From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
YouTube
YouTube
YouTube, LLC
Type Founded Founder
Subsidiary, Limited liability company February 2005 Steve Chen Chad Hurley Jawed Karim San Bruno, CA, USA Worldwide Chad Hurley (CEO) Steve Chen (CTO) Jawed Karim (Advisor) Google Inc. Broadcast Yourself YouTube.com list of localized domain names 3[1] MPEG-4 Video hosting service Google AdSense Optional (required to upload, rate, and comment on videos) 14 languages (22 if different language variations are taken into account) February 2005 (2005-02) Active
Headquarters Area served Key people
Screenshot of YouTube’s homepage
Owner Slogan Website Alexa rank Type of site Advertising Registration
Available in
Launched Current status Screenshot
YouTube is a video sharing website on which users can upload and share video clips, and view them in the MPEG-4 format. Three former PayPal employees created YouTube in February 2005.[2] In November 2006, YouTube, LLC was bought by Google Inc. for US$1.65 billion, and is now operated as a subsidiary of Google. The company is based in San Bruno, California, and uses Adobe Flash Video technology to display a wide variety of user-generated video content, including movie clips, TV clips, and music videos, as well as amateur content such as video blogging and short original videos. Most of the content on YouTube has been uploaded by individuals, although media corporations including CBS and the BBC and other organizations offer some of their material via the site.[3] Unregistered users can watch the videos, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Accounts of registered users are called "channels". Videos that are considered to contain potentially offensive content are available only to registered users over the age of 18. The uploading of videos containing defamation, pornography, copyright violations, and material
1
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
encouraging criminal conduct is prohibited by YouTube’s terms of service.[4]
YouTube
YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005, six months before the official launch in November 2005. The site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day.[13] According to data published by market research company comScore, YouTube is the dominant provider of online video in the United States, with a market share of around 43 percent and more than six billion videos viewed in January 2009.[14] It is estimated that 15 hours of new videos are uploaded to the site every minute[15], and that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000.[16] In March 2008, YouTube’s bandwidth costs were estimated at approximately US$1 million a day.[17] Alexa ranks YouTube as the third most visited website on the Internet, behind Yahoo! and Google.[18] The choice of the domain name www.youtube.com led to problems for a similarly named website, www.utube.com. The owner of the site, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being overloaded on a regular basis by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to [19][20] www.utubeonline.com. In October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for US$1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13, 2006.[21] Google does not provide detailed figures for YouTube’s running costs, and YouTube’s revenues in 2007 were noted as "not material" in a regulatory filing.[17] In June 2008 a Forbes magazine article projected the 2008 revenue at US$200 million, noting progress in advertising sales.[22] In November 2008, YouTube reached an agreement with MGM, Lions Gate Entertainment and CBS which will allow the companies to post full-length films and television shows on the site, accompanied by advertisements. The move is intended to create competition with websites such as Hulu, which features material from both NBC and Fox.[23]
Company history
YouTube’s current headquarters in San Bruno, California. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen and Jawed Karim, who were all early employees of PayPal.[5] Hurley studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, while Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.[6] According to a story that has often been repeated in the media, Chad Hurley and Steve Chen developed the idea for YouTube during the early months of 2005, after they had experienced difficulty sharing videos that had been shot at a dinner party at Chen’s apartment in San Francisco. Jawed Karim did not attend the party and denied that it had occurred, and Chad Hurley commented that the idea that YouTube was founded after a dinner party "was probably very strengthened by marketing ideas around creating a story that was very digestible."[7] YouTube began as a venture-funded technology startup, primarily from a US$11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006.[8] YouTube’s early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California.[9] The domain name www.youtube.com was activated on February 15, 2005, and the website was developed over the subsequent months.[10] The first YouTube video was entitled Me at the zoo, and shows founder Jawed Karim at San Diego Zoo.[11] The video was uploaded on April 23, 2005, and can still be viewed on the site.[12]
Social impact
2
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
YouTube
Jeong-Hyun Lim performs Pachelbel’s Canon in one of YouTube’s most viewed videos. Before the launch of YouTube in 2005, there were few simple methods available for ordinary computer users who wanted to post videos online. With its easy to use interface, YouTube made it possible for anyone who could use a computer to post a video that millions of people could watch within a few minutes. The wide range of topics covered by YouTube has turned video sharing into one of the most important parts of Internet culture. An early example of the social impact of YouTube was the success of the Bus Uncle video in 2006. It shows an animated conversation between a youth and an older man on a bus in Hong Kong, and was discussed widely in the mainstream media.[24] Another YouTube video to receive extensive coverage is guitar,[25] which features a performance of Pachelbel’s Canon on an electric guitar. The name of the performer is not given in the video, and after it received millions of views The New York Times revealed the identity of the guitarist as Jeong-Hyun Lim, a 23-yearold from South Korea who had recorded the track in his bedroom.[26] Youtube was awarded a 2008 George Foster Peabody Award and cited for being "a ’Speakers’ Corner,’ where Internet users can upload, view and share clips, is an everexpanding archive-cum-bulletin board that both embodies and promotes democracy."[27][28]
Example of a copyrighted YouTube video claimed by Red De Televisión, Chilevision SA. uploading a video, YouTube users are shown a screen with the following message: Do not upload any TV shows, music videos, music concerts or commercials without permission unless they consist entirely of content you created yourself. The Copyright Tips page and the Community Guidelines can help you determine whether your video infringes someone else’s copyright. Despite this advice, there are still many unauthorized clips from television shows, films and music videos on YouTube. YouTube does not view videos before they are posted online, and it is left to copyright holders to issue a takedown notice under the terms of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. Organizations including Viacom and the English Premier League have issued lawsuits against YouTube, claiming that it has done too little to prevent the uploading of copyrighted material.[29][30] Viacom, demanding US$1 billion in damages, said that it had found more than 150,000 unauthorized clips of its material on YouTube that had been viewed "an astounding 1.5 billion times". YouTube responded by stating that it "goes far beyond its legal obligations in assisting content owners to protect their works". Since Viacom issued its lawsuit, YouTube has introduced a system called Video ID, which checks uploaded videos against a database of copyrighted content with the aim of reducing violations.[31][32] In August 2008, a U.S. court ruled that copyright holders cannot order the removal of an online file without first determining whether the posting reflected fair use of the material. The case involved Stephanie Lenz
Criticism
Copyrighted material
YouTube has been criticized frequently for failing to ensure that its online content adheres to the law of copyright. At the time of
3
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
from Gallitzin, Pennsylvania, who had made a home video of her 13-month-old son dancing to Prince’s song "Let’s Go Crazy" and posted the 29-second video on YouTube.[33]
YouTube
our community on the rules and include a direct link from every YouTube page to make this process as easy as possible for our users. Given the volume of content uploaded on our site, we think this is by far the most effective way to make sure that the tiny minority of videos that break the rules come down quickly."[39]
Privacy
In July 2008, Viacom won a court ruling requiring YouTube to hand over data detailing the viewing habits of every user who has watched videos on the site. The move led to concerns that the viewing habits of individual users could be identified through a combination of their IP addresses and login names. The decision was criticized by the Electronic Frontier Foundation, which called the court ruling "a set-back to privacy rights".[34] U.S. District Court Judge Louis Stanton dismissed the privacy concerns as "speculative", and ordered YouTube to hand over documents totalling around 12 terabytes of data. Judge Stanton rejected Viacom’s request for YouTube to hand over the source code of its search engine system, saying that there was no evidence that YouTube treated videos infringing copyright differently.[35][36]
Blocking
Several countries have blocked access to YouTube since its inception, including China[40][41], Morocco,[42] and Thailand.[43] YouTube is currently blocked in Turkey after controversy over videos deemed insulting to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.[44] Despite the block, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan admitted to journalists that he could access YouTube, since the site is still available in Turkey by using an open proxy.[45] On December 3, 2006, Iran temporarily blocked access to YouTube, along with several other sites, after declaring them as violating social and moral codes of conducts. The YouTube ban came after a video was posted online that appears to show an Iranian soap opera star having sex.[46] The block has since been lifted. On February 23, 2008, Pakistan blocked YouTube due to "offensive material" towards the Islamic faith, including display of the Danish cartoons of the prophet Muhammad.[47] This led to a near global blackout of the YouTube site for around two hours, as the Pakistani block was inadvertently transferred to other countries. Pakistan lifted its block on February 26, 2008.[48] Many Pakistanis circumvented the three-day block by using virtual private network software.[49] Schools in some countries have blocked access to YouTube due to students uploading videos of bullying behavior, school fights, racist behavior, and other inappropriate content.[50]
Inappropriate content
YouTube has also faced criticism over the offensive content in some of its videos. Although YouTube’s terms of service forbid the uploading of material likely to be considered inappropriate, the inability to check all videos before they go online means that occasional lapses are inevitable. Controversial areas for videos have included Holocaust denial and the Hillsborough Disaster, in which 96 football fans from Liverpool were crushed to death in 1989, conspiracy theories and religion.[37][38] YouTube relies on its users to flag the content of videos as inappropriate, and a member of staff will view a flagged video to determine whether it violates the site’s terms of service.[4] In July 2008 the Culture and Media Committee of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom stated that it was "unimpressed" with YouTube’s system for policing its videos, and argued that "Proactive review of content should be standard practice for sites hosting user generated content." YouTube responded by stating: "We have strict rules on what’s allowed, and a system that enables anyone who sees inappropriate content to report it to our 24/7 review team and have it dealt with promptly. We educate
Technical notes
Video format
YouTube’s video playback technology for web users is based on the Adobe Flash Player. This allows the site to display videos with quality comparable to more established video playback technologies (such as Windows
4
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Comparison of YouTube media types Standard Medium High fmt value Container Video Encoding Aspect ratio Resolution 34 FLV 18 MP4 35 FLV HD 22 MP4 Mobile 17 3GP
YouTube
Old formats (pre 2009 Standard High none FLV 6 13
Mo
3GP
MPEG-4 AVC (H.264) 4:3, 16:9 16:9
MPEG-4 H.263 Part 2 11:9 4:3,16:9
H.2 AM 4:3
320×180 480×270 640×480 1280×720 176×144 320×240 480×360 176 320×240 480×360 854×480 400×226 200 AAC 2 ? 128 232 ? 512 900 2000 ? 200 MP3 1 22050 64 44100 96 ? 900 ?
Bitrate (kbit/s) Audio Encoding Channels Bitrate (kbit/s)
AM
Sampling rate (Hz) 44100
800
Media Player, QuickTime, and RealPlayer) that generally require the user to download and install a web browser plug-in in order to view video.[51] Viewing Flash video also requires a plug-in, but market research from Adobe Systems has found that its Flash plugin is installed on over 95% of personal computers.[52] Videos uploaded to YouTube are limited to ten minutes in length and a file size of 1 GB. When YouTube was launched in 2005, it was possible for any user to upload videos longer than ten minutes, but YouTube’s help section now states: "You can no longer upload videos longer than ten minutes regardless of what type of account you have. Users who had previously been allowed to upload longer content still retain this ability, so you may occasionally see videos that are longer than ten minutes." The ten minute limit was introduced in March 2006, after YouTube found that the majority of videos exceeding this length were unauthorized uploads of television shows and films.[53][54] YouTube accepts videos uploaded in most formats, including .WMV, .AVI, .MKV, .MOV, MPEG, .MP4, DivX, .FLV, and .OGG. It also supports 3GP, allowing videos to be uploaded directly from a mobile phone.[55]
mobile phones. The original format, now labelled "standard quality", displays videos at a resolution of 320x240 using the Sorenson Spark codec, with mono MP3 audio. This was, at the time, the standard for streaming online videos. "High quality" videos, introduced in March 2008, are shown at 480x360 with mono MP3 sound.[56] They can also be viewed with the H.264 codec and stereo AAC audio by adding &fmt=18 to the end of the video URL. This offers a significant improvement over standard quality. This was followed up in November 2008 by 720p HD support.[57] At the same time, the YouTube player was changed from a 4:3 aspect ratio to widescreen 16:9. This was introduced more than a year behind competing website Vimeo. 720p videos are shown in full 1280x720 and encoded with the H.264 codec. They also feature stereo audio encoded with AAC. From February 2009, all new videos are shown using H.264 and AAC by default for both "Standard" and "High Quality" viewing, allowing for higher quality videos at approximately the same file size.
Format and quality comparison table
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Video quality
YouTube originally offered videos in only one format, but it now has three main formats, as well as a "mobile" format, for viewing on
Content accessibility
5
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
YouTube
streaming for the video. Not all of YouTube’s videos are available on the mobile version of the site.[60]
Other platforms
Since June 2007, YouTube’s videos have been available for viewing on a range of Apple products. This required YouTube’s content to be transcoded into Apple’s preferred video standard, H.264, a process that took several months. YouTube videos can be viewed on devices including Apple TV and the iPhone.[61] A TiVo service update in July 2008 allowed the system to search and play YouTube videos.[62] In January 2009, YouTube launched "YouTube for TV", a version of the website tailored for set-top boxes and other TV-based media devices with web browsers, initially allowing its videos to be viewed on the PlayStation 3 and Wii video game consoles.[63][64]
Downloads
YouTube does not usually offer a download link for its videos, and intends that they are viewed through its website interface.[65] A small number of videos, such as the weekly addresses by Barack Obama, can be downloaded as MP4 files.[66] There are also thirdparty web sites, applications and browser plug-ins that offer a way to get a download link for all videos on the website.[67] In February 2009, YouTube announced a test service, allowing some partners to offer video downloads for free or for a fee paid through Google Checkout.[68]
Comparison of normal, high, and HD quality YouTube videos played in YouTube and their native resolution.
Localization
On June 19, 2007, Google CEO Eric E. Schmidt was in Paris to launch the new localization system. The entire interface of the website is now available with localized versions in 22 countries: Plans for YouTube to create a local version in Turkey have run into problems, since the Turkish authorities asked YouTube to set up an office in Turkey, which would be subject to Turkish law. YouTube says that it has no intention of doing this, and that its videos are not subject to Turkish law. Turkish authorities have expressed concerns that YouTube has been used to post videos insulting to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and some material offensive to Muslims.[76]
Embedding
One of the key features of YouTube is the ability of users to view its videos on web pages outside the site. Each YouTube video is accompanied by a piece of HTML, which can be used to embed it on a page outside the YouTube website. This functionality is often used to embed YouTube videos in social networking pages and blogs.[58]
Mobile phones
Some mobile phones are capable of accessing YouTube videos, dependent on the provider and the data plan. YouTube Mobile[59] was launched in June 2007, and uses RTSP
6
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Country Australia Brazil Canada Czech Republic France Germany Hong Kong Israel India Ireland Italy Japan South Korea Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Poland Russia Spain Sweden Republic of China (Taiwan) URL Language Launch date
YouTube
http://au.youtube.com/ English (Australia) http://br.youtube.com/ Portuguese (Brazil) http://ca.youtube.com/ English (Canada) and French (Canada) http://cz.youtube.com/ Czech http://fr.youtube.com/ French
02007-10-22 October 22, 2007[69] 02007-06-19 June 19, 2007[70] 02007-11-06 November 6, 2007[71] 02008-10-09 October 9, 2008[72] 02007-06-19 June 19, 2007[70] 02007-11-08 November 8, 2007[73] 02007-10-17 October 17, 2007[74] 02008-09-16 September 16, 2008 02008-05-07 May 7, 2008[75] 02007-06-19 June 19, 2007[70] 02007-06-19 June 19, 2007[70] 02007-06-19 June 19, 2007[70] 02008-01-23 January 23, 2008 02007-10-10 October 10, 2007 02007-06-19 June 19, 2007[70] 02007-10-22 October 22, 2007[69] 02007-06-19 June 19, 2007[70] 02007-11-13 November 13, 2007 02007-06-19 June 19, 2007[70] 02008-10-22 October 22, 2008 02007-10-18 October 18, 2007[74] 02007-06-19 June 19, 2007[70]
http://de.youtube.com/ German http://hk.youtube.com/ Chinese (Traditional) http://il.youtube.com/ http://in.youtube.com/ http://ie.youtube.com/ http://it.youtube.com/ http://jp.youtube.com/ English English (India) English (Ireland) Italian Japanese
http://kr.youtube.com/ Korean http://mx.youtube.com/ Spanish (Mexico) http://nl.youtube.com/ Dutch
http://nz.youtube.com/ English (New Zealand) http://pl.youtube.com/ Polish
http://ru.youtube.com/ Russian http://es.youtube.com/ Spanish http://se.youtube.com/ Swedish http://tw.youtube.com/ Chinese (Traditional)
United Kingdom http://uk.youtube.com/ English (United Kingdom) In March 2009, a dispute between YouTube and the Performing Rights Society
led to premium music videos being blocked for YouTube users in the United Kingdom.
7
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The removal of videos posted by the major record companies occurred after failure to reach agreement on a licensing deal. The Music Publishers’ Association described the decision as "particularly disappointing".[77] In April 2009, a similar dispute led to the removal of premium music videos for users in Germany.[78]
YouTube
systems have been used to inflate the number of views received, which is forbidden by YouTube’s terms of service. In March 2008, an unofficial video of the song "Music Is My Hot Hot Sex" by the Brazilian band Cansei De Ser Sexy briefly held the number one slot for the all-time most viewed video, with around 114 million views. It was temporarily removed from YouTube after allegations of automated viewing or hacking, before being deleted by the uploader.[80] The viewing figures for the video outnumbered the "most favorited" rating by around 21,000 to 1, compared to around 500 to 1 for other top rated YouTube videos.[81] YouTube’s terms of service state: "You agree not to use or launch any automated system, including without limitation, "robots," "spiders," or "offline readers," that accesses the Website in a manner that sends more request messages to the YouTube servers in a given period of time than a human can reasonably produce in the same period by using a conventional on-line web browser." A spokesperson for YouTube commented: "We are developing safeguards to secure the statistics on YouTube. Although it is somewhat difficult to track how often this happens, it is not rampant. As soon as it comes to our attention that someone has rigged their numbers to gain placement on the top pages we remove the video or channel from public view."[82] Clarus Bartel from Italy, who had uploaded the video, denied attempting to boost its ranking, stating: "These gimmicks do not belong to me. I’ve got nothing to do with it. The accusations geared towards me have saddened me greatly."[83] The YouTube video of the Avril Lavigne song "Girlfriend" was also accused of having an exaggerated number of views due to the use of a web link posted by AvrilBandAids, a fansite devoted to Avril Lavigne.[84] Clicking on the link would automatically reload the YouTube video of Girlfriend every fifteen seconds. Fans of Avril Lavigne were encouraged to: "Keep this page open while you browse the internet, study for exams, or even sleep. For extra viewing power, open up two or more browser windows at this page!"[85] The video of "Girlfriend" overtook "Evolution of Dance" by Judson Laipply as the all-time most viewed video on YouTube in July 2008. As of May 2009, "Evolution of Dance" has retaken the top slot with around 119 million views, with "Girlfriend" also having around 119 million views.[86][84]
Channel types
People with YouTube accounts are able to join groups called "Channel Types" that make their channel more distinctive. The types are: • Comedian, comedians displaying their comedy performances for YouTube viewers. • Director, movie makers displaying their videos for YouTube viewers. • Guru, people who are experienced in a certain field make videos of what they do. • Musician, musicians or bands covering songs or displaying originals or giving lessons on songs, scales, chords, etc. • Non-profit, a status obtained by 501(c)(3) non-profit organizations accepted into YouTube’s non-profit program. • Reporter, civilians or professionals who make videos about local or international news and current events. • Politician, one who is running for or currently involved with the politics of government. • YouTuber, a general viewer of YouTube.
Video rankings
YouTube has a number of ways of ranking its videos, the most popular of which is "most viewed",[79] which is divided into four categories: today, this week, this month, and all time. The current rankings are: • Featured • Rising Videos • Most Discussed • Most Viewed • Top Favorited • Most Popular • Most Responded • Top Rated
Controversies over video rankings
The viewing figures of some YouTube videos have been the subject of controversy, since there have been claims that automated
8
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
YouTube
content/article/2006/10/06/ AR2006100600660.html. Retrieved on 2008-11-29. [10] "Whois Record for www.youtube.com". DomainTools. http://whois.domaintools.com/ youtube.com. Retrieved on 2009-04-01. [11] Alleyne, Richard. "YouTube: Overnight success has sparked a backlash". Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ news/uknews/2480280/YouTubeOvernight-success-has-sparked-abacklash.html. Retrieved on 2009-01-17. [12] Me at the zoo [13] "YouTube serves up 100 million videos a day online". USA Today. 2006-07-16. http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/ 2006-07-16-youtube-views_x.htm. Retrieved on 2008-11-29. [14] "YouTube Surpasses 100 Million U.S. Viewers for the First Time". comScore. http://www.comscore.com/press/ release.asp?press=2741. Retrieved on 2009-03-05. [15] Schonfeld, Erick (2009-01-30). "YouTube’s Chad Hurley: “We Have The Largest Library of HD Video On The Internet.”". TechCrunch. http://www.techcrunch.com/2009/01/30/ youtubes-chad-hurley-we-have-thelargest-library-of-hd-video-on-theinternet/. Retrieved on 2009-03-29. [16] "Web could collapse as video demand soars". Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/ main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/04/07/ nweb107.xml. Retrieved on 2008-04-21. [17] ^ Yi-Wyn Yen (March 25, 2008). YouTube Looks For the Money Clip. Accessed March 26, 2008. [18] "Alexa Top 500 Sites". Alexa Internet. http://www.alexa.com/site/ds/ top_sites?ts_mode=global&lang=none. Retrieved on 2008-11-30. [19] Zappone, Christian. "Help! YouTube is killing my business!". CNN. http://money.cnn.com/2006/10/12/news/ companies/utube/index.htm. Retrieved on 2008-11-29. [20] Blakely, Rhys. "Utube sues YouTube". The Times. http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/ business/industry_sectors/media/ article623050.ece. Retrieved on 2008-11-29.
See also
• • • • • • • • • • • • Alternative media CNN-YouTube presidential debates Comparison of video services List of Internet phenomena List of YouTube celebrities Rickrolling Spam targeting video sharing sites Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment User-generated content Viral video YouTube Awards YouTube Live
References
[1] "YouTube.com - Site Information from Alexa", Alexa, February 24, 2008. [2] Hopkins, Jim. "Surprise! There’s a third YouTube co-founder". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/ 2006-10-11-youtube-karim_x.htm. Retrieved on 2008-11-29. [3] Weber, Tim. "BBC strikes GoogleYouTube deal". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/ 6411017.stm. Retrieved on 2009-01-17. [4] ^ "YouTube Community Guidelines". YouTube. http://youtube.com/t/ community_guidelines. Retrieved on 2008-11-30. [5] Graham, Jefferson (2005-11-21). "Video websites pop up, invite postings". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/tech/ news/techinnovations/2005-11-21-videowebsites_x.htm. Retrieved on 2006-07-28. [6] "YouTube: Sharing Digital Camera Videos". University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign. http://www.cs.uiuc.edu/ news/articles.php?id=2006Feb3-126. Retrieved on 2008-11-29. [7] Cloud, John. "The Gurus of YouTube". Time Magazine. http://www.time.com/ time/printout/0,8816,1570721,00.html. Retrieved on 2008-11-29. [8] Miguel Helft and Matt Richtel. "Venture Firm Shares a YouTube Jackpot". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/10/ technology/10payday.html. Retrieved on 2008-11-30. [9] Sara Kehaulani Goo. "Ready for Its Close-Up". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/
9
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
YouTube
[21] Reuters. "Google closes $A2b YouTube answer.py?answer=83766&hl=en-uk. deal". The Age. Retrieved on 2008-05-27. http://www.theage.com.au/news/ [33] "Woman can sue over YouTube clip deBusness/Google-closes-A2b-YouTubeposting". San Francisco Chronicle. deal/2006/11/14/1163266548827.html. 2008-08-20. http://www.sfgate.com/cgiRetrieved on 2008-11-29. bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/08/20/ [22] Quentin Hardy and Evan Hessel: MNU412FKRL.DTL. Retrieved on GooTube Forbes.com May 22, 2008 2008-08-25. (Forbes Magazine June 16, 2008) [34] "Google must divulge YouTube log". BBC [23] Brad Stone and Brooks Barnes. "MGM to News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/ Post Full Films on YouTube". The New technology/7488009.stm. Retrieved on York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/ 2008-07-03. 2008/11/10/business/media/ [35] "YouTube ordered to reveal its viewers". 10mgm.html?ref=technology. Retrieved CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2008/TECH/ on 2008-11-29. biztech/07/03/youtubelawsuit.ap/ [24] Bray, Marianne. "Irate HK man unlikely index.html. Retrieved on 2008-07-04. Web hero". CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/ [36] Helft, Miguel. "Google Told to Turn Over 2006/WORLD/asiapcf/06/07/hk.uncle/. User Data of YouTube". The New York Retrieved on 2008-05-28. Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/ [25] YouTube - guitar 04/technology/ [26] Heffernand, Virginia (2006-08-27). "Web 04youtube.html?bl&ex=1215230400&en=2144c0053 Guitar Wizard Revealed at Last". The Retrieved on 2008-07-04. New York Times. [37] "YouTube criticized in Germany over http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/27/ anti-Semitic Nazi videos". Reuters. arts/television/ http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/ 27heff.html?ei=5088&en=5b993ce30a7b7039&ex=1314331200&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&pagewa 898004.html. Retrieved on 2008-05-28. Retrieved on 2007-07-02. [38] "Fury as YouTube carries sick Hillsboro [27] "Complete List of 2008 Peabody Award video insult". icLiverpool. Winners". Peabody Awards, University of http://icliverpool.icnetwork.co.uk/ Georgia. 2009-04-01. 0100news/0100regionalnews/ http://www.peabody.uga.edu/news/ tm_headline=fury-as-youtube-carriesevent.php?id=59. Retrieved on sick-hillsboro-video2009-04-01. insult%26method=full%26objectid=18729523%26pa [28] Ho, Rodney (20009-04-02). "Peabody Retrieved on 2008-05-24. honors CNN, TMC". Atlanta Journal[39] "YouTube attacked by MPs over sex and Constitution. http://www.ajc.com/ violence footage". Daily Telegraph. services/content/printedition/2009/04/02/ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/connected/ peabody0402.html. Retrieved on main.jhtml?xml=/connected/2008/07/31/ 2009-04-14. dlyoutube131.xml. Retrieved on [29] "Viacom will sue YouTube for $1bn". 2008-08-21. BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/ [40] Schwankert, Steven. "YouTube finally business/6446193.stm. Retrieved on back online in China". PC Advisor. 2008-05-26. http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/news/ [30] "Premier League to take action against index.cfm?newsid=11198. Retrieved on YouTube". Daily Telegraph. 2008-11-30. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/ [41] Sommerville, Quentin. "China ’blocks main.jhtml?xml=/sport/2007/05/05/ YouTube video site’". BBC News. ufnrup05.xml. Retrieved on 2008-05-24. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/ [31] "YouTube law fight ’threatens net’". BBC 7961069.stm. Retrieved on 2009-03-24. News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/ [42] Richards, Jonathan. "YouTube shut down technology/7420955.stm. Retrieved on in Morocco". The Times. 2008-05-28. http://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/ [32] "What is YouTube’s Video Identification news/tech_and_web/article1859557.ece. tool?". YouTube. http://www.google.com/ Retrieved on 2008-11-30. support/youtube/bin/ [43] "Thailand blocks access to YouTube". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/
10
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
YouTube
asia-pacific/6528303.stm. Retrieved on [55] "Video Formats: File formats". YouTube. 2008-11-30. http://www.google.com/support/youtube/ [44] "Google’s Gatekeepers". The New York bin/ Times. 2008-11-30. answer.py?answer=55744&topic=10526. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/ Retrieved on 2008-12-04. magazine/30google[56] "YouTube Blog - YouTube Videos in High t.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss&pagewanted=all. Quality". YouTube. 2008-03-24. Retrieved on 2008-12-01. http://uk.youtube.com/ [45] Doğan News Agency. "Ban on YouTube blog?entry=W6MpIqdrtIE. Retrieved on proves virtual". Hürriyet. 2009-04-04. http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/ [57] "YouTube Blog - Bigger Isn’t Always arsivnews.aspx?id=10441126. Retrieved Better... But in This Case, We Believe It on 2008-11-30. Is". YouTube. 2008-11-25. [46] "Censorship fears rise as Iran blocks http://uk.youtube.com/ access to top websites". November 4, blog?entry=80oHX7A6Krw. Retrieved on 2006. http://www.guardian.co.uk/iran/ 2009-04-04. story/0,,1963166,00.html. Retrieved on [58] YouTube. "Sharing YouTube Videos". 2006-12-17. http://youtube.com/sharing. Retrieved on [47] "Pakistan blocks YouTube website". BBC. 2009-01-17. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/ [59] YouTube Mobile south_asia/7261727.stm. Retrieved on [60] Google Operating System. "Mobile 2008-11-30. YouTube". [48] "Pakistan lifts the ban on YouTube". http://googlesystem.blogspot.com/2007/ BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/ 06/mobile-youtube.html. Retrieved on technology/7262071.stm. Retrieved on 2009-01-17. 2008-11-30. [61] Apple. "YouTube Live on Apple TV [49] "Pakistan web users get round YouTube Today; Coming to iPhone on June 29". ban". Silicon Republic. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/ http://www.siliconrepublic.com/news/ 06/20youtube.html. Retrieved on news.nv?storyid=single10381. Retrieved 2009-01-17. on 2008-11-30. [62] "TiVo Getting YouTube Streaming [50] Colley, Andrew (2007-03-06). "States still TODAY". Gizmodo. http://gizmodo.com/ hold out on YouTube". Australian IT. 5026092/tivo-getting-youtube-streaminghttp://www.australianit.news.com.au/ today. Retrieved on 2009-02-17. story/0,24897,21330109-15306,00.html. [63] "YouTube video comes to Wii and [51] Atwoood, Jeff. "Did YouTube Cut the PlayStation 3 game consoles". Los Gordian Knot of Video Codecs?". Coding Angeles Times. Horror. http://www.codinghorror.com/ http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/ blog/archives/000755.html. Retrieved on technology/2009/01/youtube-wii2008-12-04. ps3.html. Retrieved on 2009-01-17. [52] "Adobe Flash Player Version [64] "Coming Up Next... YouTube on Your Penetration". Adobe Systems. TV". YouTube Blog. January 15, 2009. http://www.adobe.com/products/ http://www.youtube.com/ player_census/flashplayer/ blog?entry=sDFlZe7FwJI. Retrieved on version_penetration.html. Retrieved on 2009-05-10. 2008-12-04. [65] "Terms of Use, 6.1". YouTube. [53] "Account Types: Longer videos". http://www.youtube.com/t/terms. YouTube. http://www.google.com/ Retrieved on 2009-02-20. support/youtube/bin/ [66] CNET. "(Some) YouTube videos get answer.py?answer=71673&ctx=sibling. download option". http://news.cnet.com/ Retrieved on 2008-12-04. 8301-17939_109-10144823-2.html. [54] Fisher, Ken. "YouTube caps video lengths Retrieved on 2009-01-17. to reduce infringement". Ars Technica. [67] Milian, Mark. "YouTube looks out for http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/ content owners, disables video ripping". 20060329-6481.html. Retrieved on Los Angeles Times. 2008-12-04. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/
11
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
YouTube
technology/2009/02/---mark06/1204402619704.html?feed=html. milian.html?cid=149000259. Retrieved Retrieved on 2009-01-09. on 2009-02-21. [82] "YouTube questions Hot Sex video". [68] "YouTube Hopes To Boost Revenue With Metro News. http://www.metro.co.uk/ Video Downloads". Washington Post. news/ http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/ article.html?in_article_id=111701&in_page_id=34. content/article/2009/02/12/ Retrieved on 2008-06-25. AR2009021203239.html. Retrieved on [83] Richards, Jonathan. "YouTube chart 2009-02-19. topper provokes web backlash". The [69] ^ YouTube Launches in Australia & New Times. Zealand http://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/ [70] ^ Google launches YouTube France news/tech_and_web/article3582166.ece. News - PC Advisor Retrieved on 2008-06-27. [71] YouTube Canada Now Live [84] ^ Ingram, Matthew. "Avril is an anagram [72] Czech version of YouTube launched. And for "viral"". Toronto Globe and Mail. it’s crap. It sucks. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/ [73] YouTube Germany Launches story/ [74] ^ Chita • ???? - YouTube ????? RTGAM.20080623.WBmingram20080623143124/ [75] YouTube now has an Indian incarnation WBStory/WBmingram. Retrieved on [76] "Long-standing YouTube ban lifted only 2008-06-25. for several hours". Today’s Zaman. [85] "Help Avril Lavigne’s "Girlfriend" Break http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/ a YouTube Record!!". detaylar.do?load=detay&link=145219&bolum=101. http://www.avrilbandaids.com/forums/ Retrieved on 2008-07-10. best-damn-forum/58339-help-avril[77] Khan, Urmee. "Google and PRA accused lavignes-girlfriend-break-youtubeof ’posturing’ over YouTube music by record.html. Retrieved on 2008-07-07. Stephen Carter". Daily Telegraph. [86] Wortham, Jenna. "Cheating Fans Give http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ Avril Lavigne a YouTube Lift". Wired scienceandtechnology/technology/ News. http://blog.wired.com/underwire/ google/4968182/Google-and-PRA2008/06/avril-lavigne-f.html. Retrieved accused-of-posturing-over-YouTubeon 2008-06-25. music-by-Stephen-Carter.html. Retrieved on 2009-03-10. [78] "Now YouTube stops the music in • Lacy, Sarah: The Stories of Facebook, Germany". The Guardian. YouTube and MySpace: The People, the http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/pda/ Hype and the Deals Behind the Giants of 2009/apr/01/youtube-digital-music-andWeb 2.0 (2008) ISBN 978-1854584533 audio. Retrieved on 2009-04-02. [79] YouTube.com. "YouTube’s "most viewed" chart". http://www.youtube.com/ browse?s=mp&t=a&c=0&l=&b=0&cr=US&locale=en_US&persist_locale=1. • YouTube Retrieved on June 27 2008. • YouTube Architecture [80] Hutcheon, Stephen. "Mystery over • MP calls for regulation of YouTube in zapped Hot Hot Sex YouTube clip". Kuwait (September 28, 2008) Sydney Morning Herald. • YouTube to block UK music videos http://www.smh.com.au/news/general/ • Wikitubia, an external wiki youtube-mystery-over-hot-hot-sex-video/
Further reading
External links
2008/03/17/1205602260200.html. Retrieved on 2008-06-25. [81] Hutcheon, Stephen. "Numbers don’t add up for top-rating Hot Hot Sex YouTube clip". Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2008/03/ Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"
12
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
YouTube
Categories: YouTube, Companies based in San Mateo County, California, Entertainment websites, Google acquisitions, Google services, Internet advertising and promotion, Internet properties established in 2005, Multilingual websites, Video hosting, Video on demand services, Web 2.0, Internet companies of the United States This page was last modified on 20 May 2009, at 15:06 (UTC). All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) taxdeductible nonprofit charity. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers
13