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LEED & Green
Construction
Waste Management
Pamela Lippe LEED, AP
plippe@e4inc.com
DESIGN + CONSTRUCTION
EXCELLENCE
Continuing Education for NYC Capital Program Staff
Construction & Demolition (C&D)
Waste
Construction waste is defined as non-hazardous solid
waste resulting from construction, demolition and land-
clearing activities, not including excavation material.
What is current practice?
• All construction, demolition, and land clearing debris is
hauled off site by private companies.
• Lowest bidder gets the job.
• All the prime contractors are responsible for their own
waste.
• Recycling and salvage are not mandatory. Certain
materials of value (metal, wood, etc.) are recycled as a
matter of course, averaging about 40-50% of total waste.
• There is little or no record-keeping.
Why Bother?
• Nationwide, C&D debris accounts for 25% to 45% of
the total solid waste stream (by weight), with the
balance consisting of regular municipal and
commercial trash.
• In NYC, C&D accounts for more than 60% of the
solid waste stream, according to a recent study by
the NYC Department of Sanitation (DSNY), and 39
% when clean fill materials are excluded.
• The City no longer has any operating waste disposal
facilities (landfills or incinerators) within its borders.
Why Bother?
• As a result, all waste produced in NYC that is not
recycled or composted, must be exported to disposal
facilities located outside of the City.
• NYC currently produces about 33,000 tons per day of
construction and demolition debris.
• Since the closure of Fresh Kills landfill, the
Department of Sanitation's cost for waste disposal
have increased from $42 per ton at Fresh Kills
between $85-$90 per ton for export.
• You have an opportunity to help mitigate a serious
problem and resource drain for New York City.
High Costs
That is 33,000 tons a day x $90 =
– $2,970,000 A DAY
– $20,790,000 A WEEK
– $89,100,000 A MONTH
– $1,069,200,000 A YEAR (1Billion+)
Why is Construction Waste
Management (CWM) important?
• Reduces waste.
• Reduces demand for virgin resources.
• Reduces groundwater contamination.
• Reduces emissions.
• Reduces costs.
• Creates jobs.
• Provides low cost building materials.
• Preserves green space.
What are other Cities doing?
• San Francisco, CA and Portland, OR are recycling
close to 50% of their waste, and have set targets as
high as 75%.
• City of Seattle/King County, WA has a Construction
Waste Management Program which focuses on
education and technical assistance for the building
industry
• The City of Chicago instituted a mandatory 50%
recycling rate for C&D waste as of January 1, 2007.
What are other States doing?
• The California Integrated Waste Management Board
has set a statewide target of diverting 50% of C&D
waste from landfills.
• The New Jersey Department of Environmental
Protection has established a goal to recycle 50% of
the municipal solid waste stream and has proposed
statewide recycling legislation.
What is the DDC doing?
Web-based Resources
• C&D Waste Management
Manual
• Sample specification
• Sample waste management
plan
• Waste management reporting
forms will be available soon on
the website.
• Waste recycler list. Ask for a
copy from Office of Sustainable
Design.
Issues Specific to City Contracting
Obstacles
• Contractual issues: Four prime contractors
• It’s different and new – requires education and
attention to detail.
Opportunities
• To lead by example to address a major city problem
• It’s easy and relatively inexpensive to achieve these
credits for LEED.
LEED for New Construction
C&D Recycling
• Materials and Resources: Credit 2.1 (1 point)
Recycle and/or salvage at least 50% of
construction, demolition and land clearing waste
(not including excavated material)
• Materials and Resources: Credit 2.2 (1 point)
Recycle and/or salvage an additional 25% (75%
total) of construction, demolition and land clearing
waste
LEED for New Construction
Building Re-use
• Materials and Resources: Credit 1.1 (1 point)
Building Reuse -Maintain 75% of existing walls,
floors and roof
• Materials and Resources: Credit 1.2 (1 point)
Building Reuse – Maintain 95% of existing walls,
floors, and roof
• Materials and Resources: Credit 1.3 (1 point)
Building Reuse – Maintain 50% of interior non-
structural elements (interior walls, doors, floor
coverings and ceiling systems)
LEED for New Construction
Reuse on Site
• Materials and
Resources Credit 3.1
(1 point) Materials
Reuse – 5%
• Materials and
Resources Credit 3.1
(1 point) Materials
Reuse – 10%
LEED for Commercial Interiors
Building Reuse - Credit 1.2 -1.3
Maintain 40-60% of Interior Non-Structural
Components
Construction Waste Management - Credit 2.1 - 2.2
Divert 50-75% from Landfill
Resource Reuse - Credit 3.1 -3.2
Reuse 5-10% on site
Three Paths
Easy
Demo contract and Construction Waste off-
site separation – 75% is no problem
Hard
Maximize deconstruction and separate on-
site
Hybrid position
Selectively deconstruct and separate a
limited number of valuable items on-site and
use off-site separation for the bulk.
Demolition & Deconstruction
• Must remove hazardous
materials.
• Why not remove valuable
materials?
• Deconstruction is the
process that allows for
salvage
• Requires dismantling,
storage, protection and Courtesy: Build It Green
removal from site
Deconstruction
• First step of demolition
• Must schedule time for it
• More care must be used to
dismantle for reuse rather
than demolish (destroy for
quick removal).
• Must arrange for sale or
donation of salvaged
Courtesy: Build It Green
material
Deconstruction
Courtesy: Build It Green
Deconstruction
Resources
• Build It Green Reuse
Center - Low cost
construction materials
• Local Deconstruction
Expertise
• Green Goat
Deconstruction Spec
• Institute for Local Self-
Reliance Job Descriptions
& Tool List Courtesy: Build It Green
• DDC Office of Sustainable
Design’s C&D Waste
Recycler List
Demolition
Maximize Recycling
– Metals
– Wood
– Gypsum Board
– Cardboard
– Concrete
– Take back programs
• Armstrong ceiling Courtesy Gruzen Samton LLP
tiles, carpeting, etc
Construction Waste
• Decide about on-site or off-site separation
– Off site can achieve extremely high recycling
rates
• Not many sub-contractors/haulers do it.
• On-site is much more complicated.
• On-site separation and labeling of containers
• “Policing” to avoid contamination
• Scheduling of pickups
• Housekeeping
Post Collection Recycling (Offsite)
• No onsite separation
• Hauled to yard, dumped
and separated
• Wood
• Metal
• Concrete
• Cardboard
• All residual waste
transported to landfill.
Courtesy: Joan Ulbrich
On-site separation?
• Do you have enough room?
• What materials will generate income?
• Will your hauler/subcontractor offer a reduced fee if
recyclables are separated?
• Are there specific requirements for separating?
• How much contamination is allowed (e.g. painted
wood, lunch waste?)
Cambridge City Hall Annex
Recycling Saved $55,000
Material Tons Recycling Cost Avoided Cost * Savings
Brick 531 $22,833 $71,154 $48,321
Concrete 29 $2,407 $3,886 $1,479
Wood 112 $10,640 $15,008 $4,368
Metal 15 $690 $2010 $1320
Asphalt 1 $465 $134 (-$331)
Roofing
TOTALS 688 $37,035 $92,192 $55,157
* Cost that would have been paid if the material was sent to a landfill.
Based on local rates in 2003.
How is it done?
• Planning
• Specifications
• Waste Management
Plans and Forms
• Bid Process
• Contractor and
Subcontractor
Education
Courtesy: Pamela Lippe
Planning
• Set goals. 75% is easy.
• Conduct hazmat survey as
required by DDC policy
• Conduct pre-demolition
survey. Outside expert?
– Identify materials of value
• Doors, beams, lighting,
water-efficient fixtures,
chillers, structural steel.
Courtesy: Pamela Lippe
Planning
• Develop strategies to
maximize value for the
contractor or the community.
Identify markets for material.
Research take-back programs.
• Are there any opportunities for
reuse on the job?
• Decide about on-site and/or
off-site recycling
Courtesy: Pamela Lippe
Construction Waste Management
Specifications
• Develop construction waste management (CWM)
specification language for all relevant sections
– Consult DDC spec and modify it for your project.
Requires minimum of 50% recycling.
– MasterSpec addresses only on-site separation.
• Integrate into project spec and sub-contractor
agreements
• Emphasize reporting and submittal requirements
Construction Waste Management
Plans & Forms
• It’s all about focus and record-keeping.
• Provide templates, but review work products and
require revisions, if needed.
• Require demo & CWM plan from GC (overall
responsibility) and CWM plan from key contractors -
HVAC, Plumbing, Electrical.
• Decide on reporting in weight or volume (weight is
typical)
• Require to-date accounting and detailed record-
keeping
Typical Form
• Date
• Ticket #
• Subcontractor
• Container Volume (Cu Yds)
• Total Weight (Tons)
• Material Types
• Estimated % of Total Load
• Weight of Recycled & Landfilled Material
• Material Recipient
Waste Management Sample
Form
________________: Project Demolition and Construction Waste Management Log - SAMPLE
Recycled Materials (Off-Site Sorting)
Period Documented: June 30, 2004 - July 30, 2004
Total Weight of Weight of
Container Weight of Estimated % Recycled Landfilled
Volume Refuse Material Types of Total Load Materials Material
# Date Ticket # Subcontractor (Cu. Yds) (Tons) (Wood, Steel, Cardboard, etc.) (by weight) (Tons) (Tons) Material Recipient
1 7/26/04 0004 Cardella 20 6.95
Wood 1 Taylor Recycling
Metals 3 Taylor Recycling
Concrete 1 Taylor Recycling
Brick n/a
Cardboard n/a
Misc. Fines n/a
Rubbish 1.95 Waste Management
2
Wood
Metals
Concrete
Brick
Cardboard
Misc. Fines
Rubbish
3
Wood
Metals
Concrete
Brick
Cardboard
Misc. Fines
Rubbish
4
Wood
Metals
Concrete
Brick
Cardboard
Misc. Fines
Rubbish
Recycled Landfilled
MONTHLY TOTALS (TONS) 5 1.95
RECYCLING % FOR THIS PERIOD 71.9%
Materials Estimated
• Wood
• Metals
• Concrete
• Brick
• Cardboard
• Miscellaneous Fines
• Rubbish
Courtesy: Gruzen Samton LLP
Bid Process
• Specs and plan
requirements must be
integrated into bid
documents
• Discuss spec, plan
and forms at pre-bid
meetings.
Contractor and Subcontractor Education
• GC must have someone who is knowledgeable &
responsible
• Organize kick-off meeting and discuss at pre-bid
and regular meetings
• Discuss waste avoidance – minimize packaging,
return pallets, etc.
• The 4 Rs - Reporting, Review and Return & Review
(until they get it right)
• Handholding
• Be prepared to withhold interim payment
• Final requisition should be tied to completion and
approval of documentation.
Four Times Square
• A 48-story, 1.6 million square
foot office tower, designed in
1995-1996 completed in
1999.
• Before construction could
begin, demolition of 462,500
square feet was necessary.
• Pre-demolition salvage took
place, and construction
materials were sorted off-site
because of space limitations.
Courtesy: Fx Fowle
Demolition Recycling
• 1,800 tons of steel
• 95 tons of scrap metal
• 6,000 yards of brick,
concrete and dirt
• 22 pieces of ornate stone
work
• 200 assorted office doors
• 60 copper facial corners
• 750 2” x 12” x 20' beams
• 2,000 yards concrete,
brick and dirt Courtesy: Joan Ulbrich
Construction Recycling
1997-1999 - 58%
• 42% Residue to
Landfill
• 1% Aluminum
• 11% Light Metal
• 7% Cardboard
• 39% Wood Courtesy: Joan Ulbrich
All off-site separation. Four Times Square launched
this contractor’s recycling business in 1997.
Construction Offsite Recycling
2005 – 97.3%
• Wood: A. B Dauman
• Metal: A&A Scrap and Cinelli
• Concrete: Eagle, Bedrock.
Stone and North Bergen
Recycling
• Cardboard: Galaxy and
Atlantic Coast Fibers
• Residual waste is transported
Courtesy: Joan Ulbrich
to Ohio landfills by train
Courtesy: Pamela Lippe
Courtesy: Pamela Lippe
Four Times Square
• An EPA case study calculated savings from
the recycling and reuse efforts at $895,000,
which were estimated to exceed the added
costs involved with planning and instituting
these recovery practices.
Project Phase Waste Waste to Materials
Generated Landfill Diverted
Demolition 27,027 tons 11,097 tons 15,930 tons
Construction 3,287 tons 1,383 tons 1,904 tons
Total 30,314 tons 12,480 tons 17,834 tons
125 W. 31st Street
Deconstruction
Courtesy: Fx Fowle
125 W. 31st Street
• NY Wa$teMatch and
Community Environmental
Center (CEC) worked with
the developer and
construction manager to
deconstruct five buildings in
Midtown Manhattan.
• CEC ran the salvage
operation and harvested
over 47 tons of building
materials with a potential
resale value of over
$100,000.
Courtesy: Pamela Lippe
Buildings on Site
125-127 W 31st St. 2-story; built in 9,621 gsf
1930
129-131 W 31st St. 6-story; built in 25,628 gsf
1920
126-128 W 32nd St. 3-story; built in 14,314 gsf
1920
130 W 32nd St. 4-story; built in 6,637 gsf
1920
132-134 W 32nd St. 6-story; built in 27,612 gsf
1921
125 W. 31st Street
Category Quantity Total salvaged 62,665
Ceiling Tiles 4,000 sf (lbs)
Total recycled (lbs) 26,710
Windows and Doors 7.1 tons
Total material 89,375
Interior Finishes, 1.4 tons diverted from
Hardware, Cabinetry landfill by lbs
Plumbing, Electrical, 2.2 tons
Total materials 7,800
& Mechanical
diverted from
Equipment
landfill by cubic
Wood Flooring 5,000 sf feet
Wood Paneling & 1,000 sf
Trim
Misc. shelving, 8 tons
racking, furniture etc.
125 W. 31st Street
• CEC diverted 47 tons of materials from the five
buildings. About 28% of these materials were
recycled, including 6 tons of paper and 13 tons of
ceiling tiles.
• CEC salvaged approximately 20 truckloads over a
two-month period.
• However, the diversion rate could have been higher if
there had been better coordination with other
subcontractors.
ONE BRYANT PARK
One Bryant Park participated
in a huge deconstruction effort,
donating 36 tons of reusable
building materials and
recyclables to the Community
Environmental Center (CEC).
Buildings deconstructed in part
included: 129 W. 42nd St., 123
W. 42nd St., 1113 6th Ave.,
102 W. 43rd St. and 106 W.
43rd St.
Courtesy: Cook + Fox
ONE BRYANT PARK
This groundbreaking effort
directly contributed to the
creation of “Build it Green!”
– New York City’s first
building materials re-use
center, a non-profit retail
outlet for reusable,
environmentally friendly and
Courtesy: Cook + Fox
low-cost building materials.
Items Deconstructed from OBP site
• Toilets • Windows
• Sinks • Wall panels
• Marble thresholds • Wood shelving
• Urinals • Theater seats
• Fluorescent light • Furniture (desks, chairs,
fixtures tables)
• Wood flooring • Electrical panels
• Ceiling panels • LED exit signs
• Doors • Aluminum handrails
Sunrise Maintenance Yard
• DDC Project for the NYC DOT
• Demolition of 1939 maintenance structures
• Materials audit during design, with the participation of
Wa$teMatch and full team
Took a hybrid
approach to
salvage and
C&D recycling
Courtesy: Gruzen Samton LLP
Sunrise Maintenance Yard
• Modest targets for
deconstruction
• Target – on site reuse of
crushed brick and stone
- Basis of % For Art – a wall
representing Queens geology
- Filler for permeable paving
• Target – Salvage of clean
wood joists
• Target – Recycling of 75%
of the C&D waste
Courtesy: Gruzen Samton LLP
QUEENS BOTANICAL GARDEN
QUEENS BOTANICAL GARDEN
Recycled Material
• Wood: 122.02 tons
• Metal: 11.02 tons
• Paper Product: 1.33 tons
• Concrete: 596.92 tons
• Re-used cobbles: 35 tons
• Total waste with reused: 812.35 tons
• Total recycled with reused: 766.29
= 94% recycling rate
LEED-NC 2.2 Submittal Template
• Responsible Individual & Company
• Identify units for diverted & landfill waste calculations
(tons or cu.yds)
• Diverted Construction Waste
– Diverted/Recycled Material Description
– Diversion/Recycling Hauler or Location
– Quantity of Diverted/Recycled Waste
• Landfill Construction Waste
– Landfill Materials Description
– Landfill Hauler or Location
– Quantity of Landfilled Waste
LEED-NC 2.2 Submittal Template
• Total Construction waste diverted divided by total
construction waste generated = Total % diverted from
landfill
• A required narrative must describe the projects CWM
approach and plan
• An optional narrative can describe any special
circumstances or considerations regarding the
project’s credit approach.
LEED-NC 2.2 Construction Waste
Sample Narrative
• The project was completed over three phases from the
summer of 2004 through the summer of 2006. During
both construction and demolition, no waste was hauled
directly to a landfill. The majority of waste was sent to
mixed debris processing plants to reclaim recyclable
materials. Reclamation rates ranged from 60 to 85%
depending on the level of the mechanization at the
processing plant and the composition of the debris.
During demolition, there was also some source
separation of concrete and brick, 100% of which was
recycled. This represents an 80.43% waste diversion
rate for the project.
LEED-NC 2.2 Construction Waste
Back up
• For demolition, the contractor maintained and provided
a spread sheet that tracked every container, service
date, pick-up number slip, type of material, facility it was
delivered to, type of facility, total weight, tons recycled,
tons to landfill, tons incinerated and the facility recycling
percentage.
• For construction, the contractor maintained and
provided a spread sheet that tracked each container or
ticket number, haul date, total tonnage, concrete, metal,
wood, cardboard-paper and other materials diverted in
tons, total diverted and total residual trash in tons,
percent recycled and name and location of where the
material went.
Best Practices/Recommendations
• Don’t drive yourself crazy but try to do something
extra on each job.
• Make GC responsible to manage the program, and
provide on-call support for questions.
• Educate and involve design team, contractors and
subcontractors. Encourage their innovation
• Stress waste avoidance to design team, contractors
and subs.
• Review reporting forms and plans with contractors
and subs in advance.
• Bring it up regularly in multiple meetings.
• Review and return forms until they’re in compliance.
Design Phase
• Make the design team aware of the C&D
requirements and resources in the Design Guide.
• Suggest a building audit to identify salvageable
and/or recyclable materials
• Schedule discussion of C&D management strategies
and targets
• Insure integration of CWM spec and targets into the
project specifications
Construction
• Discuss at pre-bid conference
• Request and review with the design team the GC
waste management plan which should incorporate
plans from other primes.
• Make sure that the GC designates a person to be
responsible for C&D
• Require and review progress reporting including
cumulative to-date totals.
Lessons Learned
• It can be done easily and cheaply without delaying
the schedule!
• It’s mostly about record-keeping and documenting
what has been done.
• Insist on comprehensive and cumulative month-to-
month tracking. You don’t want to try to figure out
what has happened at the end of the job.
• Make the sub-contractors do the work for you.
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