Notes
Carbon Compounds
Section 2-3
Organic Molecules
Molecules containing 2 or more atoms of carbon Carbon is very versatile
Carbon covalently bonds with up to 4 other atoms Carbon can bond with carbon to form:
Chains Branches Rings
Organic Molecules
Carbon can form single, double or triple bonds Carbon forms important biological molecules
Macromolecules: “giant molecules”
There are four classes of organic (carbon based) macromolecules
1. 2.
3.
4.
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
Macromolecules are polymers
What is a polymer? Poly = many; mer = part. A polymer is a large molecule consisting of many smaller sub-units bonded together.What is a monomer? A monomer is a sub-unit of a polymer Three of the organic macromolecules are polymers
1. Carbohydrates
Carbo = carbon, hydrate = water; carbohydrates have the molecular formula (CH2O)n
1:2:1 ratio Common types:
Sugar Starch
Carbohydrates
Functions:
Store chemical energy for cellular use Structural support in cells
e.g. cellulose cell wall in plants
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide – monomer of 3-7 carbons
e.g. glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharide - two mono’s linked
e.g. sucrose = glucose + fructose
Polysaccharides – Many mono’s linked
e.g. starch
Examples of Disaccharides:
Lactose = glucose + galactose Sucrose = glucose + fructose
Polysaccharides
2. Lipids
Generally hydrocarbons (made of hydrogen and carbon) Not a polymer Not water soluble
Lipids
Common names: Fats Oils Waxes Steroids
Lipids
Functions:
Energy storage – long term Membrane structure Waterproofing Insulation Shock absorbing Chemical messengers (hormone action)
Common Lipids = Triglycerides
Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Fatty Acids: Saturated or Unsaturated
1. Saturated fats: “saturated with hydrogen”
have only single C-C bonds solid at room temp most animal fats liquid at room temp double bonds between carbons allows for “kinks” in the tails most plant fats
2. Unsaturated fats :
3. Polyunsaturated = many double bonds
Which type of fatty acid is this?
Which type of fatty acid is this?
Saturated fatty acid
Good Job!!
Saturated fatty acid
Unsaturated fatty acid
3. Nucleic Acid
Made of elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus (CHONP) Polymers of nucleotides
Nucleotide
Nucleotide
Composed of: a. 5-Carbon sugar b. Phosphate group c. Nitrogen base
Nucleic Acids
Two kinds:
DNA:
Double stranded Sugar deoxyribose Contains genes which code for proteins Hereditary information
RNA:
RNA Single stranded DNA Functions in synthesis of proteins coded for by DNA Sugar ribose
4. Protein
Polymer of amino acids Made of elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen (CHON) Amino acids held together with peptide bonds Proteins called polypeptides
Structure of Amino Acid Monomers
Carbon covalently bonded to: Hydrogen Amino group (NH3) Carboxyl group (COOH) Variable R group specific to each amino acid 20 common amino acids
Peptide Bonding
Protein functions
Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions
Structural
e.g.
keratin (the protein found in hair and nails) collagen (the protein found in connective tissue).
•Cell identity
•Membrane transport •Cell movement
Shape important to Protein Function
Changing shape changes function
4 levels of shape
Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary