Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
PeopleNology Wholesale Publications
Sell and Profit on Ebay by Promoting and Giving Away Free Publications
Write GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com PeopleNology for Profits Start Your Very Own Home Based Business Today No Inventory, No Complicated Contracts, No Investment,
Apply Today to become an Authorized Distributor of
PeopleNology in Your Home Zip Code Area. Limited Offer So Hurry
PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100
Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
because the user-friendly aspect is removed, many people find themselves unable to come to terms with their lack of options. Gratitude, appreciation, or thankfulness is a positive emotion or attitude in acknowledgment of a benefit that one has received or will receive. In a religious context, gratitude can also refer to a feeling of indebtedness towards a deity. Most religions prescribe rituals of thanksgiving towards their higher powers; the expression of gratitude to God is a central theme of Christianity and Islam. In contrast to the positive feeling of gratitude, the feeling of indebtedness is a negative reaction to a favor (Tsang, 2006a; Watkins, Scheer, Ovnicek, & Kolts, 2006). Even though our reactions to favors might not always be positive, researchers have found that people express gratitude often. In a 1998 Gallup poll, the majority of Americans said they express gratitude to God (54%) and others (67%) "all the time." Psychological research has demonstrated that individuals are more likely to experience gratitude when they receive a favor that is perceived to be (1) valued by the recipient, (2) costly to the benefactor, (3) given by the benefactor with benevolent intentions, and (4) given gratuitously (rather than out of role-based obligations) (e.g., Bar-Tal, Bar-Zohar, Greenberg, & Hermon, 1977; Graham, 1988; Lane & Anderson, 1976; Tesser, Gatewood, & Driver, 1968). Individuals who are induced to feel grateful are more likely to behave prosocially toward their benefactor (Tsang, 2006b) or toward unrelated others (Bartlett & DeSteno, 2006). Gratitude may also serve to reinforce future prosocial behavior in benefactors. For example, Carey and colleagues (Carey, Clicque, Leighton, & Milton, 1976) found that customers of a jewelry store who were called and thanked showed a subsequent 70% increase in purchases. In comparison, customers who were thanked and told about a sale showed only a 30% increase in purchases, and customers who were not called at all did not show an increase. Rind and Bordia (1995) found that restaurant patrons gave bigger tips when their servers wrote “Thank you” on their checks. Research has also suggested that feelings of gratitude may be beneficial to subjective emotional well-being (Emmons & McCullough, 2003). For example, Watkins and colleagues (Watkins et al., 2003) had participants test a number of different gratitude exercises, such as thinking about a living person for whom they were grateful, writing about someone for whom they were grateful, and writing a letter to deliver to someone for whom they were grateful. Participants in the control condition were asked to describe their living room. Participant who engaged in a gratitude
PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100
Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
exercise showed increases in their experiences of positive emotion immediately after the exercise, and this effect was strongest for participants who were asked to think about a person for whom they were grateful. Participants who had grateful personalities to begin with showed the greatest benefit from these gratitude exercises. In people who are grateful in general, life events have little influence on experienced gratitude (McCullough, Tsang & Emons, 2004). Although gratitude is something that anyone can experience, some people seem to feel grateful more often than others. People who tend to experience gratitude more frequently than do others also tend to be happier, more helpful and forgiving, and less depressed than their less grateful counterparts (Kashdan, Uswatte, & Julian, 2006; McCullough, Emmons, & Tsang, 2002; Watkins, Woodward, Stone, & Kolts, 2003) From a Buddhist point of view, the Pali word which we translate in English as gratitude is katannuta. The word katannuta consists of two parts: kata which means that which has been done, especially that which has been done to one, to oneself, and annuta which means knowing or recognising. So katannuta means knowing or recognizing what has been done to one, that is to say knowing and recognising what has been done to one for one's benefit. Hence the connotation of the Pali word is rather different from its English equivalent. The connotation of the English gratitude is rather more emotional (we feel gratitude, feel grateful, etc.) but the connotation of katannuta is rather more intellectual, more cognitive. It makes it clear that what we call gratitude involves an element of knowledge - knowledge of what has been done to us or for us for our benefit. If we do not know that something has benefited us, we will not feel gratitude Grief is a multi-faceted response to loss. Although conventionally focused on the emotional response to loss, it also has physical, cognitive, behavioral, social, and philosophical dimensions. Common to human experience is the death of a loved one, whether it be a friend, family, or other close companion. While the terms are often used interchangeably, bereavement often refers to the state of loss, and grief to the reaction to loss. Losses can range from loss of employment, pets, status, a sense of safety, order, or possessions, to the loss of loved ones. Our response to loss is varied and researchers have moved away from conventional views of grief (that is, that people move through an orderly and predictable series of responses to loss) to one that considers the wide variety of responses that are influenced by personality, family, culture, and spiritual and religious beliefs and practices.
PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100
Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
Bereavement, while a normal part of life for us all, carries a degree of risk when limited support is available. Severe reactions to loss may carry over into familial relations and cause trauma for children, spouses and any other family members: there is an increased risk of marital breakup following the death of a child, for example. Issues of personal faith and beliefs may also face challenge, as bereaved persons reassess personal definitions in the face of great pain. While many who grieve are able to work through their loss independently, accessing additional support from bereavement professionals may promote the process of healing. Grief counseling, professional support groups or educational classes, and peer-led support groups are primary resources available to the bereaved. In the United States, local hospice agencies may be an important first contact for those seeking bereavement support Guilt is the fact, state, or verdict (by a court or other tribunal), of an offence, crime, violation, or wrong committed, especially against moral or penal law. Guilt is also a cognitive or an emotional experience that occurs when a person realizes or believes - whether justified or not - that he or she has violated a moral standard and is responsible for that violation.[1] It is closely related to the concept of remorse In psychology and ordinary language, guilt is an affective state in which one experiences conflict at having done something that one believes one should not have done (or conversely, having not done something one believes one should have done). It gives rise to a feeling that does not go away easily, driven by conscience. Sigmund Freud described this as the result of a struggle between the ego and the superego parental imprinting. Guilt and its causes, merits, and demerits are common themes in psychology and psychiatry. It is often associated with depression. The philosopher Martin Buber underlined the difference between the Freudian notion of guilt, based on internal conflicts, and existential guilt, based on actual harm done to others Happiness (also called felicity) is an emotion in which one experiences feelings ranging from contentment and satisfaction to bliss and intense joy. (This definition is, however, a synonymous one rather than one based on analytic evaluation, because of the varied and elusive nature of happiness.) In his book Authentic Happiness, Martin Seligman, one of the
PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100
Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
founders of Positive psychology, describes happiness as consisting of 'positive emotions' and 'positive activities'. He further categorizes emotions related to the past, present and future. Positive emotions relating to the past include satisfaction, contentment, pride and serenity. Positive emotions relating to the future include optimism, hope and trust. Positive emotions about the present are divided into two categories: pleasure and gratifications. The bodily and higher pleasures are "pleasures of the moment" and usually involve some external stimulus. Gratifications involve full engagement, flow, elimination of selfconsciousness, and blocking of felt emotions. But when a gratification comes to an end then positive emotions will be felt. Gratifications can be obtained or increased by developing 'signature strengths' and virtues. Authenticity is the derivation of gratification and positive emotions from exercising signature strengths. The good life comes from using 'signature strengths' to obtain abundant gratification in, for example, enjoying work and creative "activities". The most profound sense of happiness is experienced through the 'meaningful life', achieved if one exercises one's unique strengths and virtues in a purpose greater than one's own immediate goals Hatred is a word to describe immense feelings of dislike toward a person, a group or a thing. An intense feeling towards someone or something, wanting to kill, harm or avoid a person or thing, in feelings of dislike. An all consuming emotion, a person consumed by hatred is not thinking rationally and will feel a compulsion to do terrible things. Unfortunately no one can be told what hatred is, it has to be experienced to be fully understood Hope is a belief in a positive outcome related to events and circumstances in one's life. Hope implies a certain amount of despair, wanting, wishing, suffering or perseverance —i.e., believing that a better or positive outcome is possible even when there is some evidence to the contrary. [1] Beyond the basic definition, usage of the term hope follows some basic patterns which distinguish its usage from related terms: • To wish for something with the expectation of the wish being fulfilled. [2] • Hopefulness is somewhat different from optimism in that hope is an emotional state, whereas optimism is a conclusion reached through a deliberate thought pattern that leads to a positive attitude. But hope and optimism both can be based in unrealisPeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100
Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
• •
• •
tic belief or fantasy. When used in a religious context, hope carries a connotation of being aware of spiritual truth; see Hope (virtue). In Catholic theology, hope is one of the three theological virtues (faith, hope, and charity), which are spiritual gifts of God. In contrast to the above, it is not a physical emotion but a spiritual grace. Hope is distinct from positive thinking, which refers to a therapeutic or systematic process used in psychology for reversing pessimism. The term false hope refers to a hope based entirely around a fantasy or an extremely unlikely outcome
Examples of hopes include hoping to get rich, hoping for someone to be cured of a disease, hoping to be done with a term paper, or hoping that a person has reciprocal feelings of love. Hope was personified in Greek mythology as Elpis. When Pandora opened Pandora's Box, she let out all the evils except one: hope. Apparently, the Greeks considered hope to be as dangerous as all the world's evils. But without hope to accompany all their troubles, humanity was filled with despair. It was a great relief when Pandora revisited her box and let out hope as well. It may be worthy to note that in the story, hope is represented as weakly leaving the box but is in effect far more potent than any of the major evils. In some faiths and religions of the world, hope plays a very important role. Buddhists and Muslims for instance, believe strongly in the concepts of free will and hope. Hope can be passive in the sense of a wish, or active as a plan or idea, often against popular belief, with persistent, personal action to execute the plan or prove the idea. Consider a prisoner of war who never gives up hope for escape and, against the odds, plans and accomplishes this. By contrast, consider another prisoner who simply wishes or prays for freedom, or another who gives up all hope of freedom. In Human, All Too Human, existential philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche had this to say about hope:
Hope. Pandora brought the jar with the evils and opened it. It was the gods' gift to man, on the outside a beautiful, enticing gift, called the "lucky jar." Then all the evils, those lively, winged beings, flew out of it. Since that time, they roam around and do harm to men by day and night. One single evil had not yet slipped out of the jar. As Zeus had wished, Pandora slammed the top down and it remained inside. So now man has the lucky jar in his house forever and thinks the world of the treasure. It is at
PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100
Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
It is also important to consider the relation between Hope and Utopia. Ernst Bloch in "Principle of Hope" (1986) traces the human search for a wide range of utopias. Bloch locates utopian projects not only in the social and political realms of the well-known utopian theorists (Marx, Hegel, Lenin) but also in a multiplicity of technical, architectural, geographical utopias, and in multiple works of art (opera, literature, music, dance, film). For Bloch hope permeates everyday life and it is present in countless aspects of popular culture phenomenon such as jokes, fairy tales, fashion or images of death. In his view Hope remains in the present as an open setting of latency and tendencies. Martin Seligman in his book Learned Optimism (1990) strongly criticizes the role of churches in the promotion of the idea that the individual has little chance or hope of affecting his or her life. He acknowledges that the social and cultural conditions, such as serfdom and the caste system weighed heavily against the freedom of individuals to change the social circumstances of their lives. Almost as if to avoid the criticism, in his book What You Can Change and What You Can't, he is careful to outline the extent that people can hold out hope for personal action to change some of the things that affect their lives. More recently, psychologist Anthony Scioli (2006) has developed an integrative theory of hope that consists of four elements: attachment, mastery, survival, and spirituality. This approach incorporates contributions from psychology, anthropology, philosophy and theology as well as classical and contemporary literature and the arts The distinction between horror and terror is a standard literary and psychological concept applied especially to Gothic literature and film (Radcliffe 1826; Varma 1966; Crawford 1986: 101-3; Bruhm 1994: 37; Wright 2007: 35-56). Horror is the feeling of revulsion that usually occurs after something frightening is seen, heard, or otherwise experienced. It is the feeling one gets after coming to an awful realization or experiencing a deeply unpleasant occurrence. By contrast, terror is usually described as the feeling of dread and
PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100
his service; he reaches for it when he fancies it. For he does not know that that jar which Pandora brought was the jar of evils, and he takes the remaining evil for the greatest worldly good--it is hope, for Zeus did not want man to throw his life away, no matter how much the other evils might torment him, but rather to go on letting himself be tormented anew. To that end, he gives man hope. In truth, it is the most evil of evils because it prolongs man's torment.
Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
anticipation that precedes the horrifying experience. In other words, horror is more related to being shocked or scared (being horrified), while terror is more related to being anxious or fearful (being terrified) (Varma 1966). Horror has also been defined as a combination of terror and revulsion. The distinction between terror and horror was first characterised by the Gothic horror writer Ann Radcliffe (1764-1823). Terror is characterised by ‘obscurity’ or indeterminacy in its treatment of potentially horrible events – it is this indeterminacy which leads to the sublime. She says in the essay that it ‘expands the soul and awakens the faculties to a high degree of life’. Horror in contrast, ‘freezes and nearly annihilates them’ with its unambiguous displays of atrocity. She goes on ‘I apprehend that neither Shakespeare nor Milton by their fictions, nor Mr Burke by his reasoning, anywhere looked to positive horror as a source of the sublime, though they all agree that terror is a very high one; and where lies the great difference between horror and terror, but in uncertainty and obscurity, that accompany the first, respecting the dreader evil’ (Radcliffe: 1826). According to Devendra Varma in The Gothic Flame (1966): The difference between Terror and Horror is the difference between awful apprehension and sickening realization: between the smell of death and stumbling against a corpse. Horror is also a genre of film and fiction that relies on horrifying images or situations to tell stories and prompt reactions in their audiences. In these films the moment of horrifying revelation is usually preceded by a terrifying build up, often using the medium of scary music (Wisker 2005). Hostility is a form of angry internal rejection or denial in psychology. It is a part of personal construct psychology, developed by Dan Kelman. In everyday speech it is more commonly used as a synonym for anger and aggression. In psychological terms, Kelman defined hostility as the willful refusal to accept evidence that one's perceptions of the world are wrong. Instead of reconsidering, the hostile person attempts to force or coerce the world to fit their view, even if this is a forlorn hope, and however harmful the cost. Whilst testing theories against reality is a necessary part of life, and persistence in the face of failure is often a necessary part of invention or discovery, in the case of hostility there is the distinction that the evidence is not assessed and a decision made to try again. Instead the evidence is suppressed or denied, and deleted from awareness - the unfavorable evidence which might suggest a prior belief is flawed is instead ignored and wilfully avoided.
PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100
Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
Psychologically, it can be said that reality is being held to ransom, and in this sense hostility is a form of psychological extortion - an attempt to force reality to produce the desired feedback, in order that preconceptions become validated. In this sense, hostility is a response which forms part of discounting of unwanted cognitive dissonan Hysteria, in its colloquial use, describes a state of mind, one of unmanageable fear or emotional excesses. The fear is often caused by multiple events in one's past that involved some sort of severe conflict or the fear can be centered on a body part or , most often on an imagined problem with that body part (disease is a common complaint). People who are "hysterical" often lose self-control due to the overwhelming fear. Psychiatrists and other physicians have in theory given up the use of "hysteria," replacing it with more euphemistic terms that are essentially synonyms. These include "psychosomatic," "functional," "nonorganic," "psychogenic," and "medically unexplained." In 1980 the American Psychiatric Association officially changed the diagnosis of “hysterical neurosis, conversion type” to “conversion disorder.” Hysteria also has significant overlap with the diagnostic term "somatization disorder" and with somatoform disorders in general The term originates with the Greek medical term, hysterikos. This referred to a medical condition, thought to be particular to women, caused by disturbances of the uterus, hystera in Greek. The term hysteria was coined by Hippocrates, who thought that suffocation and madness arose in women whose uteri had become too light and dry from lack of sexual intercourse and, as a result, wandered upward, compressing the heart, lungs, and diaphragm. The same general definition, or under the name female hysteria, came into widespread use in the middle and late 19th century to describe what is today generally considered to be sexual dissatisfaction.[1] Typical treatment was massage of the patient's genitalia by the physician and later vibrators or water sprays to cause orgasm.[1] By the early 1900s, the practice and usage of the term had fallen from use until it was again popularized when the writings of Sigmund Freud became known and influential in Britain and the USA in the 1920s. The Freudian psychoanalytic school of psychology uses its own, somewhat controversial, ways to treat hysteria. The knowledge of hysterical processes was advanced by the work of Jean-Martin Charcot, a French neurologist. However, many now consider hysteria to be a legacy diagnosis (i.e., a catch-all junk diagnosis),[2] particularly due to its long list of possible manifestaPeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100
Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
tions: one Victorian physician cataloged 75 pages of possible symptoms of hysteria and called the list incomplete.[3]. Current psychiatric terminology distinguishes two types of hysteria: somatoform and dissociative. Dissociative hysteria includes amnestic fugue states. Somatoform disorders include conversion disorder, somatization disorder, chronic pain disorder, hypochondriasis, and body dysmorphic disorder. In somatoform disorders, the patient exhibits physical symptoms such as low back pain or limb paralysis, without apparent physical cause. Recent neuroscientific research, however, is starting to show that there are characteristic patterns of brain activity associated with these states. All these disorders are thought to be unconscious, not feigned or intentional malingering. Freudian psychoanalytic theory attributed hysterical symptoms to the subconscious mind's attempt to protect the patient from psychic stress. Subconscious motives include primary gain, in which the symptom directly relieves the stress (as when a patient coughs to release energy pent up from keeping a secret), and secondary gain, in which the symptom provides an independent advantage such as staying home from a hated job. More recent critics have noted the possibility of tertiary gain, when a patient is induced subconsciously to display a symptom because of the desires of others (as when a controlling husband enjoys the docility of his sick wife). There need be no gain at all, however, in a hysterical symptom. A child playing hockey may fall and for several hours believe he is unable to move, because he has recently heard of a famous hockey player who fell and broke his neck. Jungian psychologist Laurie Layton Schapira explored what she labels a "Cassandra Complex" suffered by those traditionally diagnosed with hysteria, denoting a tendency for those with hysteria to be disbelieved or dismissed when relating the facticity of their experiences to others.[4] Based on clinical experience, she delineates three factors which constitute the Cassandra complex in hysterics: (a). dysfunctional relationships with social manifestations of rationality, order, and reason, leading to; (b). emotional or physical suffering, particularly in the form of somatic, often gynaecological complaints, and (c). being disbelieved or dismissed when attempting to relate the facticity of these experiences to others Female hysteria was a once-common medical diagnosis, made exclusively in women, which is no longer recognized by modern medical authorities. It was a popular diagnosis in Western nations, during the Victorian era, for women who exhibited a wide array of symptoms including faintness, nervousness, insomnia, fluid retention, heaviness in abdomen, muscle spasm, shortness of breath,
PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100
Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
irritability, loss of appetite for food or sex, and a "tendency to cause trouble".[1] Patients diagnosed with female hysteria would sometimes undergo "pelvic massage" — manual stimulation of the woman's genitals by the doctor to "hysterical paroxysm", which is now recognized as orgasm A physician in 1859 claimed that a quarter of all women suffered from hysteria, which is reasonable considering that one physician cataloged 75 pages of possible symptoms of hysteria and called the list incomplete[2]; almost any ailment could fit the diagnosis. Physicians thought that the stresses associated with modern life caused civilized women to be both more susceptible to nervous disorders and to develop faulty reproductive tracts.[3] In America, such disorders in women reaffirmed that the United States was on par with Europe; one American physician expressed pleasure that the country was ”catching up” to Europe in the prevalence of hysteria.[2] Rachael P. Maines, author of The Technology of Orgasm: "Hysteria," the Vibrator, and Women's Sexual Satisfaction, has observed that such cases were quite profitable for physicians, since the patients were at no risk of death but needed constant treatment. The only problem was that physicians did not enjoy the tedious task of vaginal massage (generally referred to as 'pelvic massage'): The technique was difficult for a physician to master and could take hours to achieve "hysterical paroxysm." Referral to midwives, which had been common practice, meant a loss of business for the physician.[1] A solution was the invention of massage devices, which shortened treatment from hours to minutes, removing the need for midwives and increasing a physician’s treatment capacity. Already at the turn of the century, hydrotherapy devices were available at Bath, and by the mid-19th century, they were popular at many highprofile bathing resorts across Europe and in America. By 1870, a clockwork-driven vibrator was available for physicians. In 1873, the first electromechanical vibrator was used at an asylum in France for the treatment of hysteria. While physicians of the period acknowledged that the disorder stemmed from sexual dissatisfaction, they seemed unaware of or unwilling to admit the sexual purposes of the devices used to treat it. In fact, the introduction of the speculum was far more controversial than that of the vibrator,[1] perhaps because of its phallic nature. A 1918 Sears, Roebuck and Co. ad with several models of vibrators.
PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100
Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
By the turn of the century, the spread of home electricity brought the vibrator to the consumer market. The appeal of cheaper treatment in the privacy of one’s own home understandably made the vibrator a popular early home appliance. In fact, the electric home vibrator was on the market before many other home appliance ’essentials’: nine years before the electric vacuum cleaner and 10 years before the electric iron.[1] A page from a Sears catalog of home electrical appliances from 1918 includes a portable vibrator with attachments, billed as ”Very useful and
PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100
Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
These machine thinking companies are leaving their people behind. You cannot leave your people behind in the future. They’re your customers, friends, associates, lovers, engineers and competitors. Stop the machine thinking and start on the people thinking to build better machines. The unique thing about your company is the people inside. The irrational thing about your company is the people inside your company. PeopeNology brings the unique, original, irrational thinking of these people into a rational and productive culture of your future. Become a PeopleNologist Today - PeopleNology@Hotmail.com Free Knowledge - Around the World Copyrighted Intellectual Property 2006-2007-2008
Gregory L Bodenhamer Foundation of Nollijy America Mechanicsburg Pa 17055 GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com
PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100
Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
satisfactory for home service.” Interest (emotion) is a feeling or emotion that causes attention to focus on an object or an event or a process. In contemporary psychology of interest [1] it is used as a general concept which encompasses other more specific emotion terms, such as curiosity and to a certain degree surprise, in a similar way the general term anger encompasses other terms for the emotion such as rage (intense anger). The facial expression of emotion of interest shares most of the features with surprise: • Eyebrows that are raised so they become curved and high. • Stretched skin below the eyebrows. • Horizontal wrinkles across the forehead. • Open eyelids -- the upper lid is raised and the lower lid is drawn down, often exposing the white sclera above and below the iris. • Dropped jaw so that the lips and teeth are parted, with no tension around the mouth. However, the facial expression of interest encompasses additional features which are not characteristic for surprise, such as: • Dilated pupils. • Widened nostriles. • Visible tongue -- in slightly upward position (while, for example, in disgust the tongue is visible in more or less downward position) Jealousy typically refers to the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that occur when a person believes a valued relationship is being threatened by a rival. This rival may or may not know that he or she is perceived as a threat. Parrott makes use of the cause of jealousy to define it: “jealousy is an emotion experienced when a person is threatened by the loss of an important relation with another person” (Parrot, 2001, p. 313). He further defines it also as “a type of anxious insecurity following from the perception of threat to a relation” which sustains the jealous’ self (Parrot, 2001, p. 314). Prinz (2004, p. 93) says that jealousy is a “non basic emotion”, meaning that “it is combination of basic emotions with other mental states that are not emotions”. His statement has a foundation on the concept of basic and non basic emotions, which he takes from Plutchik. Prinz (2004, p. 93) suggests that jealousy “contains anger, sadness, disgust” (basic emotions), “all brought together by the belief that one’s lover has been unfaithful”
PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100
Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
(mental state). Further, Goldie says jealousy is a passion, focusing his definition on the effects of jealousy, which “frequently get out of control” (2000, p. 229). It is a common observation that the experience of jealousy can last much longer than the one of a basic emotion like anger, without losing its original intensity, and, in a paradox captured in Rochefoucauld's maxim, it may outlast the attachment which it fears losing: "jealousy is always born with love; it does not always die with it." The word "jealousy" is frequently used to describe what is more properly envy, fixation on what someone else has. Envy and jealousy are distinct in their object (Goldie, 2000, p. 221). Jealousy concerns something one has and is afraid of losing, while envy concerns something one does not have and either he wants to acquire (nonmalicious envy) or he wants the other(s) not to have (malicious envy) (Parrot, 2001, p. 309 Jealousy is a familiar experience in human relationships. It has been reported in every culture and in many forms where researchers have looked. [3] [4] [5] It has been observed in infants as young as 5-6 months old and in adults over 65 years old. [6] [7] [8] [9] Jealousy has been an enduring topic of interest for scientists, artists, and theologians. Psychologists have proposed several models of the processes underlying jealousy and have identified individual differences that influence the expression of jealousy. Sociologists have demonstrated that cultural beliefs and values play an important role in determining what triggers jealousy and what constitutes socially acceptable expressions of jealousy. Biologists have identified factors that may unconsciously influence the expression of jealousy. Artists have explored the theme of jealousy in photographs, paintings, movies, songs, plays, poems, and books. Theologians have offered religious views of jealousy based on the scriptures of their respective faiths. Jealousy involves an entire “emotional episode,” including a complex “narrative,”: the circumstances that lead up to jealousy, jealousy itself as emotion, any attempt at self regulation, subsequent actions and events and the resolution of the episode (Parrott, 2001, p. 306). The narrative can originate from experienced facts, thoughts, perceptions, memories, but also imagination, guess and assumptions. The more society and culture matter in the formation of these factors, the more jealousy can have a social and cultural origin. By contrast, Goldie (2000, p. 228) shows how jealousy can be a “cognitively impenetrable state”, where education and rational belief matter very little. One explanation of the origin of jealousy, in evolutionary psycholPeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100
Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
ogy is that the emotion evolved They say, jealousy evolved in order to maximize the success of our genes, a biologically based emotion (Prinz after Buss and Larsen, 2004, p. 120) selected to foster the certainty about the paternity of one’s own offspring. A jealous behavior, in men, is directed into avoiding sexual betrayal and a consequent waste of resources and effort in taking care of some else’s offspring. There are, additionally, cultural or social explanations of the origin of jealousy. According to one, the narrative from which jealousy arises can be in great part made by the imagination. Imagination is strongly affected by the culture a person is inserted in. The pattern of reasoning, the way one perceives situations, depends strongly on cultural context. While mainstream psychology considers sexual arousal through jealousy a paraphilia (categorized as zelophilia), some authors on sexuality (Serge Kreutz, Instrumental Jealousy) have argued that jealousy in manageable dimensions can have a definite positive effect on sexual function and sexual satisfaction. Studies have also shown that jealousy sometimes heightens passion towards partners and increases the intensity of passionate sex. [10] [11] People who experience pathological jealousy, and people for whom jealousy triggers violence, may benefit from professional counseling. People who experience normal jealousy may avail themselves of multiple coping strategies The problem-solving strategies include: improving the primary relationship, interfering with the rival relationship, demanding commitment, and self-assessment. The emotion-focused strategies include: derogation of partner or rival, developing alternatives, denial/avoidance, support/catharsis, and appraisal challenge. These strategies are related to emotion regulation, conflict management, cognitive change, and ground rules for managing jealous competition. The most important thing to do about any feelings of jealousy is to first admit them, and then attempt to overcome them. Polyamory groups encourage the replacement of jealousy with compersion, or empathizing with a lover's joy with another lover. Anthropologists have claimed that jealousy varies across cultures. Cultural learning can influence the situations that trigger jealousy and the manner in which jealousy is expressed. Attitudes toward jealousy can also change within a culture over time. For example, attitudes toward jealousy changed substantially during the 1960s and 1970s in the United States. People in the United States adopted much more negative views about jealousy The sociology of jealousy deals with cultural and social factors that
PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100
Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
influence what causes jealousy, how jealousy is expressed, and how attitudes toward jealousy change over time. Anthropologists such as Margaret Mead have shown that jealousy varies across cultures. Cultural learning can influence the situations that trigger jealousy and the manner in which jealousy is expressed. Attitudes toward jealousy can also change within a culture over time. For example, attitudes toward jealousy changed substantially during the 1960s and 1970s in the United States. People in the United States adopted much more negative views about jealousy. By the late 1960s and the 1970s, jealousy —particularly sexual jealousy — had come to be seen as both irrational and shameful in some quarters, particularly among advocates of free love. [5] Advocates and practitioners of non-exclusive sexual relationships, believing that they ought not to be jealous, sought to banish or deny jealous reactions to their partners' sexual involvement with others. Many found this unexpectedly difficult, though for others, conscious blocking of the jealous reaction is relatively easy from the start, and over time the reaction can be effectively extinguished. Some studies suggest that jealousy may be reduced in multilateral relationships where there is a clear hierarchy of relationships or where expectations are otherwise fixed. (See Smith and Smith, Beyond Monogamy.) Contemporary practitioners of what is now called polyamory (multiple intimate relationships) for the most part treat jealousy as an inevitable problem, best handled by accommodation and communication. In mainstream society, although jealousy still carries connotations of insecurity, there is a greater tendency to accept it as a normal and expected reaction to a relationship threat. Affinity • Attachment • Bonding • Boyfriend • Casual • Cohabitation • Compersion • Concubinage • Courtship • Divorce • Domestic partnership • Dower, dowry, and bride price • Family • Friendship • Girlfriend • Husband • Infatuation • Intimacy • Jealousy • Limerence • Love • Marriage • Monogamy • Nonmonogamy • Office romance • Passion • Pederasty • Platonic love • Polyamory • Polyfidelity • Polygamy • Psychology of monogamy • Relationship abuse • Romance • Separation • Sexuality • Serial monogamy • Sexual orientation • Significant other • Wedding • Widowhood • W i f e Hatred is a word to describe immense feelings of dislike toward a person, a group or a thing. An intense feeling towards someone or
PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100
Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
something, wanting to kill, harm or avoid a person or thing, in feelings of dislike. An all consuming emotion, a person consumed by hatred is not thinking rationally and will feel a compulsion to do terrible things. Unfortunately no one can be told what hatred is, it has to be experienced to be fully understood Love represents a range of human emotions and experiences related to the senses of affection and sexual attraction.[1] The word love can refer to a variety of different feelings, states, and attitudes, ranging from generic pleasure to intense interpersonal attraction. This diversity of meanings, combined with the complexity of the feelings involved, makes love unusually difficult to consistently define, even compared to other emotional states. As an abstract concept love usually refers to a strong, ineffable feeling towards for another person. Even this limited conception of love, however, encompasses a wealth of different feelings, from the passionate desire and intimacy of romantic love to the nonsexual. Love in its various forms acts as a major facilitator of interpersonal relationships and, owing to its central psychological importance, is one of the most common themes in the creative arts. The English word love can have a variety of related but distinct meanings in different contexts. Often, other languages use multiple words to express some of the different concepts which English relies mainly on love to encapsulate; one example is the plurality of Greek words for "love". Cultural differences in conceptualizing love thus make it doubly difficult to establish any universal definition.[2]American psychologist Zick Rubin try to define love by the psychometrics. His work states that three factors consititute love: attachment, caring and intimacy.[3][4] Although the nature or essence of love is a subject of frequent debate, different aspects of the word can be clarified by determining what isn't "love". As a general expression of positive sentiment (a stronger form of like), love is commonly contrasted with hate (or neutral apathy); as a less sexual and more emotionally intimate form of romantic attachment, love is commonly contrasted with lust; and as an interpersonal relationship with romantic overtones, love is commonly contrasted with friendship, though other definitions of the word love may be applied to close friendships in certain contexts. When discussed in the abstract, love usually refers to interpersonal love, an experience felt by a person for another person. Love often involves caring for or identifying with a person or thing, including oneself (cf. narcissism). In addition to crosscultural differences in understanding love, ideas
PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100
Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
about love have also changed greatly over time. Some historians date modern conceptions of romantic love to courtly Europe during or after the Middle Ages, though the prior existence of romantic attachments is attested by ancient love poetry.[5] Because of the complex and abstract nature of love, discourse on love is commonly reduced to a thought-terminating cliché, and there are a number of common proverbs regarding love, from Virgil's "Love conquers all" to The Beatles' "All you need is love". Bertrand Russell describes love as a condition of "absolute value", as opposed to relative value. Theologian Thomas Jay Oord said that to love is to "act intentionally, in sympathetic response to others, to promote overall wellbeing".[6] In the Holy Bible1 Corinthians 13 Love is defined as: 1If I speak in the tongues of men and of angels, but have not love, I am only a resounding gong or a clanging cymbal. 2If I have the gift of prophecy and can fathom all mysteries and all knowledge, and if I have a faith that can move mountains, but have not love, I am nothing. 3If I give all I possess to the poor and surrender my body to the flames, but have not love, I gain nothing. 4Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. 5It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. 6Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. 7It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres. 8Love never fails. But where there are prophecies, they will cease; where there are tongues, they will be stilled; where there is knowledge, it will pass away. 9For we know in part and we prophesy in part, 10but when perfection comes, the imperfect disappears. 11When I was a child, I talked like a child, I thought like a cild, I reasoned like a child. When I became a man, I put childish ways behind me. 12Now we see but a poor reflection as in a mirror; then we shall see face to face. Now I know in part; then I shall know fully, even as I am fully known. 13And now these three remain: faith, hope and love. But the greatest of these is love. A person can be said to love a country, principle, or goal if they value it greatly and are deeply committed to it. Similarly, compassionate outreach and volunteer workers' "love" of their cause may sometimes be borne not of interpersonal love, but impersonal love coupled with altruism and strong political convictions. People can also "love" material objects, animals, or activities if they invest themselves in bonding or otherwise identifying with that item. If sexual passion is also involved, this condition is called paraphilia Biological models of sex tend to view love as a mammalian drive,
PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100
Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
much like hunger or thirst.[8] Helen Fisher, a leading expert in the topic of love, divides the experience of love into three partlyoverlapping stages: lust, attraction, and attachment. Lust exposes people to others, romantic attraction encourages people to focus their energy on mating, and attachment involves tolerating the spouse long enough to rear a child into infancy. Lust is the initial passionate sexual desire that promotes mating, and involves the increased release of chemicals such as testosterone and estrogen. These effects rarely last more than a few weeks or months. Attraction is the more individualized and romantic desire for a specific candidate for mating, which develops out of lust as commitment to an individual mate forms. Recent studies in neuroscience have indicated that as people fall in love, the brain consistently releases a certain set of chemicals, including pheromones, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, which act similar to amphetamines, stimulating the brain's pleasure center and leading to side-effects such as an increased heart rate, loss of appetite and sleep, and an intense feeling of excitement. Research has indicated that this stage generally lasts from one and a half to three years.[9] Since the lust and attraction stages are both considered temporary, a third stage is needed to account for long-term relationships. Attachment is the bonding which promotes relationships that last for many years, and even decades. Attachment is generally based on commitments such as marriage and children, or on mutual friendship based on things like shared interests. It has been linked to higher levels of the chemicals oxytocin and vasopressin than short-term relationships have.[9] In 2005, Italian scientists at Pavia University found that a protein molecule known as the nerve growth factor (NGF) has high levels when people first fall in love, but these levels return to as they were after one year. Specifically, four neurotrophin levels, i.e. NGF, BDNF, NT-3, and NT-4, of 58 subjects who had recently fallen in love were compared with levels in a control group who were either single or already engaged in a long-term relationship. The results showed that NGF levels were significantly higher in the subjects in love than as compared to either of the control groups Psychology depicts love as a cognitive and social phenomenon. Psychologist Robert Sternberg formulated a triangular theory of love and argued that love has three different components: intimacy, commitment, and passion. Intimacy is a form in which two people share confidences and various details of their personal lives. Intimacy is usually shown in friendships and romantic love affairs.
PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100
Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
Commitment, on the other hand, is the expectation that the relationship is permanent. The last and most common form of love is sexual attraction and passion. Passionate love is shown in infatuation as well as romantic love. All forms of love are viewed as varying combinations of these three components. Following developments in electrical theories, such as Coulomb's law, which showed that positive and negative charges attract, analogs in human life were developed, such as "opposites attract". Over the last century, research on the nature of human mating has generally found this not to be true when it comes to character and personality; people tend to like people similar to themselves. However, in a few unusual and specific domains, such as immune systems, it seems that humans prefer others who are unlike themselves (e.g. with an orthogonal immune system), since this will lead to a baby which has the best of both worlds.[11] In recent years, various human bonding theories have been developed described in terms of attachments, ties, bonds, and affinities. Some Western authorities disaggregate into two main components, the altruistic and the narcissistic. This view is represented in the works of Scott Peck, whose works in the field of applied psychology explored the definitions of love and evil. Peck maintains that love is a combination of the "concern for the spiritual growth of another", and simple narcissism.[12] In combination, love is an activity, not simply a feeling Pity, as in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, implies tender or sometimes slightly contemptuous sorrow for one in misery or distress. By the nineteenth century, two different kinds of pity had come to be distinguished, which we might call "benevolent pity" and "contemptuous pity" (see Kimball). David Hume observed that pity which has in it a strong mixture of good-will, is nearly allied to contempt, which is a species of dislike, with a mixture of pride. Pity is an emotion that almost always results from an encounter with a real or perceived unfortunate, injured, or pathetic creature.[citation needed] A person experiencing pity will experience a combination of intense sorrow and mercy for the person or creature, often giving the pitied some kind of aid, physical help, and/or financial assistance.[citation needed] Although pity may be confused with compassion, empathy, commiseration, condolence or sympathy. These all mean the act or capacity for sharing the painful feelings of another, however pity is different from any of these. In regard to humans, pity may be felt towards the homeless, orphans, people with disabilities, those with terminal illness, and
PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100
Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
especially victims of rape and torture, by non-sufferers of these and similar things. Because pity will often result in the pitier aiding the pitied, some people equate pity with sympathy and assume, therefore, that pity is naturally a positive thing. However, the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche believed that pity causes an otherwise normal person to feel his or her own suffering in an inappropriately intense, alienated way. "Pity makes suffering contagious," he says in The Antichrist, meaning that it is important for the pitier not to allow him/herself to feel superior to the pitied, lest such a power imbalance result in the pitied retaliating against the help being offered. Nietzsche pointed out that since all people to some degree value self-esteem and self-worth, pity can negatively affect any situation. Additionally, pity may actually be psychologically harmful to the pitied: Self-pity and depression can sometimes be the result of the power imbalance fostered by pity, sometimes with extremely negative psychological and psycho-social consequences for the pitied party. Though in his later works he reverses his position and sees Pity as an emotion that can draw beings together, Mystic poet William Blake is known to have been ambivalent about the emotion Pity. In The Book of Urizen Pity begins when Los looks on the body of Urizen bound in chains (Urizen 13.50-51). However, Pity furthers the fall, "For pity divides the soul" (13.53), dividing Los and Enitharmon (Enitharmon is named Pity at her birth). Analyzers of this work assert that Blake shows that "Pity defuses the power of righteous indignation and proper prophetic wrath that lead to action. Pity is a distraction; the soul is divided between it and the action a 'pitiable' state demands. This is seen as Los's division into active male and tearful female, the latter deluding the former." Again railing against Pity in The Human Abstract, Blake exclaims: "Pity would be no more, / If we did not make somebody Poor" (1-2 Pride is an emotion which refers to a strong sense of self respect, a refusal to be humiliated as well as joy in the accomplishments of oneself or a person, group, nation or object that one identifies with. According to the Concise Oxford Dictionary, Proud comes from late Old English prud, probably from Old French prude "brave, valiant" (11th century), from Latin prode "advantageous, profitable", from prodesse "be useful". The sense of "having a high opinion of oneself", not in French, may reflect the Anglo-Saxons' opinion of the Norman knights who called themselves "proud", like the French knights preux.
PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100
Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
Rage, in psychiatry, is a mental state that is one extreme of the intensity spectrum of anger. The other end of the spectrum is annoyance.[1] To psychologists, Rage is a behavior that everyone experiences in some form, some way, some how. Rage is often used to denote hostile/affective/reactive aggression (as distinct from predatory/ instrumental/proactive aggression). It denotes aggression where there is anger present, that is motivated by causing harm to others, and that is characterized by impulsive thinking and a lack of planning. This is a behavioral side that many would not like others to see, but does often persist in extreme situations. Some psychologists, such as Bushman and Anderson, argue that the hostile/ predatory dichotomy that is commonly employed in psychology fails to define rage fully, since it is possible for anger to motivate aggression, provoking vengeful behavior, without incorporating the impulsive thinking that is characteristic of rage. They point to people such as the perpetrators of the September 11, 2001 attacks, the perpetrators of the Columbine High School massacre, and suicide bombers, all of whom clearly experienced intense anger and hate, but whose planning (sometimes over periods of years), forethought, and lack of impulsive behavior is readily observable.[1][2] Rage is a very intense anger, often distinguished by distorted facial expressions and by threat of or, possibly, an actual attack. “Rage is a physiologically based affective reaction to experiencing high levels of pain or displeasure (Parens, 1991, p. 89).” Psychologists have seen rage as caused by being more of an attack on one’s self than of others. This leads to rage being more intense, less focused and longer lasting. This same idea suggests rage is a narcissistic response to one’s past injuries (Menninger, W. 2007). How do you tell the difference between rage and normal amounts of anger? Anger is explained by current dissatisfaction in one’s life. This amount of anger or frustration is common. Rage, however, is caused from built up anger from past traumas. These accumulated angry dispositions are locked in our mind and body’s (King, R. 2007). One can mask rage by appearing overly dominant, or by being depressed. Many people feel anger all the time, this anger often feels like one is about to erupt in a painful fit over the smallest things. We often attribute these harbored ill feelings to stress or lack of sleep. However, some scientists have found that these ‘naturally angry tempers’ can be caused by a person’s nutritional habits. Kathleen O’Bannon explains in The Anger Cure how to tell if one’s tip toeing around rage is caused by one’s metabolism (2007). O’Bannon has suggestions for dissolving rage outbursts. These suggestions are in
PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100
Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
the form of diet changes and simple exercises one can do. Violent acts have recently become a trend in American society. There has recently been a correlation between rage and the Cultivation Theory by George Gerbner. Cultivation Theory places blame on outside influences, such as, violent television programs and exposure to violent video games. There are specific elements that aid with rage being expressed. “This is seen when an individual perceives a narcissistic injury that is experienced as being profoundly unfair; the individual has no hope for achieving a reasonable resolution of the injury; the individual reaches the decision that the injury cannot be tolerated further and must be responded to with action; the individual has access to weapons to enhance the capacity and potency to respond; and the individual feels a sufficient sense of potency and/or disregard of the consequences to initiate violence (Menninger, W. 2007).” When thinking of rage, the first thing that comes to mind is road rage and the various acts that stem from road rage. Every person who has set behind a wheel has experienced some form of road rage; whether it be cursing at someone who has cut you off in traffic or giving the middle finger when someone steals your parking spot, most people have succumb to rage while in the car. Giving the finger when a driver cuts you off in traffic may be a normal reaction. However, when that normal reaction escalates, psychologists may call it intermittent explosive disorder (IED). A study has found that at least one in twenty people suffer from this disorder. IED is an aggressive overreaction to everyday stress, and may be a cause to severe road rage (Kashef, 2006). It is distinguished from normal anger by its severity, its controllability, its frequency and its triggers. These anger attacks can harm your health and social life, as well as many people around you. Recent studies done prove that there is more rage experienced than most expect. IED is more explosive than rage and even more common for people to experience than rage. There was a study done in Baltimore, MD which found that 11% of people taken for the study qualified for IED. The percentages were constant amongst men and women, and blacks and whites. Those who were younger were more susceptible to IED. People who experienced the greatest risk for IED were those who are less educated. Studies suggest that the reason people experience these behavioral tendencies are because they suffer from abnormal activity of the nerotransmitter serotonin. Although impulsive aggression in general is associated with low serotonin activity, as well as, damage to the prefrontal cortex, which is the center of judgment and self-control. There has been extensive research done in order to change the patterns of these behavioral tendencies, which goes more in depth than people actually realize (Harvard
PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100
Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
Mental Health Center, 2006). A passenger of an SUV was hospitalized after she was shot by another driver on a busy Toronto street. The driver of the SUV, and another car had cut each other off, and when they reached a stop light the driver of the car opened fire on the lady in an SUV. In another incident of road rage, a Texas man was beaten on the side of a highway after the Texas driver clubbed a man with a baseball bat. Another example of rage and violence, while not road rage, but still a violent action is from a white collar worker in Japan. In his attempts to brown-nose to his boss, he sent him a box of jelly desserts. Upon discovering the box was left unopened in the boss’s office, the man let his anger turn to rage and smashed twenty-two of the company’s computers (Maclean. 2007). A major goal for many researches is to identify with individual differences in displaced aggression, where the anger comes from, and why it is transferred onto other individuals (Denison, Miller, and Pederson, 2006). Direct aggression is the retaliation towards the provoking agent, whereas, displaced aggression is anger not provoked by an individual, but transferred to an innocent bystander. A major goal for many researches is to identify with individual differences in displaced aggression, where the anger comes from, and why it is transferred onto other individual. Direct aggression is the retaliation towards the provoking agent, whereas, displaced aggression is anger not provoked by an individual, but transferred to an innocent bystander. When dealing with rage, we have to ask ourselves, what emotional forces cause individuals to express aggression, hostility, anger, hate or rage evolving into violence. Aggression stems from rage in which aggression focuses on action or behavior as opposed to emotion or effect (Menninger, 2007 Regret is an intelligent (and/or emotional) dislike for personal past acts and behaviors. Regret is often felt when someone feels sadness, shame, embarassment or guilt after committing an action or actions that the person later wishes that he or she had not done. Regret is distinct from guilt, which is a deeply emotional form of regret — one which may be difficult to comprehend in an objective or conceptual way. In this regard, the concept of regret is subordinate to guilt in terms of its "emotional power." By comparison, shame typically refers to the social (rather than personal) aspect of guilt or (in minor context) regret as imposed by the society or culture (enforcement of ethics, morality), which has substantial bearing in matters of (personal and social) honor. Regret can describe not only the dislike for an action that has been
PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100
Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
committed, but also, importantly, regret of inaction. Many people find themselves wishing that they had done something in a past situation. Remorse is an emotional expression of personal regret - that is, the emotion felt by the injurer after he or she has injured. Remorse is closely allied to guilt and self directed resentment (e.g. - The boy felt much remorse after hitting the old lady. The idea of remorse is used in restorative justice). One incapable of feeling remorse is often labelled a sociopath (US) or psychopath (UK) - formerly a DSM III condition. Some researchers have lately suggested that this lack is more characteristic of the INTJ personality, a highly rational temperament that relies very little on emotion, but the scientific worth and psychological accuracy of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator test have been strongly questioned. In general, a person needs to be unable to feel fear, as well as remorse in order to develop psychopathic traits. "Buyer's remorse" is the concept of regretting a purchase after the fact of buying it. Regretting one's earlier action or failure to act may be because of remorse or to various other consequences, including being punished for it Despite the role apologies play in our lives and the almost daily news reports of the latest celebrity or political apology, there is a surprising dearth of systematic empirical research on the subject of apologies as expressions of remorse. Two notable exceptions are The Five Languages of Apology by Gary Chapman and Jennifer Thomas, and On Apology by Aaron Lazare. The consensus emerging from these and other studies is quite clear - effective apologies that express remorse typically include the following components: a detailed account of the offense; acknowledgment of the hurt or damage done; acceptance of the responsibility for, and ownership of, the mistake; an explanation that recognizes ones role; a statement or expression of regret, humility or remorse; a request for forgiveness; and an expression of a credible commitment to change or a promise that it won't happen again; and some form of restitution, compensation or token gesture in line with the damage that you caused. Perhaps the most active research on the relevance of apologies as an expression of remorse appears in the legal and business professions, primarily because of the potential litigation and financial implications.
PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100
Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
When an apology is delayed, for instance if a friend has been wronged and the offending party does not apologize, the perception of the offense can compound over time. This is sometimes known as compounding remorse Sadness is a mood characterized by feelings of disadvantage loss, and helplessness. When sad, people often become quiet, less energetic and withdrawn. Sadness is considered to be the opposite of happiness, and is similar to the emotions of sorrow, grief, misery and melancholy. The philosopher Baruch Spinoza defined sadness as the “transfer of a person from a large perfection to a smaller one.” Sadness is a temporary lowering of mood ('feeling blue'), whereas clinical depression is characterized by a persistent and intense lowered mood, as well as disruption to one's ability to function in day to day matters. Sadness may affect a person's social standing. Studies have found that when people recognize an expressed emotion, they tend to attribute additional characteristics to the person expressing that emotion (Halo effect). A happy person, therefore is perceived warmly whereas a sad person is perceived as weak and lacking ability[7] and an angry person is perceived as powerful and dominant.(Keltner, 1997). Tiedens's [8] study explored whether people provide power to people they like or rather to people they perceive as powerful. The study, which examined social position in political, business and job interview situations, found that people prefer to give status position and power to an angry leader rather than to a sad one. People tend to give power to those perceived as powerful instead of to those whom they like. For example, in the business world, a positive statistical correlation was found between sadness and the extent of a person's social contribution, however angry people were perceived more deserving of status and promotion. Similarly, in the job interviews, angry people were perceived as more suitable for promotion and high salary than sad people. Shame (also called ignominy) is the consciousness or awareness of dishonor, disgrace, or condemnation. Genuine shame is associated with genuine dishonor, disgrace, or condemnation. False shame is associated with false condemnation as in the double-bind form of false shaming; "he brought what we did to him upon himself". Therapist John Bradshaw calls shame the "emotion that lets us know we are finite".[
PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100
Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
[edit] Shame vs. guilt There is no standard distinction between shame and guilt. The cultural anthropologist Ruth Benedict describes shame as a violation of cultural or social values while feelings of guilt arise from violations of internal values. It is possible to feel ashamed of thought or behavior that no one knows about as well as feeling guilty about actions that gain the approval of others. However, in Facing Shame, therapists Fossum and Mason state "While guilt is a painful feeling of regret and responsibility for one's actions, shame is a painful feeling about oneself as a person." Shame is needed to establish limits, in childhood, since young children are unable to associate cause and effect by themselves. However, as children become better able to judge their own actions, guilt becomes the conscience former. Although, in general, guilt guides adult consciences, intrinsic shame is often present in adults too Shame vs. embarrassment Shame differs from embarrassment in that it does not necessarily involve public humiliation: one can feel shame for an act known only to oneself, but in order to be embarrassed, one's actions must be revealed to others. Also, shame carries the connotation of a response to qualities that are considered morally wrong, whereas one can be embarrassed regarding actions that are morally neutral but socially unacceptable. Another view of shame and embarrassment is that the two emotions lie on a continuum and only differ in intensity. The wish to sink into the ground and disappear from view, to hide oneself from eyes that witness one's embarrassment or humiliation is common to both Suffering, or pain in this sense,[1] is an individual's basic affective experience of unpleasantness and aversion associated with harm or threat of harm. Suffering may be called physical, as in a back ache,[2] or mental, as in a grief.[3] It may come in all degrees of intensity, from mild to intolerable. Factors of duration and frequency of occurrence usually compound that of intensity. Suffering is also often characterized by how much it is considered, for instance, avoidable or unavoidable, useful or useless, deserved or undeserved. All sentient beings suffer during their lives, in diverse manners, and often dramatically. No field of human activity deals with the whole subject of suffering, but many are concerned with its nature and processes, its origin and causes, its meaning and significance, its related personal, social, and cultural behaviors, its remedies, manPeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100
Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
agement, and uses. • The word Suffering is sometimes used in the specific narrow sense of physical pain, but more often it refers to mental pain, or more often yet to pain in the broad sense. Other terms that are more or less synonymic with suffering may include
it may also refer to pain in the broad sense, i.e. suffering. In the latter sense, pain includes physical and mental pain, or any unpleasant feeling, sensation, and emotion. Care should be taken to make the appropriate distinction when required between the two meanings. For instance, philosophy of pain is essentially about physical pain, while a philosophical outlook on pain is rather about pain in the broad sense. Or, as another quite different instance, nausea or itch are not 'physical pains', but they are unpleasant sensory or bodily experience, and a person 'suffering' from severe or prolonged nausea or itch may be said 'in pain'. • The terms pain and suffering are often used together, in different senses which can become confusing, for example: • being used as synonyms; • being used in 'contradistinction' to one another: e.g. "pain is inevitable, suffering is optional", or "pain is physical, suffering is mental"; • being used to define each other: e.g. "pain is physical suffering", or "suffering is severe physical or mental pain". • Qualifyers, such as mental, emotional, psychological, and spiritual, are often used for referring to more specific types of pain or suffering. In particular, 'mental pain (or suffering)' may be used in relationship with 'physical pain (or suffering)' for distinguishing between two wide categories of pain or suffering. A first caveat concerning such a distinction is that it uses 'physical pain' in a sense that normally includes not only the 'typical sensory experience' of 'physical pain' but also other unpleasant bodily experience such as itch or nausea. A second caveat is that the terms physical or mental should not be taken too literally: physical pain or suffering, as a matter of fact, happens through conscious minds and involves emotional aspects, while mental pain or suffering happens through physical brains and, being an emotion, it involves important bodily physiological aspects. • The term unpleasant or unpleasantness commonly means
PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100
distress, sorrow, unhappiness, affliction, woe, discomfort, displeasure, disagreeableness, unpleasantness. • More often than not, the word pain refers to physical pain, but
Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
painful or painfulness in a broad sense. They are also used in (physical) pain science for referring to the affective (i.e. 'suffering') dimension of pain, usually in contrast with the sensory dimension. For instance: “Pain-unpleasantness is often, though not always, closely linked to both the intensity and unique qualities of the painful sensation.”[4] To avoid confusion: this article is about suffering in the sense of any unpleasant feeling, emotion or sensation. This includes suffering in the specific narrow sense of physical pain, which is covered in detail by the article Pain. Philosophical, ethical perspectives Hedonism, as an ethical theory, claims that good and bad consist ultimately in pleasure and pain. Many hedonists, such as Epicurus, emphasize avoiding suffering over pursuing pleasure, because they find that the greatest happiness lies in a tranquil state (ataraxia) free from pain and from the worrisome pursuit or unwelcome consequences of pleasure. For stoicism, the greatest good lies in reason and virtue, but the soul best reaches it through a kind of indifference (apatheia) to pleasure and pain: as a consequence, this doctrine has become identified with self-control in front of even the worst sufferings. Jeremy Bentham developed hedonistic utilitarianism, a popular doctrine in ethics, politics, and economics. Bentham argued that the right act or policy was that which would cause "the greatest happiness of the greatest number". He suggested a procedure called hedonic or felicific calculus, for determining how much pleasure and pain would result from any action. John Stuart Mill improved and promoted the doctrine of hedonistic utilitarianism. Karl Popper, in The Open Society and Its Enemies, proposed a negative utilitarianism, which prioritizes the reduction of suffering over the enhancement of happiness when speaking of utility: "I believe that there is, from the ethical point of view, no symmetry between suffering and happiness, or between pain and pleasure. (…) human suffering makes a direct moral appeal for help, while there is no similar call to increase the happiness of a man who is doing well anyway." David Pearce's utilitarianism asks straightforwardly for the abolition of suffering (see here under section called 'Biological, neurological, psychological aspects'). Many utilitarians, since Bentham, hold that the moral status of a being comes from its ability to feel pleasure and pain: moral agents should therefore consider not only the interests of human beings but also those of animals. Richard Ryder developed such a view in his concepts of 'speciesism' and 'painism'. Peter Singer's writings, especially the book Animal Liberation, represent the leading edge of this kind of utilitarianism
PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100
Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
for animals as well as for people. Another doctrine related to the relief of suffering is humanitarianism (see also humanitarian aid and humane society). "Where humanitarian efforts seek a positive addition to the happiness of sentient beings, it is to make the unhappy happy rather than the happy happier. (...) [Humanitarianism] is an ingredient in many social attitudes; in the modern world it has so penetrated into diverse movements (...) that it can hardly be said to exist in itself."[5] Pessimism, as Arthur Schopenhauer famously describes, holds this world to be the worst possible, plagued with worsening and unstoppable suffering. Schopenhauer recommends to take refuge in things like art, philosophy, loss of the will to live, and tolerance toward 'fellow-sufferers'. Friedrich Nietzsche, first influenced by Schopenhauer, developed afterward quite another attitude, exalting the will to power, despising weak compassion or pity, and recommending to embrace wilfully the 'eternal return' of the greatest sufferings. Philosophy of pain focuses on pain as a sensation, but much of its content concerns also suffering in general Suffering plays an important role in most religions, regarding matters like consolation or relief, moral conduct (do no harm, help the afflicted), spiritual advancement (mortification of the flesh, penance, ascetism), and ultimate destiny (salvation, damnation, hell). Theodicy deals with the problem of evil, which is the difficulty of reconciling an omnipotent and benevolent god with evil. People often consider that the worst form of evil consists in extreme suffering, especially in innocent children or in beings created ultimately for being tormented without end (see problem of hell). The Four Noble Truths of Buddhism are about dukkha, a term usually translated as suffering. The Four Noble Truths state (1) the nature of suffering, (2) its cause, (3) its cessation, and (4) the way leading to its cessation (which is the Noble Eightfold Path). Buddhism considers liberation from suffering as basic for leading a holy life and attaining nirvana. Hinduism holds that suffering follows naturally from personal negative behaviors in one’s current life or in a past life (see karma). One must accept suffering as a just consequence and as an opportunity for spiritual progress. Thus the soul or true self, which is eternally free of any suffering, may come to manifest itself in the person, who then achieves liberation (moksha). Abstinence from causing pain or harm to other beings (ahimsa) is a central tenet of Hinduism.
PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100
Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
The Bible's Book of Job reflects on the nature and meaning of suffering. Pope John Paul II wrote "On the Christian Meaning of Human Suffering".[6] This meaning revolves around the notion of redemptive suffering Surprise pronunciation (help·info) is a brief emotional state that is the result of experiencing an unexpected event. Surprise can have any valence; that is, it can be neutral, pleasant, or unpleasant.[citation needed] Accordingly, some would not categorize surprise in itself as an emotion.[citation needed] Surprise is expressed in the face by the following features: • Eyebrows that are raised so they become curved and high. • Stretched skin below the eyebrows. • Horizontal wrinkles across the forehead. • Open eyelids-- the upper lid is raised and the lower lid is drawn down, often exposing the white sclera above and below the iris. • Dropped jaw so that the lips and teeth are parted, with no tension around the mouth. Spontaneous, involuntary surprise is often expressed for only a fraction of a second. It may be followed immediately by the emotion of fear, joy or confusion. The intensity of the surprise is associated with how much the jaw drops, but the mouth may not open at all in some cases. The raising of the eyebrows, at least momentarily, is the most distinctive and predictable sign of surprise Wonder is an emotion comparable to surprise in that it is most commonly felt when perceiving something rare or unexpected. Unlike surprise however, it is more definitely positive in valence and can endure for longer periods. It has also been specifically linked with curiosity and the drive for scientific investigation.[1] Descartes described wonder as one of the primary emotions because he claimed that emotions in general are reactions to unexpected phenomena. Wonder is also compared to the emotion of awe A well accepted theory of anxiety originally posited by Liebert and Morris in 1967 suggests that anxiety consists of two components; worry and emotionality. Emotionality refers to physiological symptoms such as sweating, increased heart beat and raised blood pressure.[citation needed] Worry refers to negative self-talk that often distracts the mind from focusing on the problem at hand. For example, when students become anxious during a test, they may repeatedly tell themselves they are going to fail, or they can't remember the material or that
PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100
Gregory Bodenhamer Nollijy University Research PeopleNology PeopleTopia PeopleTopianism ParentTopia PeopleNologist ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright 2008 Intellectual Property Rights Mechanicsburg Pa USA
their teacher will become angry with them. This thinking interferes with focusing on the test as the speech areas of the brain that are needed to complete test questions are being used for worrying.[citation needed] Worry can also refer to a feeling of concern about someone else's condition. For instance, a mother may say "I'm worried" if her child doesn't show up at home when he was supposed to be there. It can also refer to certain actions or the lack of those kind of actions. "I'm worried because she is not eating any vegetables
PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Social Science Business Management Evolution Biology Psychology Seminars Workbooks Presentations Consulting Seduction Secrets Success Compliance Profit Service Growth GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com NollijyUniversityPeopleNology@Gmail.com Sex Sexual Nudity Girl Women Woman Working Wisdom Abuse Adult Oral Education History Evolution Social Engineering Fortune 100