Editor in Chief Mark H Beers MD Executive Director

Editor-in-Chief Mark H. Beers, MD Executive Director of Geriatrics and Clinical Literature, Merck & Co., Inc. and Clinical Professor of Medicine, Drexel University Senior Assistant Editors Andrew J. Fletcher, MB, BChir Merck & Co., Inc. and Adjunct Professor of Pharmaceutical Health Care, Temple University School of Pharmacy Thomas V. Jones, MD, MPH Merck & Co., Inc. and Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine Robert Porter, MD Merck & Co., Inc. and Clinical Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine Thomas Jefferson University Assistant Editors Michael Berkwits, MD Merck & Co., Inc. and Adjunct Assistant Professor of Medicine University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Justin L. Kaplan, MD Merck & Co., Inc. and Clinical Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Executive Editor Senior Staff Editors Staff Editors Production Editor Textbook Operations Manager Project Manager Web Site Designer and Developer Executive Assistant Administrative Assistant Designer Indexer Illustrator Publisher Advertising and Promotional Supervisor Subsidiary Rights Coordinator Merck Publishing Group Staff Keryn A.G. Lane Sandra J. Masse Susan T. Schindler Susan C. Short Debra G. Share Jonathan S. Simmons Melody Sadighi Diane C. Zenker Diane Cosner-Bobrin Barbara Amelia Nace Jean Perry Marcia Yarbrough Lorraine B. Kilmer Susan Thomas, PhD Michael Reingold Gary Zelko Pamela J. Barnes-Paul Jeanne Nilsen Leta Bracy, Kathleen Lahey, and Viveca Stamper EDITORIAL BOARD Sarah L. Berga, MD Professor and Director, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Magee-Womens Hospital Michael Jacewicz, MD Professor of Neurology, University of Tennessee College of Medicine; Assistant Chief of Neurology, VA Medical Center, Memphis Gerald L. Mandell, MD Owen R. Cheatham Professor of the Sciences and Professor of Medicine, University of Virginia Health Center Marjorie A. Bowman, MD, MPA Professor and Chair of Family Practice and Community Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine John E. Morley, MB, BCh Director of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center; Director of Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, St. Louis VA Medical Center Douglas A. Drossman, MD Professor of Medicine and Psychiatry and Codirector of Center for Functional and Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders, University of North Carolina School of Medicine G. Victor Rossi, PhD Leonard and Madlyn Abramson Professor of Pharmacology, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia L. Jack Faling, MD Professor of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; Chief of Medical Intensive Care Unit, and Staff Physician, Pulmonary-Critical Care Section, Boston VA Health Care System Albert A. Rundio, Jr., PhD Associate Professor of Nursing, Drexel University Health Sciences Eugene P. Frenkel, MD Professor of Internal Medicine and Radiology, Patsy R. and Raymond D. Nasher Distinguished Chair in Cancer Research, and A. Kenneth Pye Professorship in Cancer Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas H. Ralph Schumacher, Jr., MD Professor of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Director of ArthritisImmunology Center, VA Medical Center, Philadelphia Glen O. Gabbard, MD Professor of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine Peter G. Szilagyi, MD, MPH Professor of Pediatrics and Chief of General Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center Paul H. Tanser, MD, FRCP(C), FRCP (Glasgow) Professor (Emeritus) of Medicine, McMaster University; Senior Staff Cardiologist, St. Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada CONSULTANTS Robert B. Cohen, DMD Clinical Assistant Professor, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine Ralph E. Cutler, MD Professor of Medicine and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine Thomas Habif, MD Adjunct Professor of Medicine (Dermatology), Dartmouth Medical School Melvin I. Roat, MD, FACS Assistant Surgeon, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia Robert J. Ruben, MD Distinguished University Professor, Professor of Otolaryngology and Professor of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Chairman (Emeritus), Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bruce C. Paton, MD, FRCP(E) Clinical Professor of Surgery (Emeritus), University of Colorado Health Sciences Center Reviewers for Selected Chapters Ercem S. Atillasoy, MD Steven Berney, MD John J. Caronna, MD Jules Constant, MD Julie Abrams Faude, PhD Christine Goertz, PhD Mateel Graham, MD George Grames, MD Donald Hanson, DMD Jerry Hershman, MD Randall Hughes, MD Daniel A. Hussar, PhD Robert K. Jackler, MD Brian D. Johnston Peter Laibson, MD Matthew E. Levison, MD Paul Lui, MD Howard Mertz, MD John S. Oghalai, MD Enyi Okereke, MD Roy M. Poses, MD Hal B. Richerson, MD Robert A. Sinkin, MD Acknowledgments We thank David G. Armstrong, DPM, and Andrew JM Boulton, MD, who wrote the sidebar “The Foot in Diabetes” in Chapter 165. We also thank Mirza I. Rahman, MD, MPH, who assisted with initial editing of this book. CONTRIBUTORS David B. Acker, MD Associate Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Harvard University; Chief of Obstetrics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital Hervy E. Averette, MD Professor of Clinical Oncology, University of Miami; American Cancer Society Professor and Sylvester Professor of Gynecologic Oncology James K. Alexander, MD Professor of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine George L. Bakris, MD Professor of Preventive Medicine and Internal Medicine, Rush Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center; Director of Hypertension/Clinical Research Center, Chicago Timothy Aliff, MD Clinical Assistant, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Gabriele M. Barthlen, MD Technische Universitaet, Muenchen, Germany Roy D. Altman, MD Professor of Medicine and Chief of Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Miami; Director of Clinical Research, Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Miami VA Medical Center John G. Bartlett, MD Professor of Medicine and Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Nir Barzilai, MD Karl E. Anderson, MD Professor of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, Internal Medicine and Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston Director of Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Mark H. Beers, MD Editor-in-Chief, The Merck Manuals and Executive Director of Geriatrics and Clinical Literature, Merck & Co., Inc.; Clinical Professor of Medicine, Drexel University Brian R. Apatoff, MD, PhD Director of Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Care and Research Center, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, New York-Presbyterian HospitalCornell Medical Center James R. Berenson, MD Professor of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Director of Multiple Myeloma and Bone Metastasis Programs, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Noel A. Armenakas, MD Clinical Associate Professor, Weill Medical College of Cornell University; Attending Surgeon, Lenox Hill Hospital and New York-Presbyterian Hospital Brian M. Berman, MD Professor of Family Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine; Director, University of Maryland Complementary Medicine Program Malcolm Arnold, MD Professor of Medicine, University of Western Ontario; Head of Research Affairs, Division of Cardiology, London Health Sciences Center; Program Leader, Circulation Group, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada Richard W. Besdine, MD Professor of Medicine and of Community Health; Interim Dean of Biology and Medical Sciences; and Director, Center for Gerontology and Health Care Research, Brown Medical School John A. Astin, PhD Scientist, California Pacific Medical Center Ercem S. Atillasoy, MD, FAAD Adjunct Clinical Faculty, Departments of Dermatology, Thomas Jefferson University and Yale University School of Medicine; Senior Director, Merck & Co., Inc. Ann S. Botash, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, SUNY Upstate Medical University; Director of Child Abuse Referral and Evaluation Program, Syracuse, NY xxiii xxiv CONTRIBUTORS Alfred A. Bove, MD, PhD Professor of Medicine (Emeritus), Temple University School of Medicine Bartolome R. Celli, MD Professor of Medicine, Tufts University; Chief of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, St. Elizabeth’s Medical Center, Boston Marjorie A. Bowman, MD, MPA Professor and Chair of Family Practice and Community Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Bruce A. Chabner, MD Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Clinical Director, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center Thomas G. Boyce, MD Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Mayo Medical School; Senior Associate Consultant, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN Ian M. Chapman, MBBS, PhD Senior Lecturer in Endocrinology, University of Adelaide, Department of Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Australia Joseph D. Brain, ScD Drinker Professor of Environmental Physiology and Chair of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health William D. Chey, MD, FACG, FACP Associate Professor of Internal Medicine and Director of Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, University of Michigan Health System Lewis E. Braverman, MD Professor of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; Chief, Section of Endrocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston Medical Center David Christiani, MD Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Professor of Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health; Physician, Massachusetts General Hospital Peter C. Brazy, MD Professor of Medicine, University of Wisconsin at Madison Alan S. Cohen, MD Distinguished Professor of Medicine in Rheumatology (Emeritus), Boston University School of Medicine; Editor-in-Chief of Amyloid, The Journal of Protein Folding Disorders Itzhak Brook, MD, MSc Professor of Pediatrics, Georgetown University School of Medicine George R. Brown, MD, FAPA Professor and Associate Chairman of Psychiatry, East Tennessee State University; Chief of Psychiatry, Mountain Home VA Medical Center Philip L. Cohen, MD Professor of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Staff Physician, Philadelphia VA Medical Center J. Raymond Buncic, MD Professor of Ophthalmology, University of Toronto; Ophthalmologist-in-Chief, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Robert B. Cohen, DMD Clinical Assistant Professor, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine Kathryn Colby, MD, PhD John F. Burke, MD Helen Andrus Benedict Professor of Surgery (Emeritus), Harvard University; Chief of Trauma Services (Emeritus), Massachusetts General Hospital Director, Clinical Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School Eve R. Colson, MD Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine; Director of Well Newborn Nursery, Yale-New Haven Children’s Hospital John J. Caronna, MD Professor of Clinical Neurology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University; Attending Neurologist, New York-Presbyterian Hospital Mary T. Caserta, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine; Attending Physician, Golisano Children’s Hospital at Strong Mary Ann Cooper, MD Professor of Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago; Director of Lightning Injury Research Program, University of Illinois at Chicago CONTRIBUTORS xxv Ralph E. Cutler, MD Professor of Medicine and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine David Eidelberg, MD Professor of Neurology and Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine; Head, Center for Neurosciences, North Shore-LIJ Research Institute, Manhasset Patricia A. Daly, MD Clinical Endocrinologist, Warren Memorial Hospital, Front Royal, VA Sherman Elias, MD G. William Arends Chair and Phillip C. and Beverly Goldstick Professor and Head, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Professor, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago Anne L. Davis, MD Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine, New York University School of Medicine; Attending Physician, Bellevue Hospital Center Elizabeth A. Erwin, MD Norman L. Dean, MD Director of Airway Clinics, North Carolina Correctional Institution for Women Fellow, University of Virginia Walter H. Ettinger, MD Executive Vice President, Virtua Health, Inc. Ronald Dee, MD Associate Clinical Professor of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Attending Surgeon, The Stamford Hospital E. Dale Everett, MD Professor of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia Ara DerMarderosian, PhD Professor of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Chemistry, Roth Chair of Natural Products and Scientific Director of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Institute, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, College of Pharmacy Harrison W. Farber, MD Professor of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine Norah C. Feeny, PhD Assistant Professor, Case Western Reserve University; Assistant Professor, University Hospitals of Cleveland Eugene P. DiMagno, MD Professor of Medicine, Mayo Medical School; Consultant of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN Wayne S. Fenton, MD National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD George E. Downs, PharmD Professor of Clinical Pharmacy and Dean, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia Andrew J. Fletcher, MB, BChir Adjunct Professor of Pharmaceutical Health Care, Temple University School of Pharmacy; Senior Assistant Editor, The Merck Manuals, Merck & Co., Inc. Douglas A. Drossman, MD Professor of Medicine and Psychiatry and Codirector of Center for Functional and Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders, University of North Carolina School of Medicine Michael R. Foley, MD Clinical Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arizona at the Health Sciences Center; Medical Director, Phoenix Perinatal Associates/Obstetrix Medical Group Nancy Neveloff Dubler, LLB Professor of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Director, Division of Bioethics, Montefiore Medical Center Arnold S. Freedman, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School Eugene P. Frenkel, MD John E. Edwards, Jr., MD Professor of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine; Chief of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Professor of Internal Medicine and Radiology, Patsy R. and Raymond D. Nasher Distinguished Chair in Cancer Research, and A. Kenneth Pye Professorship in Cancer Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas xxvi CONTRIBUTORS Mitchell H. Friedlaender, MD Adjunct Professor, The Scripps Research Institute; Head of Ophthalmology, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla Stephen E. Goldfinger, MD Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School Steven A. Goldman, MD, PhD Professor of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University; Attending Neurologist, New York-Presbyterian Hospital Steven M. Fruchtman, MD Director, Myeloproliferative Disease Program and Director (Emeritus) of Stem Cell Transplant, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York; Associate Professor of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine M. Jay Goodkind, MD Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Chief (Retired) of Cardiology, Mercer Medical Center Glen O. Gabbard, MD Professor of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine Marc Galanter, MD Professor of Psychiatry and Director of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse, New York University School of Medicine Michael F. Greene, MD Associate Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School; Director of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Pierluigi Gambetti, MD Professor and Director of Neuropathology, Case Western Reserve University; Director of National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland John H. Greist, MD Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin Medical School; Distinguished Senior Scientist, Madison Institute of Medicine Bruce J. Gantz, MD Professor and Head, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Brian F. McCabe Distinguished Chair in OtolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Ashley B. Grossman, MD, FRCP, FMedSci Professor of Neuroendocrinology, St. Bartholomew’s and The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK John Gunderson, MD Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Director of Personality and Psychosocial Research, McLean Hospital James Garrity, MD Professor of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN Robert H. Gelber, MD Clinical Professor of Medicine and Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco H. Roger Hadley, MD Professor of Urology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine; Chief of Urology, Loma Linda University Medical Center Tobin N. Gerhart, MD Assistant Clinical Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School John W. Hallett, Jr., MD Clinical Professor of Surgery, Tufts Medical School; Director of Vascular Center, Eastern Maine Medical Center John P. Glazer, MD Professor of Psychiatry and Pediatrics and Director of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center Susan L. Hendrix, DO Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Principal Investigator and Director of Women’s Health Initiative, Wayne State University School of Medicine Barry Steven Gold, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine Paula J. Adams Hillard, MD Professor of Obstetrics/Gynecology and of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati; Director of Women’s Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Anne Carol Goldberg, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis CONTRIBUTORS xxvii Alan T. Hirsch, MD Associate Professor of Medicine and Radiology, Vascular Medicine Program, Minnesota Vascular Diseases Center, University of Minnesota Medical School Robert G. Johnson, MD Chair and C. Rollins Hanlon Professor of Surgery, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center Steven Jonas, MD, MPH, MS Professor of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook Robert M. A. Hirschfeld, MD Titus H. Harris Chair, Professor and Chair of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston Thomas V. Jones, MD, MPH Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine; Senior Assistant Editor, The Merck Manuals, Merck & Co., Inc. Paul D. Hoeprich, MD Professor of Medicine (Emeritus), School of Medicine, University of California, Davis Brian D. Hoit, MD Professor of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University; Director of Echocardiography, University Hospitals of Cleveland Nicholas Jospe, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Fran E. Kaiser, MD Senior Medical Director, South Central Region, Merck & Co., Inc.; Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Adjunct Professor of Medicine, Saint Louis University Waun Ki Hong, MD American Cancer Society Professor and Head, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Charles S. Houston, MD Professor of Medicine (Emeritus), University of Vermont College of Medicine Harold S. Kaplan, MD Professor of Clinical Pathology and Director of Laboratory Medicine, Columbia University-New York-Presbyterian Hospital Daniel A. Hussar, PhD Remington Professor of Pharmacy, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia Justin L. Kaplan, MD Clinical Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University; Assistant Editor, The Merck Manuals, Merck & Co., Inc. Masayoshi Itoh, MD, MPH Clinical Professor of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University; Senior Management Consultant, Coler/Goldwater Specialty Hospital and Nursing Facility, New York David W. Kennedy, MD Professor and Chairman of Otorhinolaryngology, Vice Dean for Professional Affairs, University of Pennsylvania; Senior Vice President, University of Pennsylvania Health System Michael Jacewicz, MD Professor of Neurology, University of Tennessee College of Medicine; Assistant Chief of Neurology, VA Medical Center, Memphis Talmadge E. King, Jr., MD Constance B. Wofsy Distinguished Professor of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco; Chief of Medical Services, San Francisco General Hospital Harry S. Jacob, MD Professor of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School Richard P. Kluft, MD Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, Temple University School of Medicine James W. Jefferson, MD Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin Medical School; Distinguished Senior Scientist, Madison Institute of Medicine Cheryl M. Kodjo, MD, MPH Senior Instructor in Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Rochester Larry E. Johnson, MD, PhD Associate Professor of Geriatric Medicine and Family and Community Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Medical Director, Extended Care, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System Arthur E. Kopelman, MD Professor of Pediatrics and Neonatology, The Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University xxviii CONTRIBUTORS David N. Korones, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Oncology, Golisano Children’s Hospital at Strong, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Lewis A. Lipsitz, MD Professor and Director, Harvard Division on Aging; Usen Codirector of the Hebrew Rehabilitation Center for Aged, Research and Training Institute, Boston; Chief, Gerontology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Steven H. Kroft, MD Associate Professor of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School; Director of Hematology Laboratory, Parkland Memorial Hospital Gregory S. Liptak, MD, MPH Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center; Medical Director of Andrew J. Kirch Developmental Services Center Jules Y. T. Lam, MD, FRCP(C) Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Montreal; Cardiologist, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Elliot M. Livstone, MD, FACP, FACG Attending Physician, Sarasota Memorial Hospital Lewis Landsberg, MD Vice President for Medical Affairs and Dean, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine Paul Lui, MD Associate Professor of Surgery, Division of Urology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine Joanne Lynn, MD Director, The Washington Home Center for Palliative Care Studies, Washington, DC; President of Americans for Better Care of the Dying Nancy Ebbesmeyer Lanphear, MD Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Ruth A. Lawrence, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry; Director of Normal Newborn Nursery, Strong Memorial Hospital Maren L. Mahowald, MD Professor of Medicine, University of Minnesota; Chief of Rheumatology, Minneapolis VA Medical Center Scott Manaker, MD, PhD Associate Professor of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania Amy Lee, MD Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine Gerald L. Mandell, MD, MACP Owen R. Cheatham Professor of the Sciences and Professor of Medicine, University of Virginia Health Center Mathew H. M. Lee, MD Howard A. Rusk Professor of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University School of Medicine Edward R. Marcantonio, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director of Quality and Outcomes Research, Hebrew Rehabilitation Center for Aged Daniel Levinson, MD Associate Professor (Emeritus) of Family and Community Medicine and Clinical Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine Richard J. Martin, MD Professor of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Head of Pulmonary Division and Vice Chair of Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center Matthew E. Levison, MD Professor of Medicine and Public Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Drexel University School of Medicine Alfonse T. Masi, MD, DrPH Professor of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria; Professor of Epidemiology, University of Illinois School of Public Health James L. Lewis III, MD Nephrology Associates, PC, Birmingham CONTRIBUTORS xxix Richard G. Masson, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine; Chief of Pulmonary Medicine, Framingham Union Hospital Pekka Mooar, MD Associate Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, Drexel University School of Medicine John E. Morley, MB, BCh Director of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center; Director of Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, St. Louis VA Medical Center John T. McBride, MD Professor and Vice Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine; Vice Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center of Akron David F. Murchison, DDS, MMS Colonel, USAF, DC; Commander, 35th Dental Squadron, Misawa Air Base, Japan Daniel J. McCarty, MD Will and Cava Ross Professor of Medicine (Emeritus), Medical College of Wisconsin Edward A. Nardell, MD Associate Professor, Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health; Director, Tuberculosis Research, Program in Infectious Disease and Social Change J. Allen McCutchan, MD Professor of Medicine, University of California at San Diego Noshir R. Mehta, DMD, MDS, MS Chairman of General Dentistry, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine; Director of Gelb Orofacial Pain Center, Boston Linda P. Nelson, DMD, MScD Assistant Professor of Oral and Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine; Senior Attending Pediatric Dentist, Children’s Hospital, Boston Daniel L. Menkes, MD Associate Professor of Neurology and Director of Clinical Neurophysiology Services, University of Tennessee, Memphis John D. Norante, MD Associate Professor of Otolaryngology, University of Rochester Medical Center Daniel R. Mishell Jr., MD Lyle G. McNeile Professor and Chairman of Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles Joseph G. Ouslander, MD Professor of Medicine and Nursing, Director, Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, and Chief Medical Officer, Wesley Woods Center of Emory University; Director, Emory Center for Health in Aging; Clinical Director, Atlanta VA Rehabilitation Research and Development Center L. Brent Mitchell, MD Professor of Medicine, University of Calgary; Head, Department of Cardiac Sciences, Calgary Regional Health Authority, Calgary, Alberta, Canada J. D. Overton, DDS Private Dental Practice, Biloxi, MS Joel L. Moake, MD Professor of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine; Associate Director, Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Rice University Elizabeth J. Palumbo, MD Private Practice, The Pediatric Group, Fairfax, VA Pamela A. Moalli, MD, PhD Assistant Professor, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Assistant Professor, MageeWomens Hospital Dhavalkumar D. Patel, MD, PhD Associate Professor of Medicine and Chief of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Duke University Medical Center Mark Monane, MD, MS Adjunct Associate Clinical Professor, Rutgers College of Pharmacy; Principal, Biotechnology & Life Sciences, Needham and Company, Inc., New York Richard D. Pearson, MD Professor of Medicine and Pathology, Divisions of Geographic and International Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia School of Medicine xxx CONTRIBUTORS Lawrence L. Pelletier, Jr., MD Professor of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine; Staff Physician, Wichita VA Medical Center Glenn M. Preminger, MD Professor of Urologic Surgery and Director of Duke Comprehensive Kidney Stone Center, Duke University Medical Center Hart Peterson, MD Clinical Professor of Neurology in Pediatrics (Retired), Cornell University; Attending Neurologist and Pediatrician (Retired), New York Hospital Douglas J. Pritchard, MD Consultant of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN Mirza I. Rahman, MD, MPH, FAAFP, FACPM Adjunct Professor of Pharmacoepidemiology, Temple University School of Pharmacy; Director, Medical Services, Merck & Co., Inc. William A. Petri, Jr., MD, PhD Professor of Medicine, Microbiology and Pathology and Attending Physician and Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia Health System Lawrence G. Raisz, MD Professor of Medicine and Director of UConn Center for Osteoporosis, University of Connecticut Health Center David G. Pfister, MD Associate Professor, Weill Medical College of Cornell University; Associate Attending Physician/Associate Member and Co-Leader of the Head and Neck Cancer Disease Management Team, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Robert W. Rebar, MD Associate Executive Director of American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Birmingham; Volunteer Clinical Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama, Birmingham Katharine A. Phillips, MD Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Brown University School of Medicine; Director of the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Program, Butler Hospital, Providence Jeffrey B. Reich, MD Assistant Professor of Neurology, Cornell University Medical College Sidney F. Phillips, MD Professor of Medicine (Emeritus), Karl F. and Marjory Hasselmann Professor of Research, Mayo Medical School; Consultant, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN Norman R. Relkin, MD, PhD Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College; Director, Cornell Memory Disorders Program, New York-Presbyterian Hospital Harold C. Pillsbury III, MD Thomas J. Dark Distinguished Professor and Chairman of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine Hal B. Richerson, MD Professor of Internal Medicine (Emeritus), University of Iowa Joel E. Richter, MD Professor of Medicine, Ohio State University Health Science Center at the Cleveland Clinic; Chair of Gastroenterology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation Thomas A. E. Platts-Mills, MD Professor of Internal Medicine and Microbiology and Head of Asthma and Allergic Disease Center, University of Virginia Melvin I. Roat, MD, FACS Assistant Surgeon, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia Russell K. Portenoy, MD Professor of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Chairman, Department of Pain Medicine and Palliative Care, Beth Israel Medical Center William O. Robertson, MD Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington; Medical Director, Washington Poison Center Jerome B. Posner, MD Professor of Neurology and Neurosciences, Weill Medical College of Cornell University; Attending Neurologist, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Austin S. Rose, MD Fellow, Pediatric Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine CONTRIBUTORS xxxi Beryl J. Rosenstein, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Director of Cystic Fibrosis Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital Tracey Schefter, MD Assistant Professor of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Cancer Center G. Victor Rossi, PhD Leonard and Madlyn Abramson Professor of Pharmacology, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia Charles A. Schiffer, MD Professor of Medicine and Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine Rodney J. Schlosser, MD Assistant Professor, Director of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina Thomas M. Rossi, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry John T. Schulz III, MD, PhD Intructor in Surgery, Harvard Medical School; Attending Physician, Burn, Trauma, and General Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital Robert J. Ruben, MD Distinguished University Professor, Professor of Otolaryngology and Professor of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Chairman (Emeritus), Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine H. Ralph Schumacher, Jr., MD Professor of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Director of ArthritisImmunology Center, VA Medical Center, Philadelphia Fred H. Rubin, MD Visiting Professor of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Chairman of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Shadyside Hospital Yasmin Suzanne N. Senturias, MD Postdoctoral Fellow of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine Michael Rubin, MD Professor of Clinical Neurology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University; Attending Physician of Neurology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital Eldon A. Shaffer, MD, FRCP(C) Professor of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Atenodoro Marciano R. Ruiz, Jr., MD Attending Physician, Division of Gastroenterology, Christiana Care Hospital, Newark, DE; Affiliate, Institute of Digestive Diseases, St. Luke’s Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines Nicholas J. Shaheen, MD, MPH Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of North Carolina Stewart Shankel, MD Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of California at Riverside; Director of Clinical Instruction, UCR/UCLA Thomas Haider Program in Biomedical Sciences Albert A. Rundio, Jr., PhD Associate Professor of Nursing, Drexel University of the Health Sciences Paul S. Russell, MD John Homans Distinguished Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School; Senior Surgeon, Massachusetts General Hospital William R. Shapiro, MD Chief, Neuro-Oncology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix; Professor of Clinical Neurology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson David B. Sachar, MD Clinical Professor of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine; Director (Emeritus) of Gastroenterology, The Mount Sinai Hospital Harold Silverman, PharmD Medical Director, Healthcare Practice, Manning, Selvage and Lee, Washington, DC Steven A. Sahn, MD Professor of Medicine and Director of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Jerome B. Simon, MD, FRCP(C), FACP Professor of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada xxxii CONTRIBUTORS Arthur T. Skarin, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Attending Physician of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital Stephen Brian Sulkes, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Strong Center for Developmental Disabilities, Golisano Children’s Hospital at Strong, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Norman Sussman, MD Donna L. Skerrett, MD Assistant Professor of Pathology and Associate Director of Transfusion Medicine, Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine; Director of Psychopharmacology Research and Consultation Service, Bellevue Hospital Center Richard V. Smith, MD Associate Professor and Vice-Chair of Otolaryngology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Director of Head and Neck Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center David A. Swanson, MD N.G. and Helen Hawkins Distinguished Professor for Cancer Research and Chairman of Urology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Gordon L. Snider, MD Maurice B. Strauss Professor of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine Moira Szilagyi, MD Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Rochester; Medical Director of Foster Care, Monroe County Health Department, Rochester, NY Norman Sohn, MD Clinical Assistant Professor of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine Paul H. Tanser, MD, FRCP(C), FRCP (Glasgow) Professor (Emeritus) of Medicine, McMaster University; Senior Staff Cardiologist, St. Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Spotswood L. Spruance, MD Professor of Medicine, Adjunct Professor of Dermatology, and Adjunct Professor of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah Annette Terebuh, MD Mary Rutan Hospital, Bellefontaine, OH Scott Steidl, MD, DMA Director of Vitreoretinal Disease, University of Maryland Medical Center Josip Terebuh, MD Eye Physician and Surgeon, Mary Rutan Hospital, Bellefontaine, OH David R. Steinberg, MD Associate Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery and Director of Hand and Microsurgery Fellowship Program, University of Pennsylvania Mary Territo, MD Professor of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles Francoise Thierfelder, MD E. Richard Stiehm, MD Professor of Pediatrics and Chief of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Mattel Children’s Hospital at UCLA Fellow of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine David R. Thomas, MD, FACP, FAGS Professor of Medicine, Saint Louis University Matthew J. Stiller, MD Associate Professor of Clinical Dermatology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University B. Taylor Thompson, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director of Medical Intensive Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Albert J. Stunkard, MD Professor of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Elizabeth Chabner Thompson, MD, MPH 21st Century Oncology, Yonkers, NY CONTRIBUTORS xxxiii Ronald G. Tompkins, MD, ScD John F. Burke Professor of Surgery, Harvard University; Visiting Surgeon, Massachusetts General Hospital Geoffrey A. Weinberg, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry; Attending Physician and Director of Pediatric HIV Program, Strong Memorial Hospital Courtney M. Townsend, Jr., MD Professor and John Woods Harris Distinguished Chairman of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston Kendrick Alan Whitney, DPM Assistant Professor, Department of Orthopedics, Temple University School of Podiatric Medicine Thomas N. Tozer, PhD Professor (Emeritus) of Biopharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco Barbara Braunstein Wilson, MD Edward P. Cawley Associate Professor of Dermatology, University of Virginia James T. Ubertalli, DMD Assistant Clinical Professor of Periodontology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine; Private Practice, Hingham, MA Margaret-Mary G. Wilson, MD Assistant Professor of Internal and Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center, St. Louis VA Medical Center Victor G. Vogel, MD, MHS Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Director, Magee/University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Breast Program, Magee-Womens Hospital Marilyn Wright, MS, MPH Director of Community Case Management, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston Lowell S. Young, MD Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco; Director, Kuzell Institute for Arthritis and Infectious Diseases, San Francisco Jacob S. Walfish, MD Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine J. Wayne Warnica, MD, FRCP(C) Professor of Medicine, University of Calgary; Director of Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Thomas M. Zizic, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Codirector, Chesapeake Medical Research