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Write the definition for the following words in the spaces provided. You
will find the definitions in your textbook, in your review book or in your
notes. There will be vocabulary quizzes during the Unit on the words on
this list.
1
2 Peons
3 Peninsulares
4 Louis Philippe
5 Miguel Hidalgo
6 Simon Bolivar
7 Agustin de Iturbide
8 Jose SanMartin
9 Monroe Doctrine
# Mestizos
#
#
#
#
#
#
There will be vocabulary quizzes during the Unit on the words on this list. You may be asked to add
words to the bottom of this list and look up the definitions. :)
1 Divine Right idea that God gave power to rule to the King
2 Absolute Monarchy System of government where a monarch, a hereditary ruler, has
complete power
3 Habeas Corpus Act Act stating a person arrested has the right what they are charged
with and the right to a speedy trail
4 English Bill of Rights 1689 document that gave more power to Parliament and limited the
power to the monarch, signed by William and Mary, result of the
Glorious Revolution - guaranteed rights of citizens
5 Limited Monarchy system of government where the monarchs power is limited usually by
a constitution or a law making body ex. Parliament
6 Due Process of Law The process of the justice system
7 Evolution Change taking place over a long period of time Ex. English Revolution
8 Magna Carta 1215 document which limited power of the monarch, the king could not
raise taxes without the consent of the Great Council(made up of
lords) and trial by peers
9 Petition of Rights Limited power of the monarch 1600's Charles I could not raise taxes
without consent of Parliament
10 Age of Enlightenment According to Kant: The period which man emerged from his self
imposed immaturity. People rejected traditional ideas and supported a
belief in human reason and natural rights, man questioned existing
system of government
11 Revolution A sudden, radical, or complete change, a fundamental change in
political organization; especially : the overthrow or removal of one
government or ruler and the substitution of another by the governed
12 Estates Social classes in France at the time of the Revlotuion, 1st, 2nd, 3rd
13 Bourgeoisie middle class that emerged in the 3rd estate, mostly wealthy
merchants, bankers and manufacturers, they were the leaders of the
Revolution
14 Coup d' etat Revolt by a small group intended to over throw of the existing
government
15 Old Regime The government of Louis XVI of France before the revolution
16 Balance of power equal distribution of political and economic power that prevents
anyone nation from becoming too strong. Equal power within a
government,sharing power ex. 3 branches of Government in USA
17 Guillotine Machine invented during the French Revolutionary period used to cut
off a person's head.
18 Reign of Terror a period of the French Revolution that when mass executions of
political suspects (enemies of the Revolution) took place
19 National Assembly group formed of mostly members of the 3rd estate in France in 1789
to write a new constitution, adopted the Declaration of the Rights of
Man and reformed the legal system
20 Directory A committee of 5 members governed France after the Reign of
Terror, they proved to be corrupt and inefficient
21 Royalists Those who favored the King (nobles, and in France Roman Catholics, in
England members of the Church of England)
22 Napoleon Bonaparte General who established a military dictatorship over France, became
Frances 1st Emperor in 1804, made France the most powerful nation in
Europe.
23 First, Second, Third Estate, middle 1st Estate = upper nobility and clergy, 2nd Estate = nobility, 3rd
class - who makes up each group? Estate = commoners, merchants, bankers, farmers, artisans, peasants
Middle class = a group that rose to the top of the 3rd estate made up
of merchants, bankers, manufactures well educated
24 Declaration of the Rights of Man Provided France with such basic rights as freedom of speech, religion,
and the press. It also guaranteed the right of the people to
participate in the government of France. It was patterned after the
US Declaration of Independence.
25 Committee of Public Safety Directed the government after the execution of Louis XVI, led by the
Jacobins. The leader of the committee was Robespierre. The
committee began a Reign of Terror.
26 Maximilien Robspierre Leader of the Committee of Public Safety, ruled during the Reign of
Terror. His death signaled the end of the Reign of Terror
27 Legitimacy A principle supported by the leaders of the Congress of Vienna that
the royal families who had ruled before the French Revolution should
be restored to power. They were the rightful rulers.
28 Congress of Vienna Meeting held after Napoleon's rule to restore boundaries and order
to Europe, established the policy of Legitimacy
29 Estates General Legistative body in France made up of the 1st Estate=300 members,
2nd Estate = 300 members and the 3rd Estate = 600 members. Each
estate had 1 vote.
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35
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There will be vocabulary quizzes during the Unit on the words on this list. You may be asked to add
words to the bottom of this list and look up the definitions. :)
1 Divine Right idea that God gave power to rule to the King
2 Absolute Monarchy System of government where a monarch, a hereditary ruler, has
complete power
3 Habeas Corpus Act Act stating a person arrested has the right what they are charged
with and the right to a speedy trail
4 English Bill of Rights 1689 document that gave more power to Parliament and limited the
power to the monarch, signed by William and Mary, result of the
Glorious Revolution - guaranteed rights of citizens
5 Limited Monarchy system of government where the monarchs power is limited usually by
a constitution or a law making body ex. Parliament
6 Due Process of Law The process of the justice system
7 Evolution Change taking place over a long period of time Ex. English Revolution
8 Magna Carta 1215 document which limited power of the monarch, the king could not
raise taxes without the consent of the Great Council(made up of
lords) and trial by peers
9 Petition of Rights Limited power of the monarch 1600's Charles I could not raise taxes
without consent of Parliament
10 Age of Enlightenment According to Kant: The period which man emerged from his self
imposed immaturity. People rejected traditional ideas and supported a
belief in human reason and natural rights, man questioned existing
system of government
11 Revolution A sudden, radical, or complete change, a fundamental change in
political organization; especially : the overthrow or removal of one
government or ruler and the substitution of another by the governed
12 Estates Social classes in France at the time of the Revlotuion, 1st, 2nd, 3rd
13 Bourgeoisie middle class that emerged in the 3rd estate, mostly wealthy
merchants, bankers and manufacturers, they were the leaders of the
Revolution
14 Coup d' etat Revolt by a small group intended to over throw of the existing
government
15 Old Regime The government of Louis XVI of France before the revolution
16 Balance of power equal distribution of political and economic power that prevents
anyone nation from becoming too strong. Equal power within a
government,sharing power ex. 3 branches of Government in USA
17 Guillotine Machine invented during the French Revolutionary period used to cut
off a person's head.
18 Reign of Terror a period of the French Revolution that when mass executions of
political suspects (enemies of the Revolution) took place
19 National Assembly group formed of mostly members of the 3rd estate in France in 1789
to write a new constitution, adopted the Declaration of the Rights of
Man and reformed the legal system
20 Directory A committee of 5 members governed France after the Reign of
Terror, they proved to be corrupt and inefficient
21 Royalists Those who favored the King (nobles, and in France Roman Catholics, in
England members of the Church of England)
22 Napoleon Bonaparte General who established a military dictatorship over France, became
Frances 1st Emperor in 1804, made France the most powerful nation in
Europe.
23 First, Second, Third Estate, middle 1st Estate = upper nobility and clergy, 2nd Estate = nobility, 3rd
class - who makes up each group? Estate = commoners, merchants, bankers, farmers, artisans, peasants
Middle class = a group that rose to the top of the 3rd estate made up
of merchants, bankers, manufactures well educated and wealthy
24 Declaration of the Rights of Man Provided France with such basic rights as freedom of speech, religion,
and the press. It also guaranteed the right of the people to
participate in the government of France. It was patterned after the
US Declaration of Independence.
25 Committee of Public Safety Directed the government after the execution of Louis XVI, led by the
Jacobins. The leader of the committee was Robespierre. The
committee began a Reign of Terror.
26 Maximilien Robspierre Leader of the Committee of Public Safety, ruled during the Reign of
Terror. His death signaled the end of the Reign of Terror
27 Legitimacy A principle supported by the leaders of the Congress of Vienna that
the royal families who had ruled before the French Revolution should
be restored to power. They were the rightful rulers.
28 Congress of Vienna Meeting held after Napoleon's rule to restore boundaries and order
to Europe, established the policy of Legitimacy
29 Estates General Legistative body in France made up of the 1st Estate=300 members,
2nd Estate = 300 members and the 3rd Estate = 600 members. Each
estate had 1 vote.
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1 Bourgeoisie
2 Divine Right
3 Magna Carta
4 Estates
5 English Bill of Rights
6 Petition of Rights
7 Coup d'etat
8 Old Regime
9 Habeas Corpus Act
10 Absolute Monarchy
11 Due Process of the Law
12 Evolution
13 Enlightenment
14 Revolution
15 Limited Monarchy
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Word Bank
Divine Right Magna Carta Old Regime
Absolute Monarchy Petition of Rights Coup d' etat
Habeas Corpus Act Age of Enlightenment Evolution
English Bill of Rights Revolution Bourgeoisie
Limited Monarchy Estates Due Process of Law
1 middle class that emerged in the 3rd estate, mostly wealthy merchants, bankers and manufacturers, they were
the leaders of the Revolution
2 idea that God gave power to rule to the King
3 1215 document which limited power of the monarch, the king could not raise taxes without the consent of the
Great Council(made up of lords) and trial by peers
4 Social classes in France at the time of the Revlotuion, 1st, 2nd, 3rd
5 1689 document that gave more power to Parliament and limited the power to the monarch, signed by William and
Mary, result of the Glorious Revolution - guaranteed rights of citizens
6 Limited power of the monarch 1600's Charles I could not raise taxes without consent of Parliament
7 Revolt by a small group intended to over throw of the existing government
8 The government of Louis XVI of France before the revolution
9 Act stating a person arrested has the right what they are charged with and the right to a speedy trail
10 System of government where a monarch, a hereditary ruler, has complete power
11 The process of the justice system
12 Change taking place over a long period of time Ex. English Revolution
13 According to Kant: The period which man emerged from his self imposed immaturity. People rejected traditional
ideas and supported a belief in human reason and natural rights, man questioned existing system of government
14 A sudden, radical, or complete change, a fundamental change in political organization; especially : the overthrow or
removal of one government or ruler and the substitution of another by the governed
15 system of government where the monarchs power is limited usually by a constitution or a law making body ex.
Parliament
1 Balance of power equal distribution of political and economic power that prevents anyone
nation from becoming too strong. Equal power within a government,sharing
2 Guillotine Machine invented during the French Revolutionary period used to cut off a
3 Reign of Terror person's of the French Revolution that when mass executions of political
a period head.
4 National Assembly suspects (enemies of the Revolution)the 3rd estate in France in 1789 to
group formed of mostly members of took place
A committee of 5 members governed Declaration the Reign of of Man
write a new constitution, adopted the France afterof the Rights Terror, and
5 Directory
they proved to be corrupt and inefficient France Roman Catholics, in
6 Royalists Those who favored the King (nobles, and in
7 Napoleon Bonaparte England who established a military dictatorship over France, became
General members of the Church of England)
8 First, Second, Third Estate, middle Frances 1st Emperor in 1804, made France Estate = nobility, 3rd Estate =
1st Estate = upper nobility and clergy, 2nd the most powerful nation in
Declaration of the Rights group?
class - who makes up each of Man commoners, merchants, bankers, rights as freedom of speech, Middle class
Provided France with such basic farmers, artisans, peasants religion, and
9
Directed the government after the execution people to participate in
the press. It also guaranteed the right of the of Louis XVI, led by thethe
10 Committee of Public Safety
11 Maximilien Robspierre Jacobins. The leader of the committee was ruled during the Reign of
Leader of the Committee of Public Safety, Robespierre. The committee
Terror. His death signaled the end of the Reign of Terror
12 Legitimacy A principle supported by the leaders of the Congress of Vienna that the
13 Congress of Vienna royal families after Napoleon's rule to restore boundaries and order to
Meeting held who had ruled before the French Revolution should be
Legistative body in the policy of Legitimacy
Europe, establishedFrance made up of the 1st Estate=300 members, 2nd
14 Estates General
Estate = 300 members and the 3rd Estate = 600 members. Each estate
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22
1
2 Peons
3 Peninsulares
4 Louis Philippe
5 Miguel Hidalgo
6 Simon Bolivar
7 Agustin de Iturbide
8 Jose SanMartin
9 Monroe Doctrine
10 Mestizos
11
12
13
14
15
16
Word Bank
Balance of power Directory Congress of Vienna
Guillotine Royalists Estates General
Reign of Terror Napoleon Bonaparte Maximilien Robspierre
National Assembly First, Second, Third Estate, Legitimacy
Declaration of the Rights of Man (make up of each estate) Committee of Public Safety
1 Those who favored the King (nobles, and in France Roman Catholics, in England members of the Church of
England)
2 A principle supported by the leaders of the Congress of Vienna that the royal families who had ruled before the
French Revolution should be restored to power. They were the rightful rulers.
3 1st Estate = upper nobility and clergy, 2nd Estate = nobility, 3rd Estate = commoners, merchants, bankers,
farmers, artisans, peasants Middle class = a group that rose to the top of the 3rd estate made up of merchants,
bankers, manufactures well educated
4 Directed the government after the execution of Louis XVI, led by the Jacobins. The leader of the committee was
Robespierre. The committee began a Reign of Terror.
5 Leader of the Committee of Public Safety, ruled during the Reign of Terror. His death signaled the end of the
Reign of Terror
6 A committee of 5 members governed France after the Reign of Terror, they proved to be corrupt and inefficient
7 General who established a military dictatorship over France, became Frances 1st Emperor in 1804, made France
the most powerful nation in Europe.
8 equal distribution of political and economic power that prevents anyone nation from becoming too strong. Equal
power within a government,sharing power ex. 3 branches of Government in USA
9 Legistative body in France made up of the 1st Estate=300 members, 2nd Estate = 300 members and the 3rd
Estate = 600 members. Each estate had 1 vote.
10 a period of the French Revolution that when mass executions of political suspects (enemies of the Revolution)
took place
11 Provided France with such basic rights as freedom of speech, religion, and the press. It also guaranteed the right
of the people to participate in the government of France. It was patterned after the US Declaration of
Independence.
12 Meeting held after Napoleon's rule to restore boundaries and order to Europe, established the policy of
Legitimacy
13 Machine invented during the French Revolutionary period used to cut off a person's head.
14 group formed of mostly members of the 3rd estate in France in 1789 to write a new constitution, adopted the
Declaration of the Rights of Man and reformed the legal system
1
2 Peons
3 Peninsulares
4 Louis Philippe
5 Miguel Hidalgo
6 Simon Bolivar
7 Agustin de Iturbide
8 Jose SanMartin
9 Monroe Doctrine
10 Mestizos
11
12
13
14
15
16
10Rs Ch. 14 Vocab. List 2004-05
Write the definition for the following words. You will find the definitions in your
textbook, in your review book or on the Glossary Sheet you received in class.
There will be vocabulary quizzes during the Unit on the words on this list. You
will know in advance what words to define and study.
1. Agricultural Revolution
2. Anesthetic
3. antiseptic
4. apprentice
5. balance of trade
6. capitalism
7. command economy
8. commerical revolution
9. Communist Manifesto
10. cotton gin
11. developed nation
12. enclosure
13. factory
14. factory system
15. flying shuttle
16. fossil fuels
17. Green Revolution
18. guild
19. humanism
20. imperialism
21. Industrial Revolution
22. laissez faire
23. mixed economy
24. monopoly
25. multinational corporation
26. pasteurization
27. plantation
28. power loom
29. Realism
30. Romantic style
31. Scientific revolution
32. seed drill
33. socialism
34. steam engine
35. technology
36. terrace
37. trade deficit
38. trade fair
39. urbanization
10Rx Ch. 14 Vocab. List 2004-05
Write the definition for the following words. You will find the definitions in your
textbook, in your review book or on the Glossary Sheet you received in class.
There will be vocabulary quizzes during the Unit on the words on this list. You will
know
1. Agricultural Revolution changes in farming techiques in the 1600's which resulted in
the use of machines and increased production and
decreased the need for large numbers of workers
2. Anesthetic chemical used as a painkiller, first used during surgeries
3. antiseptic chemical used to kill bacteria, first used in operating rooms
4. apprentice young person learning a trade from a master
5. balance of trade difference between how much a country imports and
exports - exports - imports = balance of trade
6. capitalism economic system in which the ownership of land and wealth
is for the most part in the hands of private individuals
7. command economy economic system in which the government makes all the
decisions about what should be produced, how much to
produce and the selling price
8. commerical revolution business revolution that occurred in Europe after the
Middle Ages - involved a money economy, and the
establishment of colonies
9. Communist Manifesto pamphlet published by Marx & Engels stating their ideas
about the problems of the world, that the history of the
world is a history of class struggle, and the workers of the
world should rise up and overthrow the factory owners. -
encouraging revolt
10. cotton gin machine invented by Eli Whitney to separate seeds from
cotton fibers
11. developed nation country with a high level of technology, industry and an
educational system
12. Enclosure/Enclosure process of taking over and fencing off land once used as
Movement common land once shared by peasants and small farmers -
decreased the number of small farms
13. factory place in which workers and machines are brought together
to produce large quantities of goods
14. factory system system of manufacturing based on the concentration of
industry into large establishments
15. flying shuttle invented by John Kay, a machine making it possible for one
person instead of two to operate a weaving loom, it allowed
for faster weaving.
16. fossil fuels fuel such as coal, oil and natural gas - fuels which burn
fossilized matter - the burning of fossil fuels cause air
pollution, the greenhouse effect and depletion of the ozone
layer
17. Green Revolution development of new varieties of plants and improved
agricultural techniques that increase crop (yields) out put.
18. guild a type of trade association of merchants or artisans that
was active during the Middle Ages, they controlled prices,
wages and apprenticeships
19. humanism intellectual movement during the Renaissance that focused
on worldly subjects instead of religious ones.
20. imperialism a policy by which one nations dominates or takes over
another entire country or area and controls the political,
economic and/or cultural life of that country or area
21. Industrial Revolution change over from manufacturing good in the home, by hand to,
manufacturing products by machine in factories
22. laissez faire economic policy which stated that government should keep
hands off business allowing the market to determine what is
produced and the price it should be sold at
23. mixed economy economic system with both private and state-run enterprises -
combination of capitalism and command economy ideas
24. monopoly complete control of a product or business by one person or
group
25. multinational business that operates in many countries in the world
corporation
26. pasteurization process of heating something to remove the bacteria
27. plantation large estate run by an owner or overseer
28. power loom a more effiecient loom, not powered by hand, made weaving
faster
29. Realism in literature or art, the representation of things as they are in life
30. Romantic style an artistic sytle characterized by an emphasis on the
imagination and emotions and an appreciation for nature
31. Scientific revolution period between 1500's and 1600's in which scientific thinkers
challenged traditional ideas and relied on observation and
experimentation
32. seed drill invented by Jethro Tull, designed to plant seeds in a row
33. socialism An economic philosophy or political system in which the
community as a whole, rather than private individuals, own and
operate the means of production and distribution. All will share
in the work and the profits.
34. steam engine engine powered by steam, invented by James Watt,
revolutionized industry, farming and transportation
35. technology tools and skills people use to meet their needs
36. terrace a flat area on a steep hillside, terracing was a method of
farming that allowed plants to grow on the hillside.
37. trade deficit a situation in which a nation imports more than it exports
Exports - imports = <negative income>
38. trade fair site of regular trading activity in medieval Europe
39. urbanization movement of people into cities
Write the definition for the following words. You will find the definitions in your textbook, in your
review book in the Review Book. There will be vocabulary quizzes during the Unit on the words on this
list. You will know in advance what words to defined. http://welol.cnyric.org
1 Franco-Prussian War - war between France and Prussia, Prussia gained Alsace and Lorraine
for Germany.
2 Austro-Prussian War - Also known as the 7 week war, war between Prussia and Austria over
Holstein.
3 Garibaldi - Known as the sword of the Unification of Italy Movement. Established
and trained the "Red Shirts"
4 Mazzini - Known as the "soul" of the Unification of Italy Movement. Started the
Young Italy Organization which was a Nationalist Group whose
purpose was to Unite Italy under one democratic ruler. Gave inspiring
speeches motivating Italy to Unite.
5 Cavour - Known as the "brains" of the Unification of Italy movement.
6 "the soul" - Mazzini
7 "the brain" - Cavour
8 "the sword" - Garibaldi
9 Blood & Iron - Bismarck's policy which involved willingness to use force to Unify
Germany. Example fo his use of this policy are the Austro-Prussian
War, Franco-Prussian War and the War with Denmark.
10 7 Week War - Also known as the Austro-Prussian war.
11 Treaty of Frankfurt - the two strongest and largest state within Italy. United under King
Victor Emmanual II and inspired the rest of Italy to unite also.
12 Sardinia-Piedmont - The two strongest and largest state within Italy. United under King
Victor Emmanual II and inspired the rest of Italy to unite also. They
led the way to unification.
13 Papal States - States owned and controlled by the Church/Pope. Included Rome.
14 Unification - Joining together in a political unit. Ex. Italy and Germany
15 self determination - to rule without interference from an outside power. Self Rule- to
determine the future of your country economically, politically and
culturally.
16 Sectionalism - extreme devotion to one part of a country rather than the country as a
whole. Ex. - Central New York vs. United States - Southern Germany
States thought of themselves as separate.
17 abolitionist - someone who wants to bring and end to something - ex. Abolitionist
wanted to end slavery.
18 abolition - to bring something to an end. When used with a capital Abolition it
usually refers to bringing an end to slavery.
19 secede - to withdraw from an organized body - Ex. The Southern States in the
US seceded from the Union.
20 tariff - Taxes on goods entering a country from another country - usually to
protect local industries.
21 balance of power - when no one country is more powerful than any other nation, a equal
distribution of political and economic power that prevents anyone
nation from becoming more powerful
22 conservatism - policy or system of preventing radical changes from taking place.
Conservatives usually like to keep things the way they are without
change.
23 imperialism - policy of extending political, economic and cultural control over
another country.
24 nationalism - loyalty and devotion to ones country - Extreme nationalism leds to
racism and prejudice.
25 liberalism - policy that welcomes changes in running government - a Liberal
usually wants changes that will led to more individual rights for the
people.
26 republic - A form of government in which the people elect representatives to
represent. The United States is a democratic republic.
27 abundance: a large amount of something
28 acceptance: approval
29 accurate: correct; reliable
30 achievement: accomplishment
31 acquire: get; obtain
32 adherence: sticking to; following
33 adopt: to take up and practice as one's own
34 advocate: support
35 aggressive: forceful; self-assertive
36 availability: capability of being used
37 artistic: fond of or sensitive to art
Write the definition for the following words. You will find the definitions in your textbook, in
your review book in the Review Book. There will be vocabulary quizzes during the Unit on the
words on this list. You will know in advance what words to define and study.
1 Franco-Prussian War -
2 Austro-Prussian War -
3 Garibaldi -
4 Mazzini -
5 Cavour -
6 "the soul" -
7 "the brain" -
8 "the sword" -
9 Blood & Iron -
10 7 Week War -
11 Treaty of Frankfurt -
12 Sardinia-Piedmont -
13 Papal States -
14 Unification -
15 self determination -
16 Sectionalism -
17 abolitionist -
18 abolition -
19 secede -
20 tariff -
21 balance of power -
22 conservatism -
23 imperialism -
24 nationalism -
25 liberalism -
26 republic -
27 abundance: a large amount of something
28 acceptance: approval
29 accurate: correct; reliable
30 achievement: accomplishment
31 acquire: get; obtain
32 adherence: sticking to; following
33 adopt: to take up and practice as one's own
34 advocate: support
35 aggressive: forceful; self-assertive
36 availability: capability of being used
37 artistic: fond of or sensitive to art
Define each using your notes, your review book, your textbook or School Island. Write the definition in
the spaces provided after each word. Add any words that are not printed on the list to the end of this
sheet. Answer the questions at the end of the vocabulary using your review book, notes and vocabulary.
1 African National Congress -
2 Berlin Conference -
3 cash crop -
4 cash crop economy -
5 nationalism -
6 economic dependence -
7 Ethnocentric -
8 French Indochina -
9 homogeneous society -
10 imperialism -
11 Meiji Restoration -
Page 34
12 Muslim League -
13 new imperialism -
14 old imperialism -
15 penal colony -
16 peonage -
17 regionalism -
18 Shinto -
19 Tokugawa Japan -
20 trade deficit -
21 Tribalism -
22 Young Turks -
23 zaibatsu -
24 Scramble for Africa -
25 Opium War -
26 Extraterritoriality -
Page 35
27 Sepoy Mutiny (Rebellion) -
28 Boer War -
29 Treaty of Nanjing -
30 Boxer Rebellion -
31 sphere of influence -
32 Nationalist - (group or leader) -
33 Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen)
34 Three Principles of the People -
35 Taiping Rebellion -
36 Matthew Perry -
37 Treaty of Kanagawa -
38 Sino-Japanese War -
39 Russo- Japanese War -
40 apartheid -
41 Sierra Leone -
Page 36
42 Menelik II -
43 genocide -
44 Liberia -
45 Open Door Policy -
46 Treaty of Tientsin -
47 partitian -
48 reform -
49 Indian National Congress -
Questions - page 216 - Review Book
1 What political, social and economic changes occurred in Japan in the late 1800's?
2 How did Japan use western ideas to modernize and industrialize?
3 How did Japan become a global power by the early 1900's?
Questions - page 220 - Review Book
1 What factors led to the new imperialism of the 1800's?
Page 37
2 How did imperialistic countries gain power over the people's of Africa and Asia?
3 What were the effects of imperialism?
Negative Impact or Effect
Positive Impact or Effect
4 How did imperialism lead to nationalistic feelings in China and other nations of Africa and Asia?
Page 38
Define each using your notes, your review book, your textbook or School Island. Write the
definition in the spaces provided after each word. Add any words that are not printed on the
list to the end of this sheet. Answer the questions at the end of the vocabulary using your
review book, notes and vocabulary.
1 African National Congress - group formed by opponents to apartheid in South Africa that
encouraged political activism by blacks.
2 Berlin Conference - meeting held in Berlin by European nations to divide Africa without
bloodshed, and with no regard for the African people. No African
nations attended.
3 cash crop - crops raised for sale, not food products. Ex. Tobacco, jute, indigo
4 cash crop economy - economy based on the raising and selling of one cash crop or a small
number of crops.
5 nationalism - strong sense of pride in ones ethnic group or nation.
6 economic dependence an Imperial power making a colony completely dependent on the
Imperial power for its economy
7 Ethnocentric believing that ones culture or ethnic group is superior to that of other
ethnic groups or cultures.
8 French Indochina - the area of Southeast Asia which is today Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam
that was colonized by the French.
9 homogeneous society - society with a common culture and lineage, all the people in the society
have the same ethnic background.
10 imperialism - the domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life
of another country.
11 Meiji Restoration - period of reform from 1868-1912, when the Emperor was restored to
power and the Japanese began rapid modernization, industrialization
and imperialism. Meiji - means "enlightened rule"
12 Muslim League - Nationalist organization formed in India, by Muslims to establish an
independent state or nation for Muslims.
Page 39
13 new imperialism - rapid expansion of colonial empires between 1870-1914 motivated by
the needs of the Industrial Revolution - raw materials and markets and
labor, the capitalism, Humanitarian reasons; medical care, education,
improvements in the lives of native people. Nationalism and Militarism,
establishing colonies in Asia, Africa, and Latin America
14 old imperialism - European nations established colonies throughout the world motivated
by God, Gold and Glory - 3G's - God - spread religion, Gold - in search
of treasures Glory - status and adventure. Mid 1500-1700
15 penal colony - colony established by sending criminals to settle to serve out their
sentence instead of putting them in prison or jail. Usually they were
minor criminals; debtors, etc
16 peonage - the state of being a peon; or the system under which people serve as
peons to pay their debt.
17 regionalism - loyalty to ones region or area.
18 Shinto - traditional Japanese religion, name means Way of the Gods. It is
animistic in beliefs.
19 Tokugawa Japan - the period of rule in Japan of the Tokugawa shoguns. Ended with the
Meiji Restoration.
20 trade deficit - a situation in which a nation imports more than it exports; buys more
than it sells.
21 Tribalism - loyalty to ones tribe.
22 Young Turks - movement established by Turkish Nationalist, in late 1800 to reform
the Ottoman Empire. Ataturk - "father of modern Turkey"
23 zaibatsu - Japanese families that became more powerful in banking and industry.
The Japanese government built factories and then gave them to the
zaibatsu to run in an effort to industrialize.
24 Scramble for Africa - European nations rapidly dividing up the continent of Africa - each
nation rushed to get territory before other nations had taken control
of all of it.
25 Opium War - war between the Chinese and the British over the sale of Opium in
China. Ended with a British victory and the Treaty of Nanjing.
26 Extraterritoriality - the right of British Citizens to be tried in their own courts with their
own laws.
Page 40
27 Sepoy Mutiny (Rebellion) - rebellion of Hindu & Muslim sepoys, Indians serving in the British
army) against British rule - caused by the animal greased cartridges
used in the their rifles. British won and India became of protectorate
of Great Britain or a Crown Colony.
28 Boer War - war fought between the Boers (Dutch farmers) and the British or land
where gold and diamonds was discovered in South Africa. Heavy losses,
the British won and added the Boer territories to their territory to
the Union of South Africa.
29 Treaty of Nanjing - treaty that ended the Opium War, in which China had to repay war
costs, open ports to British trade, give Hong Kong to Britain and give
British citizens exterritoriality. ( the right to be tried in their own
courts in China)
30 Boxer Rebellion - rebellion of the Nationalist group - the Righteous Harmonious Fists -
against the foreign rule- the British.
31 sphere of influence - an area in which an outside power claims exclusive trade rights.
32 Nationalist - (group or leader or a group whose goal is to get foreigners out of their country,
leader) - self-rule (to govern themselves), they want more say in the government
33 Sun Yixian - Sun Yat-sen - Nationalist leader who sought to reform the Qing Government
Nationalist group was called Nationalist People's Party, Nationalist
Party, Kuomintang
34 Three Principles of the the goals of Nationalist leader, Sun Yixian
People - 1. To end foreign control or domination or control of China
2. To form a representative government
3. To create economic security for the people of China
Motto Nationalism, Democracy and Livelihood
35 Taiping Rebellion - Chinese peasant uprising against the Qing Officials (corrupt), 30mil
Chinese people died - they wanted changes in the government - they
weakened the Qing government, allowing the Europeans to gain more
control of China.
36 Matthew Perry - American commodore in the Navy, and he delivered the letter
demanding that Japan trade with the United States, which ended
Japan's isolation.
Page 41
37 Treaty of Kanagawa - ended the Shogunate of the Tokagawa by forcing the Japanese to make
trade agreements with the United States - later including the British,
the French and the Russians.
38 Sino-Japanese War - 1894 War between Japan and China, over territory, Korea, Japanese
won Formosa (Taiwan) and some other ports and later made Korea a
protectorate.
39 Russo- Japanese War - war between Japan and Russia over Korea, Japan won and gained Korea
but also part of Manchuria making Korea a protectorate
40 apartheid - legal separation of races in South Africa imposed by the British.
41 Sierra Leone - Free state established by the British, in Africa for freed African
slaves to return freely to Africa
42 Menelik II - ruler of Ethiopia who westernized and modernized Ethiopia to keep the
Europeans from colonizing his country. He was successful
43 genocide - an attempt to destroy an entire ethnic or religious group
44 Liberia - independent nation established by the United States in Africa for
freed slaves to return freely to Africa.
45 Open Door Policy - 1899 giving equal rights to all nations to trade in China so that all
nations could trade in China
46 Treaty of Tientsin - treaty which ended the Taiping Rebellion, allowed 11 more ports to be
opened to foreign trade, foreigners were allowed to go into the interior
of China, Opium could be imported to China again, China lost colonial
states along the border.
47 partitian - is to divide up into parts
48 reform - to make changes, usually for the better
49 Indian National Congress - Nationalist organization in India whose goals were nationalism, self-rule
and democracy, started by Gandhi
Questions - page 216 - Review Book
1 What political, social and economic changes occurred in Japan in the late 1800's? Shogun was
removed from power and the Emperor was reinstated. Meiji Restoration began. The Japanese
introduced Western ideas to Japan and Japanese ideas to the West. Began to build a strong
economy. A Strong economy - a strong military they could compete with the West
2 How did Japan use western ideas to modernize and industrialize? The Japanese had members of the
government travel to the west to learn about western government, economic and customs. Used what
they learned to develop a modern Japan. They used the government of Germany as a model for their
own government.
Page 42
3 How did Japan become a global power by the early 1900's?Japan used its industrial and military
strength to begin gaining colonies (Imperialism) and raw materials.
Questions - page 220 - Review Book
1 What factors led to the new imperialism of the 1800's? The needs of the Industrial Revolution: Raw
materials, market, labor Militarism - need for supply ports, Social Darwinism, White man's Burden,
Humanitarian Desires, Nationalism
2 How did imperialistic countries gain power over the people's of Africa and Asia? Used military power,
trade methods, the strength of their Industrial economies, used unequal treaties, and advanced
technology - maxim gun
3 What were the effects of imperialism? Answers are listed below according to positive or negative
impact or effect.
Negative Impact or Effect
1. Conflict among the native people: ex:Taiping Rebellion, Opium War
2. Large numbers of Asians and Africans came under foreign rule.
3. Some nations made changes or reforms to try to defend themselves against the foreign rule.
4. Disrupted the tradional life and culture of the colonial people. - people moving to cities and away
from their families.
5. Dependence on cash crops and money from trade. Led to famine and starvation.
6. Pollution of the air and water
7. Long term distrust and resentment toward foreigners
8. Cultural Diffusion
Positive Impact or Effect
1. Education - schools 2.
Medical care - built hospitals
3. Improved Transportation - railroad, bridges, roads
4. Western Culture influenced much of the world. Could be seen as positive or negative.
5. Cultural diffusion - both negative and positive.
4 How did imperialism lead to nationalistic feelings in China and other nations of Africa and Asia? The
people of China, Africa and Asia joined together to gain freedom from their foreign rulers. They had
nationalistic desires; self-rule, foreigners out of their country, more control over their destiny
(futures). The Europeans or colonial powers became a common enemy.
Page 43
10 Rx Global History - Vocabulary Word List - Ch. 8 + 9 - Imperialism
1 African group formed by opponents to
National apartheid in South Africa that
2 Berlin Conference
3 cash crop
4 cash crop economy
5 nationalism - strong sense of pride in ones ethnic group or nation.
6 economic dependence - an Imperial power making a colony completely dependent on the Imperial
power for its economy.
7 Ethnocentric - believing that ones culture or ethnic group is superior to that of other societies.
8 French Indochina - the area of Southeast Asia which is today Loas, Cambodia and Vietnam that
was colonized by the French.
homogeneous society - society with a common culture and lineage, all the people in the society
9 have the same ethnic background.
10 imperialism
11 Meiji Restoration - period of reform from 1868-1912, when the Emperor was restored to power
and the Japanese began rapid modernization, industrialization and imperialism. Meiji - means
"enlightened rule"
12 Muslim League
13 new imperialism-
the needs of the Industrial Revolution - raw materials and markets and labor, the
capitalism, Humanitarian reasons; medical care, education, improvements in the lives of
native people. Nationalism and Militarism
14 old imperialism -
God, Gold and Glory - 3G's - God - spread religion, Gold - in search of treasures
Glory - status and adventure. Mid 1500-1700
15 penal colony colony established to send criminals to serve out their sentence instead of putting
them in jail. Ususally they were minor criminals.
16 peonage - the state of being a peon; or the system under which people serve as peons to pay
their debt.
17 regionalism - loyalty to ones region or area.
18 Shinto - traditional Japanese religion, name means Way of the Gods. It is animistic in beliefs.
19 Tokugawa Japan - the period of rule in Japan of the Tokugawa shoguns. Ended with the Meiji
Restoration.
20 trade deficit
21 Tribalism - loyalty to ones tribe.
22 Young Turks - movement established by Turkish Nationalist, in late 1800 to reform the Ottoman
Empire. Ataturk - "father of modern Turkey"
23 zaibatsu - Japanese families that became more powerful in banking and industry. The Japanese
government built factories and then gave them to the zaibatsu to run in an effort to
industrialize.
24 Scramble for Africa
25 Opium War - war between the Chinese and the British over the sale of Opium in China. Ended
with a British victory and the Treaty of Nanjing.
26 Extraterritoriality - the right of British Citizens to be tried in their own courts with their own
laws.
Extraterritoriality - the right of British Citizens to be tried in their own courts with their own
laws.
27 Sepoy Mutiny (Rebellion) - rebellion of Hindu & Muslim sepoys(Indians serving in the British
army) against British rule - caused by the animal greased cartridges used in the their rifles.
British won and India became of protectorate of Great Britain or a Crown Colony.
28 Boer War
29 Treaty of Nanjing - treaty that ended the Opium War, in which China had to war costs, open
ports to British trade, give Hong Kong to Britain and give British citizens exterritoriality. ( the
right to be tried in their own courts in China)
30 Boxer Rebellion - rebellion of the Nationalist group - the Righteous Harmonious Fists -
against the foreign rule- the British.
31 sphere of influence - an area in which an outside power claims exclusive trade rights.
32 Nationalist - (group or leader) - leader or a group whose goal is to get foreigners out
of their country, self-rule (to govern themselves), they want more say in the government
33 Sun Yixian - Sun Yat-sen Nationalist leader who sought to reform the Qing Government
Nationalist group was called Nationalist People's Party, Nationalist Party, Kuomintang
34 Three Principles of the People - the goals of Sun Yixian - 1. To end foreign domination
(control) 2. To form a representative government 3. To create economic security
for the people of China Motto : Nationalism, Democracy and Livelihood
35 Taiping Rebellion - Chinese peasant uprising against the Qing Officials (corrupt), 30mil
Chinese people died - they wanted changes in the government - they weakened the Qing
government, allowing the Europeans to gain more control of China.
36 Matthew Perry - American commadore in the Navy, and he delivered the letter demanding that
Japan trade with the United States, which ended Japan's isolation.
37 Treaty of Kanagawa - ended the Shogunate of the Tokagawa by forcing the Japanese to make
trade agreements with the United States - later including the British, the French and the
Russians.
38 Sino-Japanese War - 1894 War between Japan and China, over territory, Korea, Japanese won
Formosa (Taiwan) and some other ports and later made Korea a protectorate.
39 Russo- Japanese War - war between Japan and Russia over Korea, Japan won and gained Korea
but also part of Manchuria making Korea a protectorate
40 apartheid - legal separation of races in South Africa imposed by the British.
Questions - page 216 What
1
political, social and economic changes occurred in Japan in the late 1800's? Shogun was removed
from power and the Emperor was reinestated. Meiji Restoration began. The Japanese
introduced Western ideas to Japan and Japanese ideas to the West. Began to build a strong
economy. A Strong economy - a strong military they could compete with the West
2 How did Japan use western ideas to modernize and industrialize? The Japanese had members of
the government travel to the west to learn about western government, economic and customs.
Used what they learned to develop a modern Japan. They used the government of Germany as a
model for their own government.
3 How did Japan become a global power by the early 1900's?Japan used its industrial and military
strength to begin gaining colonies (Imperialism) and raw materials.
Questions - page 220
1 What factors led to the new imperialism of the 1800's? The needs of the Industrial Revolution:
Raw materials, market, labor Militarism - need for supply ports, Social Darwinism, Whiteman's
Burden, Humanitarian Desires, Nationalism
2 How did imperialistic countried gain power over the people's of Africa and Asia?
Used military power, trade methods, the strength of their Industrial economies, used
unequal treaties, and advanced technology - maxim gun
3 What were the effects of imperialism?
Negative Impact or Effect
1. Conflict among the native people: ex:Taiping Rebellion
2. Large numbers of Asians and Africans came under foreign rule.
3. Some nations made changes or reforms to try to defend themselves against the foreign rule.
4. Disrupted the tradional life and culture of the colonial people. - people moving to cities
and away from their families.
5. Dependance on cash crops and money from trade. Led to famine and starvation.
6. Pollution of the air and water
7. Long term resentment toward foreigners
Positive Impact or Effect
1. Education - schools
2. Medical care
3. Improved Transportation - railroad, bridges, roads
4. Western Culture influenced much of the world. Could be seen as positive or negative.
4 How did imperialism lead to nationalistic feelings in China and other nations of Africa and Asia?
The people of China, Africa and Asia joined together to gain freedom from their foreign rulers.
They had nationalistic desires; self-rule, foreigners out of their country, more control over
their destiny ( futures). The Europeans or colonial powers became a common enemy.
1 Berlin Conference -
2 cash crop -
3
4 economic dependence -
5 Ethnocentric -
6 imperialism -
7 Meiji Restoration -
8 new imperialism -
9 penal colony -
10 regionalism -
11 trade deficit -
Page 49
12 Tribalism -
14 Scramble for Africa -
15 Opium War -
16 Extraterritoriality -
17 Treaty of Nanjing -
18 Nationalist - (group or
leader) -
19 Matthew Perry -
20 Sino-Japanese War -
21 apartheid -
22 Menelik II -
Answer the following in complete sentences in the space provided.
1 What factors led to the new imperialism of the 1800's?
2 How did imperialistic countries gain power over the people's of Africa and Asia?
Page 50
3 What were the effects of imperialism?
Negative Impact or Effects - List 4
Positive Impact or Effect - List 4
Questions - page 220 - Review Book
1 What factors led to the new imperialism of the 1800's? The needs of the Industrial Revolution: Raw
materials, market, labor Militarism - need for supply ports, Social Darwinism, White man's Burden,
Humanitarian Desires, Nationalism
2 How did imperialistic countries gain power over the people's of Africa and Asia? Used military
power, trade methods, the strength of their Industrial economies, used unequal treaties, and
advanced technology - maxim gun
3 What were the effects of imperialism? Answers are listed below according to positive or negative
impact or effect.
Page 51
10Rs Ch. 6 Growth of Democracy Vocab. List 2003-04
Write the definition for the following words. You will find the definitions in your
textbook, in your review book or on the Glossary Sheet you received in class.
There will be vocabulary quizzes during the Unit on the words on this list. You
will know in advance what words to define and study.
1. Change the Words on this list
2. Austro-Prussian War
3. Garibaldi
4. Mazzini
5. balance of trade
6. capitalism
7. command economy
8. commerical revolution
9. Communist Manifesto
10. cotton gin
11. developed nation
12. enclosure
13. factory
14. factory system
15. flying shuttle
16. fossil fuels
17. Green Revolution
18. guild
19. humanism
20. imperialism
21. Industrial Revolution
22. laissez faire
23. mixed economy
24. monopoly
25. multinational corporation
26. pasteurization
27. plantation
28. power loom
29. Realism
30. Romantic style
31. Scientific revolution
32. seed drill
33. socialism
34. steam engine
35. technology
36. terrace
37. trade deficit
38. trade fair
39. urbanization
Ch. 16 WW I & Between Wars
Define each using your notes, glossary list and your book. Write the definitions in the spaces
provided.
1 Allied Powers
2 Armistice
3 Blockade
4 Bolshevik
5 Central Powers
6 Collective farms
7 Great Depression
8 League of Nations
9 mandate
10 militarism
11 neutral
12 New Economic Policy
13 reparations
14 soviet
15 Treaty of Brest-
Litovsk
16 Treaty of Versailles
17 trench warfare
18 tributary state
19 Zimmerman
Note/Zimmerman
20 Telegram
The Assassination of
Arch Duke
21 Ferdinand of
The Balkans
22 barbed wire
23 poison gas
24 Provisions of the
Treaty of Versailles
Ch. 16 WW I & Between Wars KEY
Define each using your notes, glossary list and your book.
Write the definitions in your notebook.
1 Allied Powers Members of the Triple Entente during WWI, Great.
Britain, France, Russia, Belgium and later Italy
2 Armistice Agreement to end war
3 Blockade The organized attempt to isolate a country or area by
cutting off trade or traffic to that area or nation
4 Bolshevik Member 1917 Russian Revolutionary group
5 Central Powers Member of the Triple Alliance during WWI, included;
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy and the Ottoman Empire
(later joined by Bulgaria)
6 Collective farms large farms formed by joining small farms together, owned
and operated by the workers as a group
7 Great Depression Global economic downturn that began in 1929 - one of the
causes of WWII
8 League of Nations group of more than 40 countries formed after WWI with
the goal of settling problems through negotiation, not war,
the United States and Russia were not members
9 mandate after WWI, a territory that was administered by a foreign
power
10 militarism a glorification of military power, one of the causes of WWI
11 neutral not supporting either side in a conflict
12 New Economic Policy plan instituted by Lenin in Russia in 1921 that included some
private ownership of industry, incorporated some aspects
of capitalism in Russia's economic plan
13 reparations payments made for damages caused in war
14 soviet council of workers and soldiers set up by Russian
Revolutionaries in 1917
15 Treaty of Brest- agreement between Russia and Germany which ended
Litovsk Russia's involvement in WWI
16 Treaty of Versailles agreement signed in 1919 ending WWI
17 trench warfare type of warfare in which troops dig trenches and fight from
them
18 tributary state independent state that must acknowledge the supremacy of
another state and pay tribute to its ruler
19 Zimmerman Message sent from Germany to Mexico asking Mexico in join
Note/Zimmerman the Central Powers in exchange for lost territories in the
Telegram Spanish American War
20 The Assassination of was the immediate cause of WWI. The Arch Duke & his
Arch Duke wife were assassinated by a Serbian Nationalist. Austro-
Ferdinand of Hungary blames Serbia and Russia defends Serbia - putting
Austria: the alliance system in motion.
21 The Balkans area of eastern Europe known as a "powder keg" just before
World War I.
22 barbed wire new invention which was used in WWI, it was placed around
areas as a form of protection, caused many casualties
23 poison gas Gases used as a weapon in the trenches to kill the enemy.
First used in WWI.
24 Provisions of the
Treaty of Versailles
ff959855-c15c-415f-96c9-692a88455d9f.xls
10Rx- Vocabulary List After WWI - Unit 6, Sect. 4, Between the Wars -
Reviewbook. Define each using your notes, glossary list from your review
book, your textbook or School Island. Write the definition in the spaces
provided after each word. Add any words that are not printed on the list
to the end of this sheet. Answer the questions at the end of the
vocabulary list using your review book. Define each using your notes,
glossary list from your review book, your textbook
1 capitalism - economic system in which means fo production are privately
owned and operated for profit.
2 dictatorship - a government in which the ruler has complete control over
the lives of the people.
3 fascism - the rule of a people by a dictatorial government that is
nationalistic and imperialistic.
4 socialism - system in which the people as a whole rather than private
civitizens own all property and operate all businesses.
5 totalitarian state - form of government in which a one-party dictatorship
attempts to regulate all aspects of the lives of citizens.
6 inflation - economic cycle that involes a rise in prices linked to a sharp
increase in the amount of money available.
7 economic depression -
8 collective security -
9 isolationism -
Page 61 of 142
ff959855-c15c-415f-96c9-692a88455d9f.xls
10 What were the main problems in Europe after World War I?
11 What caused the weakness of the German republic in the 1920's and
1930's?
12 What effect did the economic depression have on Europe?
13 Why did the League of Nations fail?
14 What other nation underwent great change after World War I?
15
16
17
18
19
Page 62 of 142
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20
21
22
23
24 ___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
25 ___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
26 ___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
27 ___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Page 63 of 142
10 Rx G H - Vocabulary Word List - Ch. 17 WW I & Between Wars
Define each using your notes, reviewbook glossary, Ischool and your book.
Write the definitions in the spaces provided.
1 Allied Powers
2 Anti-Semitism
3 Appeasement
4 Axis Powers
5 Blizkrieg
6 Blockade
7 Bolshevik
8 Bourgeoisie
25 concentration camp
9 dictator
10 Fascism
11 Great Depression
12 Hitler, Adolf
13 Holocaust
14 League of Nations
15 militarism
16 Mussolini, Benito
17 Nazi Regime
18 neutral
19 poison gas
20 Proletariat
21 Provisions of the
Treaty of Versailles
22 reparations
23 scapegoat
24 Totalitarian
Government
Terms
1 Fascism
2 Benito Mussolini
3 Nazism - Nazi Party
4 National Socialist Party
5 Adolf Hitler
6 Regime
7 Third Reich
8 Second Reich
9 Fuhrer
10 Scapegoats
11 Demilitarized
12 Appeasement
13 Munich Conference
14 Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
15 Blitzkrieg
16 Winston Churchill
17 Nuremberg Laws
18 "The Night of Broken Glass"
19 Attack of Pearl Harbor
20 Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)
21 "D-Day"
22 Declaration of the United Nations
23 A-Bomb
24 Pacific Theater
25 European Theater
26 Island Hopping
27 The Big Three at Yalta
28 Yalta Conference
29 Satellite Nations
30 Nuremberg Trials
31 Holocaust
32 Nationalism
33 Imperialism
34 Worldwide Depression
35 Alliance System
36 Failure of the League of Nations
37 V-J Day
38 V-E Day
39 Auschwitz
40 Axis
41 Capitalism
42 collective security
43 DeGaulle
44 dictatorship
45 economic depression
46 Eisenhower
47 Guadalcanal
48 Hiroshima
49 inflation
50 isolationism
51 Iwo Jima
52 Kamikaze
53 Luftwaffe
54 MacArthur
55 Midway Island
56 Nagasaki
57 Okinawa
58 Patton
59 Rome
60 socialism
61 Stalin
62 Stalingrad
63 Tojo
64 totalitarian
65 Truman
66 Bataan Death March
67 Yamamoto
68 What were the main problems in Europe after World War I?
69 What caused the weakness of the German republic in the 1920's and 1930's?
70 What effect did the economic depression have on Europe?
71 Why did the League of Nations fail?
72 What other nation underwent great change after World War I?
definition topic Amsco Ch.
WWII
17
WWII
17
WWII
17
WWII
17
WWII
17
WWII
17
WWII
17
WWII
17
WWII
17
WWII
17
WWII
17
WWII
17
WWII
17
WWII
17
WWII
17
WWII
17
WWII
17
WWII
17
WWII
17
WWII
17
WWII
17
nited Nations WWII
17
WWII
17
WWII
17
WWII
17
WWII
17
WWII
17
WWII
17
WWII
17
WWII
17
WWII
17
WWII
17
WWII
17
WWII
17
WWII
17
of Nations WWII
17
WWII
17
WWII
17
main problems in Europe after World War I?
e weakness of the German republic in the 1920's and 1930's?
the economic depression have on Europe?
gue of Nations fail?
on underwent great change after World War I?
Terms
1 Fascism
2 Benito Mussolini
3 Nazism - Nazi Party
4 National Socialist Party
5 Adolf Hitler
6 Regime
7 Third Reich
8 Second Reich
9 Fuhrer
10 Scapegoats
11 Demilitarized
12 Appeasement
13 Munich Conference
14 Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
15 Blitzkrieg
16 Winston Churchill
17 Nuremberg Laws
18 "The Night of Broken Glass"
19 Attack of Pearl Harbor
# Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)
21 "D-Day"
# Declaration of the United Nations
# A-Bomb
# Pacific Theater
# European Theater
# Island Hopping
# The Big Three at Yalta
# Yalta Conference
# Satellite Nations
# Nuremberg Trials
31 Holocaust
# Nationalism
# Imperialism
# Worldwide Depression
# Alliance System
# Failure of the League of Nations
# V-J Day
# V-E Day
# Auschwitz
# Axis
41 Capitalism
# collective security
# DeGaulle
# dictatorship
# economic depression
# Eisenhower
# Guadalcanal
# Hiroshima
# inflation
# isolationism
51 Iwo Jima
# Kamikaze
# Luftwaffe
# MacArthur
# Midway Island
# Nagasaki
# Okinawa
# Patton
# Rome
# socialism
61 Stalin
# Stalingrad
# Tojo
# totalitarian
# Truman
# Bataan Death March
# Yamamoto
# What were the main problems in Europe after World War I?
# What caused the weakness of the German republic in the 1920's and 1930's?
# What effect did the economic depression have on Europe?
71 Why did the League of Nations fail?
# What other nation underwent great change after World War I?
definition topic Amsco Ch.
Political movement in both Italy and Spain during WWII, WWII
characterized by imperialism and nationalism - NOT
COMMUNIST 17
Leader of Fascist Italy and the Fascist Movement in Italy WWII 17
Political movement - ideology of the Nazi party - NOT WWII
COMMUNISTS 17
Name of the Nazi Party WWII 17
Leader of Nazi Party and Chancellor of Germany, started WWII WWII
with the invasion of Poland, was responsible for the Holocaust
17
Period of Rule, the government during a specific time WWII 17
German government under Hitler - means the 3rd Empire WWII 17
German government after WWI and Before Hitler's government - WWII
Weimar Republic 17
another term for leader - term Hilter used WWII 17
someone who is blamed for all the problem that take place - WWII
Hitler used the Jewish people as scapegoats 17
to remove troops from an area WWII 17
to give into an aggressor to prevent war - Munich Pact - one WWII
cause of WWII 17
Conference where Hitler was given part of Czech in an effort to WWII
prevent futher aggression - example of appreasement
17
Alliance between Germany, Italy and Japan, its members later WWII
became known as the Axis Powers - the names used were the
names of each counrties capital 17
Lightening Warfare - method used by Germany WWII
17
Prime minister of Great Britain after Neville Chamberlain, during WWII
WWII and at the end of the War 17
Restrictive laws which applied to Jewish people under Nazi WWII
Germany 17
Nov. 9, 1938 violence against Jews and Jewish settlements all WWII
over the Third Reich, also known as Kristallnacht 17
Act of aggression that lead to the US entering WWII and WWII
declaring war on Japan - December 7, 1941 - a Naval base in
Hawaii was attacked 17
President of the United States at the beginning of WWII WWII
17
June 6, 1944 - sea invasion by Allied troops of Normandy begins WWII
17
Resulted from the treaty that ended WWII - an internationsl WWII
peace keeping organization 17
Atomic Bomb dropped on Japan that took many lives and brought WWII
an end to WWII on the Pacific Theatre 17
Site of fighting in the Pacific Ocean between Allied forces and WWII
Japan 17
Site of fighting in the Europe between Allied forces and Axis WWII
forces 17
War strategy used by the allied (US) forces in the Pacific front WWII
to win back islands taken by Japan in WWII 17
Stalin - USSR (Russia); Churchill - Great Britain; Roosevelt - WWII
USA - decided how to divide reclaimed territory at the end of
WWII 17
Conferences held during WWII by the allied powers to plan WWII
strategy and finally make decisions after the war ended 17
Countries liberated by USSR (Russia) during WWII that came WWII
under the Communist influence of the USSR 17
trials of war criminals after WWII - ensured that no one could WWII
use the defense of "just following orders" in referring to their
actions in a war 17
terms that refers to the mass destruction of the Jewish people WWII
by Nazi Germany 17
strong feeling of pride and loyalty to one's country - one of the WWII
causes of WWI & WWII 17
the control of one area, nation or region by another - one of the WWII
causes of WWI & WWII 17
One of the causes of WWII - downturn in the economy in the WWII
entire world caused by the stock market crash of 1929 in the US
- high unemployment & inflation 17
One of the causes of WWII - system of mutual assistance where WWII
nations would go to the aid of the other members in the alliance
if they were attacked in war - Axis Powers and the Allied Powers
17
One of the causes of WWII - the league of nations did not act WWII
to prevent Germany's aggressive acts that led to WWII - it was
weak due the fact that US and USSR had not joined and Grt.
17
Britain & France were war torn
Victory in Japan - the war ended with Japan - Aug. 15, 1945 WWII
17
Victory in Europe - the war ended with Germany - May 8, 1945 WWII
17 Listen
one the most infamous of the Nazi death Camps WWII
refers to the Axis Powers - Germany, Italy and Japan alliance
WWII
economic system in which the means of production are privately
owned and operated for a profit WWII
another way of saying an alliance system - joining together
countries felt they were more safe from attack WWII
President of France during WWII WWII
form of government where one person or party holds all the
power and controls all aspects of the lives of the people WWII
downturn in the economy - stock market crash - price rise, wages
decrease, unemployment is high WWII
during WWII he was in command of the US troops in the
European theatre - later became the Pres. Of the US WWII
the first defeat of the Japanese on land by the Allied forces
WWII
city in Japan that the US dropped the first Atomic bomb on
WWII
the great increase in the amount of paper money in relation to
the available good for sale, this situation leads to rising prices.
WWII
policy of separation from others, not wanting to get involved with
other counrties affairs
WWII
the bloodiest Marine Battle in the history at the time, it was
the island Mid-way between the US naval bases and Japan - US
victorious after 25 days of fighting - flag was raised on Iwo
WWII
Jima
Japanese pilot who takes on a suicide mission WWII
Germany airforce WWII
led the US forces in the Pacific WWII
the site of the battle that became the turning point in the
Pacific theatre WWII
city in Japan that the US dropped the second Atomic bomb on,
caused the Emperor to surrender WWII
last island battle for the US troops WWII
General led the attack on Europe from Italy WWII
Capital of Italy WWII
a system in which the people as a whole, rather than private
individuals own all property and operate all businesses WWII
Leader of USSR (Russia) from 1924-1954 - During WWII -
attended the Yalta Conference WWII
city in USSR where the Germans surrendered to the Russians
WWII
leader of Japan WWII
a government where all aspects of the citizens lives are
controlled by that government WWII
Pres. Of the US at the end WWII - he was responsible to having
the A-Bomb dropped WWII
foreced march of US (allied) POW's by their captures where
many were beaten and killed along the way WWII
Japanese commander of the Japanese fleet WWII
main problems in Europe after World War I?
e weakness of the German republic in the 1920's and 1930's?
the economic depression have on Europe?
gue of Nations fail?
on underwent great change after World War I?
Allies
Auschwitz
Axis
Blitzkrieg
Capitalism
Churchill
collective security
Dday
DeGaulle
dictatorship
Dunkirk
economic depression
Eisenhower
fascism
Guadalcanal
Hiroshima
Hitler
inflation
isolationism
Iwo Jima
Kamikaze
Luftwaffe
MacArthur
Midway
Missouri
Mussolini
Nagasaki
Okinawa
Patton
Pearl Harbor
Petain
Rome
Rommel
Roosevelt
socialism
Stalin
Stalingrad
Tojo
totalitarian
Truman
Vichy
Wainwright
Yalta
Yamamoto
1880s Gold mining begins in the Transvaal, emergence of Johannesburg as industrial town
1899- South African (“Boer”) War, Britain conquers Afrikaner republics - British fight to gain
1902 lands where gold mines are located.
1906-7 Britain gives parliamentary government to the former Afrikaner republics; only whites
enfranchised (only whites can vote and participate in government)
1910 Union of South Africa formed, incorporating 2 former British colonies (Natal, Cape of
Good Hope) and 2 Boer republics (Transvaal, Orange Free State)
1912 African National Congress (ANC) formed - political party - Nelson Mandela was an
important leader of the ANC
1913 Native Lands Act limted Black African ownership of land to only 7% (they made up
80% of the population) later it was changed to 13% of the country’s territory, makes
African squatting & sharecropping on white-owned land illegal
1923 Native (Urban Areas) Act makes it illegal for Black Africans to purchase land in urban
areas, tightens up earlier pass laws controlling Africans’ movements
1936 Native Representation Act removes “Cape Coloured” population’s right to vote, Black
South Africans no longer allowed to vote
1948 Afrikaner National Party led by D.F. Malan wins national election
1949 Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act
1949 ANC Youth League formed
1950 Immorality Act, Population Registration Act, Group Areas Act, Suppression of
Communism Act
1951 Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act
1952 Abolition of Passes and Consolidation of Documents Act
1952- Defiance Campaign launched, includes country-wide strikes, boycotts, demonstrations,
53 non-violent civil disobedience against apartheid regime
1953 Bantu Education Act, Reservation of Separate Amenities Act, Bantu Authorities Act,
Native Labour (Settlement of Disputes) Act
1955 Congress of the People at Kliptown adopts Freedom Charter calling for non-racial
democracy
1956 20,000 African women demonstrate in Pretoria against extension of pass laws to
women
1956 Riotous Assemblies Act, Industrial Conciliation Act, Native Resettlement Act
1959 Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC) formed
1959 Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act: “Bantustan Policy” = division of Africans into
black “homelands” corresponding to “traditional” ethnic groups (e.g. Zulu, Sotho,
Xhosa, Tswana, Tsonga, Venda) in which they are to “develop separately” under
1960 Unlawful Organizations Act
1960 Sharpeville massacre
1961 ANC under Nelson Mandela launches armed struggle through Umkhonto we Sizwe
(“Spear of the Nation”)
1961 South Africa leaves British Commonwealth, becomes Republic of South Africa
1962 Sabotage Act
1963 Transkei is first territory to win “self-government” under Bantustan policy
1964 Mandela is sentenced to life imprisonment on Robben Island
1967 Terrorism Act
1976 Sowetho school children demonstrate against use of Afrikaans as language of
instruction, spark nation-wide protests and violent police response, many black
children and youth are killed
1976 Internal Security Act
1977 Murder of Steven Biko, leader of Black Consciousness Movement, by South African
police while Biko is in detention
1983 United Democratic Front (UDF) formed to coordinate multi-racial opposition to
apartheid
1986 South African government declares national State of Emergency
1989 F.W. de Klerk becomes president; Mandela and other major black anti-apartheid
leaders are freed from prison; de Klerk meets with Mandela
1990 ANC, PAC, SACP legalized; State of Emergency lifted in Transvaal, Orange Free State,
Cape, Natal Provinces; Separate Amenities Act repealed
1990 ANC suspends armed struggle
1991 Population Registration Act, Group Areas Act, Land Act repealed
1991 Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESSA) formed, begins negotiations with
white government to develop new constitution for non-racial parliamentary democracy
1992 Referendum among white population endorses de Klerk’s reform policies by 68.7%
vote
1994 South Africa’s first democratic, non-racial elections bring Nelson Mandela to power as
first black president of South Africa
1999 Thabo Mbeki (ANC) elected as new president of South Africa
Word Bank
Autocracy Middle-Class-Liberals
Bolsheviks Moderate-Socialists
Cheka Monoarch
Communism Nicholas
Democracy Petrograd-Soviets
Dictatorship Reds
Duma Royalists
Ideology Socialism
Lenin Totalitarianism
Marxism Trotsky
Mensheviks Whites
1 Cold War
2 Marshall Plan
3 NATO
4 Warsaw Pact
5 space race
6 Korean War
7 democracy
8 capitalism
Cuban Missle
9 Crisis
10 detente
11 perestroika
12 Glasnost
13 Berlin Airlift
14 Berlin Wall
15 Iron Curtain
Mikhail
16 Gorbachev
17 sputnik
18 communism
command
19 economy
Satellite
20 nation
hostility/trouble between US and USSR in the decades following
1 Cold War WWII (communist/non-communist nations)
2 Marshall Plan US sends $$$ to help re-build Western Europe
3 NATO organization set up to stop the spread of communism
agreement between USSR and Eastern European nations to protect
4 Warsaw Pact eachother in the case of an attack
competition between USSR and US regarding advancement of
5 space race space program
North Korea (communist) vs. South Korea (non communist); ended
6 Korean War in armistice and original borders
citizens have legislative, judicial and executive powers based on
7 democracy majority rule
economic system based on private ownership..promotes free
8 capitalism market regulated by supply and demand
Cuban Missle Castro allowed USSR to use nuclear missle bases in Cuba; US said
9 Crisis to remove missles; they were removed
10 detente policy aimed at relaxing tension between USSR and US
11 perestroika opening up of Russia for more free enterprise
USSR is more open/honest with western nations with less
12 Glasnost restaints on Russian people
the dropping of supplies(by air) into Berlin while the Soviets tried
13 Berlin Airlift to block-off the city
built in 1961 to divide soviet controlled E. Berlin from democratic
14 Berlin Wall W. Berlin
how Churchill described USSR's isolation of Eastern Europe from
15 Iron Curtain the rest of the world
Mikhail USSR leader from 1985-91; contributed to the downfall of
16 Gorbachev communism
17 sputnik soviet satellite put into orbit in 1957 (1st man-made satellite)
18 communism totalitarian system of government
command
19 economy an economic system controlled by strong, centralized gov't.
Satellite nations conquered by Soviet nations to separate communist nations
20 nation from Western Europe
abundance a large amount of something
acceptance : approval
accurate : correct; reliable
achievement : accomplishment
acquire: get; obtain
adherence: sticking to; following
adopt: to take up and practice as one's own
advocate: support
aggressive: forceful; self-assertive
availability: capability of being used
artistic: fond of or sensitive to art
centralized: concentrated at one point
characteristic: the distinctive quality of; typical
characterize: to describe by qualities
cohesive: joining or sticking together
conclusion: final decision
constitute: make up, compose
consumer: one of the buying public
cooperative: willing to act with others
decreasing: growing less or smaller
dependence: reliance; trust
discontent: dissatisfied
discourage: to hinder; lessen the confidence of
disorder: confusion dissenter: one who disagrees
disunity: lack of agreement
diversity: difference; variety
domination: control; authority
eliminate: to get rid of
elite: a special group
emerge: to come forth from something
emphasize: to stress as important
enable: to make possible
encourage: to help or foster
endorsing: giving support to
establish: to set up on a lasting basis
equality: having the same rights
ethnic: belonging to a particular racial, or cultural group
evolve: to develop gradually
expansion: an increase in size
expenditure: expense; cost
facilitate: to make easier
factor: an element that produces a result
foster: to help along; promote the development of
hinder: to prevent from occurring
generalization: a broad application or statement
inadequate: insufficient
inspire: to move a person to a particular idea or feeling
instability: unreliability
integration: bringing together as a whole
internal: on the inside; interior
isolation: setting apart from the group
literary: characteristic of literature
maintain: to continue
migration: seasonal move from one region to another
mobility: ability to move easily from one thing to another
moderate: to keep within reasonable limits
mortality: frequency of death
partition: the act of dividing up or separating
persecution: maltreatment because of race, religion, or beliefs
philosophy: the general laws that provide a rational explanation of anything postpone: to delay
predominate: to be superior in power or influence
prejudice: hatred or dislike for a particular group, race, religion, etc.
primarily: essentially; originally
productivity: tendency to increase in quantity or value
prohibit: to prevent; hinder
promote: to further; encourage
prosperity: material well-being
recognition: acknowledgment of a fact
reforms: changes for the better
regional: pertaining to a particular section or region reinforced: strengthened reliance: trust; dependence renew: to restore; to begin a
literacy: the ability to read and write illiteracy: inability to read and write
manorial: during the Middle Ages the system in which land, the manor, was administered by a lord
market economy: an economy based on the buying and selling of goods and services
materialism: the belief that the accumulation of possessions is what is necessary for a good life
mercantilism: economic theory that judged a nation's economic strength on the importation of gold and silver and the establishment of col
militarized: to train, prepare, or equip for warfare
modernization: creation of a stable society capable of producing a high level of goods and services
monarchy: government headed by a king or queen
monsoon: seasonal wind that blows along the Asian coast of the Pacific and from the Indian Ocean. The summer monsoon brings heavy rains,
feeling of pride and devotion to one's
nationalism:
country
nativism: to favor people born in a particular country over those who live in that country but are foreign born.
natural resources: a source of wealth provided by nature, as forests, minerals, and water supply
Neolithic: the period of human culture characterized by the development of a system of settled agriculture
neutral: not taking the part of either side in a dispute
non-alignment: foreign policy of many developing countries to remain neutral with respect to the positions of the United States and the S
war and serving in
pacifist: one who is 0 the military
Pan-Africanism: movement whose goal is to create a unified Africa politically and economically
per-capita: for each person
perestroika: plan for restructuring of the Soviet economy and society by Mikhail Gorbachev
polytheistic: belief in many gods
proletariat: in Marxism, the working class that rises up and overthrows the bourgeoisie
proliferation: to grow rapidly
quotas: a part or a share required for each person, group, or state
revolution: the overthrow or replacement of a government or political system
Russification: the policy of the czars to have the people they conquered be forced to learn the Russian language, culture, and convert to
self-sufficiency: able to support oneself without aid or cooperation from others
scarcity: inadequate supply
social mobility: the ability to move up or down in the social class system
socialism: economic and political system in which society' as a whole, rather than private individuals, owns all property and operates al
tariffs: to fix a price on imported or exported items
terrorism: unlawful acts of violence, such as bombings, hijackings, arson, etc. to publicize and achieve their causes
topography: the physical features of a region
totalitarianism: political system in which the government has a single-party dictatorship and controls every aspect of citizen's lives
tribalism: loyalty and devotion to one's tribe, as opposed to one's nation (nationalism)
universal suffrage:
extended to all
urbanization: movement of large numbers of people from rural villages to cities
the right or privilege of voting
westernization: adoption of western (European) ideas and customs by non-western nations
Key Social Studies Vocabulary to Know
absolutism: the belief that monarchs hold supreme power and are responsible only to God
agrarian: pertaining to land and the agricultural interests of farmers
alliance: any union, coalition, or formal agreement between nations in their common interest
annexation: to add to existing possessions/ territory
apartheid: policy of racial segregation in the Republic of South Africa
appeasement: making concessions to an aggressor in order to preserve the peace
bourgeoisie: in Marxism, the social class opposed to the proletariat or working class
capitalist: a person who invests in business in order to make a profit
cash crops: a crop that can be sold on the world market for money
civil disobedience: refusal to comply with certain laws by means of passive resistance
coalition: temporary alliance between parties in government
colony: territory that an outside power controls directly
collectivization: a system in which the state owns and controls the means of production and distribution
command economy: state controlled economic system
culture: customs, ideas, and way of life of a group of people
cultural diffusion: when a custom or item of a culture moves from one part of the world to another
cultural diversity: variety of customs, ideas, and ways of living among the people within a region or nation
Crusades: series of wars launched by Christians against Muslims who controlled the Holy Lands
decentralization: to break down into smaller units
deforestation:
to clear land of forests and trees
desertification: the spread of desert into semi-arid regions nearby
-
-
-
d'etente: easing of international tension between the Soviet Union an~ the United States
developed countries: countries who have established agriculture, industries, advanced technology, and strong education systems
developing countries: countries who have limited resources, and who face obstacles, such as, overpopulation, natural disasters, and indeb
dynasty: ruling family that passes the right to rule from one member to another
federation: the joining together of two or more states into a union of confederacy
federal republic: a country that has a representative democracy with a centralized government
feudalism: system of rule by local lords who were bound to a king by ties of loyalty
genocide: the systematic extermination or destruction of an entire people or national group
glasnost: policy of openness domestically and towards the West initiated by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev
Green Revolution: scientific efforts to increase the amount of food produced on the same amount of land
humanism: the intellectual and literary movement during the Renaissance characterized by an emphasis on human interests and a study of th
imperialism: domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another cOl:ntry or region
industrialization: to estabr h large-scale industries
interdependence: countri s in the world being dependent upon each other for various resources and products for their mutual b nefit
isolationism: a policy o£ having little to do with foreign nations
laissez-faire: an econo~c system in which the government does not interfer~ with the economy
life expectancy:
individual
Test-Taking Strategies
Key Geography Terms to Know
archipelago: a group or a chain of islands arid: dry
climate: weather conditions of a region over a long period of time
geographic location: where a country is situated in relation to other places
irregular coastline: a coastline that has many natural harbors
isthmus: a narrow strip of land connecting two larger bodies of land
latitude: is the distance north or south as measured from the equator
longitude: is the distance east or west as measured from the Prime Meridian
monsoons: seasonal winds: if they blow from the sea they carry rain; if they blow from the land they bring dry air
natural barriers: land forms that help to isolate and!
or protect an area
peninsula: an area of land surrounded on three sides by water
river vaDey: an area surrounding a river that is usually fertile and able to support a large population
strait: a narrow strip of water connecting two larger bodies of land
topography: the physical features (land surfaces) of a
ing postpone: to delay
thened reliance: trust; dependence renew: to restore; to begin again restoring: bringing back to an original condition restrict: to confine retaliation: revenge
administered by a lord
ecessary for a good life
the importation of gold and silver and the establishment of colonies to serve the needs of the mother country
evel of goods and services
d from the Indian Ocean. The summer monsoon brings heavy rains, and the winter monsoon brings hot, dry weather.
e in that country but are foreign born.
erals, and water supply
f a system of settled agriculture
ral with respect to the positions of the United States and the Soviet Union
ally and economically
Mikhail Gorbachev
be forced to learn the Russian language, culture, and convert to the Eastern Orthodox religion
ther than private individuals, owns all property and operates all businesses
, etc. to publicize and achieve their causes
rty dictatorship and controls every aspect of citizen's lives
n (nationalism)
estern nations
eir common interest
of production and distribution
t of the world to another
he people within a region or nation
olled the Holy Lands
e United States
es, advanced technology, and strong education systems
obstacles, such as, overpopulation, natural disasters, and indebtedness in achieving modem industrial economies
ntralized government
or national group
by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev
ced on the same amount of land
haracterized by an emphasis on human interests and a study of the Greek-Roman classics
tural life of another cOl:ntry or region
or various resources and products for their mutual b nefit
r~ with the economy
uth as measured from the equator
st as measured from the Prime Meridian
hey blow from the land they bring dry air
to support a large population
ict: to confine retaliation: revenge revival: a renewal of interest in scrutiny: close examination of secure: safe; guaranteed seizure: taking possession of spe
ed seizure: taking possession of specialize: to concentrate on one particular field stability: permanence stimulated: roused into quick action superiority: surpa
into quick action superiority: surpassing in quality suppress: to stop; put an end to by force surpass: to go beyond; excel theory: a plan or idea tradition: cu
theory: a plan or idea tradition: custom/knowledge passed from one generation to the next valid: acceptable; convincing variations: differences; diversity
ations: differences; diversity
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