SERICULTURE INDUSTRY AND ITS POTENTIAL IN INDIA

SERICULTURE INDUSTRY AND ITS POTENTIAL IN INDIA SERICULTURE, the technique of silk production, is an agro-industry, playing an eminent role in the rural economy of India. Silk-fibre is a protein produced from the silk-glands of silkworms. Historically, sericulture was introduced for the first time, into China by Hoshomin, the Queen of China. For a long time, sericulture was considered to be a national secret by the Chinese Government, and as an industry it was not known in other countries. Later, it was introduced into Europe and Japan as well. According to reports available, sericulture was introduced into India about 400 years back and the industry flourished as an agro-industry till 1857, with an annual production of two million pounds of silk fibre. The industry survived the onslaught of the Pebrine disease during the period from 1857 to 1895. However, after 1928, the sericulture industry showed a decline in its production owing to the fierce competition from advanced sericulture countries, such as Japan, China and European countries. After the Independence, the industry is flourishing as an agro-industry, giving employment to over 3.5 million people in the Country. The annual production of silk in the world is estimated at 45,000 tonnes of which Japan and China contribute 18,936 and 13,200 tonnes respectively. South Korea, USSR and India are the other leading sericultural countries in the world. The industry has survived the stiff competition with the man-made fibres and it is now estimated by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations that the total requirement of silk by 1980 would be of the order of 80,000 tonnes, leaving a demand of 35,000 tonnes. Japan, which is the premier silk-producing country, owing to its recent industrialisation, high cost of labour and the shortage of land available foe mulberry cultivation, has its limitations in increasing its production. Further, owing to heavy internal consumption, Japan has become an importer of silk, thus widening the gap between production and demand. This situation has given a boost to the sericulture industry in the developing countries, e.g.India and South Korea. Among the developing countries, India enjoys a very favourable position for doubling the present status of of silk porduction of 2,969 tonnes owing to the low cost of labour. sericulture is ideally suited for improving the rural economy of the country, as it is practised as a subsidiary industry to agriculture. Recent research has also shown that sericulture can be developed as a highly rewarding agro-industry. BACKGROUND OF THE INDUSTRY In developing countries, e.g.India, agriculture and agro-based industries play a vital role in the improvement of rural economy.The limited availability of land, the limited cash returns, and agriculture being confined to one or two seasons in the year, have made villages to look for supporting rural industries, such as sericulture. Agriculture and sericulture are adopted simultaneously by the agriculturists in regions where the ecological conditions are favourable. In India, over three million people are employed in various fields of sericulture. It is a cottage industry and provides ample work for the womenfolk in the rural areas in rearing silk worms, while the male members work in the fields. Recently the enforcing of new ideas by research institutions both in mulberry cultivation and silk-worm-handling among sericulturists, the industry is now practised as a main profession and as a major cash crop, of the country. Five varieties of silk worms are reared in India for producing this natural fibre. Bombyx mori, the silk worm, feeds on the leaves of Morus to produce the best quality of fibre among the different varieties of silk produced in the country. Antherea assama is confined to only Brahmaputra Valley of India in the world.It produces the famous mugasilk.Tasar silk is a product of Antherea mylitta, which feeds on Terminalia tomentosa grown in the thick jungles of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa. The recent introduction of Antherea royeli and Antherea perniyi has enabled the country to produce the oak tasar silk, Phylosamia ricini, the eri silkworm, which feeds on Ricinus communis, is raised in Assam and Orissa commercially. Of the total production of 2,969 tonnes of silk in India, as much as 2,445 tonnes is produced by the mulberry silkworms,Bombyx mori. Mulberry silk is produced extensively in the states of Karnataka, West Bengal and Jammu and Kashmir. About 85 per cent of the country's production is contributed by the Karnataka state by rearing multivoltine hybrids of silkworm and this activity enables the sericulturists to harvest five to six crops a year. Jammu and Kashmir, owing to its salubrious climate during autumn and spring, is producing silk by rearing univoltine silkworms. Other states, namely, Andhra pradesh, Assam, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh,Himachal Pradesh and Punjab, contribute roughly 1.8 percent to the total production of mulberry silk in India.The State wise silk production in the country is given in Table 1. Table1. Raw Silk Production in India (1974) Production Production Production Production (in tonnes) (in tonnes) (in tonnes) (in tonnes) Mulberry Tasar Eri Muga 1 .. 234 .. .. .. 117 1 .. 19 .. .. .. 21 .. 393 .. 87 3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 91 .. 41 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 41 State 1.Andhra .. Pradesh 2.Assam 7 3.Bihar .. 4.Himachal 2 Pradesh 5.Jammu and 68 Kashmir 6.Karnataka 2,036 7.Madhya 1 Pradesh 8.Maharashtra .. 9.Meghalaya 1 10.Orissa .. 11.Punjab 1 12.Tamil Nadu 9 13.Uttar 4 Pradesh 14.West Bengal 316 15.Tripura .. Total 2,445 Tasar silkworms are reared traditionally by the tribal people of Madhya Pradesh,Bihar, Orissa. These 3 states mainly contribute to the production of tasar silk in the country. The recent rearing of Antherea royeli & Antherea perniyi has enabled the country to produce the oak tasar silk in the sub-Himalayan belt & in Manipur. Muga silk is grown exclusively in Assam & it is still considered to be a ceremonial dress by the local population. Assam produces as much as 90% of eri silk in the country by rearing eri silkworms on castor leaves. MULBERRY SILK The systematic cultivation of mulberry, the food plant of Bombyx mori, is the first step in the production of mulberry silk. The total area under mulberry in India is 1,20,567 hectares, of which only 28,781 hectares is irrigated Whereas, mulberry is raised as a bush plantation in Karnataka & West Bengal, it is grown as trees in Jammu & Kashmir. Four Indian species of Morus, namely Morus alba, M.indica, M. serrata & M. laevigata, are raised as main food plants of silkworms. The propagation of mulberry in Karnataka & west Bengal is through vegetative propagation, whereas root-grafting & bud-grafting are practised in the hilly areas of Jammu & Kashmir & Uttar Pradesh. Considering the ecological conditions, such as rainfall & the nature of soil, different systems of plantations for raising mulberry are practised in India.In the rain-fed areas,mulberry is planted at a distance of 7.6*7.6 cm whereas under irrigation the spacing of 5 cm* 5cm & the row system ( 4 cm between rows & 15 cm between plants) are followed. In West Bengal, a modified system of row plantation, popularly called 'Malda System' is practised even under rainfed conditions, because of the rich soil & heavy rainfall.Recently, tree plantation have ben introduced into Jammu & Kashmir. The cost of producing mulberry has a direct impact on the cost of producing cocoons, as nearly 605 of the total cost of production of cocoons goes to the production of mulberry leaves. Experiments conducted in the moriculture divisions of the research institutions to evolve new varieties of mulberry & improved methods of cultivation have shown that over 30,000 kg of quality leaf can be produced per annum at competitive costs against 15,000 kg by adopting the traditional methods under irrigation. Many high-yielding varieties have been introduced into the country, & they not only double the leaf yield, but also maintain the succulence of the leaves, a factor which is very important under tropical conditions. SILKWORM-REARING In India(Karnataka state), where the temperature ranges from 16-31 degree centigrade, enjoys favourable climatic conditions for rearing the silkworm Bombyx mori throughout the year, whereas in West Bengal, the multivoltine silk-worm rearing is practised even under adverse conditions of temperature. In Jammu & Kashmir, the rearing of silkworms is practised once a year during May-June. Of a life span of 50 days of B.mori, the egg stage lasts 10 days, the larval stage lasts longest-2530 days. The pupa stage takes 10 days. The silkworm pass 4 moults during growth. The total quality of leaf required to raise a unit of 40,000 larvae(100 dfls) is 500-600 kg by using the traditional methods. The silkworms consume as much as 95% of the food after the third & fourth moults. At the end of the larval duration, the silkworm emits silk from its mouth & constructs a cocoon on a scaffolding. The cocoons produced by hybrids are used for extracting the silk fibre. For preparing the hybrid silkworm eggs, pure races of silkworms are raised in seperate areas. The cocoons are preserved properly in the egg-producing factories, popularly called silkworm grainages. the moths are allowed to emerge. The selected combination of moths are allowed to copulate for 4 hrs. The male after the first copulation is either rejected or used for copulating with another female. Later, the female is consigned to a dark plastic 'cellule'. She lays about 400 eggs in 24 hours. At the end of 24 hours, the female is crushed & examined for hereditary diseases. Only certified disease-free hybrid eggs are reared for industrial silk production. Considering the various factors, such as the place of origin,voltinism, the colour of the cocoons, the larval markings, the colour ,shape & size of cocoons,the silkworms are classified into different breeds. The multivoltine races & their hybrids are reared in West Bengal & Karnataka. Owing to the non-diapausing of the eggs & the copious growth of the mulberry, these breeds can be reared six times & the cocoons are harvested after 2 months. These multivoltine hybrids have a short larval duration & are generally poor yielders of cocoons. Bivoltines, because of the interruption of diapause, can have only 2 life-cycles a year. However, its possible to break the diapause artificially by treating 1-day old eggs in Hydrochloric acid of 1.064 specific gravity at 46.1 degree centigrade. By adopting this technique, it is possible to take more than 4 crops in a year. Univoltines & bivoltines require more leaves than multivoltines. However, the yield & quality of the cocoons are superior to those of multivoltines. The multivoltine silkworms yield about 25 kg of cocoons per 40,000 eggs reared, whereas the bivoltines yield 40 kgs. The average annual yield of cocoons in India is as low as 150 kg under rainfed conditions, & under irrigated conditions, it is about 400 kg. SILK-REELING The cocoons are cooked in hot water & the silk fibre is unwound from the cocoons.This process is called 'reeling'. The silk consists of two proteins, the inner core of fibroin & an outer cover of gum sericin. During reeling, the cocoons are processed in hot water at 95-97 degree centigrade for 10-15 minutes. This process is called cooking. This cooking will enable the sericin portion to get softened & make unwinding easy without breaks. The cocoons after cooking are reeled in hot water in different types of machines. In India, 61 percent of the silk amounting to 1,320 tonnes is reeled on the country-type charka numbering 6,656. The silk produced with the country charka is of very poor quality, as the thread is not uniform, as it carries many slubs etc. The improved cottage-type basins have been introduced recently into India. Provision for button-holes & a proper croisure system to maintain the thickness of the fibre, & to control the defects of neatness in the cottage basin have facilitated the production of better-quality silk. As much as 806 tonnes of silk is produced by 4000 cottage basins in the country. Large-scale basins organised scientifically are arranged in filatures for the extraction of superior quality fibre. The silk produced by the filatures is superior because of the low level of defects of cleanliness & uniformity in the thickness of the fibre. Only 8% of the total production of silk in India is contributed by filatures. The silk produced from the multivoltine races of silkworms is poor in quality & is known to have greater defects, such as lousiness, & defects in neatness & cleanliness & is of very poor quality in light of the international D grade. The silk produced by the bivoltine races of silkworms possesses superior neatness & cleanliness, is without lousiness & has high tensile strength & stands to the international A grade. The new technology of handling silkworms in the country has shown that bivoltine silkworms, producing the international quality of silk, can be produced throughout the year in the Karnataka state in India. It has been shown that, on an average, 30-35 kg of cocoons, yielding 3-4 kg of high grade silk can be produced by rearing 40,000 eggs of bivoltines, as compared with 25 kg of cocoons & 1.4 kg of low-quality fibre from multivoltines. BIVOLTINE COCOON HARVEST Research observations have shown that the cocoon production can be increased significantly at economic costs. It is programmed to produce 800 tonnes of bivoltine silk in Karnataka alone by 1980 & increase silk production from mulberry in India to 3,500 tonnes. Non-mulberry silk industry Tasar culture. Three species of Antherea are used for the extraction of tasar silk in India. They are Antherea mylitta, A. perniyi & A. royeli. In the case of the non-mulberry silk produced in India, 393 tonnes is produced from Antherea mylitta in Madhya Pradesh, Orissa & Bihar. This silkworm is reared on trees of Terminalia tomentosa,Terminalia arjuna found in the jungles of central & north-eastern parts of India. The tasar silkworms also exist in nature in jungles & are collected by the tribal people during certain seasons. The first crop, usually called the seed crop, is raised during May to July, whereas the commercial crop is raised during October-November. Moths emerge from the cocoons of the November crop in June. The female moths are allowed to lay eggs after copulation in small baskets called manias. The eggs are collected & tied to the trees so that the hatched silkworms crawl up to reach the leaves of the food plants. Tasar silkworms are reared wild in nature & they survive exposed to the vagaries of nature & predators. They are uaually green. However, yellow, blue & white larvae are also reported. The larvae pass 4 moults before they complete their duration. At the end of the larval period, the larvae spin a ring-like structure around the twin & a long peduncle before it constructs the cocoon. The cocoons are large & brown or yellow. When the rearing is practised under cultivated conditions, the rearers protect the worms from pests & predators to harvest rich crops. The cocoons are cooked in caustic potash & reeled to extract the fibre. They are also spun for manufacturing coarse fibre. Tasar rearing. The recent introduction of Antherea perniyi & A. royeli on oak in Manipur has opened up new vistas for the production of superior quality tasar fibre in India. The cocoons spun by the Antherea perniyi can be easily reled & superior-quality fibre can be extracted. Antherea royeli is available in oak jungles of the sub-Himalayan belt. The cocoons are made up of 2 layers, an outer layer of thin floss & an inner thick shell of silk. The silk can be extracted only from the inner layer. Hybrids of A. perniyi & A. royeli are being exploited commercially for the production of quality tasar silk in India. A target of 650 tonnes of silk is proposed to be produced by the end of the Fifth Five-year Plan. Muga culture. The golden-yellow silk produced by Antherea assama is found only in the Brahmaputra Valley of India. This species of silkworm is semi-domesticated in that the worms which crawl down at the end of their larval period are collected by the rearers. They are allowed to spin cocoons in the rearer's houses. The worms are raised on Som(Machilus bombycina) & soalu(Litsaea polyantha) -trees. A single female moth of muga lays 150-200 eggs after copulating with the male for 6-8 hrs. Usually, the female is tied to a 'kharika' for laying eggs. The larvae are reared, outdoors on trees of som or soalu.The young ones are yellowish with black markings on the body. They have the habit of crawling down the trees in groups when no leaves are left. During this time, the rearer transfers the worms to another tree. At the end of the larval period, when the worms are ready to spin the cocoons, they crawl down the tree in search of a suitable place for the construction of cocoons. Such worms are collected by the rearer & are allowed to spin the cocoons in 'jali', made of dried twigs. The cocoon has a very weak peduncle & is golden-yellow. The cocoons are boiled in soap & soda aolution & are reeled on an appliance called "bhir". It is a tradition in Assam to raise muga silk. The total production of muga silk in India is 41 tonnes & is estimated that the country can produce 120 tonnes by 1980. >Eri culture. The silk produced by Philosamia ricini is called eri silk. It is grown in Assam & in the eastern parts of India. The heavy rainfall & humid atmosphere in these parts are suited to eri culture. The food plants for Philosamia ricini is castor.The alternative food plants are but eri culture is mainly practised on castor. This silk worm is multivoltine & is reared indoors. The eggs are white, hatch in ten days. The hatched larvae are mounted on castor leaves in the rearing-house & are allowed to grow by periodical feeding. The worms pass four moults during its larval period of 30-32 days. Eri silkworm is generally hardy & not easily susceptible to diseases. at the end of the larval period, the larvae crawl in search of a suitable place among castor leaves to spin the cocoons. The cocoons are usually white. However, brick red cocoons have also been observed. The cocoons of the eri silkworm cannot be reeled, as they are made up of uneven fibres. Usually, after the emergence of the moths, the cocoons are used for producing spun-yarn. Ninety-one tonnes of eri silk is produced in the country, & it is proposed to produce 375 tonnes by the end of the Fifth Plan. Research findings have shown that under the existing acreage of food plants of silkworms, it is possible to increase the silk production 3-fold, in addition to increasing its quality. The introduction of new technology of handling Bombyx mori silkworms into the major sericultural tracts of the Karnataka state has enabled the state to produce a significant quality of bivoltine silk standing to the international grades. This silk was originally imported. Its addition to the import substitution, the introduction of bivoltine silk production will enable the country to enter the export market of raw silk, opening a new directional approach to the development of sericulture in the country. It is proposed to produce over 800 tonnes of bivoltine silk by the end of the Fifth Five-Year Plan. The impact of bivoltine silkworm-rearing has already been felt by the sericulturists in Karnataka. In addition to the higher returns of over Rs 10,000 per acre & the quality of cocoons, there is a significant improvement in the production of the existing multivoltine silk, as the bivoltine males are used for cross-breeding with the multivoltines. a significant break-through in controlling the diseases of silkworms & mulberry has ben achieved through the efforts of the research institutes in India. It has been shown that silk production in India can be increased from the present standard of 25kg per hectare to 140 kg under irrigated conditions & from 10 kg per hectare to 25 kg under rainfed conditions & the country's production can be increased 3-fold. These observations have a significant influence on the employment potential of the rural people increasing the employment potential from 30.37 lakhs of persons to 37.94 lakhs by 1980. Recent findings relating to the rearing of tasar silkworms on oak plants in the sub-Himalayan range & in Manipur have placed the country in a new set-up of producing a significant quantity of quality tasar silk. It has also opened up new avenues for introducing & improving sericulture. It has also enhanced employment potential to the tribal & poorer sector in the hilly areas. Thus the country is poised for a white revolution leading to the production of international-quality silk, both in the mulberry & tasar sector & increasing the total silk production to 3500 tonnes providing employment potential for 37 lakhs of rural people in various fields of silk production. APPENDIX-A List of cultivated field,garden & plantation crops BotaEnglish Assa nical Bengali Oriya Telegu Tamil Malayalam name mese name I.Cereals Jaba, Hordeum Barlhi Baarli Barley Jadhan Joba Barley Barley vulgare L. or Jabaarisi dhana Avena Oat sativa L. Avena ster Oats ilis (Indian) Linn. var. culta Rice, Oryzi Dhan paddy sativa L. Trit icum sativum Gaum, Wheat lamk; Ghehu triticum aest ivum L II.Millets Echin ochloa Barn colona var Koni yard .frumen dhan millet tacea Linn. Penni Bullr setum ush typhoides millet, Stapf & Spiked Hubbard; .. millet, Penni Pearl setum millet typho ideum L. Common millet, Panicum Proso mili .. millet, aceum L. Hog millet Eleu sine Finger cora .. millet cana gaertn Andro pogon Great sorghum millet brot; .. sorghum sorg hum vulgare<> Italian millet, Setaria Fox italica .. tail Beauv; millet Coix Job's lach tear .. ryma millet -jobi L. Kodo Pasp .. Oats Jai Jaie, Ota Jaie, risi Oat Jai .. .. Oat arisi Oat Dhan Dhano Vadlu, Nel Biyyamu Nellu Gam Gaham Godu malu Koth umai Goth ambu Shyama Khira Udalu Kuthir aivo lly .. Bajra Bajra Sajja Kambu Kambu Cheena China, Bachari bagmu Variga Pani varagu .. Marwa Mandia Ragi, Chodi Keppai; Ragi; Muthari, Kelv Ragi aragu Jowar Juara Jonna Cholam Cholam Kaon Kanghu, Kangam, Kora Korra Tenai Thena Gargari Kodo Gara guda Kodua .. Arik Kattu kuntt humani .. Varagu Varaku millet Little, millet Maize Torp edo grass alum scrob icul atum L. Panicum miliare .. L. Zea Gom mays dhan L. Panicum repens L. elu; arika .. Bhutta Dhani ghas Suan Samalu Samai Mokk ajena Laddi Sama Macca Cholam Makka makka cholam cholam Injip ullu Inchi pullu .. .. Echinochloa crus galli Beauv; dal .. .. Echinochloa stag nina Beauv Panicum pilosum .. .. .. dalz. & Gibs. III.Pulses Phas eolus Black mungo Mash Matimah Gram var. kalai radiatus Linn. Chic Lath kling yrus Khesar Khesari Vetch satirus L. Vigna catjong walp.; Cowpea Barbati Vigna sinensis savi. Field Pea Gram, Bengal gram Pisum Motor arvense L. Not known .. .. .. Not known .. Biri Minu mulu Uzhu ndu Uzhu nnu Khesari Kesari pappu Kaesari paru ppu .. .. ThataMambayar payaru Chota; Bada pyramatar chana Boot Desa vali batane Pattani .. Cicer arie tinum L. Phas Green eolus gram aureus Roxb. Doli Horse chos gram viflorus Roxb. Phas eolus Kidney aconiti bean folius Jacq. Butmah Chola Magum Son amug Mung Kadalai, Sanagalu Sundal Kadala kadalai Pacha Cerup Pacha ipayaru, ayaru. pesalu Pasi Payaru payaru Kollu. Muthira Kaanam .. Kulthi kalai .. Urahi Biri mung Methi muga Ulavalu Kalpa yaru Lentil Pigeon pea Lens Escu lenta moench.; Masu Lens rmah Culin aris Medic Cajanus cajan Milsp.; Arahar Cajinus indicus Sprengl. Musuri Masur Chiru senaga Masur .. paruppu Arahar Harad Kan dulu Thuv arai Thuv aran payaru APPENDIX-A List of cultivated field,garden & plantation crops BotaEnglish Guja nical Kannada Marathi Hindi Punjabi name rati name I.Cereals Hordeum Satu Barley Barley Jav Jau Jaun vulgare L. jav Avena Thoke Jaur, Oats Jai Jav Jaie sativa L. godhi Jaee Avena ster Oats ilis Thoke Jaur, Jai Jav .. (Indian) Linn. godhi Jaee var. culta Rice, Oryzi Dhan, Chaul, Bhatta Bhat Dangar paddy sativa L. Chawal Dhan Trit icum sativum Wheat lamk; Godhi Gahu Ghahu Gehon Kanak triticum aest ivum L II.Millets Echin ochloa Barn colona var yard Oodalu Sanwa Swank .. .. .frumen millet tacea Linn. Penni Bullr setum ush typhoides millet, Stapf & Spiked Hubbard; Sajje Bajri Bajri Bajra Bajra millet, Penni Pearl setum millet typho ideum L. Common millet, Panicum Proso Chena; mili Baragu Vari Cheno Cheena millet, Barri aceum L. Hog millet Finger millet Great millet sorghum Eleu sine cora cana gaertn Andro pogon sorghum brot; sorg hum vulgare<> Setaria italica Beauv; Coix lach ryma -jobi L. Pasp alum scrob icul atum L. Panicum miliare L. Zea mays L. Panicum repens L. Echinochloa crus galli Beauv; Echinochloa stag nina Beauv Panicum pilosum dalz. & Gibs. III.Pulses Phas eolus mungo var. radiatus Linn. Lath yrus satirus L. Vigna catjong walp.; Ragi Nagli, Nachni Nagli, Bavto Ragi,, Mand ika; Marwah Mand huka, Mand hal Jola Jowari, Jondhla Jowari, Juar Jowar, Jaur Jowar Italian millet, Fox tail millet Job's tear millet Navane Kang, Rala Kang Kakum Kangni Kotti beeja Kasari Kasai .. Sankru Kodo millet Harka Kodra Kodra Kodon Kodra Little, millet Maize Torp edo grass Same; save Musu kina jola Shunti, hullu Sava, Halvi, vari Makka Gajro;kuri Kutki; shavan Makka Swank Makki, Maka yee Makki .. Cheno .. .. .. Gandu bhatta hullu Banti Banti .. .. .. .. Not known .. .. Black Gram Uddu Udid Adad udad urd Mash, urd Chic kling Vetch Cowpea .. Alasande Chikkathogari Chavali Lakh Chola, choli Lang Chattri Mattri Lobia .. Field Pea Gram, Bengal gram Green gram Horse gram Kidney bean Lentil Pigeon pea Vigna sinensis savi. Pisum arvense L. Cicer arie tinum L. Phas eolus aureus Roxb. Doli chos viflorus Roxb. Phas eolus aconiti folius Jacq. Lens Escu lenta moench.; Lens Culin aris Medic Cajanus cajan Milsp.; Cajinus indicus Sprengl. Holada bataani Kadale Vatana; matar Harbara Vatana Chana Muttar Chana Mattri Chhole, Chana Moong, mug Hisaru Mug Mag Moong Huruli Kulthi; Hulga Kulthi Kultha Kulthi Thul ukka payaru Thur uku hesaru Matki Math Moth Mas ooru bele Masur Masur Masur Massar Thogari Tur Tuver Arhar Harhar, Arhar APPENDIX-A List of cultivated field,garden & plantation crops Botan English Assa Mala ical Bengali Oriya Telegu Tamil name mese yalam name IV. Oilseeds Brass Benar Black ica Sirukasi Kaduku .. .. .. mustard nigra adugu rai Koch. Bras sica campBrown estris Sariah Sarisha .. Ava Kadugu .. sarson var. dichotoma Ricinus Amudalu AmaAvanCastor commEri Rehri Jada tinkaya nakku akku unnisL. Cocos Coconut nucifera Narikol Narikel Nadia Kobbari Thennai Thengu L. Ground- Arachis China Cheena China NelaNilaNilaknut, Hypobadam badam badam shanga kadal kadala Peanut gaea L. Indian BrasBhuin- Verus- VerkSariah Sarisha .. colza, sico chana anaga ava adalai Rapeseed, Yellow sarson compestris L.var. sarson Prain. BrasIndian sica Rai Sariah Rai Avalu mustard. julcea sariah Mustard Coss. Brassica campIndian estrie Tori Sariah Ava .. rape var. sarisha Toria Duth. Linum Linseed usitatTisi Tishi Peshi Avise issinum L. Guizotia abysVerriNiger Sorghuja Sarguza Alashi sinica nuvvulu Cass. Eruca Rocket Shet sativa Salad .. .. salad sarisha Mill. Carthamus Safftinc Kusum Kusum Kusum Kusuma lower torius L. Sesamum indicum Sesame, L.;Sesasesamum, Til Til Rasi Nuvvulu mum Gingelli orientale L. Glycine hispida; Gari SoyacSoybean Glycine Garomah .. kalai hikkudu max Merr. HeliaBeliphool, ProdduSunnthus surijya- Surja Suryatirigudu flower Annuus mukhi- mukhi mukhi puvvu L. phool Brassica alba; White Swet Brassica .. .. .. mustard rai hirta Moench V.Fibre Crops GossKarpas, Cotton ypium Kapah Kapa Pratti Tula spp. Brown Hibiscus hemp, canna- Sah Bimli Kaunria Gogu Deccan binus L. hemp Shada Corcpat; Jute horus Marapat Jhota Janumu tosha spp pat Rozelle Hibiscus Tenga Mesta Khata Erragogu Kadugu Kadugu Kaduku Kadugu .. Alivithai Cheruchanavithu Peyellu .. .. .. Kusumba Chandrukam Ellu Ellu Soya payaru Soy bean Suriyakanthi Suryakanthi .. Kaduku Paruthi Pulimanchi; pulichai Paruthi .. Chanapai Sivappu Chanambu .. sabdariffa L. SannCrotahemp; laria bombay juncea hemp L. Sisal Agave hemp. spp. Agave mora kaunria kashmakai Janumu Sadambu Kattu chanam Kattar vazha San Shan Chani .. Konga; Bar mashi sisal Kittanara Katralai VI.Sugar & Starch Crops Saccharum SugarOfficKuhiar cane inarum L. Manihot utilissima; Simolu Tapioca Manihot aloo esculenta Crantz. Akh .. Chereku Karumbu Karimbu Shimul alu .. Karra pendalamu Maravalli Marakizhangu, cheeni Kuchi kizhangu APPENDIX-A List of cultivated field,garden & plantation crops Bota Assa nical Bengali Oriya Telegu Tamil Malayalam name mese name VII Fodder Crops Bermuda Cyndoon grass; ArugKarukdactylon .. Durba Garika .. Bahama ampul apullu Pers. grass Panicum Australia antidBlue Not AustrDubb.. .. .. otale Panic Known aliapul gaddi Retz. Medicago Bur Not .. .. .. .. .. Clover hispida Known Gaertn. Dolichos Carpet lablab Simba, MocShim Anapa Muthira .. legume var. Baila hchai lignosus Vicia Common Satira Ankari ankari .. .. .. .. vetch L. PenniElephant Hatia setun Napigrass; Nol Napier ghasa, Napier Purp.. Napier, ghah ghas napiar gaddi erpul ureum grass ghasa Schum. Trifolium Egyptian Gini alexanBerseem .. .. .. .. Clover ghasa drinum L. PanicGuinea Gini Gini Gini Gini Gini um maxiGuineapul Grass ghah ghas ghasa gaddi pullu mum Jacq. Melilotus Hubam alba Swet Nit .. .. .. Clover var. banmethi krar annua Melilotus Indian parvif Banmethi Barsim .. .. .. Clover lora Desv. Johnson Sorgram .. .. .. .. .. halepanse grass Pueraria lobata Kudzu KudzKuda- Kudju Ohwi.; Kudzu .. vine uvine janina reege Pueraria bhirsuta Lucerne, Medicago Lucerne Garam KuthirLucern Lusarna sativa L. ghah alfalfa masal aimasal Brachiaria mutico; Para para Ghara Erumpanicum Nardul Neerpul grass ghah ghasa ugaddi purpurascens Raddi. TrifoPersian lium Not .. .. .. .. Clover resupKnown inatum L. Chloris Rhodes Rodis gagana .. .. .. .. grass ghass Kunth. Glycine hispida; Garo Gari Soya SoyaSoybean glycine Soyabin mah kalai Chikkudu payaru max Merr. Cynodon plectosStar Not Anai .. .. .. tachyum grass known aurgu Pilger Sorghum Sujan Sudan Sudan sudanense .. .. .. ghasa gaddi Stapf. grass HeliaSunSuriaSurya Proddu- Suriyanthus Beliful flower mukhi mukhi tirugudu kanthi annuus L. Euchlaena Not Teosinte mexiTiyosente .. .. .. known cana Schrad. Pueraria Tropical PhaseNot .. .. .. .. oloides kudzu known Benth. Mucuna cochincVelvet hinensis; Makhan Not NugucTarukala .. stizolbean urahi known hikkudu obium deerin- .. .. .. Lucerne .. .. .. Soybean .. .. Suryakanthi .. .. .. gianum Brot. Setaria sphacalata .. Stapf.ex Hubb. Urochloa mosa.. mbiensis Dandy Pennisetum .. pedicellatum Phalaris minor .. Retz. Phalaris Canary canargrass iensis l. Dichantheum annu.. latum stapf. Sehima nervosum .. Stapf. Chrysopogon mont.. anus Trin. Cenchrus ciliaris; Penni.. setum ciliare Link. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Not known .. .. .. .. .. Not known Not known Not known .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Lori Not Malavknown agaddi Ennaipul .. .. .. Not Nendrknown agaddi Vennaipul .. .. .. Not known .. Cholappullu .. .. .. Not known .. Kolukattaipul .. APPENDIX-A List of cultivated field,garden & plantation crops Bota English nical Kannada Marathi Gujarati Hindi Punjabi name name VII Fodder Crops Bermuda Cyndoon grass; GarikHariali Khabal dactylon Harial Doob Bahama ehullu Dharo ghah Pers. grass Panicum Dhuns antidBlue PeenaNeelon Git ghas; .. otale Panic sihullu ghas Karkariu Retz. Medicago Bur Lucerne .. .. .. .. hispida Clover Gaertn. Dolichos Carpet lablab Avare Wal Wal Sem .. legume var. Common vetch Elephant grass; Napier, grass Egyptian Clover Guinea Grass Hubam Clover Indian Clover Johnson grass Kudzu vine lignosus Vicia Satira L. Pennisetun Purpureum Schum. Trifolium alexandrinum L. Panicum maximum Jacq. Melilotus alba var. annua Melilotus parvif lora Desv. Sorgram halepanse Pueraria lobata Ohwi.; Pueraria bhirsuta Kaadu hurli .. .. Bakla .. Napier hullu hatti gavat .. Napier Hathi ghah .. Bersim gavat Barsim Berseem Berseem Guinea hullu Gini gavat Gini ghas Guinea ghas Guinea ghah .. .. .. Hubban clover .. .. .. .. Senji Senji .. Gamadi hullu .. .. .. Kudzu vel Kudzu Kudzu Kudzu Lucerne, Medicago sativa L. alfalfa Brachiaria mutico; Para panicum grass purpurascens Raddi. TrifoPersian lium resupClover inatum L. Chloris Rhodes gagana grass Kunth. Glycine hispida; Soybean glycine max Merr. Cynodon plectosStar tachyum grass Pilger Sorghum sudanense Sudan Kudure masale lasun ghas, Vilaiti ghavat Gadab rajko .. Lusan Mauri tius hullu Para gavat Para ghas Para ghas Para ghah .. Rhodes hullu .. Rhodes gavat .. .. Rhodes ghas Shaftal; shatala Rhodes ghah .. Soya bean Soybin Soyabin .. Soyabean .. Sudan hullu .. .. .. .. Star ghas Sudan ghas .. sudan ghass Stapf. HeliaSunnthus flower annuus L. Euchlaena Teosinte mexicana Schrad. Pueraria Tropical Phaseoloides kudzu Benth. Mucuna cochinchinensis; stizolVelvet obium bean deeringianum Brot. Setaria sphacalata .. Stapf.ex Hubb. Urochloa mosa.. mbiensis Dandy Pennisetum .. pedicellatum Phalaris minor .. Retz. Phalaris Canary canargrass iensis l. Dichantheum annu.. latum stapf. Sehima nervosum .. Stapf. Chrysopogon mont.. anus Trin. Cenchrus ciliaris; Penni.. setum ciliare Link. grass Suryakanthi Suryaphul Surajmukhi Surya mukhi Surajmukhi .. .. .. .. Makchari Gamadi hullu Kudzu Kudzu .. .. Nasagunni Bin .. .. Makhmalisem .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Palwan ghah; minyar ghah Urukun hullu Chikkasaoi hullu Chalosanna; kannina hullu Marvel Zinzvi .. Pavana Shaniyar .. .. .. .. .. Dhaulu ghah Kolakattee hullu Anjan Zino mancho .. Anjan ghah APPENDIX-A List of cultivated field,garden & plantation crops English Botanical Assamese Bengali Oriya Telegu Tamil Malayalam name name VIII.Vegetables Benincasa Ash ceriGourd fera savi. Beta vulgBeet aris root L. Momordica Bitter Gourd charantia L. Lagenaria lucantha Rusby; Bottle Gourd lagenaria siceraria Standl. SolaBrinum njal; melongEgg ena L. plant Vicia Broad faba bean L. Brassica Cabb- oleracea L. age var.capitata L. Daucus Carrot carota L. Brassica Caulioleraflocea L. wer var.cotrytis L. Cyamopsis psoraCluloides ster opsis bean tetra/Field gonoVetch loba Taub. Vigna catCow iang pea Walp .;vigna Kumura Pani Chal KakKumra haru SamBudidKumbbal agumallapoomadi nga sani Beetudumpa Kakarakaya Beet root Beet Beet Beet .. Tita karela Karala Kalara Pakarkai Pavakka Jati lao Lau Lau Anapa or Sura- ChurSora- kaya akka kaya Bengena Begun Bakalashim Baigan Vankaya Kath- Vazhariuthkai ana Urahi PeddSimba achikkudu .. .. Bandha kabi Bandh- Bandh L.aku- Mutt- Muttaakapi akobi gobi aikose kose Gajor Gajar Gajar Gajar- Caaagadda rat Carrot Phool kabi Fulkapi Fula kobi Poogobi Gosp- Caulifoovu lower Thupi urah Gaur Gunar chhuin KothavarnGoruckai, Kothhikkseeni- avara udu avaraikai Lasara mah Barbati Baragudi BobbThataarlu or Mampayalasabayar aru ndalu Cress, Garden cress Cucumber Double bean Drumstick Elephant Ear edible arum Elephant foot sinensis Savi. Lepidium sativum L. Cucumis sotivus L. Phaseolus lunatus L. Moringa pterigosperma Gaertn., Moringa olifera Lam. Colocasia antiquorum Schott. Amorphophalus campanulatus Blume. Phaseolus vulgaris L. Pisum sativum L. Chennopodium album L. Dolichos lab lab L. Brassica olera- Halim sak Aleveri Kresh .. Aalivirai .. Tihu Shasha Kakudi Dosa Vella- Vellarikai rikka .. Ban barbati Dou Lamba ble simba beans Sajana (muniga) .. .. Sajina Sajina MunagMurun- Murakagakai inga dalu .. Chhuin .. Kachu Saru Sambu Chemsapan, Cheadumkizh- mbu papalu angu .. Ol Olua Senai KacKanda kizhhil angu French bean Gar den pea; pea Goose foot French bean Pharash bin Farasi simba Bangalore beans or beans Bataneelu Avarai, seemai avarai Pattani Paruppu keerai Beans Motor mah Bara matar Matar Pattani Jilmil sak Bathua Bathua Pappukura .. Indian bean Knolkhol Desi urahi Deshi shim Jhata simba Anapa Moc- Ram hchai acha Olkabi Od kapi OlkGadd- Nooobi agobi lkhol (Ganthi- .. Lady's finger Lettuce Lima bean Little gourd Mountain spinach cea Var. Caulorapa; Brassica caulorapa Pasq. Hibiscus esculantus; Abelmoschus esculantus Moench. Lactuca sativa L. Phaseolus limensis Macf. Coccinia indica W.& A.; Coccinia cordifolia Cogn. Atriplex hortensis L. kobi) Bhendi Dhenrosh Vendi Benda Benda Venda kai Salad Letus Salad Letuse ShalLettlaauce thu .. Ban barbati .. .. .. .. .. Telakuch Kaichi kakudi Dondakaya Kovai Kowva Purvi sak .. .. Mattubachali .. .. APPENDIX-A List of cultivated field,garden & plantation crops English Botanical Kannada Marathi Gujarati Hindi Punjabi name name VIII.Vegetables Benincasa Ash BuduKohKohceriPetha .. Gourd gumla ala ala fera savi. Beta vulgBeet Beet Chuk- ChakBeet Beet aris root root andar andar L. MomoHagBitter KarKarrdica ala Karla Karela Gourd ela ela charakayi Bottle Gourd Brinjal; Egg plant Broad bean ntia L. Lagenaria lucantha Rusby; lagenaria siceraria Standl. Solanum melongena L. Vicia faba L. Brassica oleracea L. var.capitata L. Daucus carota L. Brassica oleracea L. var.cotrytis L. Cyamopsis psoraloides opsis tetragonoloba Taub. Vigna catiang Walp .;vigna sinensis Savi. Lepidium sativum L. Cucumis sotivus L. Phaseolus lun- Sore kayi; halagumbla Dudhuya bhopla Dudhi Lauki Ghia kadu Badanikayi Kadu huruli kayi Vange Vengan Baingan Bengan: bataun Raj manh Mothi bin .. Baakla Cabbage Yele kosu Kobi Kobij Patgobhy Band gobhi Carrot Kempu mulangi Gajar Gajar Gajar Gajjar Cauliflower Hukosu Phul kobi; fulvar Fulkobi ful var Phool Phul gobhy gobhi Cluster bean /Field Vetch Gori kayi Guwar Gavar Gaur Guara Cow pea Alasandi Chavli Chola, choli Lobia Lobia Cress, Garden cress Cucumber Double bean Kurtike Aliv Asalio Pani dhleem Halon Savathe kayi Kakdi Double been Khira, kakadi Double beej Kheera Kheera Wade rawan .. .. Drumstick Elephant Ear edible arum Elephant foot French bean Gar den pea; pea Goose foot Indian bean Knolkhol Lady's finger atus L. Moringa pterigosperma Gaertn., Moringa olifera Lam. Colocasia antiquorum Schott. Amorphophalus campanulatus Blume. Phaseolus vulgaris L. Pisum sativum L. Chennopodium album L. Dolichos lab lab L. Brassica oleracea Var. Caulorapa; Brassica caulorapa Pasq. Hibiscus esculantus; Abelmoschus escul- Nugge kayi Shevga Sekto Sejana .. Kesavina gedde Alu Alvi Akhi dhueya Arvi Suvarna gedde Suran Suran Jimmy Jimikand kand Hur ali kayi Shravan gevda Phanasi Jungali sem Frans bean Batani Matar Vatana Muttar Mattar Huchu chakkota chak wat .. Bathua Bathu Avare Wal Wal Sem Lobhia desi Navilu kosu Nawalkal Nolkol Gaanth gobi Gandh gobi Bende kayi Bhendi Bhida, bhinda Bhindi Bhindi, tori Lettuce Lima bean Little gourd Mountain spinach antus Moench. Lactuca sativa L. Phaseolus limensis Macf. Coccinia indica W.& A.; Coccinia cordifolia Cogn. Atriplex hortensis L. Lettuce Salit, letus Salit Salad Salad .. Double bin Double bin .. Wade rawan Thonde kayi Ton dli Gilodia, Tindora Kundroo Kanouri Chakkotane soppu Chandanbatva .. .. Pahari palak APPENDIX-A List of cultivated field,garden & plantation crops English Botanical Assamese Bengali Oriya Telegu Tamil Malayalam name name Khar buja CucuThai Musk Khaba KarKakkmus Chiral kumbmelon rmuj kas- buja irikaai melo L. alom turi tarabuja VengAllium Peas, ayam; Onion Piyaz Piaj Ulli Ulli cepa L. ulli Erangagam BanSolagalaUrunum Urala Bilati dumzhai Potato TubeAlooguti Alu kizalu pa, kilarosum angu urlagngu L. adda Cucurbita Alugpepo; Bilati adda Pum- cucuKumKukakPoo- Mathseemrbita pkin ura mra haru sani anga agummosc(scas) madi hata Duch. Raphinus MulMulMulRadish satMula Mula Mula langi langi lanki ivus L. CucuRed Boiti TiyyaVellarbita RanMisti Parapumkak- gamrimamaxgalao kumra ngikai pkin haru madi than ima Duch. Luffa Ridge ecuntgourd angula Roxb. Luffa Maegyptica SmoMill., oth Luffa gourd cylindrica Roem. TrichosanSnake thus gourd angoena L. Spinacia Spiolernach asia L. Canavalia ensiformis, Sword Canabean valia galdiata DC. IpoSweet moea batpotatas ato Lam. Lycopersicum Tomescuato lentum Mill. Brassica campestris Turvar. nip rapa L.,B.rapa L. Mucuna cochinchiVenensis; lvet stizolBean obium deeringianum Jika Jhinga Janhi Beera Peer- Peeckankai hanga Bhol Dhundul NetiTarada bera Muzhkuku Chorpee- akka kai Dhunduli Chichinga Chha- Potlachinda kaya PadaPudavalalangai nga Vusavyeley keerai Palang sak Palang Mitha Teegpalaabatnga chali (saga) .. Ramtal urahi Makhan shim TammMahatikarada aya Vella tham- Vallbatt- aringe ankai Mitha aloo Mishti alu ChailKandagadaamula dumpa CheSeeni eni kilakizangu ngu Bilahi Bilati baiBilati gan begun bapatala ghant Tomato; RamamThak- Thakulaka;Seema kali kali vankaya Salgom Shalgam Salgum Turnip .. Seema mullanki Makhan Urahi Taru kala VeNugu lvet chiksimba kudu .. .. Water Melon Yam .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Brot. Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. Dioscorea bulbifera L.:Dioscorea alata L. Amaranthus paniculatus L. Momordica dioica Roxb. Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. Cucumis melo L.var utilissimus Duthie et Fuller. Amaranthus polygamus L. Rumex vesicarius L. Portulaca oleracea L. Amaranthus tricolor L. Amaranthus blitum L.var. olera- Tarmuj Tarmuj Putcha or Tarukalinbhuja garakaya Tharbuza Palam Panna Thannir mathan Kathalu Chupri Alu Desi ba khamba alu Pendalam Kizhangu Kaonil .. Natey shag Ek Pedda partotakar kura khada MalaKuppa ikkeecheera rai .. Kankrol Kankada Agakarakaya Palupaakai .. .. Patal Potala Panatapotla Kombu pud- .. alai .. Kakri (ret Bangi; Karbasaphuti buja pua kakudi) Kakkiri kai .. .. ChaDengo mpa denta leutia Tak palang Nunia shag Doggalikura .. Khata Chupala- kka nga kura Kulpha saga Pavila .. Kaattu siru Keerai Sukkaan keerai Pasalai keerai Cheera .. Pasali keera .. Lal shag Lal ErraKhada totaBa Lal kura saga .. Cheera .. KosShada ala natey saga .. .. .. .. cea Hooker. Amarthus oleraceus; Amaranthus blitum L. .. Ban natey Leutia Totakura Aarumaatha .. thandu APPENDIX-A List of cultivated field,garden & plantation crops English Botanical Kannada Marathi Gujarati Hindi Punjabi name name CucuMusk KekkSakkar Khar- Kharmus Kharbuj melon arike teti booja buza melo L. Allium Dungli, Ganda; Onion Eerulli Kanda Piaz cepa L. kando payaz Solanum Alu Aloo, TubePotato Batata Aaloo Alu gedde batata rosum L. Cucurbita pepo; cucuPumKumKashi Sita- Halwa Kohla rbita pkin bala kayi bhopla phal kaddu moschata Duch. Raphinus MulsatRadish Mula Mulo Mooli Muli langi ivus L. CucuBhura Walrbita Red TamSeegukohla, aiti maxpumbda .. mbala Sakar halwa ima pkin bhopla kohla kaddu Duch. Luffa ecuntRidge Heere KalDodka Turia Tori angula gourd kayi itori Roxb. Luffa Maegyptica ThuGhoSmoMill., ppa sale, Kali Ghioth Galka Luffa heere ghiya tori atori gourd cylinkayi turai drica Roem. TrichosanPadaChacthus Snake PadPanChavala hinda anggourd aval dola chera kayi karul oena L. SpinSpiSpiPalPalPaa- Paaacia nach nak ak ak lak lak Sword bean Sweet potato Tomato Turnip Velvet Bean olerasia L. Canavalia ensiformis, Canavalia galdiata DC. Ipomoea batatas Lam. Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. Brassica campestris var. rapa L.,B.rapa L. Mucuna cochinchinensis; stizolobium deeringianum Brot. Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. Dioscorea bulbifera L.:Dioscorea alata L. Amarant- soppu Thmate balli Abai; ghevda Abva; abo .. Bean Genasu Ratalu Shakaria Shak- Shakarkarkandi andi Tomato Welwangi; tambati Vilaiti wagan; Tameta Tamatter Tamatar Turnip Salgam Salgham saljam Gonglu; Shalgam; thippar Anipe balli Khajori Kavachan Khamch Makor hmali Tohar sem sem Water Melon Kallangadi Kalingad Tarbuz Tarbooj Tarbuz Yam Kunti genasu Goradu Goradu;Ratalu Rattaloo Ratalu .. Khire soppu Rajgira Rajagaro .. Chulai .. hus paniculatus L. Momordica dioica Roxb. Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. Cucumis melo L.var utilissimus Duthie et Fuller. Amaranthus polygamus L. Rumex vesicarius L. Portulaca oleracea L. Amaranthus tricolor L. Amaranthus blitum L.var. oleracea Hooker. Amarthus oleraceus; Amaranthus blitum L. Kartoli Kantola .. .. .. .. Kadu padalayala Parwar Parwar .. Parmal .. Kekkarike Tarkakad .. .. Phut .. Chikkere soppu Cha-vlai Cholai, Tandaljo Chaulaie Chulai .. Sukke soppu Dodda goni soppu Chuka .. .. .. .. Ghol Ghol Kulfa Kulfa .. .. Math .. .. Chulai .. .. Pokla; tambda math Tandaljo .. Chulai .. .. Tandulja Tandalja .. Chula English APPENDIX-A List of cultivated field,garden & plantation crops Botan- AssaBengali Oriya Telegu Tamil Mala- name ical mese name IX.Fruit Crops PyrApple usma- .. lus L. Prunus Apricot2 armeni- Apricot aca L. Persea gratissima; Avocado Persea Avacado americana Mill. Musa Banana paradi- Kol siaca L. Artocarpus incisa; Bread ArtoRootiFruit carpus phool altilis Fosb. Annona Bullock's reticu- Ramphal heart lata L. Physalis Cape Kopalperuvgooseberry phutiya iana L. Anacardium Cashew Kaju occidentale L. Prunus Cherry Cherry avium L. Citrus Citron medica Jamir L. Annona Custard squaSetaphal Apple mosa L. Phoenix Date palm Khajur dactylifera L. Ficus Fig Dimoru carica L. Citrus Grape Grape fruit paradisi fruit Masf. Vitis GrapeviniAngur vine fera L. Pisdium Guava guajMadhuri ava L. ArtoJack fruit carpus Kothal integri- yalam Apel Seo Apple or sabe Apricot Apple Apple Khubani Apricot Aaprikot .. .. AanaiAvacado Avakado koyyas palam .. Paka kala Kadali Arati Vazhaipazam vazha .. Bread fruit Seema panasa Chakkaipala; Kari pala Seema plavu Nona Ram fala Ramaphalam Nelausiri Raamseeta Malamuthri Tepari Tiparp .. .. Kasu mavu Kaju badam Lanka amba Cherri Jeedimamidi Cherri Madiphalam Seethapalam Mundiri .. .. Naarthan Kaai Seethapalam Pereecham pazham .. Narakom Seetha pazhom Eantha pana Bara lebu Sitrim Ata Sita fala Khejur Anjir dumur Khajuri Kharjura Dimbiri Anjura Ath pazham .. .. Angur .. Angur China Pamparabombili panasa mass Draksha .. Kodimundri Munthiri Peyara Pijuli Jama Koyya Pera Kanthal Panasa Panasa Pala Plavu Jujube Lemon Lime acid lime sour lime Litchi Loquat Mango Mangosteen Mulberry Papaya Peach Pear Persimon Pineapple folia L.; Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Zizyphus jujuba L.; ZizyBagari phus mauritiana Lam. Citrus limonia ozbeck; Nemu Citru- tenga slimon Burm.f. Citrus auranKagzi tifolia Swingle. Litchi chineLitchu nsis Sonn. Eriobotrya Lataku Japonica Lindl. Mangifera Am indica L. Garcinia Mangomangossteen tana L. Morus Nuni alba L. Carica papaya Amita L. Prunus Narapersica bogori Batsch. Pyrus commu- Naspoti nus L. Diospyros virginiana; Persimon Diospyros kaki L.f Ananas sativa Schutt.; MatikAnanas athal cumosus Merr. Kul;Boroi Bara koli Regu Tlandhar Elantha Pati-Gora Lembu lebu Peddanimma .. Naranga Kagzi lebu Kagji Lumbu Nimma Elummichai Naranga Litchu Litchu Lichi .. .. Loket phal Lokat Lakota Lakkotta Palam .. Am Amba Not known Tutu koli Ambrut bhanda Mamidi Mangosteen Buntapallu Boppayi (badananaba) Peech Mangai Mungostaan; salambuli Mulberi Pappali Mavu Bilati gab Toot Peypey .. .. Pappakka Pich .. Naspati .. .. .. Nashpati Beripallu Berikai .. Parmimon .. .. .. Anarash Sapuri, Saphrd, panasa Anasa Annasi palam Kaitha chakka Prunus All Ahom Alubo Alubo Alubokadomespakodda bugori khra khara rapallu tica L. pazham Punica MaathuPomegrgrana- Dalim Dalim Dalimba Danimma zham anate tum L. Pazham Rubus lasioRasberry carpus; Jatulipaka .. Raspherry Raspberry .. Rubus idaus L. Citrus limon Rough Osbeck; Dabba or Jara tenga .. Jambiri .. lemon Citrus karnakaya limon Burm.f Sapota Achras Sapota; Sapodilla zapota Sopata Sabeta Sopeta Sapota seemai plum L. ellupai Citrus decomana Murr., Shaddock Citrus Rabab Pampara- Bombili Batabilebu Batapi Pomelo maxima tenga panasa mass Merril.; Citrus grandis Osbeck. Santra Citrus Kamla; Orange, reticKamla Kamala- Koorg Kamala Santra mandarin ulata lebu phalamu kudagu orange Blanco. orange Fragaria Strawberry Garukhis .. Strawberry .. .. vesca L. Citrus aurantifolia Sarbatika Sweet Swingle; Mitha ElummiSarbatilebu mitha Nimma lime Citrus nemu chchai embu limetioides Tanaka. Sweet Mitha orange Citrus Malta; Sathukamala, Malta sinensis mozam- Mosambi Battayi gudi; Mhata Mozam- Osbeck. bique cheeni kamala bique Plum .. Mathalam .. .. Sapota Pamblimas Arangu .. .. Madhura naranga APPENDIX-A List of cultivated field,garden & plantation crops English Botanical Kannada Marathi Gujarati Hindi Punjabi name name IX.Fruit Crops Seo; Apple Pyrusmalus L. Apple Safarjan Seb .. Seb Apricot2 vPrunus armeniaca L. Persea gratissima; .. Seeme mavu Aprikot Akhrot Khobani Khurmani Avocado Avocado .. Avocado Avocado Banana Bread Fruit Bullock's heart Cape gooseberry Cashew Cherry Citron Custard Apple Date palm Fig Grape fruit Grape vine Guava Jack fruit Jujube Lemon Persea americana Mill. Musa paradisiaca L. Artocarpus incisa; Artocarpus altilis Fosb. Annona reticulata L. Physalis peruviana L. Anacardium occidentale L. Prunus avium L. Citrus medica L. Annona squamosa L. Phoenix dactylifera L. Ficus carica L. Citrus paradisi Masf. Vitis vinifera L. Pisdium guajava L. Artocarpus integrifolia L.; Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Zizyphus jujuba L.; Zizyphus mauritiana Lam. Citrus Bale Kele Kela Kela Kela seeme halasu .. .. Khadel .. Ramaphala Dodda bedde gida Ramphal Ramphal Ramphal Ramphal Phopti .. Rashbhari Rashbary Godambi Kaju Kaju Kaju Khaja .. Madala Seetaphala Kharjura .. Mahlung .. Cherry Glass Mokari Sharifa Mahlung; Gulgul Bijoru Sitaphal Sitaphal Sharifa Shinde Khajuri Khajoor Khajur Anjir Anjeer Grape fruit Anjeer Grape phal Angur bel .. .. .. Grape fruit .. Drakshi Sebe Draksha Darakh Peru Angoor Jamphal Amrood Amrud Halasu Phanas Phanas Kathal .. Yelachi Bor Bor Ber Ber Herale Limboo Limbu Bara Walaiti limonia ozbeck; Citruslimon Burm.f. Lime, acid lime, sour lime Litchi Citrus aurantifolia Swingle. Litchi chinensis Sonn. Eriobotrya Japonica Lindl. Mangifera indica L. Garcinia mangostana L. Morus alba L. Carica papaya L. Prunus persica Batsch.,/font> Pyrus communus L. Diospyros virginiana; Diospyros kaki L.f Ananas sativa Schutt.; Ananas cumosus Merr. Prunus domestica L. Punica granatum L. Rubus lasiocarpus; Rubus idaus L. Citrus limon Osbeck; Citrus limon Burm.f Kagdi limboo nemboo nimbu Kittale Limboo, Kagzi Khata Nimbu nemboo limbu Lichi Lichi Lichi Leechi Lichee Loquat Lakkote hannu Mavu Mangostin Hippali nerele Parangi hannu Pichis hanu Pear hanu .. Amba .. Keri Lokat Lokat Mango Mangosteen Mulberry Papaya Peach Aam Mangasteen Raitun Papita Aaroo Naas paati Amb10 .. Shetur; tuti Papai Pich .. Shetur Popya .. Shah toot Papita Aru Nakh, Nashpati .. .. Pear Pear Persimon .. .. .. Kaki Japanivhondo phal Pineapple Ananas Ananas Anenas Ananas Ananas Plum Pomegranate Albakora hannu Dalimbre .. .. Aaloo Alucha bukhara Anar Anar Dalimb Dadam Rasberry Gomullu Gauriphal .. Raspberry Rasbhary Rough lemon Gajaa nimbi Jamburi, edlimbu .. Nemboo Jatti khatti Sapota, Sapodilla plum Achras zapota L. Sapota Sapota hannu Chiku Chiku Cheeku Shaddock, Pomelo Santra Orange, mandarin orange Strawberry Sweet lime Citrus decomana Murr., ChakCitrus kotha; maxima kanchi Merril.; hannu Citrus grandis Osbeck. Citrus retic.. ulata Blanco. StrawFragariavesca berry L. hannu Citrus aurantifolia Swingle; Kittale Citrus limetioides Tanaka. Citrus sinensis Osbeck. Papanas Papanas Chakotra Chakotra Santra Santra, narangi Santra Santra .. .. Strawberry Strawberry Shakkar Mitha limbu limboo Meetha Mitha nemboo Sweet orange, Malta, Mozambique Sathkudi Mosambi Mosambi Malta Malta mausmee APPENDIX-A List of cultivated field,garden & plantation crops English Botanical Assam Malay Bengali Oriya Telegu Tamil name name ese alam X.Condiments & spices Pimpi Anise nella anisum L. Amomum Aromatic aroma cardamom ticum Roxb. Betel Piper vine betle L. Carum coptimum, Trach Bishop yspe 's weed rmum ammi Sprague Brassica Black nigra mustard Kotch. Black Piper pepper nigrum L. Elet Card taria amom carda Jira Mouri Pana Sopu mahuri Shompu .. Karpur Moranga Alaicha .. elach Pan Pan Tamal apaku .. Vett ilai Elam Vett ila kodi Pan .. Jowan Anjuan Vamu Omum .. Kala sariah Jaluk Elachi Banarasi Rai rayi Nalla avalu Siruk adugu Milagu Ealakai Kaduku Kuru mulakku Elam Gol Golm Miri marich arich yalu Chota elach Guju rati Yelek kayalu momum Maton. Capsicum frute Chilli scens L. Corian Coria drum nder sativum L. Cumminum Cummin cyminum L. Anethum Dill graveolens seed L. Foeni culum Fenyll vulgare Miller Trigon ella Fenugreek foenumgr aecum L. Allium Garlic sativum L. Zingiber offici Ginger nale Rosc. Indian Brassica mustard juncea ,mustard Coss. Amomum Large subulatum cardamom Roxb. Piper Long longum pepper L. Mentha Mint piperita L. Myristica laurif olia Nutmeg ;myri stica fragrans Houtt. Curcuma longa; Turmeric curcuma domestica Val. Brassica alba; White baras Mustard sica hirta Moench. Jalakiya Lanka Mirap Lanka ,Marich akaya Milakai Mulaku Dhania Dhaniya Dhania Dhaniyalu, Kothamalli Kothamalli kothimera Jeela akarra Seema sopu Seera gam Sadha kuppai Jeer akom Jani Jira Jira .. Shulpha Juani .. .. Pan mouri Panma Seema Perung huri jeelakarra eeragam .. .. Methi Methi Menti Venda yam Poodu ;Vella poodu Ingi Venth ayom Velut hulli Nohoyu Rashun Rasun Vell ulli Ada Ada Ada Allam Inchi Sariah Rai sarisha Rai Avalu Kadugu Periya elakkaai Thipp ili Puthin aa Kadukku Kattu elam Thippili Dangar Bara elasi elach Pipoli Pipul Badaa Pedda laicha elakulu Pippali Pippa llu Padina Pudina Podana Pudina .. Jaiphal Jaiphal, Jaiphal Jajikaya Jaitri Jaath ikaai Jathi Halodhi Halud, Haldi Haldi Pasupu Manjal Manjal Baga sariah Swet rai .. Tella avalu .. Kaduku APPENDIX-A List of cultivated field,garden & plantation crops English Botanical Kannada Marathi Gujarati Hindi Punjabi name name X.Condiments & spices Pimpinella Kadu Anise .. .. anisum L. oma Amomum Aromatic aromaticum Elayachi Elachi .. cardamom Roxb. Betel Piper Veelyada Nagvel Pan vine betle L. yele Carum coptimum, Oma, Bishop's Trachys Owa, omakki Ajmo weed permum Ajwan veledele ammi Sprague Brassica Black Kare Kali Kali nigra mustard sasave mohri rai Kotch. Piper Black Kare nigrum Miri Mari pepper minasu L. Elettaria carda Elaichi Cardamom Yalakki Veldode momum ,elchi Maton. Capsicum frute Menasena Chilli Mirchi Marcha scens kayi L. Coriandrum Kothimbir Kothmir Coriander sativum Kottambri ,dhane ,dhana L. Cumminum Cummin Jeerrige Jire Jiru cyminum L. Anethum Dill Sowa, graveolens Suwa .. seed balanshep L. Foeni culum Dodda Fenyll Badishep Variali vulgare sompu Miller Trigonella foenu Fenugreek Menthya Methi Methi mgrae cum L. Allium Garlic sativum Bellulli Lasun Lasan L. Zingiber Shunti Ginger officinale Ale Adn ,Alla Rosc. Indian Brassica mustard juncea Sasive Mohri Rai ,mustard Coss. Large Amomum subulatum Dodda Mothi Mothi cardamom Roxb. yalakki elachi elchi Piper Long longum Hippali >Pippali Pipar pepper L. .. Choti ilaichy Paan .. Khush boodar illaichi Pan Ajwan .. Kali sarson Kali mirich Bana rasi rayee Kali mirch Elachi Illaichi Lalmirich Lal mirch Dhaniya Dhania Jeera Soya Jira Soye Sonf Snot Maythi Methi Lehsoon Thom; Lassan Adrak Adrakh Rail Bari ilaichy Mirch Rayee Wadi illaichi .. Mentha piperita L. Myristica lauri folia Nutmeg ;myristica fragrans Houtt. Curcuma longa Turmeric ;curcuma domestica Val. Brassica alba White ;bar Mustard assica hirta Moench. Mint Pudina Pudina Phudno Pudeena Poodana, Pudina Jayikayi Jaiphal Jaiphal Jaiphal Jaiphal Arisina Halad Haldar Haldi Hald, haldi, assar Bele sasive Pandhri Mohri Dholi rai Banarasi Chitti raie saronh APPENDIX-A List of cultivated field,garden & plantation crops Botani English Assa Beng Malay cal Oriya Telegu Tamil name mese ali alam name XI.Drugs,Dyes &Narcotics Indian Hemp Indigo Connabis sativa L. Indig ofera tinc toria L. Papaver somni ferum L. Chrysa nthemum sinerar iaefolium Bocc. Bhang Ganja Ganjai Gan jayi Neeli Gan jaa Neel um Kanc havu Neela amari Poppy Nil Neel Posta ,afing Neel Poppy Aphu Gasag Appham asalu Abini Paretram Sentho orakam Pyret hrum .. Kusum .. Kusama .. Saff lower ,wild Saffron Toba cco Carth amus tinct orius L. Kusum Tamac Uanp atra Pogaku Puga yilai .. Nico tiana tab acum L. Plant Blonde ago psyllium ovata Forsk. Laws onia alba Indian Lan. Privet Lawsonia vinermis L. Areca Palm Cacao Dhopat Isho pgu Ishap hgo Ispla gula .. Pukay ila .. Mehedi Juati Gor anta Maru thaani .. Jatuka Marut honni XII. Plantation Crops Areca Tamol Supari Gua catechu L. Theo Koko Koko Coco Poka Coco Kamuhu Kavu ;Pakku ngu Koko Koko broma Cacao L. Cincho Cinch na offi ona cinalis L. Cocos Coconut nucif era L. Coffea Coffee arabica L. Hevea grazil iensis Para hevea Rubber brasi liensis Mull-arg. Camellia thea Camell Tea ia sine nsis O.Ktze. maran Cinc hona Nari kol Sink ona Nari kel Cinc ona Nadia hinc hona Then gu Coffee Quina Kob bera Coffee Koina Then nai Kappi Coffee Kafi Kofi Rubber Rabar Rubber Rubb ara Rubbar Rubber Chah Cha Cha They aku They ilai They ila APPENDIX-A List of cultivated field,garden & plantation crops Botani English Kann Guja Pun cal Marathi Hindi name ada rati jabi name XI. Drugs,Dyes Narcotics Connabis Bhang Indian sativa Ganja gida Bhang Bhang Bhang ,Ganja Hemp L. ,Charas Indig Olle Nila Gali Indigo ofera tinc Neel Neel neeli ,guli ;nil toria L. Papaver Gasa Khas Khask Poppy somni Pista Post gase khas,afi hasafim ferum L. Chrysa nthemum Pyret Pyrit Pyret sinerar .. .. .. hrum hrum hrum iaefolium Bocc. Saff lower ,wild Saffron Toba cco Carth amus tinct orius L. Kusume Kardai Kosambi Kusum Jangli Kesar Nico tiana tab acum L. Plant Blonde ago psyllium ovata Forsk. Laws onia Indian alba Privet Lan. Lawsonia vinermis Hoge soppu Tamba ku Tamaku Tamb aku Tamaku ambaku Isa mgolu Isa bgola Isap ghol .. Ispgol Goranti Meh andi Mendi Meh andi Meh vndi L. XII.Plantation Crops Areca Areca Adike Palm catechu L. Theo Cacao broma Koko Cacao L. Cincho Cinch na offi Kuinin ona cinalis L. Cocos Then Coconut nucif gina era L. kayi Coffea Coffee arabica Kafi L. Hevea grazil iensis Para hevea Rabbaru Rubber brasi liensis Mull-arg. Camellia thea Camell Tea Tea ia sine nsis O.Ktze. Supari Koko Sopari Koka Kwi nine Nali eri Kafi Kattha Koko Kahva Qui niue Nari al Coffee Supari Koko Sin kona Naryal narel Kofi Koynel Naral Kafi Rabar Rabbar Rubber .. Chaha Chah Chaie Chah Sericulture, or silk farming, is the rearing of silkworms for the production of raw silk. Although there are several commercial species of silkworms, Bombyx mori is the most widely used and intensively studied. According to Confucian texts, the discovery of silk production from B. mori about 2700 BC, although archaeological records point to silk cultivation as early as the Yangshao period (5000 - 10,000 BC)[1]. Later it was introduced in Europe, the Mediterranean and other Asiatic countries. Sericulture has become one of the most important cottage industries in a number of countries like China, Republic of Korea, Japan, India, Brazil, Russia, Italy and France. Today, China and Japan are the two main producers, together manufacturing more than 50% of the world production each year. Production Silkworm larvae are fed cut-up mulberry leaves, and, after the fourth molt, climb a twig placed near them and spin their silken cocoons. The silk is a continuous-filament fiber consisting of fibroin protein, secreted from two salivary glands in the head of each larva, and a gum called sericin, which cements the two filaments together. The sericin is removed by placing the cocoons in hot water, which frees silk filaments and readies them for reeling. The immersion in hot water also kills the silkworm larvae. Single filaments are combined to form yarn. This yarn is drawn under tension through several guides and wound onto reels. Finally, the yarn is dried, and the now raw silk is packed according to quality. Stages of production The stages of production are as follows: 1. The silk moth lays eggs. 2. When the eggs hatch, the caterpillars are fed mulberry leaves. 3. When the silkworms are about 25 days old, they are 10,000 times heavier than when they hatched. They are now ready to spin a silk cocoon. 4. The silk is produced in two glands in the silkworm's head and then forced out in liquid form through openings called spinnerets. 5. The silk solidifies when it comes in contact with the air. 6. The silkworm spins approximately 1 mile of filament and completely encloses itself in a cocoon in about two or three days but due to quality restrictions, the amount of usable silk in each cocoon is small. As a result, 5500 silkworms are required to produce 1 kg of silk. 7. The silkworm then metamorphoses and changes into a moth; however, the silkworm is usually killed with heat before it reaches this stage. The silkworms are killed, because once they reach the moth stage, the moth secretes a fluid to dissolve the silk so it can emerge from the cocoon. This damages the cocoon and the silk then becomes a lower quality. Some silkworms are allowed to live to be used for breeding. 8. The silk is obtained from the undamaged cocoons by brushing the cocoon to find the outside ends of the filament. 9. The silk filaments are then wound on a reel. One cocoon contains approximately 1,000 yards of silk filament. The silk at this stage is known as raw silk. Just one thread consists of 48 individual silk filaments. This could lead to at least 4000 yards in a whole cocoon. 10. A yarn can now be formed by combining several threads of silk. THE MULBERRY TREE AND ITS SILKWORM CONNECTION Common names: There are several species of Mulberry trees in the United States, most of which are very similar in appearance. Their common names often reflect their fruit color or area of origin. Examples: White Mulberry (and a variety of this species, the Russian Mulberry), Black Mulberry, Red or American Mulberry Scientific Names: Morus alba - White Mulberry Morus alba tatarica - Russian Mulberry Morus nigra - Black Mulberry Morus rubra - Red or American Mulberry Explanation of scientific names: Morus alba - the classical name for the Mulberry - white tatarica - for Tatary. Historically this was a vast region of Central and Western Siberia and Southern Russia, invaded and inhabited by Tatar tribes. nigra rubra - black - red Mulberry trees are not held in high regard among landscapers and homeowners in our area. Small and short-lived, with a tendency to drop a multitude of soft, ripe fruits that stain everything beneath them, they are rarely chosen as landscape subjects. The taste of the fruits is not appreciated by most people, but the fruits are occasionally made into jams and jellies or fermented to make something a bit stronger. Wildlife ranging from birds to deer, however, find the fruit most attractive and they frequent the trees in the summer to consume the bountiful crop. These animals eventually disperse the seeds far and wide, with the resulting Mulberry seedlings becoming deep rooted and difficult to remove weeds in cultivated areas. A Weeping White Mulberry growing on the Union County College campus in Cranford, NJ. Where did all these Mulberry species come from? Some, like the Red Mulberry, are native Americans. Most species, however, were brought here to support a silk industry. There is an intimate connection between the Mulberry and the silkworm. This insect, the foundation of an industry that dates back over 4000 years to China, eats only one thing - the Mulberry and especially the White Mulberry. The silkworm’s or Mulberry moth’s scientific name, Bombyx mori reflects this close relationship with mori being derived from Morus. Silkworm larvae feasting on Mulberry leaves. Adult Silkworm with recently laid eggs. Silkworm cocoons. Note the hole in one of them, through which an adult emerged. The silkworm has a relatively short life cycle, and if kept at 75oF would proceed as follows: Eggs hatch and yield 1/8 inch-long larva that immediately start eating Mulberry leaves. They must be fed constantly since they will not seek food and rarely wander away. Over the next 2 months, they will reach a full size of 2 inches, having molted (shed their “skin” and growing) four times in the process. They then spend 5 days spinning a cocoon. The cocoon is composed of silk that is made in 2 silk glands within the body. The single threads from each gland are formed into a double thread by the silkworm’s mouthparts and spun around the body, totally encasing it. The continuous thread is hundreds of feet in length. Within 5 days of completing the cocoon the larva changes into a pupa and after another 20 – 24 days emerges as a moth. The moth escapes from the cocoon by emitting a liquid that digests away the silk enabling the moth to crawl out. The adult moths have no mouth parts and while they can flutter their wings, they cannot fly. After mating the male dies. Soon after laying her 300 eggs, the female also dies. The domestication of this species for such a long period of time has made it very dependent on humans for survival. In commercial silk operations, the silkworms are killed shortly after the cocoons are formed, since emerging adults would ruin the silk for spinning. Traditionally, the thread is spun off cocoons soaked in hot water. Eight to 12 cocoons spun off together make a sizeable thread. The thread is then dyed and woven into cloth. The remainder of the cocoon, made up of entangled silk not capable of being spun, can be used for a lower quality thread. Why go to so much trouble for cloth? The answer lies in the quality of what is produced. Besides its luxurious texture, silk is 3 times stronger than flax, almost waterproof, not easily soiled, not readily burned, and quite durable in clothing. Limited silkworm raising began in America in the late 1700’s, but it has a longer and more extensive history in China, Japan, Italy, France, and Spain. Several notable scientists have had a hand in the development of the modern silk industry. Luther Burbank, probably the most successful plant breeder of all time, developed a white Mulberry in the early 1900’s with twice as much foliage for Japanese silk growers. Louis Pasteur worked out several techniques for raising disease-free silkworms after diseases ravaged the industry in Europe, and in 1870 published Les Maladies des Vers a Soie. The mulberry-silkworm connection is a fascinating case of one species’ complete dependence on another for its existence and an interesting example of mankind’s exploitation of the arrangement. Silkworms in a shoebox Rearing silkworms in the classroom or at home There are about a million known species of insects, and entomologists estimate that many millions more have not yet been identified, but of all these species, only one has been domesticated by man: Bombyx mori, the silk moth. After nearly 5,000 years of selective breeding, silk moths have lost the ability to fly and cannot survive without humans. Many of us wouldn't survive without the moths either -many, many people around the world depend on the silk moth for their livelihood, from peasant farmers who grow the mulberry leaves the silkworms eat and poor rural women who rear the moths and produce the precious cocoons, to the fashion boutiques in the world capitals that sell the luxury silk garments and fabrics. A hundred years ago the silk moth brought hundreds of thousands of peasant women in south China a new freedom they'd never had before when a world silk boom swelled demand, bringing prosperity to the women who raised the worms and spun the silk in their homes, and job opportunities for women workers in new local silk factories. (See Sisters of silk -- Hong Kong's Chinese Amahs.) A woman silk worker could earn enough to support a family of five. Today silkworm raising is bringing independence to peasant women in Cambodia via the efforts of the Khemara NGO, the "voice of women in Cambodia", which has revived traditional Cambodian silk growing, weaving and dyeing in its work to empower women at the grass-roots level. Khemara's rural development program: this Cambodian village loom weaves silk for home use By the time a silkworm starts weaving its cocoon it weighs 10,000 times more than when it hatched from its egg as a tiny creature less than two millimetres long, all from eating mulberry leaves. Any other insect that attacked such a useful, multi-purpose plant as a mulberry like that would be a farmer's deadly enemy, the target of poison sprays and biological controls like killer wasps or bacterial diseases. But we treasure the silk moth, and it rewards us well -today's silk industry is worth about $2 billion a year worldwide. Annual world production is estimated at about 100,000 tons -- more than 600 billion cocoons. A single cocoon contains anything between 0.5 and 1.5 kilometres of thread. The Chinese discovered the secret of silk about 2640 BC, and kept it a secret -- for nearly 3,000 years all silk came from China. But the secret escaped when sericulture spread to India in the 2nd century AD, and to Japan a few centuries later. In the 6th century AD two Persian monks visited China and smuggled a few silk moths back to the West hidden in bamboo canes. These were the basis of the European silk industry for the next 1,400 years. Today Italy is the major European silk producer -- the French industry never recovered from a plague in the 19th century which wiped out the worms. About 70% of world production still comes from China, and another 12% from India, with Japan, Russia, Vietnam and Brazil accounting for most of the balance. India produces several different kinds of silk, not all of them from the silk moth. These are "Wild Silks" such as Tussar, feeding on oak leaves, Eri on the castor-oil plant leaves and Muga on polyanthus leaves. Each of these produces different kinds of yarns. See About Silk from J.J. Exporters Ltd for more information. Natural and "wild" silk from India Wild African silkmoths are being domesticated to generate valuable income for African farmers. Asian countries are no longer producing enough raw silk to satisfy demand but African farmers could reap the benefits of this market opportunity by supplementing their income with silk production, or sericulture. ICIPE (International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology), based in Nairobi, is providing farmers in Kenya and Uganda with the opportunity to produce valuable tussar silk from indigenous African silkmoths. The moths feed on Acacia trees rather than mulberries. http://www.new-agri.co.uk/99-3/focuson/focuson7.html Related projects Sisters of silk -- Hong Kong's Chinese Amahs Mulberry trees Kids' crazes Resources The Khemara NGO initiated the Cambodian Women's movement and supports women's empowerment in Cambodia. Read how the group is reviving Cambodian silk growing and weaving, and traditional natural dyeing methods. Well illustrated: from mulberry to silk worm, harvesting the silk, Cambodian Ikat dyeing, the loom for the weaving, Ikat weaving. http://www.cambodia.org/clubs/ khemara/cover.htm Silk moths at a Khemara village project Silkworm Raisers' Customs -- a description of traditional cottage craft silk raising in Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces in China. Legends, folklore, taboos. "When a couple get married, the girl's parents will send the couple two young mulberries, two round shallow baskets of silkworms and silk clothes and bedding as a dowry. They hope that the bride will bring brisk business." http://www.chinavista.com/experience/silkworm/silkworm.html Information for K-12 teachers about raising silkworms in their classrooms. Comprehensive resource: teacher resources, eggs and equipment, raising silkworms, history, schedule, display case, silk thread and cloth, science questions. Entire website can be downloaded as text (1.7 MB) and printed out. Overview of the silkworm cycle with pictures, extensive links to more silkworms sites on the Internet. Microsoft Word document: http://www.suekayton.com/Silkworms/Silkworms.doc Silkworm Rearing -- Center for Insect Science Education Outreach at the University of Arizona. Lesson plans, information sheets, rearing sheets, bibliography. http://insected.arizona.edu/silkrear.htm Rearing The Domestic Silk Moth -- Sericulum provides full instructions and supplies for schools, includes the company's Silkworm Cocoon Discovery Kit with cocoons, equipment and study guide; eggs, specimen moths, anatomical diagrams, literature. http://www.sericulum.com/ Mulberry Farms in California supplies silkworms and silkworm supplies -- live silkworms, silkworm eggs, baby silkworms, preserved How-to book from mulberry feed for raising silkworms all year long. They also supply Sericulum silkworms as food for pet reptiles. Email info@mulberryfarms.com http://www.mulberryfarms.com/ Substances in Mulberry Leaves which attract Silkworm Larvæ (Bombyx mori) TADAO WATANABE Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. April 23. ALTHOUGH the larvæ of silkworms eat a few kinds of leaves other than mulberry leaves, for example, fig and lettuce, these do not support normal growth. Proteins and carbohydrates are necessary food substances, but are incapable of acting as attractants, since they are odourless. Experiments showed that mulberry leaves placed within 3–4 cm. of silkworm larvæ did attract them. An investigation was carried out on thirty-eight species of leaves as to the chemotaxis of silkworm larvæ1. It was found that substances which attract silkworm larvæ exist widely in green plants, but that the degree of attractivity differs. The leaves of soya bean, mulberry and tea had the strongest attractivity, but the silkworm larvæ gathered around them without eating them. On the other hand, silkworms exhibited a weak chemotaxis to the leaves of fig and lettuce, but ate them when hungry. SILKWORM MOTHS Silk is a natural fiber of exceptional strength, texture, and luster. When silk fibers are spun into thread and woven into fabrics, the result is an exquisite commodity. Silk was first made in China, and for centuries the methods of production were cloaked in secrecy, so valuable was the technology to those who controlled the art and industry of silk making. Eventually, however, the secret and the organisms escaped the control of the Chinese, and thriving silk industries were established in Japan, Arabia, and Spain. Even today, with the vast array of synthetic fibers that rival silk in many ways, the demand for the real thing is still high. Although the larvae of most moths and butterflies produce silk, that produced by Bombyx mori is the silk of commercial importance. The silkworm moth lived in nature 4500 years ago when the Chinese silk industry was in its infancy, but as years passed, the insect became so domesticated that it can no longer fend for itself in the wild. It can no longer fly, move more than a few centimeters to find its food, or defend itself against predators. As the silkworm prepares to pupate, it spins a protective cocoon. About the size and color of a cotton ball, the cocoon is constructed from one continuous strand of silk, perhaps 1.5 km long (nearly a mile). If the silkworm were allowed to mature and break through the cocoon, the silk would be rendered useless for commercial purposes. So the encased insect is plunged into boiling water to kill the inhabitant and dissolve the glue holding the cocoon together. The end of the silk is then located and the cocoon unwound onto a spindle to be made into thread. Life cycle. A silkworm starts its life as a tiny egg laid by the female moth. The egg is just about this size: . The egg, laid in the summer or early fall, remains dormant until the warmth of spring stimulates it to start developing. When silkworms first hatch in the spring, they are tiny—3 mm or so (about 1/8")—and hairy. They require young tender mulberry leaves during their first few days. As they grow, they can eat tougher leaves, and late in their development they will eat any mulberry leaf you can supply. The larvae advance through five stages of growth, called instars. The silkworm literally outgrows its skin five times, and molts its outgrown skin. With the first molt the silkworm loses its hairy exterior, and for the rest of its larval life its skin is soft and smooth. Silkworms grow rapidly, eventually reaching the size of your ring finger. Then they spin beautiful oval white or yellow cocoons in which they pupate. After 2–3 weeks the creamy-white adult moths emerge from the cocoons. They clamber around, vibrate their wings rapidly, and mate, but they don't fly or attempt to escape from their container. During the adult phase of the life cycle, the silkworm moths do not eat or drink. After mating, the female lays a profusion of eggs, and the moths die. Males and females look slightly different, and students will be able to tell them apart with a little practice. The female has a larger abdomen. The male has a much larger pair of antennae, which look like long rakes or comb-shaped eyebrows, and vibrates its wings rapidly to attract a female. Silkworm Feeding Silkworms eat mulberry leaves; lots of them! But getting leaves in the late fall and winter months is nearly impossible as the trees are deciduous. If you are doing the Silkworm Investigation in the winter, there is an alternative food. With every order of silkworm eggs you will be sent a half-pound of dry silkworm chow. Preparation requires hot tap water and a heat-source such as a microwave oven or stove-top. Water is mixed with the dry powder and then brought to a boil. The resulting mixture is poured onto a sheet of cling wrap, cooled, wrapped, and stored in the refrigerator. When firm, the silkworm chow can be sliced and fed to the hungry larvae. The cooked Silkworm Chow can be stored in the refrigerator for a month or two if kept in an airtight container. Each bag of the dry powder comes with detailed instructions on the back of the package. Make sure your hands are clean when handling the cooked chow as the silkworms are susceptible to bacterial problems if their food is not kept sterile. But remember, if you are raising silkworms in the spring, summer or early fall, fresh leaves are the best food source. Ask the Kindergarten teachers to plant a mulberry tree during their FOSS Tree module and you'll be set! If you are using mulberry leaves, the first 10 days the larvae will need catkins or young tender leaves, but after that the larvae will eat any leaf you can provide. Keep leaves in the refrigerator. Feed the silkworms once or twice a day. Think about the timing of the investigation. The silkworm eggs must hatch when mulberry leaves and catkins (flowering portion of the mulberry tree) are available (see the above section for an alternate feeding possibility if mulberry leaves are not available). If you are not sure when mulberry trees begin budding in your area, ask a colleague or inquire at a nursery. See the background section for the Silkworms Investigation for more specific information.ursery. See the background section for more specific information. Obtain silkworm eggs. Eggs of the silkworm must be obtained from a colleague who worked with silkworms last year, or ordered from a biological supply company (see the Materials folio for more information about obtaining insects). Order 50 eggs. If you purchased eggs from a biological supplier, plan to conduct this part as soon as the eggs arrive, because they will hatch 1–2 weeks after you receive them. What to do when they arrive. Purchased silkworm eggs usually arrive loose in a vial. working on a large piece of white paper, use the little paintbrush to divide the eggs into eight piles, and put one pile into each of eight vials. Cap the vials. Keep them in a warm place out of direct sunlight until you are ready to introduce them to students. Eggs from a colleague may be stuck to paper. If this is the case, cut or tear the paper so that each piece has 10–15 eggs, and put the bits of paper into the vials. Habitat. A shoe box is all that you need to make a silkworm habitat. Choose a place in the room where the silkworms will be warm but not in direct sunlight. Place the shoe box in an open plastic bag, or drape a sheet of plastic over the box. The idea is to reduce evaporation from the leaves a bit without developing a humid environment. If the eggs are scattered all over the box, that is OK, but the larvae should be placed on a leaf. New larvae must be rounded up each day and delivered to a fresh mulberry leaf. Larva. Silkworm larva are delicate at first and should not be handled for the first 2 weeks except with a tiny paintbrush. By the time the larvae are 2 cm (1") long, students can carefully pick up and gently hold them. The larvae seem to survive better if they are kept together in a single culture early in life—later they can be kept in pairs or small groups on students' desks. Plan for spinning. Get a medium-size corrugated cardboard box and a couple of paper egg cartons. Open the egg cartons and attach them to the inside walls of the box. The silkworms will spin in the depressions in the egg cartons. The silkworms must all be in this box for spinning their cocoons. The time for this will be signaled by the first larva that starts to spin, either in your class habitat or, more likely, in one of the group habitats. Prepare for silkworm moths. Once the larvae spin cocoons, they require no further care. The moths will emerge in a couple of weeks and can be handled by students. They do not eat or drink—they mate, lay eggs, and die. Prepare for mating and egg laying. Get a large flat box, or cut a taller one down to about 10 cm (4"). Line the bottom with paper. As the adults emerge, move them to this new box. The moths will stay in the open box. The females will lay eggs on the paper, making them easy to collect. Collect eggs. The eggs will remain viable for a year with minimal care. Seal them in a labeled zip bag and put them in the refrigerator (not the freezer!) as soon as all the moths have died. If you don't refrigerate the eggs, they will still hatch, but over an extended period of time instead of all at once. SILKWORM MOTHS Silk is a natural fiber of exceptional strength, texture, and luster. When silk fibers are spun into thread and woven into fabrics, the result is an exquisite commodity. Silk was first made in China, and for centuries the methods of production were cloaked in secrecy, so valuable was the technology to those who controlled the art and industry of silk making. Eventually, however, the secret and the organisms escaped the control of the Chinese, and thriving silk industries were established in Japan, Arabia, and Spain. Even today, with the vast array of synthetic fibers that rival silk in many ways, the demand for the real thing is still high. Although the larvae of most moths and butterflies produce silk, that produced by Bombyx mori is the silk of commercial importance. The silkworm moth lived in nature 4500 years ago when the Chinese silk industry was in its infancy, but as years passed, the insect became so domesticated that it can no longer fend for itself in the wild. It can no longer fly, move more than a few centimeters to find its food, or defend itself against predators. As the silkworm prepares to pupate, it spins a protective cocoon. About the size and color of a cotton ball, the cocoon is constructed from one continuous strand of silk, perhaps 1.5 km long (nearly a mile). If the silkworm were allowed to mature and break through the cocoon, the silk would be rendered useless for commercial purposes. So the encased insect is plunged into boiling water to kill the inhabitant and dissolve the glue holding the cocoon together. The end of the silk is then located and the cocoon unwound onto a spindle to be made into thread. Life cycle. A silkworm starts its life as a tiny egg laid by the female moth. The egg is just about this size: . The egg, laid in the summer or early fall, remains dormant until the warmth of spring stimulates it to start developing. When silkworms first hatch in the spring, they are tiny—3 mm or so (about 1/8")—and hairy. They require young tender mulberry leaves during their first few days. As they grow, they can eat tougher leaves, and late in their development they will eat any mulberry leaf you can supply. The larvae advance through five stages of growth, called instars. The silkworm literally outgrows its skin five times, and molts its outgrown skin. With the first molt the silkworm loses its hairy exterior, and for the rest of its larval life its skin is soft and smooth. Silkworms grow rapidly, eventually reaching the size of your ring finger. Then they spin beautiful oval white or yellow cocoons in which they pupate. After 2–3 weeks the creamy-white adult moths emerge from the cocoons. They clamber around, vibrate their wings rapidly, and mate, but they don't fly or attempt to escape from their container. During the adult phase of the life cycle, the silkworm moths do not eat or drink. After mating, the female lays a profusion of eggs, and the moths die. Males and females look slightly different, and students will be able to tell them apart with a little practice. The female has a larger abdomen. The male has a much larger pair of antennae, which look like long rakes or comb-shaped eyebrows, and vibrates its wings rapidly to attract a female. Silkworm Feeding Silkworms eat mulberry leaves; lots of them! But getting leaves in the late fall and winter months is nearly impossible as the trees are deciduous. If you are doing the Silkworm Investigation in the winter, there is an alternative food. With every order of silkworm eggs you will be sent a half-pound of dry silkworm chow. Preparation requires hot tap water and a heat-source such as a microwave oven or stove-top. Water is mixed with the dry powder and then brought to a boil. The resulting mixture is poured onto a sheet of cling wrap, cooled, wrapped, and stored in the refrigerator. When firm, the silkworm chow can be sliced and fed to the hungry larvae. The cooked Silkworm Chow can be stored in the refrigerator for a month or two if kept in an airtight container. Each bag of the dry powder comes with detailed instructions on the back of the package. Make sure your hands are clean when handling the cooked chow as the silkworms are susceptible to bacterial problems if their food is not kept sterile. But remember, if you are raising silkworms in the spring, summer or early fall, fresh leaves are the best food source. Ask the Kindergarten teachers to plant a mulberry tree during their FOSS Tree module and you'll be set! If you are using mulberry leaves, the first 10 days the larvae will need catkins or young tender leaves, but after that the larvae will eat any leaf you can provide. Keep leaves in the refrigerator. Feed the silkworms once or twice a day. Think about the timing of the investigation. The silkworm eggs must hatch when mulberry leaves and catkins (flowering portion of the mulberry tree) are available (see the above section for an alternate feeding possibility if mulberry leaves are not available). If you are not sure when mulberry trees begin budding in your area, ask a colleague or inquire at a nursery. See the background section for the Silkworms Investigation for more specific information.ursery. See the background section for more specific information. Obtain silkworm eggs. Eggs of the silkworm must be obtained from a colleague who worked with silkworms last year, or ordered from a biological supply company (see the Materials folio for more information about obtaining insects). Order 50 eggs. If you purchased eggs from a biological supplier, plan to conduct this part as soon as the eggs arrive, because they will hatch 1–2 weeks after you receive them. What to do when they arrive. Purchased silkworm eggs usually arrive loose in a vial. working on a large piece of white paper, use the little paintbrush to divide the eggs into eight piles, and put one pile into each of eight vials. Cap the vials. Keep them in a warm place out of direct sunlight until you are ready to introduce them to students. Eggs from a colleague may be stuck to paper. If this is the case, cut or tear the paper so that each piece has 10–15 eggs, and put the bits of paper into the vials. Habitat. A shoe box is all that you need to make a silkworm habitat. Choose a place in the room where the silkworms will be warm but not in direct sunlight. Place the shoe box in an open plastic bag, or drape a sheet of plastic over the box. The idea is to reduce evaporation from the leaves a bit without developing a humid environment. If the eggs are scattered all over the box, that is OK, but the larvae should be placed on a leaf. New larvae must be rounded up each day and delivered to a fresh mulberry leaf. Larva. Silkworm larva are delicate at first and should not be handled for the first 2 weeks except with a tiny paintbrush. By the time the larvae are 2 cm (1") long, students can carefully pick up and gently hold them. The larvae seem to survive better if they are kept together in a single culture early in life—later they can be kept in pairs or small groups on students' desks. Plan for spinning. Get a medium-size corrugated cardboard box and a couple of paper egg cartons. Open the egg cartons and attach them to the inside walls of the box. The silkworms will spin in the depressions in the egg cartons. The silkworms must all be in this box for spinning their cocoons. The time for this will be signaled by the first larva that starts to spin, either in your class habitat or, more likely, in one of the group habitats. Prepare for silkworm moths. Once the larvae spin cocoons, they require no further care. The moths will emerge in a couple of weeks and can be handled by students. They do not eat or drink—they mate, lay eggs, and die. Prepare for mating and egg laying. Get a large flat box, or cut a taller one down to about 10 cm (4"). Line the bottom with paper. As the adults emerge, move them to this new box. The moths will stay in the open box. The females will lay eggs on the paper, making them easy to collect. Collect eggs. The eggs will remain viable for a year with minimal care. Seal them in a labeled zip bag and put them in the refrigerator (not the freezer!) as soon as all the moths have died. If you don't refrigerate the eggs, they will still hatch, but over an extended period of time instead of all at once. SILK - WHAT? Man is always inquisitive for silk products. SILK - The Queen of Textiles, spells luxury, elegance, class and comfort. Mankind has always loved this shimmering fibre of unparalleled grandeur from the moment Chinese Empress Shiling Ti discovered it in her teacup. It withstood many a daunting challenges from other natural and artificial fibres and yet, remained the undisputed Queen of Textiles since centuries. Exquisite qualities. Like the natural sheen, inherent affinity for dyes and vibrant colours, high absorbance, light weight, resilience and excellent drape etc. have made silk, the irresistible and inevitable companion of the eve, all over the world. Chemically speaking, silk is made of proteins secreted in the fluid state by a caterpillar, popularly known as 'silkworm'. These silkworms feed on the selected food plants and spin cocoons as a 'protective shell' to perpetuate the life. Silkworm has four stages in its life cycle viz., egg, caterpillar, pupa and moth. Man interferes this life cycle at the cocoon stage to obtain the silk, a continuous filament of commercial importance, used in weaving of the dream fabric. SILK - WHY? Silk is a high value but low volume product accounting for only 0.2 % of world's total textile production. Silk production is regarded as an important tool for economic development of a country as it is a labour intensive and high income generating industry that churns out value added products of economic importance. The developing countries rely on it for employment generation, especially in rural sector and also as a means to earn the foreign exchange. SILK - WHERE? Geographically, Asia is the main producer of silk in the world and produces over 90 % of the total global output. Though there are over 40 countries on the world map of silk, bulk of it is produced in China and India, followed by Japan, Brazil and Korea. China is the leading supplier of silk to the world with an annual production of 81880 MT (2000). Out of Which the Mulberry raw silk product is 78080 MT. India is the second largest producer of silk with 17550 MT (2001-02) and also the largest consumer of silk in the world. It has a strong tradition and culture bound domestic market of silk. In India, mulberry silk is produced mainly in the states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Jammu & Kashmir and West Bengal, while the non-mulberry silks are produced in Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, Orissa and north-eastern states. SILK - TYPES There are four major types of silk of commercial importance, obtained from different species of silkworms which in turn feed on a number of food plants. These are: Mulberry Tasar Muga Eri Except mulberry, other varieties of silks are generally termed as nonmulberry silks. India has the unique distinction of producing all these commercial varieties of silk. Mulberry: The bulk of the commercial silk produced in the world comes from this variety and often silk generally refers to mulberry silk. Mulberry silk comes from the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. which solely feeds on the leaves of mulberry plant. These silkworms are completely domesticated and reared indoors. In India, the major mulberry silk producing states are Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Jammu & Kashmir which together accounts for 92 % of country's total mulberry raw silk production. Tasar: Tasar (Tussah) is copperish colour, coarse silk mainly used for furnishings and interiors. It is less lustrous than mulberry silk, but has its own feel and appeal. Tasar silk is generated by the silkworm, Antheraea mylitta which mainly thrive on the food plants Asan and Arjun. The rearings are conducted in nature on the trees in the open. In India, tasar silk is mainly produced in the states of Jharkhand, Chattisgarh and Orissa, besides Maharashtra, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh. Tasar culture is the main stay for many a tribal community in India. Oak Tasar: It is a finer variety of tasar generated by the silkworm, Antheraea proyeli J. in India which feed on natural food plants of oak, found in abundance in the subHimalayan belt of India covering the states of Manipur, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya and Jammu & Kashmir. China is the major producer of oak tasar in the world and this comes from another silkworm which is known as Antheraea pernyi. Eri: Also known as Endi or Errandi, Eri is a multivoltine silk spun from open-ended cocoons, unlike other varieties of silk. Eri silk is the product of the domesticated silkworm, Philosamia ricini that feeds mainly on castor leaves. Ericulture is a household activity practiced mainly for protein rich pupae, a delicacy for the tribal. Resultantly, the eri cocoons are open-mouthed and are spun. The silk is used indigenously for preparation of chaddars (wraps) for own use by these tribals. In India, this culture is practiced mainly in the north-eastern states and Assam. It is also found in Bihar, West Bengal and Orissa. Muga: This golden yellow colour silk is prerogative of India and the pride of Assam state. It is obtained from semi-domesticated multivoltine silkworm, Antheraea assamensis. These silkworms feed on the aromatic leaves of Som and Soalu plants and are reared on trees similar to that of tasar. Muga culture is specific to the state of Assam and an integral part of the tradition and culture of that state. The muga silk, an high value product is used in products like sarees, mekhalas, chaddars, etc. LIFE STAGES 1. Silk worms mating 2. Female moth depositing Eggs 3. Young silkworm eating mulberry leafs 4. Mature Silkworm Nearly Ready to Spin a Cocoon and Pupate 5. Cluster of Silkworm Cocoons 6. Silkworm Cocoons with One Cut Open to View Pupa 7. Silkworm Moth Emerging from Cocoon