From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Iran
Iran
Coordinates: 32°N 53°E / 32°N 53°E / 32; 53
Islamic Republic of Iran ناريا یمالسا یروهمج Jomhuri-ye Islāmi-ye Irān Islamic Republic declared 1 April 1979 Area Total Water (%)
1,648,195 km2 (18th) 636,372 sq mi 0.7 70,472,846³ (17th) 42/km2 (163th) 109/sq mi 2008 estimate $819.799 billion. [59] "Sāmānid Dynasty." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 15 Mar. 2009 . [60] "CLASS SYSTEM ", in Encyclopedia Iranica [3] [61] Joel Carmichael, " The Shaping of the Arabs: A Study in Ethnic Identity ", Published by Macmillan, 1967. pg 235. Excerpt: "Abu Muslim, the Persian general and popular leader". [62] Richard Nelson Frye, "Iran", Edition: 2, revised Published by G. Allen & Unwin, 1960. pg 47: "A Persian Muslim called Abu Muslim [63] Bosworth C. E., Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 4, p.90 [64] C.E. Bosworth, "Ajam" in Encyclopedia Iranica: But by the 3rd/9th century, the non-Arabs, and above all the Persians, were asserting their social and cultural equality (taswīa) with the Arabs, if not their superiority (tafżīl) over them (a process seen in the literary movement of the Šoʿūbīya). In any case, there was always in some minds a current of admiration for the ʿAǰam as heirs of an ancient, cultured tradition of life [65] The memoirs of Edward Teller, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory "Science and Technology Review". July/August 1998 p20. Link: [4] [66] Mackey, S.. The Iranians: Persia, Islam, and the soul of a nation. 1996. ISBN 0-525-94005-7. p.69. [67] Battuta’s Travels: Part Three — Persia and Iraq retrieved 23 January 2008 [68] Mackey, S.. The Iranians: Persia, Islam, and the soul of a nation. 1996. ISBN 0-525-94005-7. p.70 [69] Old World Contacts/Armies/Tamerlane retrieved 23 January 2008 [70] Mackey, S. The Iranians: Persia, Islam, and the soul of a nation. 1996. ISBN 0-525-94005-7. p.69. [71] Isfahan: Iran’s Hidden Jewel. Smithsonian Magazine.
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[72] Bertold Spuler. The Muslim World. Vol. I The Age of the Caliphs. Leiden. E.J. Brill. 1960 ISBN 0-685-23328-6 p.29 [73] Q&A with John Kelly on The Great Mortality on National Review Online [74] ^ Bernard Lewis, "Iran in History", [5] excerpt:"Iran was indeed Islamized, but it was not Arabized. Persians remained Persians. And after an interval of silence, Iran reemerged as a separate, different and distinctive element within Islam, eventually adding a new element even to Islam itself. Culturally, politically, and most remarkable of all even religiously, the Iranian contribution to this new Islamic civilization is of immense importance. The work of Iranians can be seen in every field of cultural endeavor, including Arabic poetry, to which poets of Iranian origin composing their poems in Arabic made a very significant contribution. In a sense, Iranian Islam is a second advent of Islam itself, a new Islam sometimes referred to as Islam-i Ajam. It was this Persian Islam, rather than the original Arab Islam, that was brought to new areas and new peoples: to the Turks, first in Central Asia and then in the Middle East in the country which came to be called Turkey, and of course to India. The Ottoman Turks brought a form of Iranian civilization to the walls of Vienna." [75] Grunebaum, G. V. von. "The sources of Islamic civilization." Islamic Society and Civilization. Eds. P. M. Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton and Bernard Lewis. Cambridge University Press, 1970. Cambridge Histories Online. Cambridge University Press. pg 501:"In some ways, the Persian components of Islamic civilization are more difficult to separate out than the Hellenic precisely because they are more fully integrated and have become effective on so many levels. In fact, the Muslim world itself, without necessarily putting this judgement in analytical terms, has long since come to accept Islamic civilization as ’Perso-Islamic synthesis’. [76] Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Mehdi Amin Razavi,"The Islamic intellectual tradition in Persia", RoutledgeCurzon; annotated edition edition (July 4, 1996). pg 157: "The appearance of the school of Ishraq meant both the guarantee of the
Iran
propogation of Islamic philosophy in a form that was clearer to the heart of Islam than the earlier schools of thoughts, and also the creation of a school that was particularly close to the ethos of Persian Islam and spread wherever Persian Islamic culture was dominant [77] The Muqaddimah By Ibn Khaldūn translated by Franz Rosenthal, N. J. Dawood,Published by Princeton University Press, 1969. [78] "The Golden age of Persia by Richard N. Frye, Professor of Iranian, Harvard university Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London 1975 Professor Richard (Emeritus) was a Professor of Iranian and Middle Eastern studies at Harvard University. pages 161-162. Quote: The remaks of Ibn Khaldun are not in dispute". The Muqaddimah By Ibn Khaldūn translated by Franz Rosenthal, N. J. Dawood,Published by Princeton University Press, 1969. pages 429-430 [79] The Muqaddimah By Ibn Khaldūn translated by Franz Rosenthal, N. J. Dawood,Published by Princeton University Press, 1969. [80] Professor. Gilbert Lazard, : The language known as New Persian, which usually is called at this period (early Islamic times) by the name of Dari or Parsi-Dari, can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of Sassanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as Avestan, Parthian, Soghdian, Kurdish, Pashto, etc., Old Middle and New Persian represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in Fars (the true Persian country from the historical point of view) and is differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialect prevailing in north-western and eastern Iran in (Lazard, Gilbert 1975, “The Rise of the New Persian Language” in Frye, R. N., The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 4, pp. 595-632, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [81] Lazard, Gilbert, "Pahlavi, Pârsi, dari: Les langues d’Iran d’apès Ibn al-Muqaffa" in
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R.N. Frye, "Iran and Islam. In Memoy of the late Vladimir Minorsky", Edinburgh University Press, 1971. [82] Ann K. S. Lambton, "Persian grammar ", Cambridge University Press, Cambridge University Press 1953. Excerpt: "The Arabic words incorporated into the Persian language have become Persianized". [83] M. G. Carter, "Sibawayhi", Published by I.B.Tauris, 2004. pg 9: "That Sibawayhi was by origin a Persian who came or was taken to Basra seems to be beyond challenge." [84] ^ William Bayne Fisher, Richard Nelson Frye, John Andrew Boyle (1975). The Cambridge History of Iran. 4. Cambridge University Press. pp. 397-398. ISBN 0521200938. [85] ^ William Bayne Fisher, et. al., The Cambridge History of Iran 4 Published by Cambridge University Press, 1975, ISBN 0521200938, p. 396. [86] [1] Robert Palter, Solomon Gandz, "Toward Modern Science : Studies in ancient and medieval science.", Published by Noonday Press, 1961, pg 180: "The so called golden age of Islamic science owed its importance to largely to the Persian contribution. [2] Ehsan Yarshater, "The Persian Presence in in the Islamic World" in Richard G. Hovannisian, Georges Sabagh, "The Persian Presence in the Islamic World", Published by Cambridge University Press, 1997. pg 6-7: "The Golden age of Islam, as the early Abbassid period has been labeled, was distinguished by intellectual advances, literary innovations, and cultural exuberance attributable, in no small measure, to the vital participation of Persian men of letters, philosophers, theologians, grammarians, mathematicians, musicians, astronomers, geographers, and physicians" [3] Bernard Lewis, "Iran in History", excerpt: "Culturally, politically, and most remarkable of all even religiously, the Iranian contribution to this new Islamic civilization is of immense importance. The work of Iranians can be seen in every field of cultural endeavor, including Arabic poetry, to which poets of Iranian
Iran
origin composing their poems in Arabic made a very significant contribution." [6] [87] The following references give comprehensive analysis and clarification of the terms "persian influence" and "perso-islamic" and the relation to Sassanids and the impact on Islamic cultures: [1] Marilyn Robinson Waldman, Toward a Theory of Historical Narrative: A Case Study in Perso-Islamicate Historiography, Published by Ohio State University Press, 1980, ISBN 0814202977, p. 30 [2] Richard M. Eaton, The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760, Published by University of California Press, 1996, ISBN 0520205073, p. 28 [3] Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.), The Persian Presence in the Islamic World, Published by Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 0521591856. p.78. [4] P. M. Holt, et. al. The Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 2B, Published by Cambridge University Press, 1977, ISBN 0521291380. p. 501 [88] William Bayne Fisher, et. al., The Cambridge History of Iran 4 Published by Cambridge University Press, 1975, ISBN 0521200938, p. 397. [89] Reynold Alleyne Nicholson. A Literary History of the Arabs, Published by Routledge, 1995, ISBN 0700703365, p. 290. [90] Kühnel E., in Zeittschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesell, Vol. CVI (1956) [91] The Great Persian Famine of 1870-1871 [92] Islamic Revolution of 1979, retrieved 23 January 2008 [93] Islamic Revolution of Iran, encarta, retrieved 23 January 2008 [94] Fereydoun Hoveyda, The Shah and the Ayatollah: Iranian Mythology and Islamic Revolution ISBN 0275978583, Praeger Publishers [95] The Iranian Revolution retrieved 23 January 2008 [96] Jahangir Amuzegar, The Dynamics of the Iranian Revolution, (1991), p.4, 9–12 ISBN 0791407314 [97] Arjomand, Turban (1988), p. 191.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
[98] Cheryl Benard, Zalmay Khalilzad, "The Government of God" ISBN 0231053762, Columbia University Press (1984), p. 18. [99] PBS, American Experience, Jimmy Carter, "444 Days: America Reacts", retrieved 1 Oct 2007 [100] Guests of the Ayatollah: The Iran ^ Hostage Crisis: The First Battle in America’s War with Militant Islam, Mark Bowden, p. 127 ISBN 0802143032, Grove Press [101] entre for Documents of The Imposed C War, Tehran. (???? ??????? ? ??????? ???) [102]News". FAS. http://www.fas.org/news/ " iran/1997/970205-480132.htm. retrieved 23 January 2008 [103] ttp://www.fas.org/cw/intro.htm 23 h January 2008 [104] TI Chemical profile of Iran 23 January N 2008 [105] he Guardian, Tuesday 4 May 2004, T Khatami blames clerics for failure [106]Iran hardliner becomes president". " BBC. 3 August 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/ 4740441.stm. Retrieved on 2006-12-06. [107] [7] retrieved 13 May 2008 ^ [108] ederal Research Division, Library of F Congress. ""Iran — The Constitution"". http://countrystudies.us/iran/81.htm. Retrieved on 2006-04-14. [109] Iran The Presidency retrieved 25 ^ January 2008 [110] hibli Mallat, The Renewal of Islamic C Law: Muhammad Baqer As-Sadr, Najaf and the Shi’i international, ISBN 0521531225, Cambridge University Press [111] ttp://countrystudies.us/iran/84.htm h retrieved 2 February 2008 [112] he Structure of Power in Iran retrieved T 28 Feb 2008 [113] iography of popular peoples: Mahmood B Ahmadinejad retrieved 28 Feb 2008 [114] http://www.electionguide.org/ ^ country.php?ID=103 retrieved 3 February 2008 [115]ran - The Council of Guardians retrieved I 3 February 2008 [116] ttp://www.iranonline.com/iran/iran-info/ h Government/constitution-6-2.html retrieved 3 February 2008 [117] ttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/ h middle_east/03/iran_power/html/ expediency_council.stm retrieved 3 February 2008
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[118] http://www.iranchamber.com/ ^ government/articles/ structure_of_power.php, retrieved 3 Feb 2008 [119] ey Events in Iran Since 1921 retrieved K 23 January 2008 [120]ISS Military Balance 2006, Routledge I for the IISS, London, 2006, p.187 [121] tatement by Deputy Foreign Minister S for Legal and International Affairs retrieved 28 June 2008 [122] iruyeh Moghavemat Basij Mobilisation N Resistance Force retrieved 27 Feb 2008 [123]ran’s defense spending ’a fraction of I Persian Gulf neighbors’ retrieved 27 Feb 2008 [124]RNA: Iran’s doctrine based on I deterrenceretrieved 28 June 2008 [125]ran Launches Production of Stealth Sub I retrieved 27 Feb 2008 [126]Iran tests new long-range missile". BBC. " 2008-11-12. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/ middle_east/7725951.stm. Retrieved on 2008-11-12. [127] ttp://www.traveldocs.com/ir/ h economy.htm retrieved 23 January 2008 [128]World Bank: Iran’s Economic Indices " Improving". Iran Daily. 2007-07-08. http://iran-daily.com/1386/2887/html. Retrieved on 2007-07-08. [129]RNA: Crude price pegged at dlrs 39.6 a I barrel under next year’s budget Retrieved December 5, 2008 [130]8] Forex Reserves Put at $70b Retrieved [ on 24 February 2008 [131] urrounded:seeing the world from Iran’s S point of view Military review July-August 2007 Houman A. Sadri p.21 [132]New World Encyclopedia", retrieved 28 " Jan 2008 [133] ttp://www.farsinet.com/travel2iran/ h retrieved 23 January 2008 [134] ttp://www.iran-daily.com/1384/2241/ h html/focus.htm retrieved 15 Feb 2008 [135] ist of Iranian Nanotechnology L companies retrieved 23 January 2008 [136] ttp://www.payvand.com/news/07/jan/ h 1295.html "Ahmadinejad’s Achilles Heel: The Iranian Economy" retrieved 23 January 2008 [137]Energy subsidies reach $84b". Iran" Daily. 2007-01-08. http://www.irandaily.com/1387/3111/html/economy.htm. Retrieved on 2008-04-27. [138]9] retrieved 26 Feb 08 [
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
[139] ttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Iran/ h Background.html retrieved 23 January 2008 [140]U.S. targets Iran’s vulnerable oil" " retrieved 23 January 2008 [141] ttp://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/ h Iran.pdf retrieved 23 January 2008 [142]ran aims for 2009 launch of nuclear I plantRetrieved November 23, 2008 [143] sia-Pacific Population Journal, United A Nations. ""A New Direction in Population Policy and Family Planning in the Islamic Republic of Iran"". http://www.un.org/ Depts/escap/pop/journal/v10n1a1.htm. Retrieved on 2006-04-14. [144] ensus Bureau, Government of the C U.S.A.. ""IDB Summary Demographic Data for Iran"". http://www.census.gov/ cgi-bin/ipc/idbsum.pl?cty=IR. Retrieved on 2006-04-14. [145]ran News, Payvand.com. ""Iran’s I population growth rate falls to 1.5 percent: UNFP"". http://www.payvand.com/news/04/aug/ 1017.html. Retrieved on 2006-10-18. [146] nited Nations, UNHCR. ""Tripartite U meeting on returns to Afghanistan"". http://www.unhcr.org/news/NEWS/ 452b78394.html. Retrieved on 2006-04-14. [147] igration Information Institute: M Characteristics of the Iranian Diaspora Retrieved January 10, 2009 [148]nternational Federation for Human I Rights (2003-08-01). "Discrimination against religious minorities in Iran" (PDF). fdih.org. 6. http://www.fidh.org/ IMG/pdf/ir0108a.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-01-17. [149]nternational Federation for Human I Rights (2003-08-01). "Discrimination against religious minorities in Iran" (PDF). fdih.org. http://www.fidh.org/IMG/ pdf/ir0108a.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-03-19. [150]ran Human Rights Documentation I Center (2007). "A Faith Denied: The Persecution of the Bahá’ís of Iran" (PDF). Iran Human Rights Documentation Center. http://www.iranhrdc.org/english/ pdfs/Reports/bahai_report.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-03-19. [151] HO, World Health Organisation. "The W World Health Report 2000" (PDF). http://www.who.int/whr/2000/en/
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annex10_en.pdf. Retrieved on 2006-10-12. [152]. B. Bury, History of the Later Roman J Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian Volume 1, p.109 ISBN 0486203980, Dover Publications [153] ransoxiana 04: Sassanids in Africa T retrieved 23 January 2008 [154]ransaga: The art of Sassanids retrieved I 23 January 2008 [155]ran - A country study retrieved 23 I January 2008 [156] istory of Islamic Science 5 retrieved 23 H January 2008 [157] Afary, Janet (2006). "Iran". ^ Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/ article-9106324/Iran. Retrieved on 2007-10-29. [158] ???? ??????? ? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ? [159] ttp://www.zoroastrian.org/articles/ h nowruz.htm retrieved 23 January 2008 [160]ran News, Payvand.com. ""Nowrouz I Vital Meeting to be Held in Tehran"". http://www.payvand.com/news/04/jul/ 1090.html. Retrieved on 2006-04-14. [161]10] [ [162] reedom in Farsi blogs retrieved 23 F January 2008 [163] atzner, Kenneth (2002). The Languages K of the World. Routledge. pp. 163. ISBN 0415250048. [164] on David Levinson, Karen Christensen, V Encyclopedia of Modern Asia, Charles Scribner’s Sons. 2002 pg 48 [165] . A. (Charles Ambrose) Storey and C Franço de Blois (2004), “Persian Literature - A Biobibliographical Survey: Volume V Poetry of the Pre-Mongol Period.”, RoutledgeCurzon; 2nd revised edition (June 21, 2004). ISBN-10: 0947593470. Pg 363: “Nizami Ganja’i, whose personal name was Ilyas, is the most celebrated native poet of the Persians after Firdausi. His nisbah designates him as a native of Ganja (Elizavetpol, Kirovabad) in Azerbaijan, then still a country with an Iranian population [166] ustling bazaars and ancient sights, B parched deserts and snowcapped mountains, awesome architecture and simple hospitality retrieved 23 January 2008 [167] dgar James Banks, The Seven Wonders E of the Ancient World, Published by G.P.
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Putnam’s Sons, 1916, p. v, (the and tomb of king Maussollos is number 5 in the list) [168] hmad Y Hassan, Donald Routledge Hill A (1986). Islamic Technology: An illustrated history, p. 54. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42239-6. [169] he Cambridge History of Iran Vol 4, T p396. ISBN 0-521-20093-8 [170] ttp://experts.about.com/q/ h Economics-2301/economic.htm retrieved 23 January 2008 [171]nstitute of Biochemistry and Biophysics I retrieved 23 January 2008 [172] ttp://www.middle-east-online.com/ h english/?id=17674 The first successfully cloned animal in Iran retrieved 7 August 2008 [173] ocket launch retrieved 23 January 2008 R [174]ran Says ’Space Rocket’ for Research. I NewsMax.com, Feb 26, 2007. [175]ran scientific savvy ’amazes world’, I Press TV, Retrieved on 11 Feb, 2009. [176] est ’shocked by Iran spaceshot’, Press W TV, Retrieved on 11 Feb, 2009. [177] s.berkeley.edu retrieved 23 January c 2008 [178]11] retrieved 23 January 2008 [ [179] ews.bb.co.uk retrieved 23 January 2008 n [180] loomberg.com retrieved 23 January b 2008 [181] ttp://www.rockclimbing.com/routes/ h Asia/Iran/ retrieved 23 January 2008
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[182] ttp://www.mountainzone.ir/ retrieved h 23 January 2008 [183] ountaineering in Iran retrieved 23 M January 2008 [184] ocal Woman Feared Dead In Iran L Mountain Hike retrieved 23 January 2008
Further reading
• Benjamin Walker, Persian Pageant: A Cultural History of Iran, Arya Press, Calcutta, 1950.
External links
Government • The President of Iran (English) • The Majlis (Legislature) of Iran (Persian) • Iran.ir (Persian) General • Iran entry at The World Factbook • Iran at UCB Libraries GovPubs • Iran at the Open Directory Project • Wikimedia Atlas of Iran • Iran travel guide from Wikitravel Other • Persian language (Persian) • Amazing Iran • Contemporary Iranian Architecture • Photography gallery: People, roads and landscapes of Iran • James Whitaker speaks about his life in Iran, a discussion about Iran
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" Categories: Caspian Sea countries, Iran, Developing 8 Countries member states, G15 nations, Iranian Plateau, Islamic republics, Middle Eastern countries, Near Eastern countries, OPEC member states, Persian-speaking countries and territories This page was last modified on 15 May 2009, at 04:57 (UTC). All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) taxdeductible nonprofit charity. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers
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