʃ] [t] [œ] [uː] [ʉ:] [v] [w] ‫ﮐ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ــڶ ,ــڵ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﯙئ‬ ‫ــﭖ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ — — M,m N,n O,o P,p Q,q R,r — ‫ـﭖـ‬ ‫ـﻕـ‬ S,s Ş,ş T,t U,u Û,û Ü,ü V,v W,w ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ — — — ‫ـﺱـ‬ ‫ـﺵـ‬ ‫ـﺕـ‬ ‫ﺱـ‬ ‫ﺵـ‬ ‫ﺕـ‬ ‫ﻭـ‬ ‫ۇـ ,ﻭﻭـ‬ ‫ۈـ‬ ‫ـڤ‬ — ‫ـڤـ‬ ‫ۋـ, ڤـ‬ ‫ﻭـ‬ 3 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Kurdish alphabet X,x Ẍ,ẍ [5] Y,y Z,z X,x Xh,xh Y,y Z,z ‫ﺥ‬ ‫ﻍ‬ ‫ﯼ‬ ‫ﺯ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻏ‬ ‫ـي‬ — ‫ـﺥـ‬ ‫ـﻍـ‬ — ‫ﺥـ‬ ‫ﻍـ‬ ‫ﺯـ‬ [x] [ʁ] [j] [z] Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_alphabet" Categories: Latin-derived alphabets, Arabic-derived alphabets, Kurdish language This page was last modified on 10 May 2009, at 18:29 (UTC). 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