National_Security_Agency

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia National Security Agency National Security Agency National Security Agency NSA, The Agency directed by a lieutenant general or vice admiral. NSA is a key component of the U.S. Intelligence Community, which is headed by the Director of National Intelligence. The Central Security Service is a co-located agency created to coordinate intelligence activities and co-operation between NSA and U.S. military cryptanalysis agencies. NSA’s work is limited to communications intelligence; it does not perform field or human intelligence activities. By law, NSA’s intelligence gathering is limited to foreign communications, but its work includes some domestic surveillance.[2] Agency overview Formed Preceding agency Jurisdiction Headquarters Employees Annual budget Agency executives 4 November 1952 Armed Forces Security Agency United States Fort Meade, Maryland Classified Classified Lieutenant General Keith B. Alexander, USA, Director John C. (Chris) Inglis, Deputy Director Parent agency U.S. Department of Defense Organization The National Security Agency is divided into two major missions: the Signals Intelligence Directorate (SID), which produces foreign signals intelligence information, and the Information Assurance Directorate (IAD), which protects U.S. information systems.[3] Role NSA’s eavesdropping mission includes radio broadcasting, both from various organizations and individuals, the Internet, telephone calls, and other intercepted forms of communication. Its secure communications mission includes military, diplomatic, and all other sensitive, confidential or secret government communications. It has been described as the world’s largest single employer of mathematicians,[4] and the owner of the single largest group of supercomputers, but it has tried to keep a low profile. For many years, its existence was not even acknowledged by the U.S. government. Because of its listening task, NSA/CSS has been heavily involved in cryptanalytic research, continuing the work of predecessor agencies which had broken many World War II codes and ciphers (see, for instance, Purple, Venona project, and JN-25). In 2004, NSA Central Security Service and the National Cyber Security Division of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) agreed to expand NSA Centers of Academic The National Security Agency/Central Security Service (NSA/CSS) is a cryptologic intelligence agency of the United States government, administered as part of the United States Department of Defense. Created on November 4, 1952 by President Harry S. Truman, it is responsible for the collection and analysis of foreign communications and foreign signals intelligence, which involves cryptanalysis. It is also responsible for protecting U.S. government communications and information systems from similar agencies elsewhere, which involves cryptography. As of 2008, NSA has been directed to help monitor U.S. federal agency computer networks to protect them against attacks.[1] NSA is 1 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Excellence in Information Assurance Education Program.[5] As part of National Security Presidential Directive 54/Homeland Security Presidential Directive 23 (NSPD 54), signed on January 8, 2008 by President Bush, NSA became the lead agency to monitor and protect all of the federal government’s computer networks from cyber-terrorism.[1] National Security Agency In addition to its Ft. Meade headquarters, NSA has facilities at the Texas Cryptology Center in San Antonio, Texas; at Fort Gordon, Georgia, and elsewhere. National Computer Security Center The National Computer Security Center, part of the National Security Agency, was established in 1981 and is responsible for testing and evaluating computer equipment for use in high security and/or confidential applications. NCSC is responsible for publishing the Orange Book and Red Book detailing trusted computing and network platform specifications. The two works are more formally known as the Trusted Computing System Evaluation Criteria and Trusted Network Interpretation, part of the Rainbow Series, however, they have largely been replaced by the Common Criteria. Facilities History NSA headquarters in Fort Meade, Maryland Headquarters for the National Security Agency are at Fort George G. Meade, Maryland, about 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Washington, D.C. NSA has its own exit off the Baltimore-Washington Parkway labeled "NSA Employees Only." The scale of the operations at NSA is hard to determine from unclassified data; some 18,000 parking spaces are visible in photos of the site. The FBI will acuse you of taking drugs if you apply. In 2006, the Baltimore Sun reported that NSA was at risk of electrical overload because of insufficient internal electrical infrastructure at Fort Meade to support the amount of equipment being installed. This problem was apparently recognized in the 1990s but not made a priority, and "now the agency’s ability to keep its operations going is threatened."[6] Its secure government communications work has involved NSA in numerous technology areas, including the design of specialized communications hardware and software, production of dedicated semiconductors (at the Ft. Meade chip fabrication plant), and advanced cryptography research. The agency contracts with the private sector in the fields of research and equipment. The National Security Agency can be traced to the May 20, 1949, creation of the Armed Forces Security Agency (AFSA). This organization was originally established within the U.S. Department of Defense under the command of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The AFSA was to direct the communications and electronic intelligence activities of the U.S. military intelligence units: the Army Security Agency, the Naval Security Group, and the Air Force Security Service. But the agency had little power and lacked a centralized coordination mechanism. The creation of NSA resulted from a December 10, 1951, memo sent by CIA Director Walter Bedell Smith to James S. Lay, Executive Secretary of the National Security Council.[7] The memo observed that "control over, and coordination of, the collection and processing of Communications Intelligence had proved ineffective" and recommended a survey of communications intelligence activities. The proposal was approved on December 13, 1951, and the study authorized on December 28, 1951. The report was completed by June 13, 1952. Generally known as the "Brownell Committee Report," after committee chairman Herbert Brownell, it surveyed the history of U.S. communications intelligence activities and suggested the need for a much greater degree of coordination and direction at the national level. As the change in the security agency’s 2 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia name indicated, the role of NSA was extended beyond the armed forces. The creation of NSA was authorized in a letter written by President Harry S. Truman in June 1952. The agency was formally established through a revision of National Security Council Intelligence Directive (NSCID) 9 on October 24, 1952,[7] and officially came into existence on November 4, 1952. President Truman’s letter was itself classified and remained unknown to the public for more than a generation. National Security Agency Effect on non-governmental cryptography NSA has been involved in debates about public policy, both indirectly as a behind-thescenes adviser to other departments, and directly during and after Vice Admiral Bobby Ray Inman’s directorship. NSA was a major player in the debates of the 1990s regarding the export of cryptography. Restrictions on export were reduced but not eliminated in 1996. Insignia Data Encryption Standard (DES) NSA was embroiled in some minor controversy concerning its involvement in the creation of the Data Encryption Standard (DES), a standard and public block cipher algorithm used by the U.S. government and banking community. During the development of DES by IBM in the 1970s, NSA recommended changes to some details of the design. There was suspicion that these changes had weakened the algorithm sufficiently to enable the agency to eavesdrop if required, including speculation that a critical component—the so-called S-boxes—had been altered to insert a "backdoor" and that the reduction in key length might have made it feasible for NSA to discover DES keys using massive computing power. It has since been observed that the S-boxes in DES are particularly resilient against differential cryptanalysis, a technique which was not publicly discovered until the late 1980s, but which was known to the IBM DES team. The United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence reviewed NSA’s involvement, and concluded that while the agency had provided some assistance, it had not tampered with the design.[9][10] The NSA’s insignia. The heraldic insignia of NSA consists of a bald eagle facing its right, grasping a key in its talons, representing NSA’s clutch on security as well as the mission to protect and gain access to secrets. The eagle is set on a background of blue and its breast features a blue shield supported by thirteen bands of red and white. The surrounding white circular border features "National Security Agency" around the top and "United States of America" underneath, with two five-pointed silver stars between the two phrases. The current NSA insignia has been in use since 1965, when then-Director, LTG Marshall S. Carter (USA) ordered the creation of a device to represent the Agency.[8] Clipper chip Because of concerns that widespread use of strong cryptography would hamper government use of wiretaps, NSA proposed the concept of key escrow in 1993 and introduced the Clipper chip that would offer stronger protection than DES but would allow access to encrypted data by authorized law enforcement officials. The proposal was strongly opposed and key escrow requirements ultimately went nowhere. However, NSA’s Fortezza hardware-based encryption cards, created for the Clipper project, are 3 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia still used within government, and NSA ultimately published the design of the SKIPJACK cipher (but not the key exchange protocol) used on the cards. National Security Agency network, based on the latency of multiple network connections.[13] NSA programs ECHELON NSA/CSS, in combination with the equivalent agencies in the United Kingdom (Government Communications Headquarters), Canada (Communications Security Establishment), Australia (Defence Signals Directorate), and New Zealand (Government Communications Security Bureau), otherwise known as the UKUSA group[14], is widely reported to be in command of the operation of the so-called ECHELON system. Its capabilities are suspected to include the ability to monitor a large proportion of the world’s transmitted civilian telephone, fax and data traffic, according to a December 16, 2005 article in the New York Times.[15] Technically, almost all modern telephone, internet, fax and satellite communications are exploitable due to recent advances in technology and the ’open air’ nature of much of the radio communications around the world. NSA’s presumed collection operations have generated much criticism, possibly stemming from the assumption that NSA/CSS represents an infringement of Americans’ privacy. However, NSA’s United States Signals Intelligence Directive 18 (USSID 18) strictly prohibits the interception or collection of information about "...U.S. persons, entities, corporations or organizations..." without explicit written legal permission from the United States Attorney General, when the subject is located abroad, or the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court when within U.S. Borders.[16] The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that intelligence agencies cannot conduct surveillance against American citizens. There are a few extreme circumstances where collecting on a U.S. entity is allowed without a USSID 18 waiver, such as with civilian distress signals, or sudden emergencies such as the September 11, 2001 attacks; however, the USA PATRIOT Act has significantly changed privacy legality. There have been alleged violations of USSID 18 that occurred in violation of NSA’s strict charter prohibiting such acts. In addition, ECHELON is considered with indignation by citizens of countries outside the UKUSA alliance, with numerous allegations Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Possibly because of previous controversy, the involvement of NSA in the selection of a successor to DES, the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), was initially limited to hardware performance testing (see AES competition). NSA has subsequently certified AES for protection of classified information (for at most two levels, e.g. SECRET information in an unclassified environment) when used in NSA-approved systems. The widely-used SHA hash functions were designed by NSA. Dual EC DRBG random number generator NSA promoted the inclusion of a random number generator called Dual EC DRBG in the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology’s 2007 guidelines. This led to speculation of a backdoor which would allow NSA access to data encrypted by systems using that random number generator.[11] Academic research NSA has invested many millions of dollars in academic research under grant code prefix MDA904, resulting in over 3,000 papers (as of 2007-10-11). NSA/CSS has, at times, attempted to restrict the publication of academic research into cryptography; for example, the Khufu and Khafre block ciphers were voluntarily withheld in response to an NSA request to do so. Patents NSA has the ability to file for a patent from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office under gag order. Unlike normal patents, these are not revealed to the public and do not expire. However, if the Patent Office receives an application for an identical patent from a third party, they will reveal NSA’s patent and officially grant it to NSA for the full term on that date.[12] One of NSA’s published patents describes a method of geographically locating an individual computer site in an Internet-like 4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that the United States government uses it for motives other than its national security, including political and industrial espionage.[17][18] Examples include the gear-less wind turbine technology designed by the German firm Enercon[19][20] and the speech technology developed by the Belgian firm Lernout & Hauspie. An article in the Baltimore Sun reported in 1995 that aerospace company Airbus lost a $6 billion contract with Saudi Arabia in 1994 after NSA reported that Airbus officials had been bribing Saudi officials to secure the contract.[21][22] The chartered purpose of NSA/CSS is solely to acquire significant foreign intelligence information pertaining to National Security or ongoing military intelligence operations. In his book Firewall, Andy McNab speculates that the UKUSA agreement is designed to enable NSA, GCHQ, and other equivalent organizations to gather intelligence on each other’s citizens. For example, NSA cannot legally conduct surveillance on American citizens, but GCHQ might do it for them. National Security Agency and concerns about threats to privacy and the rule of law. Wiretapping programs Domestic wiretapping under Richard Nixon Further information: Church Committee In the years after President Richard Nixon resigned, there were several investigations of suspected misuse of Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and NSA facilities. Senator Frank Church headed a Senate investigating committee (the Church Committee) which uncovered previously unknown activity, such as a CIA plot (ordered by President John F. Kennedy) to assassinate Fidel Castro. The investigation also uncovered NSA’s wiretaps on targeted American citizens. After the Church Committee hearings, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 became law, limiting circumstances under which domestic surveillance was allowed. ThinThread wiretapping and data mining A wiretapping program named ThinThread was tested in the late 1990s, but never put into operation. ThinThread contained both advanced data mining capabilities and builtin privacy protections. These privacy protections were abandoned in the post-9/11 effort by President George W. Bush to improve the intelligence community’s responsiveness to terrorism. The research done under this program may have contributed to the technology used in later systems.[24] Warrantless wiretaps under George W. Bush On December 16, 2005, the New York Times reported that, under White House pressure and with an executive order from President George W. Bush, the National Security Agency, in an attempt to thwart terrorism, had been tapping the telephones of select individuals in the U.S. calling persons outside the country, without obtaining warrants from the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, a secret court created for that purpose under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA).[25] One such surveillance program, authorized by the United States Signals Intelligence Directive 18 of President George Bush, was the Highlander Project undertaken for the National Security Agency by the United States Army 513th Military Intelligence Brigade. NSA relayed telephone (including cell phone) conversations obtained from both Domestic activity NSA’s mission, as set forth in Executive Order 12333, is to collect information that constitutes "foreign intelligence or counterintelligence" while not "acquiring information concerning the domestic activities of United States persons". NSA has declared that it relies on the FBI to collect information on foreign intelligence activities within the borders of the USA, while confining its own activities within the USA to the embassies and missions of foreign nations. NSA’s domestic surveillance activities are limited by the requirements imposed by the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution; however, these protections do not apply to non-U.S. persons located outside of U.S. borders, so the NSA’s foreign surveillance efforts are subject to far fewer limitations under U.S. law.[23] The specific requirements for domestic surveillance operations are contained in the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA), which does not extend protection to non-U.S. citizens located outside of U.S. territory.[23] These activities, especially the publicly acknowledged domestic telephone tapping and call database programs, have prompted questions about the extent of the NSA’s activities 5 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ground, airborne, and satellite monitoring stations to various U.S. Army Signal Intelligence Officers, including the 201st Military Intelligence Battalion. Conversations of citizens of the United States were intercepted, along with those of other nations.[1] Proponents of the surveillance program claim that the President has executive authority to order such action, arguing that laws such as FISA are overridden by the President’s Constitutional powers. In addition, some argued that FISA was implicitly overridden by a subsequent statute, the Authorization for Use of Military Force, although the Supreme Court’s ruling in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld deprecates this view. In the August 2006 case ACLU v. NSA, U.S. District Court Judge Anna Diggs Taylor concluded that NSA’s warrantless surveillance program was both illegal and unconstitutional. On July 6, 2007 the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals overturned Judge Taylor’s ruling, reversing her findings.[26] AT&T Internet monitoring Further information: Hepting v. AT&T, Mark Klein, NSA warrantless surveillance controversy In May 2006, Mark Klein, a former AT&T employee, alleged that his company had cooperated with NSA in installing hardware to monitor network communications including traffic between American citizens.[27] Wiretapping under Barack Obama The New York Times reported in 2009 that the NSA is intercepting communications of American citizens including a Congressman, although the Justice Department believed that the NSA had corrected its errors.[28] United States Attorney General Eric Holder resumed the wiretapping according to his understanding of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008 which Congress passed in July 2008 but without explaining what had occurred.[29] National Security Agency and travel and telephone records, according to current and former intelligence officials interviewed by the WSJ.[30] In fiction Since the existence of NSA has become more widely known in the past few decades, and particularly since the 1990s, the agency has regularly been portrayed in spy fiction. Many such portrayals grossly exaggerate the organization’s involvement in the more sensational activities of intelligence agencies. The agency now plays a role in numerous books, films, television shows, and computer games. Staff Directors • Nov. 1952 – Nov. 1956 Lt. Gen. Ralph J. Canine, USA • Nov. 1956 – Nov. 1960 Lt. Gen. John A. Samford, USAF • Nov. 1960 – Jan. 1962 V. Adm. Laurence H. Frost, USN • Jan. 1962 – June 1965 Lt. Gen. Gordon A. Blake, USAF • June 1965 – Aug. 1969 Lt. Gen. Marshall S. Carter, USA • Aug. 1969 – Aug. 1972 V. Adm. Noel A. M. Gaylor, USN • Aug. 1972 – Aug. 1973 Lt. Gen. Samuel C. Phillips, USAF Deputy Directors • Dec. 1952 – Nov. 1953 R. Adm. Joseph Wenger, USN • Nov. 1953 – June 1956 Brig. Gen. John Ackerman, USAF • Jun. 1956 – Aug. 1956 Maj. Gen. John A. Samford, USAF • Aug. 1956 – Sep. 1957 Mr. Joseph H. Ream • Oct. 1957 – Jul. 1958 Dr. H. T. Engstrom • Aug. 1958 – Apr. 1974 Dr. Louis W. Tordella, USN • Apr. 1974 – May 1978 Mr. Benson K. Buffham • May 1978 – Apr. 1980 Mr. Robert E. Drake • Apr. 1980 – Jul. 1982 Ms. Ann Z. Caracristi • Jul. 1982 – Jun. 1985 Mr. Robert E. Rich • Jun. 1985 – Mar. 1988 Mr. Charles R. Lord • Mar. 1988 – Jul. 1990 Mr. Gerald R. Young • Jul. 1990 – Feb. 1994 Mr. Robert L. Prestel • Feb. 1994 – Oct. 1997 Mr. William P. Crowell • Oct. 1997 – June 2000 Ms. Barbara A. McNamara Transaction data mining NSA is reported to use its computing capability to analyze "transactional" data that it regularly acquires from other government agencies, which gather it under their own jurisdictional authorities. As part of this effort, NSA now monitors huge volumes of records of domestic emails and Internet searches as well as bank transfers, credit-card transactions 6 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia • Aug. 1973 – • Jun. 2000 – Aug. 2006 July 1977 Lt. Mr. William B. Black, Gen. Lew Jr. Allen, Jr., • Aug. 2006 – present USAF Mr. John C. (Chris) • July 1977 – Inglis, Brig. Gen. Apr. 1981 V. (retired), USAF & Adm. Bobby USANG& mark Ray Inman, USN • Apr. 1981 – May 1985 Lt. Gen. Lincoln D. Faurer, USAF • May 1985 – Aug. 1988 Lt. Gen. William E. Odom, USA • Aug. 1988 – May 1992 V. Adm. William O. Studeman, USN • May 1992 – Feb. 1996 V. Adm. John M. McConnell, USN • Feb. 1996 – Mar. 1999 Lt. Gen. Kenneth A. Minihan, USAF • Mar. 1999 – Apr. 2005 Lt. Gen. Michael V. Hayden, USAF • Apr. 2005 – present Lt. Gen. Keith B. Alexander, USA National Security Agency NSA encryption systems STU-III secure telephones on display at the National Cryptologic Museum NSA is responsible for the encryption-related components in these systems: • EKMS Electronic Key Management System • FNBDT Future Narrow Band Digital Terminal • Fortezza encryption based on portable crypto token in PC Card format • KL-7 ADONIS off-line rotor encryption machine (post-WW II to 1980s) • KW-26 ROMULUS electronic in-line teletype encryptor (1960s–1980s) • KW-37 JASON fleet broadcast encryptor (1960s–1990s) • KY-57 VINSON tactical radio voice encryptor • KG-84 Dedicated Data Encryption/ Decryption • SINCGARS tactical radio with cryptographically controlled frequency hopping • STE secure terminal equipment • STU-III secure telephone unit, currently being phased out by the STE • TACLANE product line by General Dynamics NSA has specified Suite A and Suite B cryptographic algorithms to be used in U.S. government systems; the Suite B algorithms are a subset of those previously specified by NIST and are expected to serve for most information protection purposes, while the Suite A algorithms are secret and are intended for especially high levels of protection. Notable cryptanalysts • Lambros D. Callimahos • Agnes Meyer Driscoll • William F. Friedman • Solomon Kullback • Robert Morris • Frank Rowlett • Abraham Sinkov • Louis W. Tordella • Herbert Yardley Some past NSA SIGINT activities • • • • VENONA project Gulf of Tonkin Incident USS Liberty incident USS Pueblo (AGER-2) 7 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia • Operation Ivy Bells • KAL 007 shootdown incident. The combined U.S. and Russian Federation transcripts of the shootdown are available online [2]. National Security Agency content/article/2008/01/25/ AR2008012503261_pf.html. Retrieved on 2008-02-09. [2] Gorman, Siobhan (March 10, 2008). "NSA’s Domestic Spying Grows As Agency Sweeps Up Data". The Wall Street Journal (Dow Jones). http://online.wsj.com/article/ SB120511973377523845.html. Retrieved on 2008-04-28. [3] "The National Security Agency Frequently Asked Questions". National Security Agency. http://www.nsa.gov/ about/about00018.cfm#1. Retrieved on 2008-07-04. [4] Introduction to NSA/CSS, NSA. Retrieved 15 May 2006. [5] NSA Public and Media Affairs. National Security Agency and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Form New Partnership to Increase National Focus on Cyber Security Education. Press release. http://www.nsa.gov/ releases/relea00077.cfm. Retrieved on 2008-07-04. [6] Gorman, Siobhan. "NSA risking electrical overload". http://www.baltimoresun.com/ news/nationworld/balte.nsapower06aug06,0,5137448.story?coll=balhome-headlines. Retrieved on 2006-08-06. [7] ^ In Body of Secrets (Anchor Books 2002), footnote on p. 30, James Bamford mentions to a CIA, Top Secret /Codeword memorandum "Proposed Survey of Intelligence Activities" (December 10, 1951). Retrieved 23 October 2008. [8] "The National Security Agency Insignia". National Security Agency. http://www.nsa.gov/history/ histo00018.cfm. Retrieved on 2008-07-04. [9] Davies, D.W.; W.L. Price (1989). Security for computer networks, 2nd ed.. John Wiley & Sons. [10] Robert Sugarman (editor) (July 1979). "On foiling computer crime". IEEE Spectrum (IEEE). [11] Bruce Schneier (2007-11-15). "Did NSA Put a Secret Backdoor in New Encryption Standard?". Wired News. http://www.wired.com/politics/security/ commentary/securitymatters/2007/11/ securitymatters_1115. Retrieved on 2008-07-04. See also • List of United States federal law enforcement agencies • James Bamford • Narus ST-6400 • Biometric and Consortium NarusInsight by • Bureau of Narus Ltd. Intelligence and • National Research (INR) Geospatial• Central Intelligence Intelligence Agency (CIA) Agency (NGA) • National Geospatial- • National Intelligence Agency Reconnaissance (NGA) Office (NRO) • Central Security • National Service (CSS) Security • Counterintelligence Whistleblowers Field Activity (DoD Coalition CIFA) • Ronald Pelton • Defence Signals • John Anthony Directorate (DSD) of Walker Australia • Project • Defense Intelligence SHAMROCK Agency (DIA) • SELinux • Department of • SIGINT (and Homeland Security COMINT) (DHS) • Skipjack • Diplomatic Security (cipher) Service (DSS) • TEMPEST • Espionage prevention of • Federal Bureau of compromising Investigation (FBI) emanations • Government • Type 1 Communications encryption Headquarters (GCHQ) of the UK NSA computers • FROSTBURG • HARVEST References [1] ^ Ellen Nakashima (2008-01-26). "Bush Order Expands Network Monitoring: Intelligence Agencies to Track Intrusions". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/ 8 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia National Security Agency [12] Schneier, Bruce (1996). Applied Boston College Law Review. May, 2006. Cryptography, Second Edition. John Last access date January 23, 2007 Wiley & Sons. pp. 609–610. ISBN [24] Gorman, Siobhan (2006-05-17). "NSA 0-471-11709-9. killed system that sifted phone data [13] "United States Patent 6,947,978 legally". Baltimore Sun (Tribune Method for geolocating logical network Company (Chicago, IL)). addresses.". United States Patent and http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/ Trademark Office. 2005-09-20. nationworld/balhttp://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nphte.nsa18may18,1,5386811.story?ctrack=1&cset=tru Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2FsearchRetrieved on 2008-03-07. "The privacy bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F6947978. protections offered by ThinThread were Retrieved on 2008-07-04. also abandoned in the post-Sept. 11 push [14] Richelson, Jeffrey T.; Ball, Desmond by the president for a faster response to (1985). The Ties That Bind: Intelligence terrorism." Cooperation Between the UKUSA [25] James Risen & Eric Lichtblau (December Countries. London: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 16, 2005), Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers 0-04-327092-1 Without Courts, New York Times [15] James Risen and Eric Lichtblau [26] 6th Circuit Court of Appeals Decision (December 16, 2005). "Bush Lets U.S. [27] "For Your Eyes Only?". NOW. February Spy on Callers Without Courts". The New 16 2007. http://www.pbs.org/now/shows/ York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/ 307/index.html. on PBS 2005/12/16/politics/ [28] Lichtblau, Eric and Risen, James (April 16program.html?ei=5088&en=e32070df8d623ac1&ex=1292389200&pagewanted=print. 15, 2009). "N.S.A.’s Intercepts Exceed Retrieved on 2008-07-04. Limits Set by Congress". The New York [16] National Security Agency. United States Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/ Signals Intelligence Directive 18. 16/us/16nsa.html. Retrieved on National Security Agency July 27, 1993. 2009-04-15. Last access date March 23, 2007 [29] Ackerman, Spencer (April 16, 2009). [17] "European Parliament Report on "NSA Revelations Spark Push to Restore ECHELON" (PDF). July 2001. FISA". The Washington Independent http://www.fas.org/irp/program/process/ (Center for Independent Media). rapport_echelon_en.pdf. Retrieved on http://washingtonindependent.com/ 2008-07-04. 39153/nsa-revelations-spark-movement[18] "Nicky Hager Appearance before the to-restore-fisa. Retrieved on 2009-04-19. European Parliament ECHELON [30] Gorman, Siobahn (2008-03-10). "NSA’s Committee". April 2001. Domestic Spying Grows As Agency http://cryptome.org/echelon-nh.htm. Sweeps Up Data". The Wall Street Retrieved on 2008-07-04. Journal Online. http://online.wsj.com/ [19] Die Zeit: 40/1999 "Verrat unter article_print/ Freunden" ("Treachery among friends", SB120511973377523845.html. Retrieved German), available at archiv.zeit.de on 2008-03-17. [20] Report A5-0264/2001 of the European Parliament (English), available at European Parliament website • Bamford, James, Body of Secrets: Anatomy [21] "BBC News". http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/ of the Ultra-Secret National Security world/europe/820758.stm. Retrieved on Agency, Doubleday, 2001, ISBN 2008-07-04. 0-385-49907-8. [22] "Interception capabilities 2000". • Bamford, James, The Puzzle Palace, http://www.cyber-rights.org/interception/ Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-006748-5. stoa/ic2kreport.htm#Report. Retrieved • Hanyok, Robert J. (2002). Spartans in on 2008-07-04. Darkness: American SIGINT and the [23] ^ David Alan Jordan. Decrypting the Indochina War, 1945-1975. National Fourth Amendment: Warrantless NSA Security Agency. http://www.fas.org/irp/ Surveillance and the Enhanced nsa/spartans/index.html. Retrieved on Expectation of Privacy Provided by 2008-11-16. Encrypted Voice over Internet Protocol. Further reading 9 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia National Security Agency External links • Johnson, Thomas R. (2008). American • "Outsourcing Intelligence" Cryptology during the Cold War. National • The National Security Archive at George Security Agency: Center for Cryptological Washington University History. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/ • "United States Intelligence Community: NSAEBB/NSAEBB260/. Retrieved on Who We Are / NSA section". Archived 2008-11-16. from the original on 2006-09-25. • Levy, Steven, Crypto: How the Code http://web.archive.org/web/ Rebels Beat the Government Saving 20060925221125/ Privacy in the Digital Age – discussion of http://www.intelligence.gov/ the development of non-government 1-members_nsa.shtml. cryptography, including many accounts of • Cryptome tussles with the NSA. • CRYPTOME.org - USSID 18 • Radden Keefe, Patrick, Chatter: DECLASSIFIED Dispatches from the Secret World of • Federation of American Scientist Global Eavesdropping, Random House, • David Alan Jordan, Decrypting the Fourth ISBN 1-4000-6034-6. Amendment: Warrantless NSA • Liston, Robert A., The Pueblo Surrender: a Surveillance and the Enhanced Covert Action by the National Security Expectation of Privacy Provided by Agency, ISBN 0-87131-554-8. Encrypted Voice over Internet Protocol • Kahn, David, The Codebreakers, 1181 pp., Boston College Law Review, Vol. 47, 2006 ISBN 0-684-83130-9. Look for the 1967 • NSA Headquarters Google Maps rather than the 1996 edition. • "NSA: Bibliography". Archived from the • Tully, Andrew, The Super Spies: More original on 2007-06-09. Secret, More Powerful than the CIA, 1969, http://web.archive.org/web/ LC 71080912. 20070609143858/http://users.skynet.be/ • Bamford, James, New York Times, terrorism/html/usa_nsa.htm. December 25, 2005; The Agency That • New York Times NSA Phone Taps Article Could Be Big Brother. alternate link December 16, 2005 http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/25/ • Wiretaps said to sift all overseas contacts weekinreview/ (Boston Globe) December 23, 2005 25bamford.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=The%20Agency%20That%20Could%20Be%20Big%20Brother.&st=c • Kurt Nimmo. NSA snoop story: Tell me • Sam Adams, War of numbers Steerforth; something I don’t already know, Another New Ed edition (June 1, 1998) Day in the Empire, December 24, 2005. • John Prados, The Soviet estimate: U.S. • Kevin Zeese. NSA mounted massive spy op intelligence analysis & Russian military on peace group, documents show, Raw strength, hardcover, 367 pages, ISBN Story, January 10, 2006. 0-385-27211-1, Dial Press (1982). • First person account of NSA interview and • Walter Laqueur, A World of secrets clearance January 2004 • Sherman Kent, Strategic Intelligence for • Joanne Leyland, "American Intelligence American Public Policy Service Denies Eavesdropping On Princess Diana", The Royalist, 13 December 2006. URL retrieved on January 6, 2007. • NSA official site • James Bamford Big Brother Is Listening • Records of the National Security Agency/ The Atlantic April 2006 Central Security Service • James Bamford Inside the National • Overview of the NSA and their Major Security Agency (Lecture) ACLU KUOWPrograms FM PRX NPR February 24, 2007 (53: • History of NSA minutes) • The NSA charter • "The Origins of the National Security Agency, 1940-1952" —newly declassified book-length report provided by The Memory Hole. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Agency" 10 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia National Security Agency Categories: National Security Agency, United States Department of Defense agencies, Signals intelligence agencies, Mass surveillance, United States government secrecy, Government agencies established in 1949, Supercomputer sites, Computer security organizations This page was last modified on 19 May 2009, at 01:07 (UTC). 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