Economy_of_Malaysia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Economy of Malaysia Economy of Malaysia Economy of Malaysia Currency Fiscal year Trade organisations GDP ranking GDP GDP growth GDP by sector 1 Ringgit = 100 sen Calendar year APEC, ASEAN, WTO Imports Main Partners 5%, Hong Kong 4.6% (2007) $156.2 billion f.o.b. (2008 est.) Japan 13%, People’s Republic of China 12.9%, Singapore 11.5%, United States 10.8%, Taiwan 5.7%, Thailand 5.3%, South Korea 4.9%, Germany 4.6%, Indonesia 4.2% 42.7% of GDP (2008 est.) $44.32 billion (2008 est.) $55.01 billion (2008 est.) $31.6 million (2005) Statistics [1][2] 29th $397.5 billion (2008 est.) 4.6% (2008) agriculture: 9.7% industry: 44.6% services: 45.7% (2008 est.) 5.8% (2008 est.) 3.5% (2007 est.) 11.2 million (2008 est.) agriculture: (13%), industry: (36%), services: (51%) (2005 est.) Peninsular Malaysia rubber and palm oil processing and manufacturing, light manufacturing industry, electronics, tin mining and smelting, logging and processing timber Sabah - Palm oil farming, tourism, petroleum production, logging Sarawak - agriculture processing, petroleum production and refining, logging $195.7 billion f.o.b. (2008 est.) United States 15.6%, Singapore 14.6%, Japan 9.1%, People’s Republic of China 8.8%, Thailand GDP per capita $15,700 (2008 est.) Public finances [4] Public debt Revenues Expenditures Economic aid Inflation Pop below poverty line Labour force Labour force by occupation Unemployment 3.7% (2008 est.) Main industries Trading Partners [3] Exports Main partners Malaysia is a growing and relatively open economy. In 2007, the economy of Malaysia was the 29th largest economy in the world by purchasing power parity with gross domestic product for 2007 was estimated to be $357.9 billion with a growth rate of 5% to 7% since 2007[1] The Southeast Asian nation experienced an economic boom and underwent rapid development during the late 20th century and has a GDP per capita of $14,400, being considered a newly industrialized country.[2][3] On the income distribution, there are 5.8 million households in 2007. Of that, 8.6% have an monthly income below RM1,000, 29.4% had between RM1,000 and RM2,000, while 19.8% earned between RM2,001 and RM3,000; 12.9% of the households earned between RM3,001 and RM4,000 and 8.6% between RM4,001 and RM5,000. Finally, around 15.8% of the households have an income of between RM5,001 and RM10,000 and 4.9% have an income of RM10,000 and above.[4] As one of three countries that control the Strait of Malacca, international trade plays a large role in its economy.[5] At one time, it was the largest producer of tin, rubber and 1 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia palm oil in the world.[6] Manufacturing has a large influence in the country’s economy.[7] Economy of Malaysia commencement of the First Malayan Five Year Plan, the government has used these plans to intervene in the economy to achieve such goals as redistribution of wealth and investment in, for instance, infrastructure projects.[11] A legacy of the British colonial system was the division of Malaysians into three groups according to ethnicity. The Malays were concentrated in their traditional villages, focusing mainly on agricultural activities, while the Chinese dominated Malaysian commerce. Educated Indians took up professional roles such as those of doctors or lawyers, while the less better-off worked the plantations.[12][13] The Reid Commission which drafted the Malaysian Constitution made a provision for limited affirmative action through Article 153, which gave the Malays special privileges, such as 60% of university entrance (quota). However, after the May 13 incident of racial rioting in the federal capital of Kuala Lumpur, the government initiated more aggressive programmes aimed at actively establishing a Malay entrepreneurial class through direct intervention in the economy. The first five year plan that implemented these goals was the Second Malaysia Plan; its perceived heavy-handedness led to a new emphasis in the Third Malaysia Plan on a growing economic pie, so as to avoid robbing Peter to pay Paul. As of 2006, the most recent five year plan is the Ninth Malaysia Plan. The five year plans have been criticised for resembling the central planning of Soviet communism; the five-year time frame has been attacked for being insufficient in dealing with short-term crises and long-term trends.[14] The effectiveness of the plans has also been disputed; at the beginning of 2005, the last year of the Eighth Malaysia Plan, almost 80% of the funds allocated under the plan had not been disbursed.[15] There has also been a trend towards government involvement in the economy through government-linked companies (GLCs). Their purpose was to "[level] the economic playing field" and "serve as the vehicles for Malay entry into the private sector" according to one commentator. However, several GLCs were reportedly taken over by the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), the ruling party, through nominees, resulting in criticism that they were vehicles for corruption.[16] Background Early and colonial history The Malay Peninsula and indeed Southeast Asia has been a center for trade for centuries. Various items such as porcelain and spice were actively traded even before Malacca and Singapore rose to prominence. The Malacca Sultanate controlled the Straits of Malacca from its founding in 1402 to the 1511 invasion by Portugal. All the trade in the Straits, and especially the spices from the Celebes and the Moluccas, moved under its protection and through its markets.[8] In the 17th century, large deposits of tin were found in several Malay states. Later, as the British started to take over as administrators of Malaya, rubber and palm oil trees were introduced for commercial purposes. Over time, Malaya became the world’s largest producer of tin, rubber, and palm oil. These three commodities along with other raw materials firmly set Malaysia’s economic tempo well into the mid-20th century. Post-independence During the 1970s, Malaysia followed the footsteps of the original four Asian Tigers and committed itself to transition from reliance on mining and agriculture to manufacturing. With Japan’s assistance, heavy industries flourished and in a matter of years, Malaysian exports became the country’s primary growth engine. Malaysia consistently achieved more than 7% GDP growth along with low inflation in the 1980s and the 1990s. Current GDP per capita grew 31% in the Sixties and an amazing 358% in the Seventies but this proved unsustainable and growth scaled back sharply to 36% in the Eighties rising again to 59% in the Nineties led primarily by export-oriented industries.[9] The rate of poverty in Malaysia also fell dramatically over the years. However, its precipitous drop has been questioned by critics who suggest that the poverty line has been drawn at an unreasonably low level.[10] Central planning has been a major factor in the Malaysian economy, as government expenditure was often used to stimulate the economy. Since 1955, with the 2 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Economy of Malaysia are enforced overtly through race-based quotas for low-cost housing units, university placement, business equity ownership, etc. Rapid growth was achieved partly through privatisation of inefficient state owned enterprises, thus subjecting them to commercial pressures and forcing them to better utilise their resources. Many deals were done behind closed doors and put through rather quickly. In one example Khazanah Nasional alienated shares in DRB Hicom to Mega Consolidated. This led to such deals being labelled mega projects. Foreign funds were attracted to invest making the local money market and bourse liquid. This created opportunity for local businesses to raise capital on the KLSE, and carry out infrastructure development in areas like telecommunications, highways and power generation to meet bottlenecks caused by rapid industrialisation. An intense labor shortage created employment for millions of foreign workers. Subsequent events show that more than 50% were illegal. The influx of foreign investment led to the KLSE Composite index trading above 1,300 in 1994 and the Ringgit trading above 2.5 in 1997. At various times the KLSE was the most active exchange in the world, with trading volume exceeding even the NYSE. The stock market capitalisation of listed companies in Malaysia was valued at $181,236 million in 2005 by the World Bank.[18] Some of the more visible projects from that period are Putrajaya, a new international airport (Kuala Lumpur International Airport), a hydroelectric dam (Bakun dam), the Petronas Towers and the Multimedia Super Corridor. Proposals that were eventually canceled include the 95 km Sumatra-Malaysia bridge (would have been world’s longest), the Mega International Sea and Air port on reclaimed land in Kedah (would have been world’s biggest) and the KL Linear City (would have been the world’s longest mall and the world’s first city built over a river). Concerns were raised during the time about the sustainability of the rapid growth and the ballooning current account. The mainstream opinion prevalent at that time was that the deficit was temporary and would reverse once imported equipment started producing for export. In spite of that, measures were taken to moderate growth especially when it threatened to overheat into the double digits. The main target was asset Tiger economy Macro-economic trend This is a chart of trend of gross domestic product of Malaysia at market prices[17] estimated by the International Monetary Fund with figures in millions of Malaysian Ringgit. Year GDP Exchange Inflation (in (1 USD Index millions) to MYR) (2000=100) 2.17 2.48 2.70 2.50 3.80 3.78 51 64 70 85 100 109 1980 54,285 1985 78,890 1990 119,082 1995 222,473 2000 343,216 2005 494,544 For purchasing power parity comparisons, the US Dollar is exchanged at 1.70 Ringgit only. Average wages in 2007 hover around $30-37 per day. From 1988 to 1997, the economy experienced a period of broad diversification and sustained rapid growth averaging 9% annually. By 1999, nominal per capita GDP had reached $3,238. New foreign and domestic investment played a significant role in the transformation of Malaysia’s economy. Manufacturing grew from 13.9% of GDP in 1970 to 30% in 1999, while agriculture and mining which together had accounted for 42.7% of GDP in 1970, dropped to 9.3% and 7.3%, respectively, in 1999. Manufacturing accounted for 30% of GDP (1999). Major products include electronic components – Malaysia is one of the world’s largest exporters of semiconductor devices – electrical goods and appliances. During the same period, the government tried to eradicate poverty with a controversial race-conscious positive program called New Economic Policy (NEP). First established in 1971 following race riots, commonly known in Malaysia as the May 13 Incident, it sought to eradicate poverty and end the identification of economic function with ethnicity. In particular, it was designed to improve the distribution of wealth among the country’s population.. The NEP ostensibly ended in 1991, however the policies persist in the form of other programmes such as the National Development Policy. The policies 3 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia prices, and restrictions were further tightened on foreign ownership of local assets. Exposure of local banks to real estate loans were also capped at 20%. As was widely expected, the current account deficit did narrow steadily, year to year, from 9% to 5% of GDP. Malaysia has the largest operational stock of industrial robots in the Muslim world.[19] Economy of Malaysia floating system within an hour of China’s announcing of the same move. In the same week, the Ringgit strengthened a percent against various major currencies and was expected to appreciate further. As of December 2005, there has been no further appreciation of the Ringgit. In spite of the large positive current account surplus, foreign reserves have started to fall at a rapid rate. Official statistics released in March 2006, confirmed capital flight of more than USD 10 billion. However, as of the 4th fiscal year, a surge of FDI has pushed the KLSE above 1200 points, and is expected to strengthen to pre 1997 levels. As of 21 May 2007, the Ringgit touched a nine-year high record at 3.39 against the US dollar. Bank Negara governor Tan Sri Dr Zeti Akhtar Aziz says the Ringgit moves up on its own merit and in line with the Malaysian economy and not in tandem with the Chinese Yuan. Malaysia has shown the ability to absorb the crude oil price increases and most economies have shown high resilience in absorbing higher energy prices. Asian financial crisis and recovery Further information: Asian financial crisis The year 1997 saw drastic changes in Malaysia. Foreign direct investment fell at an alarming rate and the Ringgit depreciated substantially from MYR 2.50 per USD to much levels lower (up to MYR 4.80 per USD at its bottom) as capital flowed out. The Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange’s composite index fell from approximately 1300 to nearly merely 400 points in a few short weeks. In response, the Malaysian government imposed capital controls and pegged the Malaysian Ringgit at 3.80 to a US dollar while refusing economic aid from International Monetary Fund (IMF) which came with austere lending conditions. By refusing aid and thus the conditions attached thereof from the IMF, Malaysia was not affected to the same degree in the Asian Financial Crisis as Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines. Regardless, the GDP suffered a sharp 7.5% contraction in 1998. It however rebounded to grow by 5.6% in 1999. The Government of Malaysia predicted 5.8% real GDP growth in the year 2000, but most analysts predicted growth will exceed 8% for the year. In order to rejuvenate the economy, massive government spending was made and Malaysia continuously recorded budget deficits in the years that followed. Economic recovery has been led by strong growth in exports, particularly of electronics and electrical products, to the United States, Malaysia’s principal trade and investment partner. Inflationary pressures remained benign, and, as a result, Bank Negara Malaysia, the central bank, had been able to follow a low interest rate policy. Later, the country enjoyed faster economic recovery compared to its neighbors though in many ways, the level of pre-1997 affluence has yet to be achieved. The fixed exchange rate regime was abandoned in July 2005 in favor of a managed Economic policies Like many other independent nations, Malaysia’s economic policies were shaped by various events in the nation’s history since independence. Monetary Policy Prior to the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, the Malaysian ringgit was an internationalized currency, which was freely traded around the world. Just before the crisis, the Ringgit was traded RM2.50 at the dollar. Due to speculative activities, the Ringgit fell as much as RM5.00 to the dollar in matter of weeks. Bank Negara Malaysia, the nation’s central banks decided to impose capital controls to prevent the outflow of the Ringgit in the open market. The Ringgit is not traded internationally, a traveler needs to declare to the central bank if taking out more than RM10,000 out of the country and the Ringgit itself was pegged at RM3.80 to the US dollar. The fixed change rate was abandoned to floating exchange rate in July 2005, hours after People’s Republic of China announced the same move.[20] At this point, the Ringgit is still not internationalized. The Ringgit continue to strengthen to 3.18 to the dollar in 4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia March 2008. Meanwhile, many aspect of the capital control has been slowly relaxed by Bank Negara Malaysia. However, the government continues to not internalized the Ringgit. The government stated that the Ringgit will be internationalized once it is ready.[21] Economy of Malaysia On April 21 2009, the prime minister Najib Tun Razak has announce liberalisation of 27 services sub-sector by abolishing the 30% bumiputera requirement. The move is seen as the government efforts to increase investment the service sector of the economy. According to the premier, many more sectors of the economy will be liberalized.[32] Affirmative Action This affirmative action policy is a direct result of the May 13 Incident in 1969.[22] Prior to the incident, the poverty rates among Malays were extremely high (at 65%) as was discontent between races, particularly towards the Chinese, who controlled 34% of the economy at the time.[23][24] Through NEP, Bumiputera quotas are placed in housing developments, scholarship admission and also for ownership of publicly listed companies. The quota system has been relaxed recently since the March 8 2008 General election. Bumiputera equity requirement for publicly listed companies has been relaxed since 12 November 2008 by allowing those companies to remove the quota once after IPO has been done.[25] Further liberalization in the retail sector is expected to remove the present 30% Bumiputera listing requirements. According to the Secretary-General of Ministry of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs Datuk Mohd Zain Mohd Dom said, the amendments is reflective of Malaysia "moving towards progressive liberalisation"[26] The Malaysian New Economic Policy was created in 1971 with the aim of bringing Malays a 30% share of the economy of Malaysia and eradicating poverty amongst Malays, primarily through encouraging enterprise ownership by Bumiputeras. After 30 years of the program, the NEP had somewhat met some of its goals. Bumiputera ownership increased to 18.9% in 2004 against 2.4% in 1970 and poverty decreased to 8.3% in 2004 against 64.8% in the 1970s.[27][23][28] The NEP is accused of creating an oligarchy, and creating a ’subsidy mentality’.[29] Political parties such as Parti Keadilan Rakyat and Democratic Action Party have proposed a new policy which will be equal for every Malaysian, regardless of race.[30] When the Democratic Action Party was elected in the state of Penang in 2008, it announced that it will do away with the NEP, claiming that it "... breeds nepotism, corruption and systemic inefficiency".[31] Subsidies and Price Controls • See Also: Gas Subsidies The Malaysian government subsidizes and control prices on a lot of essential items to keep the prices low. Items such as palm oil cooking oil, petrol, flour, bread, rice and other essentials has been kept under market prices to keep cost of living low. In 2008, the government announced that it has spent RM40.1 billion in 2007 in subsidies to keep prices leveled.[33] Smuggling and hoarding, which leds to shortages, is a prominent problem in Malaysia due to the subsidies. For example, cooking oil is subsidised for domestic use only. This situation creates an environment where industrial players hoard domestic cooking oil for industrial use. During shortage time, such as the January 2008 cooking oil crisis, the government impose a 5 kg limit for each purchase to relief domestic demand. However, the limited purchase has created more panic buying, which prompt the Government to negotiate with cooking oil manufacturers to increase their production capacity, and situation revert to normal within one week time.[34] Another example is where vehicles in Thailand come to Malaysia to smuggle cheap petrol and diesel out of the country. The government also looking into restructuring the fuel subsidy so that the selected needy group will get the subsidy. The government is considering to remove subsidy on diesel on general consumers while maintaining subsidies for the right groups, for example those involved in public transport.[35] On May 5, 2008 the Malaysia government raised the price of petrol by 41 percent from MYR1.92 to MYR2.70, (87 cents) a liter, or 10.23 Ringgit ($3.30) a gallon. The government stated that the spiraling fuel subsidy bill that could have been more than 56 billion Ringgit ($17 billion) this year due to rising world oil prices. Diesel prices also were raised upwards of 63 percent to 2.58 Ringgit (80 cents) per liter. In addition to the fuel 5 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia hike, Malaysia also increased electricity tariffs starting in July by as much as 26 percent for some consumers. The government in the meantime promised cash rebates for owners of vehicles with engine capacities of 2 liters or less, and diesel subsidies for truck and bus operators. According to the Malaysian government the revised energy prices would save the government 13.7 billion Ringgit ($4.4 billion), part of which will be used to help subsidize rising food prices.[36] Before the price revision, Malaysia was spending 7.5 percent of total economic output on fuel subsidy, the highest percentage in the world.[37] The government has considered to remove the subsidies but a formal plan had yet to materialized as of 2007.[38] In 2008, the government is considering to remove price controls on construction materials such as cement and steel bars while banning exports to ensure steady supply.[39] The government is experimenting with the idea through allowing Sabah and Sarawak construction players to import steel and cement since February 2008.[40] The government then, on May 12, 2008 removed ceiling prices on steel bars and billets and removed import duties on selected items under HS Code 7214.10 110 and 7214.20 910, which do not fully cover steel bars use by the construction industry.[41] The government then further liberalized the cement industry by abolishing ceiling prices on June 5, 2008.[42] Another strategic item which Malaysia is heavily subsidize but moving towards a market based approach is Natural Gas which is used in the industrial sector. Beginning July 1, 2008, the government is expected to reduce the gas subsidy 5% to 10% per annum over 11 years, in which the gas price will reflect market price.[43] Economy of Malaysia construction sector, Telekom Malaysia in the communications industry and many other companies in many other industries.[46] It is estimated that the fund size of Khazanah Nasional stands at around 19 billion USD.[44] Another fund that is owned by the Malaysian government is the Employees Provident Fund which is claimed to be the fourth largest state run pension fund in Asia.[47] Like Khazanah Nasional, the EPF invests and sometimes owns several major companies in Malaysia such as RHB Bank.[47] EPF investment is diversified over a number of sectors but almost 40% of their investment are in the services sector.[48] Fund size in 2007 is estimated at 100 billion USD.[49] Pemodalan Nasional Berhad is a major fund manager controlled by the Malaysian Government. It offers capital guaranteed mutual funds such as Amanah Saham Bumiputera and Amanah Saham Wawasan 2020 which are open only to Malaysian and in some cases, Bumiputeras.[50] As of April 2008, it manages MYR120 billion of funds (36 billion USD), of which MYR76 million is unit trust funds.[51] The fund manager is a sizable investor in strategic companies such as MMC Corporation Berhad,[52] Maxis Communications Berhad[53] and TM International Berhad[54] among others. Government Influence Although the federal government promotes private enterprise and ownership in the economy, the economic direction of the country is heavily influenced by the government though five years development plans since independence. The economy is also influenced by the government through agencies such as the Economic Planning Unit and governmentlinked wealth funds such as Khazanah Nasional Berhad, Employees Provident Fund and Pemodalan Nasional Berhad. The government’s development plans, called the Malaysian Plan, currently the Ninth Malaysia Plan, started in 1950 during the British colonial rule.[55] The plans were largely centered around accelerating the growth of the economy by selectively investing in selective sectors of the economy and building infrastructure to support said sectors.[55] For example, in the current national plan, three sectors - agriculture, manufacturing and services, will receive special attention to promote the transition to high value- Sovereign Wealth Funds The government owns and operates several sovereign wealth funds that invests in local companies and also foreign companies. One such funds are Khazanah Nasional Berhad which was established in 1993.[44] Its objective is to help shape selected strategic industries in Malaysia and develop those investment for the benefit of Malaysia.[45] The fund invest in major companies in Malaysia such as Proton Holdings in the automotive sector, CIMB in the banking sector, Pharmaniaga in the medical sector, UEM Group in the 6 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia added activities in the respective areas.[56] Other than the generalized plans like the Ninth Malaysia Plan, the government also have a development plan that are targeted to improve the manufacturing sector which is called the Industrial Master Plan. Currently, the plan is called the Third Industrial Master Plan (IMP3) which covers a period from 2006 to 2020. The industrial plans aim to make Malaysia a major trading nation and build up the country’s economy and human capital.[57] Economic Planning Unit (Malay: Majilis Tindakan Ekonomi Negara), established in 1961[58] was instrumental in steering Malaysia to recovery from the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. The unit is an agency under the Prime Minister’s Department responsible for steering Malaysia’s socio-economic development towards achieving a developed-nation status by the year 2020 through various measures such as preparing policies and strategies for socio-economic development, prepare medium and long term plans for the government and most importantly, advise the government on economic issues.[59] Government-linked investment vehicles such as Khazanah Nasional Berhad, Employees Provident Fund and Pemodalan Nasional Berhad invest and sometimes own major companies in major sectors of the Malaysian economy. For example, Khanazah Nasional is a major shareholder in Proton Holdings, an automaker and CIMB banking group in the financial sector.[60] The government, however, is keen to sell stakes in their companies such as Malaysia Airlines to let the companies remain globally competitive[61] Economy of Malaysia yet. According to the Bank Governor, the Ringgit will be internationalised when it’s ready.[65] Natural resources Malaysia is well-endowed with natural resources in areas such as agriculture, forestry and minerals. In terms of agriculture, Malaysia is one of the top exporters of natural rubber and palm oil, which together with sawn logs and sawn timber, cocoa, pepper, pineapple and tobacco dominate the growth of the sector. Palm oil is also a major generator of foreign exchange. Regarding forestry resources, it is noted that logging only began to make a substantial contribution to the economy during the nineteenth century. Today, an estimated 59% of Malaysia remains forested. The rapid expansion of the timber industry, particularly after the 1960s, has brought about a serious erosion problem in the country’s forest resources. However, in line with the Government’s commitment to protect the environment and the ecological system, forestry resources are being managed on a sustainable basis and accordingly the rate of tree felling has been on the decline. In addition, substantial areas are being silviculturally treated and reforestation of degraded forest land is also being carried out. The Malaysian government provide plans for the enrichment of some 312.30 square kilometres (120.5 sq mi) of land with rattan under natural forest conditions and in rubber plantations as an inter crop. To further enrich forest resources, fast-growing timber species such as meranti tembaga, merawan and sesenduk are also being planted. At the same time, the cultivation of high-value trees like teak and other trees for pulp and paper are also encouraged. Rubber, once the mainstay of the Malaysian economy, has been largely replaced by oil palm as Malaysia’s leading agricultural export. Tin and petroleum are the two main mineral resources that are of major significance in the Malaysian economy. Malaysia was once the world’s largest producer of tin until the collapse of the tin market in the early 1980s. In the 19th and 20th century, tin played a predominant role in the Malaysian economy. It was only in 1972 that petroleum and natural gas took over from tin as the mainstay of the mineral extraction sector. Currency System Ringgit The only legal tender in Malaysia is the Malaysian Ringgit. As of 20 March, 2008, the Ringgit is traded at MYR 3.18 at the dollar.[62] The Ringgit was not internationalised since September 1998, an effect due to the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis in which the central bank impose capital controls on the currency.[63] As a part of series of capital controls, the currency was pegged between September 1998 to 21 July 2005 at MYR 3.80 to the dollar.[64] In recent years, Bank Negara Malaysia beginning to relax certain rules to the capital controls although the currency itself is still not traded internationally 7 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Meanwhile, the contribution by tin has declined. Petroleum and natural gas discoveries in oil fields off Sabah, Sarawak and Terengganu have contributed much to the Malaysian economy. Oil and Gas resources are managed by Petronas, the state controlled oil company which forms production sharing contracts with other players like Exxon-Mobil and Royal Dutch Shell to explore oil fields in Malaysia. In 2004, Minister in the Prime Minister’s Department, Mustapa Mohamed, revealed that Malaysia’s oil reserves stood at 4.84 billion barrels (769,000,000 m3) while natural gas reserves increased to 89 trillion cubic feet (2,500 km³). This was an increase of 7.2%. As of January 1, 2007, Petronas reported that oil and gas reserve in Malaysia amounted to 20.18 billion barrels (3.208×109 m3) equivalent.[66] The government estimates that at current production rates Malaysia will be able to produce oil up to 18 years and gas for 35 years. In 2004, Malaysia is ranked 24th in terms of world oil reserves and 13th for gas. 56% of the oil reserves exist in the Peninsula while 19% exist in East Malaysia. The government collects oil royalties of which 5% are passed to the states and the rest retained by the federal government.[67] Other minerals of some importance or significance include copper, bauxite, iron-ore and coal together with industrial minerals like clay, kaolin, silica, limestone, barite, phosphates and dimension stones such as granite as well as marble blocks and slabs. Small quantities of gold are produced. Economy of Malaysia The government is moving towards a more business friendly environment by setting up a special task force to facilitate business called PEMUDAH, which means "simplifier" in Malay.[70] Highlights includes easing restrictions and requirement to hire expatriates, shorten time to do land transfers and increasing the limit of sugar storage (a controlled item in Malaysia) for companies.[71] The Government aims to be in the top 10 in the Ease of doing business survey before 2010 in order to attract even more foreign investors.[72] The efforts of PEMUDAH is beginning to show fruits as their ranking improved to number 20 in 2009, with marked improvement in four ares: getting credit; dealing with construction permits; paying taxes; and enforcing contracts.[73] External trade Malaysian exports in 2006 Malaysia is an important trading partner for the United States. In 1999, two-way bilateral trade between the U.S. and Malaysia totaled U.S. $30.5 billion, with U.S. exports to Malaysia totaling U.S.$9.1 billion and U.S. imports from Malaysia increasing to U.S.$21.4 billion. Malaysia was the United States’ 10th-largest trading partner and its 12th-largest export market. During the first half of 2000, U.S. exports totaled U.S.$5 billion, while U.S. imports from Malaysia reached U.S.$11.6 billion. The Malaysian Government encourages Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). According to Malaysian statistics, in 1999, the U.S. ranked first among all countries in approved FDI in Malaysia’s manufacturing sector with approved new manufacturing investments totaling RM5.2 billion (US$1.37 billion). Principal U.S. investment approved by the Malaysian Investment Development Authority (MIDA) was concentrated in the chemicals, electronics, and electrical sectors. The cumulative value of U.S. private investment in Business Environment According to World Bank, Malaysia ranks 24th in Ease of doing business. Malaysia’s strengths in the rank includes getting credit (rank 3rd), protecting investor (ranked 4th) and doing trade across borders (ranked 21st). Weaknesses include dealing with licenses (ranked 105th). The study ranks 178 countries in all aspect of doing business.[68] In the investor protection category of the survey, Malaysia had scored a perfect 10 for the extent of disclosure, nine for director liability and seven for shareholder suits. Malaysia is behind Singapore, Hong Kong and New Zealand in investor protection category of the survey[69] 8 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Malaysia exceeded $10 billion, 60% of which is in the oil and gas and petrochemical sectors with the rest in manufacturing, especially semiconductors and other electronic products. In the first six months of 2007, Malaysia’s total trade increased by 2.2% to RM522.38 billion, compared with RM511.11 billion in the same period of 2006. Economy of Malaysia However, before any talks can be made regrading the FTA, Joint Economic Cooperation deal has to be inked and signed first. International Trade and Industry Minister, Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin hope that talks will be concluded by end of 2008.[81] Sectors Industry Malaysia industrial sector accounts for 48.1 percent of total GDP or 63.4 billion US dollars. The industrial output is ranked 32nd in the world.[82] The industrial sector is regulated and promoted by Malaysia Industrial Development Authority.[83] Malaysia have 15 companies that rank in the Forbes Global 2000 ranking for 2008.[84] World Company Rank Industry Free trade efforts See also: Malaysia-United States Free Trade Agreement Malaysia is the founding member of the ASEAN Free Trade Area which was established in 1992 to promote trade among ASEAN members. Most tariffs among the first generation member states were scrapped in 2007. ASEAN itself is increasingly playing a large role in free trade negotiation on behalf of its members. ASEAN as a group hopes to establish a free trade agreement with the European Union by 2009.[74] The Malaysian Government is negotiating free trade deals with Australia, New Zealand, United States, Chile and India.[75] Officials have expressed desire for free trade agreements their ASEAN members Singapore and Thailand. The Malaysian Trade Ministry released a statement in Vietnam saying that the FTA "has the potential to increase trade, investment cross flows and economic cooperation between the two countries. The agreement would also serve to make Chile a gateway for Malaysia’s exports to the Latin American market."[76] Malaysia signed a Japan-Malaysia Economic Partnership Agreement with Japan on 13 December, 2005.[77] This leads to a Free trade agreement which was in effect from 13 July, 2006 and expected to be fully realized in 2016.[78] The agreement itself is an extension of an FTA between ASEAN and Japan, which is called Asean-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership.[79] On 8 November, 2007, Malaysian and Pakistan signed a bilateral Free Trade Agreement which will come in force on 1 January, 2008. Malaysia will cut tariffs on 140 lines while Pakistan will cut 124 lines. Most tariffs and duty is expected to be eliminated by 2012.[80] Other conutries that showing interest to establish a free trade agreement with Malaysia are the European Union and Hong Kong. Revenue Pr (billion (b $) $) 4.16 6.66 7.94 3.82 623 625 691 704 Malayan Banking Tenaga Nasional Sime Darby Banking Utilities Conglomerates 0.9 1.1 0.7 Bumiputra- Banking Commerce Holdings Telekom Malaysia Public Bank MISC Genting IOI Group 0.8 780 822 1038 1198 1326 1518 1648 1679 Telecommunications 5.35 Services Banking Transportation Hotels, Restaurants & Leisure Food Drink & Tobacco 2.79 3.24 2.54 2.60 0.89 1.83 1.75 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.4 PPB Group Food Drink & Tobacco RHB Bank Cahya Mata Sarawak AMMB Holdings Hong Leong Banking Banking 2.0 0.2 0.0 1771 1780 Banking Banking 1.60 1.07 -0. 0.1 9 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Financial Group Economy of Malaysia represents a 44% of the 2008 federal government revenue.[95] Petronas is also the custodian of oil and 1791 Petronas Oil & Gas 0.86 0.36 2.75 6.26 gas reserves for Malaysia. Hence, all oil and Gas Operations gas activities are regulated by Petronas. Malaysia encourages foreign oil company Finance & Banking participation through production sharing Finance and Banking sector in Malaysia is contracts, in which significant amount of oil regulated by Bank Negara Malaysia. The will be given away to the foreign oil company central bank limits foreign participation until it reaches a production milestone. Curthrough licensing limits. The central bank rently, many major oil companies such as launched a Financial Sector Master plan in Exxon-Mobil, Royal Dutch Shell, Nippon Oil, 2001 to revamp the finance sector following and Murphy Oil are involved in such conthe Asian Financial Crisis. The master plan tracts.[96] As a result, 40% of oil fields in calls for emphasis on Islamic Banking.[85] Malaysia are developed.[97] Maybank is Asia-Pacific the largest Islamic Malaysia and Thailand has a wedge banking service provider with US$6.4 billion shaped area 150km from Kota Bharu, (RM22.48 billion) Syariah-compliant asKelantan and 260 km from the shores of sets.[86] Malaysia also accounts for two thirds Songkhla, Thailand which is jointly developed of global $82.2 billion sukuk market in by Petronas and its Thailand counterpart. 2007.[87] Khazanah Nasional owns the The area, which is called Malaysia-Thailand largest retakaful company in the world, ACR Joint Development Area, has 4.5 trillion cubic Retakaful Holdings Limited, with capital base feet (130 km3) of proven reserves.[98] [88] amounting to 300 million US Dollars. A quarterly report prepared by the Economist Intelligence Unit on behalf of • Islamic banking in Malaysia Barclays Wealth in 2007 estimated that there • Poverty in Malaysia were 48,000 dollar millionaires in Malaysia (over twice that of China).[89] In April 2009, the government announce new licenses will be issued for investment [1] "Malaysia resilient against global banking Islamic banking, takaful and insureconomic slump". The Edge. ance business between 2009 to 2011. It also http://www.theedgedaily.com/cms/ announced that the threshold foreign equity content.jsp?id=com.tms.cms.article.Article_7a3ef830 ownership has been raised from 49% to 70% c1186f00-95cc4df1. Retrieved on and allowed foreign banks to open up new 2008-04-23. branches and micro-credit facilities. This [2] Paweł Bożyk (2006). "Newly move was done as an attempt to put Malaysia Industrialized Countries". 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Fortune Magazine. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/ External links Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Malaysia" Categories: Economy of Malaysia, World Trade Organization member economies 14 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Economy of Malaysia This page was last modified on 14 May 2009, at 07:39 (UTC). All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) taxdeductible nonprofit charity. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers 15