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List of European Union member states by political system
List of European Union member states by political system
criteria of Freedom House (with all of them being rated 1/1 except for Latvia with 2/1, Greece and Italy with 1/2 and Bulgaria and Romania with 2/2).[1] As of 2008, all European Union member states are representative democracies; however, they do not all have the same political system, with most of the differences arising from different historical backgrounds. Many of the states in the neighbourhood of the European Union are not considered to be "free" by the same criteria.[1] Most European states neighbouring the European Union are considered to be "free" or "partly free" by Freedom House, with the exceptions of Azerbaijan, Belarus and Russia. On the other hand, almost all of the states in North Africa and Southwest Asia that neighbour the European Union are not considered to be "free", with the exception of Israel.[1]
European Union (all free) free free unfree not rated[1]
partly
This is a list of European Union member states, their forms of government and their parliaments. The European Union is a sui generis supranational union of democratic states. At a European Council Summit held in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 21 June and 22 June 1993,[2] the European Union defined the Copenhagen criteria regarding the conditions a candidate country has to fulfill to be considered eligible for accession to the European Union: “ Membership criteria require that the ” candidate country must have achieved: • stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities; • the existence of a functioning market economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union; • the ability to take on the obligations of membership including adherence to the aims of political, economic and monetary union.[3]
Monarchism and republicanism
See also: Republicanism, Monarchism, and Monarchies in Europe
Consequently, all European Union member states are directly elected democracies that are considered to be "free" according to the
monarchy
republic
1
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List of European Union member states by political system
ceremonial figurehead who has few political competences. As with the definition of constitutional monarchies, sometimes the president does have non-ceremonial competences, but does not use them by constitutional convention; this is the case in Austria, for instance. By definition, modern democratic constitutional monarchies are parliamentary, as there is no elected head of state who could assume non-ceremonial competences; of the twenty republican member states of the European Union, only one is a presidential republic (Cyprus) and three are semi-presidential republic (Finland, France and Romania).
At present, seven monarchies are members of the European Union: Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. All seven monarchies in the European Union are constitutional monarchies, which means that the monarch does not influence the politics of the monarch’s country. Either the monarch is legally prohibited from doing so, or the monarch does not utilise the political powers vested in the office by convention. At the dawn of the 20th century, France was the only republic among the future members states of the European Union; the ascent of republicanism to the political mainstream only started at the beginning of the 20th century. Public opinion is currently strongly in favour of keeping the monarchy in the remaining seven monarchies in the European Union, and there is currently no ongoing campaign with popular support to abolish monarchy in any of them.
Degree of selfgovernance
See also: Self-governance
Form of government
See also: Form of government
unitary state devolved state federacy federation Most of the European Union’s member states are unitary states, which means that most of the competences lie with the central government and only minor or local issues are within the authority of regional governments. However, three states are federations (Austria, Belgium and Germany) of states or regions with equal competences, and six other states have either devolved certain powers to special regions or are federacies (or both): • federacies: • in Denmark, the Faroe Islands and Greenland are autonomous (and neither is part of the European Union);
presidential republic semi-presidential republic parliamentary republic parliamentary constitutional monarchy There are three types of government systems in European politics: in a presidential system, the president is the head of state and the head of government; in a semi-presidential system, the president and the prime minister share a number of competences; finally, in a parliamentary system, the president is a
2
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List of European Union member states by political system
A further distinction is the number of chambers in the national legislature. While there had been legislatures with more than two chambers (tricameral and tetracameral ones), nowadays there are only unicameral and bicameral ones. There is no clear trend towards either model as of 2006, and there’s also no real common factor which determines whether a country’s legislature is unicameral or bicameral, except for the fact that federations and countries with strong regional differences or regional identities are normally bicameral to reflect the regions’ interests in national bills. The states with the larger populations, from the Netherlands upwards, all have a bicameral system. Although there is a greater mix among the smaller states (some influenced by their federalist structure), the smallest states are on the whole unicameral. In the member states of the European Union, if the parliament has only one chamber, it is wholly directly elected in all cases. If there are two chambers, the lower house is directly elected in all cases, while the upper house can be directly elected (e.g. the Senate of Poland); or indirectly elected, for example, by regional legislatures (e.g. the Federal Council of Austria); or non-elected, but representing certain interest groups (e.g. the National Council of Slovenia); or non-elected (though by and large appointed by elected officials) as a remnant of a non-democratic political system in earlier times (as in the House of Lords in the United Kingdom).
• in Finland, Åland has substantial autonomy; • in France, the collectivité sui generis New Caledonia (which is not part of the European Union) has a large degree of autonomy; • in the Netherlands, the Caribbean island groups of Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles are equal partners to the Netherlands within the Kingdom of the Netherlands; • in the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands – Guernsey and Jersey – and the Isle of Man are a special case, being neither part of the United Kingdom nor of the European Union; these islands are British Crown dependencies; • devolved states: • in Italy, the government has devolved a number of powers to the twenty regions, of which five have a very large degree of autonomy; • in Spain, the central government has devolved various powers to the historic nationalities among the autonomous communities, namely Andalusia, the Basque Country, Catalonia and Galicia; • in the United Kingdom, various competences have been devolved to the Home Nations of Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The Greater London Authority also has extensive devolved powers.
Parliamentary chambers
Listed by form of government Listed by type of parliament
I^ : Due to Belgium’s complex federal structure the Brussels Regional Parliament (Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Parlement / Parlement de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale / Brüsseler Regionalparlament)[105] [106] (89, regional assembly), Flemish Parliament (Vlaams Parlement)[107] (124, regional and community assembly), the Walloon Parliament (Parlement wallon)[108] [109] (75, regional assembly), the Parliament of the French Community (Parlement de la Communauté française)[110] (94,
unicameral
bicameral
3
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State Austria Belgium Government parliamentary federal republic parliamentary federal constitutional popular monarchy parliamentary unitary republic presidential unitary republic parliamentary unitary republic
List of European Union member states by political system
Head of state Federal President (Bundespräsident)[4] King (Koning / Roi / König)[6] President (Президент)[9] Head of government Federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzler)[5] Prime Minister (Eerste Minister / Premier Ministre / Premierminister)[7] [8] Prime Minister (Министърпредседател)[10]
Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark
President (Πρόεδρος / Cumhurbaşkanı)[11] President (Prezident)[12] Prime Minister (Předseda vlády)[13] Prime Minister (Statsminister)[15] Prime Minister (Peaminister)[17]
parliamentary federate Queen (Dronning)[14] constitutional monarchy parliamentary unitary republic semi-presidential federate republic semi-presidential federate republic parliamentary federal republic parliamentary unitary republic parliamentary unitary republic parliamentary unitary republic parliamentary devolved republic parliamentary unitary republic President (President)[16]
Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy
President (Presidentti / Prime Minister (Pääministeri President)[18] / Statsminister)[19] President (Président)[20] Federal President (Bundespräsident)[22] President (Πρόεδρος)[25] President (Köztársasági Elnök)[27] President (Uachtarán)[29] President (Presidente)[31] President (Prezidents)[34] President (Prezidentas)[36] Grand Duke (Grandduc / Großherzog / Groussherzog)[38] [39] President (President)[40] Prime Minister (Premier ministre)[21] Federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzler)[23] [24] Prime Minister (Πρωθυπουργός)[26] Prime Minister (Miniszterelnök)[28] Taoiseach[30] Prime Minister (Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri)[32]
[33]
Latvia
Prime Minister (Ministru prezidents)[35] Prime Minister (Ministras Pirmininkas)[37] Prime Minister (Premier ministre / Premierminister / Premierminister)[38] [39] Prime Minister (Prim Ministru)[41] Prime Minister (Ministerpresident)[43] Prime Minister (Prezes Rady Ministrów)[45]
Lithuania parliamentary unitary republic parliamentary unitary Luxembourg constitutional monarchy Malta parliamentary unitary republic
parliamentary federate Queen (Koningin)[42] Netherlands constitutional monarchy Poland parliamentary unitary republic President (Prezydent)[44]
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Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain parliamentary unitary republic
List of European Union member states by political system
President (Presidente)[46] [47] Prime Minister (PrimeiroMinistro)[48] Prime Minister (Prim-ministru)[50] Prime Minister (Predseda vlády)[52] Prime Minister (Predsednik vlade)[54] President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno)[56] Prime Minister (Statsminister)[58] Prime Minister[60]
semi-presidential unit- President ary republic (Preşedinte)[49] parliamentary unitary republic parliamentary unitary republic parliamentary devolved constitutional monarchy parliamentary unitary constitutional monarchy President (Prezident)[51] President (Predsednik)[53] King (Rey)[55]
Sweden
King (Kung)[57]
United Kingdom
parliamentary federate Queen[59] and devolved constitutional monarchy
community assembly) and the Parliament of the German-speaking Community (Parlament der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft)[111] (25, community assembly) have competences in federal legislation that affects their interests. II^ : In addition to the 71 elected senators, the ruling monarch’s children (or, in case there are none, her or his siblings) are also entitled to sit in the Senate after reaching the age of 18 and entitled to vote after reaching the age of 21 as senators by law (senator van rechtswege / sénateur de droit / Senator von Rechts wegen), although they do not use the right to vote by constitutional convention. There are currently three such senators. III^ : The number of Senators will gradually increase to 343 with the 2008 Senate election and 348 with the 2011 Senate election to reflect changes in French demography. IV^ : In legislation which affects the autonomous province of the Åland Islands, its Parliament (Lagting)[112] (30) also has legislative competences. V^ : While there is a Federal Assembly (Bundesversammlung) similar to the Austrian Federal Assembly, it is not simply a joint session of the Federal Diet
and the Federal Council and as such not the overall name of the legislature. VI^ : Technically, the Federal Diet only has 598 members; the additional sixteen seats are overhang seats resulting from the 2005 election. VII^ : The Irish names are used in the English-language version of the Constitution of Ireland,[113] and generally in English-language speech and writing in Ireland.[114][115][116] The English glosses given are the descriptions in the Constitution.[113] VIII^ : In addition to the 315 elected members, there are currently seven senators for life (senatore a vita); these include three former Italian Presidents, who are ex officio senators for life, as well as four senators appointed by the President "for outstanding patriotic merits in the social, scientific, artistic or literary field". There can only be five appointed senators in addition to the ex officio ones at any one time. IX^ : Technically, the Federal Diet only has 65 members; the additional four seats are overhang seats to ensure a majority of MPs for the party which gained the most votes in the 2008 election.
5
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Member state Austria
List of European Union member states by political system
Parliamentary Overall name of legislature system Lower house (members) bicameral National Council (Nationalrat)[61] (183)
Upper house (members) Federal Council (Bundesrat)[61] (62)
Federal Assembly (Bundesversammlung)[61]
Belgium
bicameral[I]
Federal Parliament (Federaal Parlement / Parlement Fédérale / Föderales Parlament) Chamber of Representatives (Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers / Chambre des Représentants / Abgeordnetenkammer)[62] [63] (150) Senate (Senaat / Sénat / Senat)[64] (71)[II]
Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France
unicameral unicameral bicameral
National Assembly (Народно събрание)[65] (240) House of Representatives (Βουλή των Αντιπροσώπων / Temsilciler Meclisi)[66] (59) Parliament (Parlament) Chamber of Deputies (Poslanecká sněmovna)[67] (200) Senate (Senát)[68] (81)
unicameral unicameral unicameral[IV] bicameral
Parliament (Folketinget)[69] (179) State Assembly (Riigikogu)[70] (101) Parliament (Eduskunta / Riksdag)[71] (200) Parliament (Parlement) / Congress (Congrès)[72] National Assembly (Assemblée nationale)[73] (577) Senate (Sénat)[74] [75] (331)[III] Federal Council (Bundesrat)[77] (69)
Germany
bicameral
—[V] Federal Diet (Bundestag)[76] (614)[VI]
Greece Hungary Ireland
unicameral unicameral bicameral
Assembly of the Greeks (Βουλή των Ελλήνων)[78] (300) National Assembly (Országgyűlés)[79] (386) Oireachtas ("National Parliament")[VII] Dáil Éireann ("House of Representatives")[VII] (166) Seanad Éireann ("Senate")[VII] (60) Senate of the Republic (Senato della Repubblica)[83] [81] (315)[VIII]
Italy
bicameral
Parliament (Parlamento)[80] [81] Chamber of Deputies (Camera dei Deputati)[82] (630)
Latvia
unicameral unicameral
Diet (Saeima)[84] (100) Diet (Seimas)[85] (141) Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des Députés / Abgeordnetenkammer / Châmber vun Députéirten)[86] [87] (60) House of Representatives (il-Kamra tar-Rappreżentanti)[88] (69)[IX]
Lithuania unicameral Luxembourg Malta unicameral
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bicameral Netherlands
List of European Union member states by political system
States–General (Staten–Generaal)[89] Second Chamber (or House of Representatives; Tweede Kamer)[90] (150) First Chamber (or Senate; Eerste Kamer)[91] (75)
Poland Portugal Romania
bicameral unicameral bicameral
National Assembly (Zgromadzenie Narodowe)[X] Diet (Sejm)[92] (460) Parliament (Parlamentul)[95] Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputaţilor)[96] (332) Senate (Senat)[97] (137) Senate (Senat)[93] (100) Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da República)[94] (230)
Slovakia Slovenia
unicameral bicameral
National Council (Národná rada)[98] (150) Parliament (Parlament) National Assembly (Državni zbor)[99] (90) National Council (Državni svet)[100] (40) Senate (Senado)[102] (259)
Spain
bicameral
General Courts (Cortes Generales) Congress of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados)[101] (350)
Sweden United Kingdom
unicameral bicameral[XI]
Diet (Riksdagen)[103] (349) Parliament[104] House of Commons[104] (646) House of Lords[104] (738)
X^ : The name Zgromadzenie Narodowe is only used on the rare occasions when both houses sit together. XI^ : In legislation which affects the overseas territory of Gibraltar, its Parliament[117] (17) also has legislative competences.
References
[1] ^ Freedom House (2006-06-27). "2005". Freedom in the World. http://www.freedomhouse.org/ template.cfm?page=15&year=2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [2] European Commission (2006-05-06). "1993". The History of the European Union. http://europa.eu/abc/history/1993/ index_en.htm. Retrieved on 2006-06-30. [3] European Commission (2006-03-27). "Accession criteria". Understanding enlargement. http://ec.europa.eu/comm/ enlargement/towards_EU_membership/ criteria_en.htm. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
[4] Office of the Federal President of Austria (2006-06-23). "The Austrian Federal President / Der Österreichische Bundespräsident". http://www.bundespraesident.at/ index.php?sid=48&s2id=0&language=en. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. [5] Federal Chancellary of Austria (2006-06-23). "Federal Chancellary of Austria / Bundeskanzleramt Österreich". http://www.bundeskanzler.at/ DesktopDefault.aspx?alias=english&init. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. [6] Directorate-General External Communication of the Federal Public Service (2006-06-23). "De Belgische Monarchie / The Belgian Monarchy / La Monarchie belge / Die Belgische Monarchie". http://www.monarchie.be/ en/index.php. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. [7] Directorate-General External Communication of the Federal Public Service (2006-06-23). "De site van de Eerste Minister van België / Le site du Premier Ministre de Belgique". http://premier.fgov.be/. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
7
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
List of European Union member states by political system
http://www.valitsus.ee/?lang=en. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. [18] Office of the President of the Republic of Finland (2006-06-23). "The President of the Republic of Finland / Suomen tasavallan presidentti / Republiken Finlands president". http://www.presidentti.fi/en/. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. [19] Government (2006-06-23). "Finnish Government / Valtioneuvosto / Statsrådet". http://www.valtioneuvosto.fi/ etusivu/en.jsp. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. [20] M. Michel Blangy, Cabinet Director (2006-06-23). "Präsidentschaft der französischen Republik / Presidency of the French Republic / Présidence de la République française / Presidencia de la República francesa". http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/elysee.fr/ anglais/speeches_and_documents/2006/ 2006_speeches_and_documents.37972.html. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. [21] Service d’Information du Gouvernement (2006-06-23). "Portal der Regierung / Government Portal / Portail du Gouvernement / Portal del Gobierno". http://www.premier-ministre.gouv.fr/en/. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. [22] Martin Kothé, Spokesperson of the Federal President (2006-06-23). "Federal President / Président de la République fédérale / Der Bundespräsident / Presidente Federal". http://www.bundespraesident.de/en. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. [23] Presse- und Informationsamt der Bundesregierung (2006-06-23). "Bundeskanzlerin". http://www.bundeskanzlerin.de/. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. [24] Central Intelligence Agency (2006-03-16). "Germany". World Leaders. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/ world-leaders-1/world-leaders-g/ germany.html. Retrieved on 2006-06-28. [25] Bouritsa Myrto, Librarian of the Presidency of the Republic (2006-06-23). "Presidency of the Hellenic Republic / Présidence de la République Hellénique / Προεδρία της Ελληνικής Δημοκρατίας". http://www.presidency.gr/en/index.htm. Retrieved on 2005-06-30. [26] The Prime Minister’s Press Office (2006-06-23). "Prime Minister of the Hellenic Republic / Le Premier Ministre
[8] Central Intelligence Agency (2005-10-17). "Belgium". World Leaders. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/ world-leaders-1/world-leaders-b/ belgium.html. Retrieved on 2006-06-28. [9] president.bg (2006-12-28). "President of the Republic of Bulgaria / Президент на Република България". http://www.president.bg/en/index.php. Retrieved on 2006-12-28. [10] Government Information Service (2006-12-28). "Republic of Bulgaria – Council of Ministers / Република България – Министерски Съвет". http://www.government.bg/fce/ index.shtml?s=001&p=0023. Retrieved on 2006-12-28. [11] Presidency of the Republic of Cyprus (2006-06-23). "Presidency of the Republic of Cyprus / Προεδρία της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας / Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti Başkanlığı". http://www.presidency.gov.cy/ presidency/presidency.nsf/dmlindex_en/ dmlindex_en?OpenDocument. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. [12] FG Forrest (2006-06-23). "Pražský hrad / Prague Castle". http://www.hrad.cz/en/. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. [13] Department of Information and Security Technologies (2005-08-25). "Úřad vlády České republiky / The Office of the Czech Republic Government". http://wtd.vlada.cz/eng/aktuality.htm. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. [14] Amalienborg Palace (2006-06-23). "Kongehuset / The Danish Monarchy". http://www.kongehuset.dk/english/. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. [15] The Prime Minister’s Office (2006-06-23). "Statsministeriet / The Prime Minister’s Office". http://www.stm.dk/Index/ mainstart.asp?o=2&n=3&s=2. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. [16] Office of the President (2006-06-23). "Eesti Vabariigi president / The President of the Republic of Estonia". http://www.president.ee/en/. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. [17] State Chancellery of the Republic of Estonia (2006-06-23). "Eesti Vabariigi Valitsus / The Government of the Republic of Estonia / Правительство Эстонской Республики".
8
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List of European Union member states by political system
de la République Hellénique / Der Republikas Ministru kabinets / Кабинет Ministerpräsident der Republik министров Латвийской Республики". Griechenland / Πρωθυπουργός της http://www.mk.gov.lv/en/?lang=1. Ελλάδας". http://www.primeminister.gr/ Retrieved on 2006-06-23. gr/lang/en/primeminister.asp. Retrieved [36] Office of the President of the Republic of on 2006-06-23. Lithuania (2006-06-23). "President of the [27] The Office of the President of the Republic of Lithuania / Président de la Republic of Hungary (2006-06-23). "The République de Lituanie / Lietuvos Office of the President of the Republic of Respublikos Prezidentas / Президент Hungary / Köztársasági Elnöki Hivatal". Литовской Республики". http://www.keh.hu/keh_en/home.html. http://www.president.lt/en/. Retrieved on Retrieved on 2006-06-23. 2006-06-23. [28] The Office of the Prime Minister [37] Government of the Republic of Lithuania (2006-06-23). "Prime Minister / (2006-06-23). "Government of the Ministerpräsident / Miniszterelnök". Republic of Lithuania / Lietuvos http://www.miniszterelnok.hu/mss/ Respublikos Vyriausybė". alpha?do=2&st=1&pg=2&m10_doc=92&m1_act=3. http://www.vyriausybe.lt/main_en.php. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. [29] Áras an Uachtaráin (2006-06-23). "Áras [38] ^ Service Information et Presse an Uachtaráin". http://www.president.ie/. (2006-06-23). "Gouvernement du GrandRetrieved on 2006-06-23. Duché de Luxembourg". [30] Department of the Taoiseach http://www.gouvernement.lu/. Retrieved (2006-06-23). "Department of the on 2006-06-23. Taoiseach / Roinn an Taoisigh". [39] ^ Central Intelligence Agency http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/. Retrieved (2006-03-24). "Luxembourg". World on 2006-06-23. Leaders. https://www.cia.gov/library/ [31] Segretariato Generale della Presidenza publications/world-leaders-1/worlddella Repubblica (2006-06-23). leaders-l/luxembourg.html. Retrieved on "Presidency of the Republic / Présidence 2006-06-28. de la République / Präsidentschaft der [40] Office of the President (2005-10-14). Republik / Presidenza della Repubblica / "The President of Malta". Presidencia de la República". http://www.president.gov.mt/. Retrieved http://www.quirinale.it/presidente/ on 2006-06-23. altrelingue/inglese/presidente-en.htm. [41] Government of Malta (2005-08-03). Retrieved on 2006-06-23. "Office of the Prime Minister". [32] Governo Italiano (2006-06-23). "Governo http://www.opm.gov.mt/. Retrieved on Italiano". http://www.governo.it/. 2006-06-23. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. [42] Government Information Service [33] Central Intelligence Agency (2006-06-23). "Het Koninklijk Huis / The (2006-06-07). "Italy". World Leaders. Dutch Royal House". https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/ http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/english/ world-leaders-1/world-leaders-i/ index.jsp. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. italy.html. Retrieved on 2006-06-28. [43] Ministry of General Affairs (2004-03-31). [34] Latvijas Valsts prezidenta kanceleja "De Minister-President en het Ministerie (2006-06-23). "Chancery of the President van Algemene Zaken / The Prime of Latvia / Chancellerie de la présidence Minister and the Ministry of General lettonne / Kanzlei des lettischen Affairs". http://www.minaz.nl/english/ Staatspräsidenten / Latvijas Valsts index.html. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. prezidenta kanceleja / Канцелярия [44] Office of the President (2006-06-23). президента Латвии". "President of the Republic of Poland / http://www.president.lv/?lng=en. Prezydent Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej". Retrieved on 2006-06-23. http://www.president.pl/x.node?id=479. [35] State Chancellery (2006-06-23). "The Retrieved on 2006-06-23. Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of [45] Government Information Centre Latvia / Conseil des ministres de la (2006-06-23). "The Chancellery of the République de Lettonie / Latvijas Prime Minister / Kancelaria Prezesa
9
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
List of European Union member states by political system
Rady Ministrów". http://www.kprm.gov.pl/english/. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. [46] Presidência da República Portuguesa (2006-06-23). "Presidência da República Portuguesa". http://www.presidencia.pt/. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. [47] Central Intelligence Agency (2006-03-09). "Portugal". World Leaders. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/ world-leaders-1/world-leaders-p/ portugal.html. Retrieved on 2006-06-28. [48] Government Network Management Center (2006-06-23). "Government Portal / Portal do Governo". http://www.pcm.gov.pt/Portal/EN/. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. [49] President of Romania (2006-12-28). "President of Romania / President de la Roumanie / Preşedintele României". http://www.presidency.ro/?lang=en. Retrieved on 2006-12-28. [50] Government of Romania (2006-12-28). "Government of Romania / Gouvernement de la Roumanie / Guvernul României". http://www.guv.ro/ engleza/index.php. Retrieved on 2006-12-28. [51] Office of the President of the Slovak Republic (2006-06-23). "President of the Slovak Republic / Prezident Slovenskej republiky". http://www.prezident.sk/ ?introduction. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. [52] The Slovak Republic Government Office (2006-06-23). "The Slovak Republic Government Office / Úrad vlády Slovenskej republiky". http://www.government.gov.sk/english/. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. [53] Office of the President of the Republic (2006-06-23). "President of the Republic of Slovenia / Predsednik Republike Slovenije". http://www.up-rs.si/up-rs/ uprs-ang.nsf. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. [54] Office of the Prime Minister (2006-06-23). "The Prime Minister of the Republic of Slovenia / Predsednik Vlade Republike Slovenije". http://www.kpv.gov.si/ index.php?id=225&L=1. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. [55] Relaciones con los Medios de Comunicación (2006-06-23). "The Royal Household of His Majesty the King / Casa de Su Majestad el Rey de España".
http://www.casareal.es/ingles/index.jsp. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. [56] Presidency of the Government (2006-06-23). "La Moncloa – Gobernuko presidentzia / La Moncloa – Presidència del Govern / La Moncloa – Presidency of the Government / La Moncloa – Presidencia do Goberno / La Moncloa – Presidencia del Gobierno". http://www.lamoncloa.es/default?idioma=en-GB. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. [57] Information and Press Department (2006-06-23). "Royal Court / Kungahuset". http://www.royalcourt.se/ 2.19fe5e61065eb9aeea80002271.html. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. [58] Information Department (2006-06-23). "The Government and the Government Offices / Regeringen och Regeringskansliet". http://www.sweden.gov.se/. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. [59] GT.XM London (2006-06-23). "British Monarchy / Monarcachd Bhreatainn / Frenhiniaeth Brydeinig". http://www.royal.gov.uk/. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. [60] Prime Minister’s Office (2006-06-23). "10 Downing Street". http://www.number-10.gov.uk/. Retrieved on 2006-06-23. [61] ^ Parlamentsdirektion (2006-06-27). "The Austrian Parliament / Österreichisches Parlament". http://www.parlament.gv.at/portal/ page?_pageid=1033,657755&_dad=portal&_schema Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [62] de Kamer – la Chambre (2006-06-27). "de Kamer / la Chambre". http://www.dekamer.be/. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [63] Central Intelligence Agency (2006-06-13). "Belgium – Government". The World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/ the-world-factbook/geos/be.html#Govt. Retrieved on 2006-06-28. [64] Belgian Senate (2005-01-18). "Belgische Senaat / Belgian Senate / Sénat de Belgique / Belgischer Senat". http://www.senate.be/english/index.html. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [65] National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria (2006-12-28). "National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria / Народно събрание на Република
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
List of European Union member states by political system
[75] Central Intelligence Agency (2006-06-13). "France – Government". The World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/ the-world-factbook/geos/fr.html#Govt. Retrieved on 2006-06-28. [76] Internet-Dienst des Deutschen Bundestages (2006-06-27). "German Bundestag / Bundestag allemand / Deutscher Bundestag". http://www.bundestag.de/htdocs_e/ index.html. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [77] Bundesrat (2006-06-27). "Bundesrat / Bundesrat / Bundesrat". http://www.bundesrat.de/Site/Inhalt/EN/. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [78] Hellenic Parliament (2006-06-27). "Hellenic Parliament / Βουλή των Ελλήνων". http://www.parliament.gr/ english/default.asp. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [79] National Assembly (2006-06-27). "House of the Nation / Az ország háza". http://www.mkogy.hu/parl_en.htm. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [80] Parliament (2006-06-27). "Parlamento italiano". http://www.parlamento.it/. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [81] ^ Central Intelligence Agency (2006-06-13). "Italy – Government". The World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/ library/publications/the-world-factbook/ geos/it.html#Govt. Retrieved on 2006-06-28. [82] Chamber of Deputies (2006-06-27). "?????? / The Chamber of Deputies / La Chambre des Députés / Die Abgeordnetenkammer / La Camera dei Deputati / Cámara de los Diputados". http://english.camera.it/. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [83] Senate of the Republic (2006-06-27). "Senato della Repubblica". http://www.senato.it/. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [84] Latvijas Republikas Saeima (2003-02-18). "Saeima – the Latvian Parliament / Latvijas Republikas Saeima". http://www.saeima.lv/index_eng.html. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [85] Office of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania (2006-06-27). "Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania / Le Parlement de la Republique de Lituanie / Lietuvos Respublikos Seimas". http://www.lrs.lt/
България". http://www.parliament.bg/ ?page=home&lng=en&r=n. Retrieved on 2006-12-28. [66] House of Representatives (2006-06-27). "House of Representatives / Chambre des Représentants / Βουλή των Αντιπροσώπων / Temsilciler Meclisi". http://www.parliament.cy/parliamenteng/ index.htm. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [67] Parliament of the Czech Republic (2004-12-18). "Parlament České republiky, Poslanecká sněmovna / Parliament of the Czech Republic, Chamber of Deputies / Le Parlement de la République tchèque, Chambre des députés / Das Parlament der Tschechischen Republik, das Abgeordnetenhaus". http://www.psp.cz/ cgi-bin/eng/. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [68] Parliament of the Czech Republic (2006-06-27). "Senát Parlamentu České republiky / Parliament of the Czech Republic – Senate". http://www.senat.cz/ index-eng.php. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [69] Folketing (2006-06-27). "Folketinget / Folketing / Folketing / Folketing". http://www.folketinget.dk/?/samling/ 20051/menu/00000005.htm. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [70] Riigikogu (2006-06-27). "Riigikogu / Riigikogu / Рийгикогу". http://www.riigikogu.ee/?lang=en. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [71] Parliament of Finland (2005-01-18). "Parliament of Finland / Suomen Eduskunta / Le Parlement de Finlande / Riksdagen". http://www.eduskunta.fi/ efakta/index01.htm. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [72] Assemblée nationale (2006-11-28). "Assemblée nationale – La révision de la Constitution et le Congrès". http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/ connaissance/revision.asp. Retrieved on 2006-11-28. [73] Assemblée nationale (2006-06-27). "National Assembly / Assemblée nationale / Nationalversammlung / Assemblea nazionale / Asamblea Nacional". http://www.assembleenationale.fr/english/index.asp. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [74] Sénat (2006-06-27). "Sénat". http://www.senat.fr/. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
List of European Union member states by political system
Deputies / Le Parlament de la Roumanie – Chambre des Députés / Parlamentul României – Camera Deputaţilor". http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/ site.page?id=103&idl=2. Retrieved on 2006-12-28. [97] Senate (2006-12-28). "Parliament of Romania – Senate / Le Parlament de la Roumanie – Sénat / Parlamentul României". http://www.senat.ro/ PaginaPrincipala.aspx. Retrieved on 2006-12-28. [98] National Council of the Slovak Republic (2006-06-27). "National Council of the Slovak Republic / Nationalrat der Slowakischen Republik / Národná rada Slovenskej republiky". http://www.nrsr.sk/ default.aspx?lang=en. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [99] National Assembly (2006-06-27). "Republic of Slovenia National Assembly / Državni zbor Republike Slovenije". http://www.dz-rs.si/index.php?id=69. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [100] ational Council (2006-01-05). "National N Council of the Republic of Slovenia / Državni svet Republike Slovenije". http://www.ds-rs.si/en/index.htm. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [101] ongreso de los Diputados (2004-06-07). C "Congress of Deputies / Congreso de los Diputados". http://www.congreso.es/ ingles/index.html. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [102] enate (2006-06-09). "The Senate of S Spain / El Senado de España". http://www.senado.es/home_i.html. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [103] iksdagen / Riksdagen (2006-06-27). R "Riksdagen". http://www.riksdagen.se/ default____56.aspx. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [104] Information Policy Division, Office of ^ Public Sector Information (2006-06-27). "Houses of Parliament". http://www.parliament.uk/. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [105] IRB-CIBG (2006-05-05). "Brussels C Hoofdstedelijk Parlement / Brussels Regional Parliament / Parlement de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale / Brüsseler Regionalparlament". http://www.parlbruparl.irisnet.be/. Retrieved on 2006-06-27.
pls/inter/w5_home.home?p_kalb_id=2. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [86] Chambre des Députés (2006-06-27). "Chambre des Députés". http://www.chd.lu/. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [87] Central Intelligence Agency (2006-06-13). "Luxembourg – Government". The World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/ the-world-factbook/geos/lu.html#Govt. Retrieved on 2006-06-28. [88] House of Representatives (2006-06-27). "House of Representatives". http://www.parliament.gov.mt/. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [89] Parliament (2004-10-19). "The Dutch Parliament / Het Parlement". http://www.parlement.nl/. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [90] Dienst Communicatie (2006-06-27). "House of Representatives of the States–General / Tweede Kamer der Staten–Generaal". http://www.houseofrepresentatives.nl/. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [91] Senate (2006-06-27). "Senate of the States–General / Eerste Kamer der Staten–Generaal". http://www.eerstekamer.nl/9324000/1/ j9vvgh5ihkk7kof/vgipcmqcxiu2. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [92] Chancellery of the Sejm (2006-06-26). "The Sejm of the Republic of Poland / Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej". http://www.sejm.gov.pl/english.html. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [93] Senate (2006-06-26). "The Senate of the Republic of Poland / Senat Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej". http://www.senat.gov.pl/indexe.htm. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [94] Assembly of the Republic (2006-06-27). "The Assembly of the Republic / L’Assemblée de la République / Assembleia da República". http://www.assembleiadarepublica.pt/ ingles/index.html. Retrieved on 2006-06-27. [95] Parliament of Romania (2006-12-22). "Parliament of Romania / Le Parlament de la Roumanie / Parlamentul României". http://www.parlament.ro/index_en.html. Retrieved on 2006-12-28. [96] Chamber of Deputies (2006-12-28). "Parliament of Romania – Chamber of
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
List of European Union member states by political system
[106] ederal Government of Belgium F Community / Parlement de la (2006-06-28). "Brussels–Capital Region". Communauté germanophone / Parlament http://www.belgium.be/eportal/ der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft". application?origin=navigationBanner.jsp&event=bea.portal.framework.internal.refresh&pageid=inde http://www.dgparlament.be/EN/ Retrieved on 2006-06-28. Desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-982/ [107] lemish Parliament (2006-06-27). F 1596_read-27178/. Retrieved on "Vlaams Parlement / Flemish Parliament 2006-06-27. / Parlement flamand / Flämisches [112] land Parliament (2007-12-26). "Ålands Å Parlament / Parlamento fiammingo / Lagting / Åland Parliament". Parlamento flamengo / Parlamento http://www.lagtinget.ax/ Flamenco / Flamländska Parlamentet". start.con?iLan=2. Retrieved on http://www.vlaamsparlement.be/vpWeb/ 2007-12-26. p3app/htmlpages/vp/AndereTalen/ [113] Department of the Taoiseach ^ Engels/English.html. Retrieved on (November 2004). "Bunreacht na 2006-06-27. hÉireann - Constitution of Ireland". [108] arlement-Wallon (2006-06-27). P Article 15, §§1.1°–1.2°. "Parlement wallon". http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/ http://parlement.wallonie.be/. Retrieved attached_files/html%20files/ on 2006-06-27. Constitution%20of%20Ireland%20(Eng)Nov2004.htm [109] ederal Government of Belgium F Retrieved on 2006-06-27. (2006-06-28). "Walloon Region". [114] olan, Terence. "Dáil". Hiberno-English D http://www.belgium.be/eportal/ archive. http://www.hiberno-english.com/ application?origin=navigationBanner.jsp&event=bea.portal.framework.internal.refresh&pageid=inde body.php?id=785. Retrieved on Retrieved on 2006-06-28. 2008-11-27. [110] ellule Internet du Parlement C [115] olan, Terence. "Seanad Éireann". D (2006-06-27). "Parlement van de Hiberno-English archive. Franstalige gemeenschap / Parliament of http://www.hiberno-english.com/ the French Community / Parlement de la body.php?id=1610. Retrieved on Communauté française / Parlament der 2008-11-27. französischsprachigen Gemeinschaft". [116] olan, Terence. "Oireachtas". HibernoD http://www.pcf.be/ROOT/PCF_2006/ English archive. http://www.hibernolanguages/english/. Retrieved on english.com/body.php?id=2329. 2006-06-27. Retrieved on 2008-11-27. [111] arliament of the German-speaking P [117] overnment of Gibraltar (2005-04-20). G Community (2006-06-27). "Parlement "Government of Gibraltar". van de Duitstalige Gemeenschap / http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/index.htm. Parliament of the German-speaking Retrieved on 2007-12-26.
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