Name: ______________________
Ms. Gaccione – US History [Page 1] Chapter 9 Terms/Review
Section 1 1) DeWitt Clinton + Erie Canal – DeWitt Clinton was New York’s governor. The canal went for 363 miles from Albany, New York, to Lake Erie. He celebrated the completion of the Erie Canal by pouring a keg of water into the stream. 2) Specialization – When a farmer grows only a certain type of crop or two crops that they then sell on the market. 3) Market Revolution – The revolution that began the cycle of selling and buying as opposed to producing every good you need. 4) Capitalism – An economic system in which private businesses and people ran the economy. 5) Entrepreneurs – People who invest money in new industries. 6) Charles GoodYear – Inventor of elastic and vulcanization. He was an entrepreneur, but died while being in giant debt. 7) Elias Howe – Inventor of the Sewing machine [1846] 8) I.M. Singer – Improved the sewing machine by adding the foot treadle. 9) Samuel Morse and the Telegraph – Samuel Morse invented the telegraph, the first means of instant electronic communication. This was developed into the internet as we know it over the years. 10) Robert Fulton and “The Clermont” – Fulton invented the steamboat, a valuable addition to the transportation/trading industry. 11) Growth of Canals – Allowed new routes for trade/transportation. 12) Growth of Railroads – Safe, reliable, available, and fast. Operates in winter. 13) National Road – From Maryland to Illinois, opened up the routes for Western travel. 14) John Deere – invented the Steel Plow, which enabled farmers to use horses instead of ox. 15) Cyrus McCormick – invented the mechanical reaper, which made one farmer as efficient as five. Section 2 1) John O’Sullivan – coined the phrase “manifest destiny”. He praised the annexation of Texas. 2) Manifest Destiny – the United States is bound to push outwards from every side and claim all the land to become a superpower. 3) Reason for moving West – abundance of new land (for agriculture). 4) Black Hawk and the Black Hawk War – Black Hawk was the chief of the Sauk tribe. Due to a vision in which victory over the US Army was possible, he went to war for 4 months with the US and lost miserably. 5) Treaty of Fort Laramie – A peace treaty between Natives and Americans that gave land to the Cheyenne, Arapaho, Sioux, Crow and others. The U.S. in return, got to build roads through their lands and was promised to not be attacked. 6) Santa Fe Trail – Missouri to New Mexico. Was used for trading of cloth, knives and guns in 1821 to 1848. 7) Marcus and Narcissa Whitman – Methodists who had the idea of using covered wagons to travel along the Oregon Trail. 8) Oregon Trail – Ran from Missouri to Portland, Oregon. Methodist missionaries were the ones to drive Covered Wagons along this road to travel out to the west. They traveled very well supplied. 9) Mormons – important religious community in developing Western USA 10) Joseph Smith – founded Mormonism by finding a “golden book from God” in a hill. 11) Brigham Young – took over Joseph after his death, and moved the Mormons out to Salt Lake City, where they settled. 12) Oregon Territory – US and Britain had a dispute over it. Britain’s interest in it waned after fur was no longer awesome. 13) Webster-Ashburton Treaty [1842] – The decision b/w the British and Americans to split Oregon Territory in half, for joint occupation. 14) Joint Occupation – when two nations share the same land (via treaties most likely). 15) James Polk – President who called for the annexation of Oregon Territory. 16) “54’40’ or Fight” – James Polk’s bold statement warning everyone that the US wanted and will keep Oregon Territory or go down fighting.
Name: ______________________ Ms. Gaccione – US History [Page 2] 17) Treaty, 1846 – Established the boundaries, [the current Canadian-USA border]. Section 3 1) Stephen F. Austin – Empresario who led settlers to fertile area along the Brazos River. Founded Texas basically. 2) Presidios – Manned forts that protected the Roman Catholic missions. 3) Tejanos – Mexican and American Settlers. 4) Land Grants – Massive offers proposed to agents called empresarios. This attracted American settlers seeking cheap land. 5) Empresarios - An empresario was an individual who, in the early years of the settlement of Texas, had been granted the right to settle on Mexican land in exchange for recruiting and taking responsibility for new settlers. [from Wikipedia] 6) “Texas Old Three Hundred” – the First 297 land grants given by Stephen F. Austin to many settlers. 7) GTT – Gone to Texas; this sign appeared on Abandoned homes back in the original states. By 1835, 1000 Americans already moved out. 8) Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna – Mexican president who arrested S. Austin for inciting revolution. 9) Texas Revolution – After Antonio carried out his various suspensions, various rebellions began in Texas. 10) ‘Remember the Alamo’ – in 1836, US troops holed up in the Alamo, a great fort. Hundreds of Mexicans pressed on them, and although the US help up incredibly well against them, they eventually lost [Kind of like the 300 Spartans]. Sam Houston’s battle cry was “Remember the Alamo!!” 11) Sam Houston – American leader who defeated the Mexicans after Alamo. He captured the Mexican President. 12) Treaty of Velasco – treaty which freed Santa Anna in return for independence for Texas. 13) Republic of Texas – name of the new nation called “the Lone Star Republic”, whose first president was Sam Houston. 14) Annex – When nations merge. (Texas USA in this case). 15) Why’d most Americans oppose Texas annexing? – Mostly disagreements about slavery. Section 4 1) James Polk [redux?] – wanted to wage war with Mexico. Known to some as “polk the purposeful.” 2) John Slidell – a bilingual emissary sent by Polk to purchase New Mexico and California and get approval to extend Texas to the Rio Grande. He got rejected by Herrera. 3) General Zachary Taylor – marched to the Rio Grande to blockade it as per President Polk. 4) Wilmot Proviso – a proposed bill that prohibited slavery in lands acquired from Mexico. 5) John C. Fremont – led exploration party into California. 11 were killed by Mexicans. The war begins. 6) The Spots Resolution – Lincoln’s solution which proposed that they certify the spot of the Fremot Expedition Skirmish. 7) Stephen Kearney – Colonel ordered by Polk to travel to Santa Fe. New Mexico is annexed to the US without bloodshed. 8) Bear Flag Republic – Led by Fremont, who was ordered by Polk, troops captured California and hoisted the bear flag. Kearney also helps, and a navy led by Commodore John D. Sloat. The Mexicans retreated, California is acquired. 9) General Winfield Scott – along with General Taylor, he invaded Mexico. 10) Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo [1848] – For 15 Million dollars, the United States purchased California and New Mexico territories from Mexico. 11) Gadsen Purchase [1853] – President Franklin Pierce buys more land for 10 million dollars for another piece of land that established the current borders in the lower 48 states. 12) Election [1848] – James Polk vs. Lewis Cass vs. Martin Van Buren vs. Zachary Taylor. Taylor wins narrowly. 13) John Sutter and James Marshall – James Marshall was a carpenter working on Sutter’s property in the Sierra Nevadas. He discovered gold at sutter’s mill. Word spreads like wildfire. 14) Forty-Niners – Nickname give to thousands of people who in 1849, participated in the Gold Rush. 15) Gold Rush – craze due to gold in California. California’s population skyrockets [100,000+ by 1849].