Origins - The Big Bang Theory

Origins From The Big Bang to Modern Man Origin of the Cosmos—3 Options      Option 1: Someone made the universe (Big Bang or creationist theory) Option 2: The universe made itself (Inflationary or evolutionist theory) Option 3: The universe has always been here (Steady State Theory) Scientists now know that the cosmos had a beginning (proton decay and galactic motion) Therefore only options 1 and 2 are viable THE Big Bang/Nucleosynthesis        13.7 billion years agoMass of universesize of head of a pin (singularity) Unimaginable release of energy (an expansion not a traditional explosion)trillions of degrees Nobody knows how/why it happened Created space and time Created the 4 main forces: gravity, strong, weak and electromagnetic forces. http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/funfor.html Electrons, quarks and gluons created (building blocks for all atoms) Big Bang Flowchart Sounds a little “Quarky” to me… Strong Force http://tinyurl.com/3jjnw http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/theory/quarks.html Wave Characteristics Wavelength: distance from the beginning of one crest to the beginning of another  Frequency: number of waves in a given time period and distance  Amplitude: distance from the midpoint of a wave to the crest or trough  Electromagnetic Spectrum (EM) Spectrum Evidence for the Big Bang Theory http://imagers.gsfc.nasa.gov/ems/waves3.html Microwaves http://imagers.gsfc.nasa.gov/ems/micro.html Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Discovered by the Hubble Space Telescope  Originally discovered in the 1960’s  Mapped out in 1990 at Berkley  Energy waves (photons) left over from the original Big Bang in the form of microwaves  Thought to prove the BBT  So….What’s The MATTER?    Baryonic Matter (10% of universe): Matter composed of protons/neutrons and electrons (solid, liquid and gases) Non-Baryonic or Dark Matter (90% of universe): composed of WIMP (weakly interacting massive particles) Neutrinos: elementary particles with none or very little mass It’s All Elemental My Dear Watson! Expanding universe = stuff slowly cools down (space is cold dude!!)  Nucleus protons + neutrons  Early space: mostly hydrogen and helium atoms (He formed from H)  Basic Atomic Structure http://tinyurl.com/5zb3r Periodic Table http://www.chemicalelements.com/ Atomic Number/Isotopes       Isotopes Hydrogen atomssingle proton and a single electron Isotopes of Hydrogensame number of protons and electrons….different number of NEUTRONS Protium1+, 1- and O neutrons (atomic number of 1) Deuterium1+, 1- and 1 neutron (atomic number of 2) Tritium1+, 1- and 2 neutrons (atomic number of 3) Deuterium/Tritium Fusion Deuterium: 1 proton/1 neutron + (nuclei fuse together)  Tritium: 1 proton/2 neutrons =  Helium: 2 protons/2 neutrons (heavier) + 1 free neutron + energy  Ions Atoms with more or less electrons than they are supposed to have  Formed when atoms gain or lose electrons (bonding and fusion)  Anions: have more than the normal amount of electrons (negative ions)  Cations: have less than the normal amount of electrons (positive ions)  Formation of the Earth/Solar System 50-100 million years pass  Gravityclumpingcoolingformed all the masses in the universe  Stars begin to form(Our sun—5 billion years ago)  Planets (ie. Our solar system)  All still very very very hot!!  Too hot for ANYTHING to last  Doppler Effect Doppler Effect The Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms Expanding/Contracting Universe TheoryWhich One?      Blue Shift of Lightgalaxies moving toward us (contracting universe) Faster move toward usmore blueshifted Red Shift of Lightgalaxies would be moving away from us (expanding universe) Faster move away from usmore redshifted Ambulance example (eeee  ummm) Hubble Expansion Galaxies in our local group are moving away from us  ThereforeRed Shifting  Proves our universe is still expanding  The Big Crunch and Cycling Stuff is still red shifting today  Eventually gravity will slow junk down  Crap will stop and then slowly begin to blue shift  Blue shifting will speed up  Stuff, junk and crap will then form another singularity  BIG CRUNCH = Another Big Bang  Origin of the Atmosphere http://www.env.leeds.ac.uk/envi1280/lecture_notes_car slaw1/sld022.htm That’s Some Ha-High Quality H2O!!     Water originated in the original formation of the universe (heavy elements bonded together)and solar system water on earth also came from comets melting as they enter the atmosphere Over billions of yearsenough melted ice and rain to fill up the crevices in the earth Oceans, lakes and rivers formed Water/Atmosphere Relationship Surface originally too hotNo atmosphere present to reflect heat from sun  No atmosphere to hold it near the surface  Evaporated into space  Molecules escaped faster than gravity could hold them  OK…..Cool!! Earth cools as time goes on (took a billion years or so)  Early atmosphere forms (outgassing)  Ozone forms  Traps water from outgassing and comet impacts  Water cycle begins  Water Cycle http://tinyurl.com/3qtug Minerals http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/rock.html Carbon Cycle/Sinks Content/Benchmarks PME IV.1/3  PCM IV.2/3  PWV IV.4/1,3,4  EAW V.3/1  ES V.4/1,2,3,4 