Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Presidency of Ronald Reagan Presidency of Ronald Reagan Presidency of Ronald Reagan 40th President of the United States In office January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989 Vice President Preceded by Succeeded by Born George H. W. Bush Jimmy Carter George H. W. Bush February 6, 1911 Tampico, Illinois, United States June 5, 2004 (aged 93) Bel Air, California, United States American Republican (1) Jane Wyman (married 1940, divorced 1948) (2) Nancy Davis Reagan (married 1952) Eureka College Actor Presbyterian Died Nationality Political party Spouse Alma mater Occupation Religion Signature The United States Presidency of Ronald Reagan, also known as the Reagan Administration, was a Republican administration headed by Ronald Reagan from January 20, 1981 to January 20, 1989. Reagan was the first U.S. president since Dwight D. Eisenhower to be re-elected and serve two complete terms in office. Domestically, the administration favored reducing government programs and introduced the largest across-the-board tax cuts in American history. The economic policies enacted in 1981, known as "Reaganomics," were an example of supply-side economics. Reagan aimed to encourage entrepreneurship and limit the growth of social spending, as well as to reduce regulation and inflation. Economic growth saw a strong recovery in the 1980s, helping Reagan to win a landslide re-election. The national debt increased significantly, however. Regarding foreign policy, the administration was steadfastly anti-communist, calling the Soviet Union an "evil empire" and ending 1970s détente. Reagan ordered a massive buildup of the military, including an intervention in Grenada, the first overseas action by U.S. troops since the end of the Vietnam War. The "Reagan Doctrine" controversially granted aid to paramilitary forces seeking to overthrow socialist governments, particularly in war-torn Central America and Afghanistan. Reagan also promoted new technologies such as missile defense systems in order to confront the Soviets and their allies. In diplomacy, Reagan forged a strong alliance with UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, and he met with Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev four times, aiming to shrink the superpowers’ nuclear arsenals. Reagan’s presidency has been termed the "Reagan Revolution," as it was seen to cause a political realignment both within and beyond the US in favor of his brand of American conservatism and free markets. The Reagan administration is often credited with the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War after his departure from office, leading to a unipolar world with the U.S. as the world’s sole superpower. While the damaging Iran-Contra affair engulfed several administration officials during his second term, Reagan himself left office with a 64% approval rating, one of the higher approval ratings of departing presidents. The Reagan administration’s actions and its ideology remain widely debated, even as there is agreement over its influence on US politics and global events in the decades since. 1 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Presidency of Ronald Reagan In foreign affairs, Reagan initially rejected détente and directly confronted the Soviet Union through a policy of "peace through strength," including increased military spending, firm foreign policies against the USSR and, in what came to be known as the Reagan Doctrine, support for anti-communist rebel movements in Afghanistan, Angola, Cambodia, Nicaragua and elsewhere.[6] Reagan later negotiated with Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev, a reformer, and together they contributed greatly to a peaceful end of the Cold War. Reagan authorized military action in Lebanon, Grenada, and Libya throughout his terms in office. It was later discovered that the Administration also engaged in covert arms sales to Iran in order to fund anti-communist Contra rebels in Nicaragua. The resulting Iran-Contra Affair became a scandal to which Reagan professed ignorance. A significant number of officials in the Reagan Administration were either convicted or forced to resign as a result of the scandal. By the end of the Reagan presidency, a high level of public approval (64% of the nation) indicated that the administration had recovered its image among the American public due to the perceived restoration of America’s power, prosperity and national pride. Overview Reagan was an advocate of free markets and, upon taking office, believed that the American economy was hampered by excessive economic controls and misguided welfare programs enacted during the 1960s and 1970s. Taking office during a period of stagflation, Reagan said in his first inauguration speech, which he himself authored:[1] “ In this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem. ” His first act as president was to issue an executive order ending certain price controls on domestic oil, which had contributed to the 1973 Oil Crisis and the 1979 Energy Crisis.[2][3] The price of oil subsequently dropped, and the 1980s did not see the gasoline lines and fuel shortages that the 1970s had.[3] Reagan focused his first months in office on two goals, tax cuts and military spending, which was viewed as a successful way to tackle issues and echoed by later presidential advisers.[4] Reagan’s economic policies, similar to supply-side economics and dubbed "Reaganomics," achieved a 25% cut in the federal personal income tax, moderate deregulation and tax reform, which he believed would remove barriers to efficient economic activity. After a sharp recession, a long period of high economic growth without significant inflation ensued. Despite Reagan’s stated desire to cut spending, federal spending grew during his administration. However, economist Milton Friedman pointed out that non-defense spending as a percentage of national income stabilized throughout Reagan’s term, breaking a long upward trend; the number of new regulations added each year dramatically decreased as well.[5] One of Reagan’s most controversial early moves was to fire most of the nation’s air traffic controllers who took part in an illegal strike. Reagan strengthened Social Security to make it solvent longer by cutting disability benefits, and survivor benefits, and by increasing the FICA payroll withholding tax. He also took tough positions against crime, declared a renewed war on drugs, but was criticized for being slow to respond to the AIDS epidemic. Major issues of Presidency Reagan’s speeches • First Inaugural Address, (20 January 1981) • Second Inaugural Address, (20 January 1985) • First State of the Union Address, (26 January 1982) • Second State of the Union Address, (25 January 1983) • Third State of the Union Address, (25 January 1984) Major legislation signed • Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 - lowered income tax rates • Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 - revoked some provisions of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 • Social Security Amendments of 1983 - amended Social Security to 2 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia • Fourth State of the Union Address, (6 February 1985) • Fifth State of the Union Address, (4 February 1986) • Sixth State of the Union Address, (27 January 1987) • Seventh State of the Union Address, (25 January 1988) adjust for new retirees 1984 Expansion of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 - tightened federal standards for the disposal of toxic waste and extends controls to small companies[7] Tax Reform Act of 1986 - simplified the income tax code, broaden the tax base and eliminate many tax shelters and other preferences Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986 sweeping change to the Department of Defense command structure Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 - granted amnesty to illegal immigrants who entered the United States before January 1, 1982 and had resided there continuously Presidency of Ronald Reagan • Administration and Cabinet The Reagan Cabinet Office President Vice President Name Ronald Reagan George H.W. Bush Alexander Haig George P. Shultz Secretary of Treasury Donald Regan James A. Baker III Nicholas F. Brady Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger Frank C. Carlucci Attorney General William F. Smith Edwin A. Meese III Richard Thornburgh Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt William P. Clark, Jr. Donald P. Hodel Secretary of Agriculture John Rusling Block Richard E. Lyng Term 1981–1989 1981–1989 Supreme Court nominees • Secretary of State 1981–1982 1982–1989 Major acts as President Major treaties • Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement of 1987 • IntermediateRanged Nuclear Forces Treaty of 1987 between the U.S. and Soviet Union • 1981–1985 1985–1988 1988–1989 1981–1987 1987–1989 • 1981–1985 1985–1988 1988–1989 1981–1983 1983–1985 1985–1989 Major legislation vetoed Reagan vetoed 78 bills during his two terms in office.[8] 1981–1986 1986–1989 Reagan nomi ated the following jurist to the Supreme Court of the United States: • Sandra Da O’Connor 1981, making Reagan th first President appoint a woman to the Supreme Court • William Rehnquist Chief Justice, 1986 (an associate justice since 1972 • Antonin Scalia – 1986 • Robert Bo – 1987 (rejected Senate) • Douglas Ginsburg 1987 (withdraw • Anthony M Kennedy – 1988 3 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Presidency of Ronald Reagan Secretary of Energy James B. Edwards Donald Paul Hodel John S. Herrington 1981–1982 1982–1985 1985–1989 Chief of Staff James Baker Donald Regan Howard Baker 1981–1985 1985–1987 1987–1988 1988–1989 The Cabinet of President Reagan Kenneth Duberstein 1981–1987 1987–1989 Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency Anne M. Burford William D. Ruckelshaus Lee M. Thomas Director of the Office of Management and Budget David A. Stockman James C. Miller III Joseph R. Wright, Jr. United States Trade Representative William E. Brock III Clayton K. Yeutter Secretary of Commerce Howard M. Baldrige, Jr. C. William Verity, Jr. 1981–1983 1983–1985 1985–1989 Secretary of Labor Raymond J. Donovan William E. Brock Ann Dore McLaughlin 1981–1985 1985–1987 1987–1989 1981–1985 1985–1988 1988–1989 Secretary of Health and Human Services Richard S. Schweiker Margaret Heckler Otis R. Bowen 1981–1983 1983–1985 1985–1989 1981–1985 1985–1989 Secretary of Education Terrel Bell William J. Bennett Lauro Cavazos 1981–1984 1985–1988 1988–1989 Domestic policy Foreign policy Assassination attempt On March 30, 1981, only 69 days into the new administration, Reagan, his press secretary James Brady, Washington police officer Thomas Delahanty, and Secret Service agent Timothy McCarthy were struck by gunfire from a deranged would-be assassin, John Hinckley, Jr.. Reagan was exiting the Washington Hilton Hotel following a speech to the building trades conference of the AFL/CIO Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Secretary of Transportation Samuel R. Pierce, Jr. 1981–1989 Drew Lewis Elizabeth Hanford Dole James H. Burnley IV 1981–1983 1983–1987 1987–1989 4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia when six shots were fired from a roped off area for bystanders.[9] Reagan was pushed into the waiting limousine by Secret Service agent Jerry Parr. Parr described doing what he had learned in his training: "I heard these six shots, actually fired in less than two seconds, and that starts the action for an agent and you simply cover, first, and evacuate."[9] Parr directed the chauffeur to drive to George Washington University Hospital where the president was brought into the emergency room and subsequently operated on.[9] Missing his heart by less than an inch, the bullet instead pierced his left lung, which likely saved his life. Reagan’s condition in the hospital room was critical, as his heartbeat was faint and he had a very low blood pressure.[9] Doctor Joseph Giordano, head of the Reagan trauma team, described the president as being "close to death."[9] In the operating room, the bullet which had entered under his left armpit was removed, but Reagan was left with a collapsed lung. After the surgery, the president joked to the surgeons, "I hope you’re all Republicans!"[10] Though they were not, Dr. Giordano replied, "Today, Mr. President, we’re all Republicans." First Lady Nancy Reagan arrived at the hospital before her husband went into surgery; Reagan famously told her, "Honey, I forgot to duck" (using defeated boxer Jack Dempsey’s quip). Reagan was released from the hospital on April 12, and was escorted back to the White House by Mrs. Reagan and their daughter Patti. Presidency of Ronald Reagan Ronald Reagan’s Official Portrait that hangs in the White House. As a politician and as President, Ronald Reagan portrayed himself as being a conservative, anti-communist, in favor of tax cuts, in favor of smaller government (with the exclusion of the military), and in favor of removing regulations on corporations. Ronald Reagan is credited with increasing spending on national defense and diplomacy which contributed to the end of the Cold War, deploying U.S. Pershing II missiles in West Germany in response to the Soviet stationing of SS-20 missiles near Europe, negotiating the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) to substantially reduce nuclear arms and initiating negotiations with the Soviet Union for the treaty that would later be known as START I, proposing the Strategic Defense Initiative, a controversial plan to develop a missile defense system, re-appointing monetarists Paul Volcker and (later) Alan Greenspan to be chairmen of the Federal Reserve, ending the high inflation that damaged the economy under his predecessors Jimmy Carter and Gerald Ford, lowering tax rates significantly (under Reagan, the top personal tax bracket dropped from 70% to 28% in 7 years [2]) and leading a major reform of the tax system, providing arms and other support to anti-communist groups such as the Contras and the mujahideen, selling Political philosophy Further information: Reagan Doctrine During his Presidency, Ronald Reagan pursued policies that reflected his optimism in individual freedom, expanded the American economy, and contributed to the end of the Cold War.[11] The "Reagan Revolution", as it came to be known, aimed to reinvigorate American morale, and reduce the people’s reliance upon government.[11] As President, Reagan kept a series of leather bound diaries, in which he talked about daily occurrences of his presidency, commented on current issues around the world (expressing his point of view on most of them), and frequently mentioned his wife, Nancy. The diaries were recently published into the bestselling book, The Reagan Diaries.[12] 5 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia arms to foreign allies such as Taiwan, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq (see Iran–Iraq War), greatly escalating the "war on drugs" with his policies and Nancy Reagan’s "Just Say No" campaign, ordering the April 14, 1986 bombing of Tripoli and Benghazi in retaliation for an April 5 bombing of a West Berlin nightclub frequented by U.S. servicemen, in which the Libyan government was deemed complicit, and signing the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 which compensated victims of the Japanese American Internment during World War II. Presidency of Ronald Reagan • Michael Deaver, Reagan’s Chief of Staff, was convicted of lying to both a congressional committee and to a federal grand jury about his lobbying activities after he left the government. He received three years probation and was fined one hundred thousand dollars after being convicted for lying to a congressional subcommittee.[15] • Lyn Nofziger—White House Press Secretary - Convicted on charges of illegal lobbying after leaving government service in Wedtech scandal. His conviction was later overturned.[16] The Environmental Protection Agency Scandal arose when it was discovered that the administration was releasing Superfund grants for cleaning up local toxic waste sites to enhance the election prospects of local officials aligned with the Republican Party. 1. Rita Lavelle was convicted of lying to Congress and served three months of a six-month prison sentence.[17] Also involving the EPA: funds from the Superfund to clean up toxic waste sites were released to enhance the election prospects of local politicians aligned with the administration. Reagan’s "elimination of loopholes" in the tax code included the elimination of the "passive loss" provisions that subsidized rental housing. Because this was removed retroactively, it bankrupted many real estate developments made with this tax break as a premise. This with some other "deregulation" policies ultimately led to the largest political and financial scandal in U.S. history: The Savings and Loan crisis. The ultimate cost of the crisis is estimated to have totaled around USD$150 billion, about $125 billion of which was consequently and directly subsidized by the U.S. government, which contributed to the large budget deficits of the early 1990s. An indication of this scandal’s size, Martin Mayer wrote at the time, "The theft from the taxpayer by the community that fattened on the growth of the savings and loan (S&L) industry in the 1980s is the worst public scandal in American history. Teapot Dome in the Harding administration and the Credit Mobilier in the times of Ulysses S. Grant have been taken as the ultimate horror stories of capitalist democracy gone to seed. Measuring by money, [or] by the misallocation of national resources...the S&L outrage Controversy During this time, five controversies developed which resulted in a number of administration staffers being convicted of crimes or misdemeanors. The most wellknown was the Iran-Contra affair. The HUD controversy involved administration staffers granting federal funding to constituents and defrauding the US government out of money intended for low-income housing. Judge Arlin Adamns obtained the following convictions: 1. James Watt, Reagan’s Secretary of the Interior was indicted on 24 felony counts and pled guilty to a single misdemeanor. He was sentenced to five years probation, and ordered to pay a $5000 fine.[13] 2. Philip Winn - Assistant HUD Secretary. Pleaded guilty to one count of scheming to give illegal gratuities.[13] 3. Thomas Demery - Assistant HUD Secretary - pleaded guilty to steering HUD subsidies to politically connected donors.[13] 4. Deborah Gore Dean - executive assistant to Samuel Pierce - indicted on thirteen counts, three counts of conspiracy, one count of accepting an illegal gratuity, four counts of perjury, and five counts of concealing articles. She was convicted on twelve accounts. She appealed and prevailed on several accounts but the convictions for conspiracy remained. 5. Catalina Villaponda - Former US Treasurer, HUD[13] 6. Joseph A. Strauss - Accepting kickbacks[14] When an administration staff member leaves office, federal law governs how quickly one can begin a lobbying career. 6 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia makes Teapot Dome and Credit Mobilier seem minor episodes."[18] John Kenneth Galbraith called it "the largest and costliest venture in public misfeasance, malfeasance and larceny of all time."[19] Presidency of Ronald Reagan Trewhitt brought up how President Kennedy had to go for days on end without sleep during the Cuban Missile crisis. He then asked the President if he had any doubts about if or how he could function in a time of crisis, given his age. Reagan remarked, "I am not going to make age an issue of this campaign. I am not going to exploit, for political purposes, my opponent’s youth and inexperience," generating applause and laughter from the audience. Mondale (who was 56 at the time) said years later in an interview that he knew at that moment he had lost the election. On July 13, 1985, Reagan underwent surgery to remove polyps from his colon, causing the first-ever invocation of the Acting President clause of the 25th Amendment. On January 5, 1987, Reagan underwent surgery for prostate cancer which caused further worries about his health, but which significantly raised the public awareness of this "silent killer." Former White House correspondent Lesley Stahl later wrote that she and other reporters noticed what might have been early symptoms of Reagan’s later Alzheimer’s Disease.[22] She said that on her last day on the beat, Reagan spoke to her for a few moments and didn’t seem to know who she was, before then returning to his normal self.[22] However, Reagan’s primary physician, Dr. John Hutton, said the president "absolutely" did not "show any signs of dementia or Alzheimer’s."[23] His doctors noted that he began exhibiting Alzheimer’s symptoms only after he left the White House.[24] Other matters Although Reagan’s second term was mostly noteworthy for matters related to foreign affairs, he supported significant pieces of legislation on domestic matters. In 1982, Reagan signed legislation reauthorizing the Voting Rights Act of 1965 for another 25 years, even though he had opposed such an extension during the 1980 campaign.[20] This extension added protections for blind, disabled, and illiterate voters. Other significant legislation included the overhaul of the Internal Revenue Code in 1986, as well as the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 which compensated victims of the Japanese-American internment during World War II. As well as those, Reagan signed legislation authorizing the death penalty for offenses involving murder in the context of large-scale drug trafficking; wholesale reinstatement of the federal death penalty did not occur until the presidency of Bill Clinton. Reagan’s position on gay rights has been a subject of controversy. In the late 1970s he wrote a private response to the organization backing the California Briggs Initiative, stating that he opposed the proposed ban on gay public school teachers or anyone who supported gay rights. He opposed efforts to repeal the criminal laws against homosexuality and generally opposed gay rights legislation as eroding traditional moral values. Yet his daughter, Patti Davis, wrote in article in the New York Times where she recalled her father talking about Rock Hudson’s homosexuality in an accepting and tolerant manner.[21] Close of the Reagan Era In 1988, Reagan’s Vice President, George H. W. Bush, was elected to succeed Reagan as President of the United States. On January 11, 1989, Reagan addressed the nation for the last time on television from the Oval Office, nine days before handing over the presidency to Bush. On the morning of January 20, 1989, Ronald and Nancy Reagan met with the Bushes for coffee at the White House before escorting them to the Capitol Building, where Bush took the oath of office. The Reagans then boarded a Presidential helicopter, and flew to Andrews Air Force Base in Maryland. There, they boarded the Presidential Jet (in this instance, it was not called Air Force One), and flew home to The oldest president As Reagan was the oldest person to be inaugurated as president (age 69), and also the oldest person to hold the office (age 77), his health, although generally good, became a concern at times during his presidency. His age even became a topic of concern during his re-election campaign. In a debate on October 21, 1984 between Reagan and his opponent Walter Mondale, panelist Henry 7 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia California—to their new home in the wealthy suburb of Bel Air in Los Angeles. Reagan was the oldest president to serve (at 77), surpassing Dwight Eisenhower, who was 70 when he left office in 1961. Presidency of Ronald Reagan article/article.html. Retrieved on 2008-06-26. [9] ^ "Remembering the Assassination Attempt on Ronald Reagan". CNN. 2001-03-30. http://transcripts.cnn.com/ TRANSCRIPTS/0103/30/lkl.00.html. Retrieved on 2007-12-19. [10] "March 30, 1981". Techsure LLC. • U.S. presidential election, 1976 http://www.ronaldreagan.com/ • U.S. presidential election, 1980 march30.html. Retrieved on 2007-03-29. • U.S. presidential election, 1984 [11] ^ Freidel, Frank (1995), p. 84 • History of the United States (1980-1988) [12] "The Reagan Diaries". Harper Collins. • Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in http://www.harpercollins.com/books/ Simi Valley, California 9780060876005/The_Reagan_Diaries/ • List of honors named for Ronald Reagan index.aspx. Retrieved on 2007-06-05. • 600-ship Navy [13] ^ Online NewsHour: Case Closed - July • Ronald Reagan on Wikiquote 1, 1999 [14] NLIHC: National Low Income Housing Coalition - 404- Page Not Found [15] The American Experience | Reagan | [1] Murray, Robert K. and Blessing, Tim H. Timeline (1986 - 1988) 1993. Greatness in the White House. [16] http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ Penn State Press. p. 80 nation/3752008.html [2] Brandly, Mark (2004-05-20). "Will We [17] AROUND THE NATION; Conviction of Run Out of Energy?". Ludwig von Mises Ex-Official Of E.P.A. Is Upheld - New Institute. http://www.mises.org/story/ York Times 1519. Retrieved on 2008-11-06. [18] The Greatest-Ever Bank Robbery: The [3] ^ Lieberman, Ben (2005-09-01). "A Bad Collapse of the Savings and Loan Response To Post-Katrina Gas Prices". Industry by Martin Mayer (Scribner’s) Heritage Foundation. [19] John Kenneth Galbraith, The Culture of http://www.heritage.org/Research/ Contentment. (Houghton Mifflin, 1992). EnergyandEnvironment/wm827.cfm. [20] "Reagan Weighs In On Social Issues." Retrieved on 2008-11-06. U.S. News & World Report, May 12, [4] Baker, Peter (2008-11-08). "Obama Team 1982 Weighs What to Take On First". New [21] Deroy Murdock on Ronald Reagan & York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/ AIDS on National Review Online 2008/11/09/us/politics/ [22] ^ Rouse, Robert (March 15, 2006). 09promises.html?_r=1&ref=todayspaper&oref=slogin. Anniversary to the first "Happy Retrieved on 2008-11-10. scheduled presidential press conference [5] Friedman, Milton. Letter to the editor of - 93 years young!". American Chronicle. Liberty Magazine. August 5, 2004 [1] http://www.americanchronicle.com/ AND Friedman, Milton. Freedom’s articles/6883. Friend. Wall Street Journal. June 11. [23] Altman, Lawrence K (October 5, 1997). 2004 "Reagan’s Twighlight – A special report; [6] "Reagan Doctrine," United States State A President Fades Into a World Apart". Department. The New York Times. [7] Pear, Robert (November 10, 1984). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/ "Reagan Signs Measure Tightening Rules fullpage.html?res=9F02E1DE133DF936A35753C1A9 for Disposal of Toxic Waste". The New Retrieved on 2008-06-18. York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/ [24] Altman, Lawrence K., M.D (June 15, gst/ 2004). "The Doctors World; A fullpage.html?res=990CE3DB1139F933A25752C1A962948260&sec=health&spon=&pagewanted=al Recollection of Early Questions About Retrieved on 2008-06-26. Reagan’s Health". The New York Times. [8] "Veto". The American Presidency Project. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/ http://ap.grolier.com/ fullpage.html?res=9D0DE5D61030F936A25755C0A9 article?assetid=0403040-00&templatename=/ Retrieved on 2008-11-11. See also Footnotes 8 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Presidency of Ronald Reagan • LaFeber, Walter (2002). America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1971. New York: Wiley. • Matlock, Jack (2004). Reagan and Gorbachev: How the Cold War Ended. New York: Random House. ISBN 0679463232. • Morris, Edmund (1999). Dutch: A Memoir of Ronald Reagan. Random House. includes fictional material • Reagan, Nancy (1989). My Turn: The Memoirs of Nancy Reagan. New York: Harper Collins. • Reagan, Ronald (1990). An American Life. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0743400259. • Reeves, Richard (2005). President Reagan: The Triumph of Imagination. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0743230221. • Regan, Donald (1988). For the Record: From Wall Street to Washington. New York: Harcourt. ISBN 0151639663. • Walsh, Kenneth (1997). Ronald Reagan. New York: Random House Value Publishing, Inc.. ISBN 0517200783. References • Appleby, Joyce; Alan Brinkley, James M. McPherson (2003). The American Journey. Woodland Hills, California: Glencoe/ McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0078241294. • Beschloss, Michael (2007). Presidential Courage: Brave Leaders and How they Changed America 1789-1989. Simon & Schuster. • Cannon, Lou (2000). President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime. New York: Public Affairs. ISBN 1891620916. • Cannon, Lou; Michael Beschloss (2001). Ronald Reagan: The Presidential Portfolio: A History Illustrated from the Collection of the Ronald Reagan Library and Museum. PublicAffairs. ISBN 1891620843. • Diggins, John Patrick (2007). Ronald Reagan: Fate, Freedom, and the Making of History. New York: W. W. Norton. • Freidel, Frank; Hugh Sidey (1995). The Presidents of the United States of America. Washington, D.C.: White House Historical Association. ISBN 0912308575. • Gaddis, John Lewis (2005). The Cold War: A New History. The Penguin Press. • Hertsgaard, Mark. (1988) On Bended Knee: The Press and the Reagan Presidency. New York, New York: Farrar Straus and Giroux. Further reading Further information: Bibliography Ronald Reagan Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" Categories: Presidency of Ronald Reagan, Presidencies of the United States This page was last modified on 17 May 2009, at 05:50 (UTC). 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