Survey Research (Gallup)

							Survey Research (Gallup)
• Would you vote for a qualified Black
  presidential candidate?
1958: 35% of Whites said yes.
1997: 93% of Whites said yes.
• Would you move away if large numbers of
  Blacks moved to your neighborhood?
1958: 80% of Whites said yes.
1997: 18% of Whites said yes.
                                         1
% who would vote for a qualified Black
candidate (Gallup poll)




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Terms
• Prejudice: Negative feelings toward people
  based on their membership in certain
  groups.
• Discrimination: Any behavior directed
  against people because of their
  membership in a particular group.
• Racism: Prejudice and discrimination
  based on a person’s racial background.

                                           3
Modern Racism

• A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle
 ways especially when it is safe, socially
 acceptable and easy to rationalize.

• Ambivalence
• Avoidance


                                                4
Stereotypes

• Beliefs that associate a group of people
 with certain traits.




                                             5
Stereotypes and Social
Perception
• Stereotypes can influence our perception
 and memory of events.
  – Perception: Basketball study (Stone et al.,
    1997)

  – Memory: Librarian vs. Waitress study (Cohen)




                                                   6
Formation of Stereotypes
• Social categorization- classification of people into
  groups based on common attributes.
   – Ingroups vs. outgroups
   – The outgroup homogeneity effect-tendency to
     assume that there is greater similarity among
     members of outgroups than among members of
     ingroups.
• Sociocultural factors influence which
  categorizations we use.

                                                     7
Formation and Maintenance of
Stereotypes
• Illusory correlation- overestimation of the association
  between two variables (e.g., race and crime).
   – Example: Number of Business Relationships Harriet Has Been
     Exposed To In Her Life

                     Deceptive         Honest
                     Experiences       Experiences
  Jews               5                 100

  Non-Jews           25                500


                                                                  8
Formation and Maintenance of
Stereotypes
• Attributions
  Group attribution error- tendency to
  assume valid judgments about individuals
  can be inferred from characteristics of the
  group.
• Subtyping- revising stereotypes to
  incorporate exceptions.
• Self-fulfilling prophecies
                                                9
Devine’s Dual Process Model

 High         ST           No            Prejudiced
 Prejudice:   Activated    Correction    Judgment



               ST           Correction   Non-prejudiced
 Low
               Activated                 Judgment
 Prejudice:




                                                      10
Devine’s Dual Process Model :
Cognitive Load Predictions
 High         ST           No            Prejudiced
 Prejudice:   Activated    Correction    Judgment



               ST           No           Prejudiced
 Low
               Activated    Correction   Judgment
 Prejudice:




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Stereotype Threat

• A situation in which one could be
  negatively stereotyped, judged or treated
  stereotypically, or in which one might
  conform to a negative stereotype
• Effects:
  – 1) Lower Performance
  – 2) Disidentification


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Spencer, Steele, & Quinn (1997)

• Men outperform women on a difficult
  math test, but not on a literature test.
• When the math test is presented as one
  that shows no gender differences, women
  perform equal to men.
• This occurs even when all participants are
  led to expect poor performance.

                                           13
Steele & Aronson (1995)

• When a test is described as an intelligence
  test, White students outperform Black
  students.
• But when the same test is described as a
  laboratory problem solving test, Whites
  and Blacks perform equally well.



                                             14
Origins of Prejudice

• 1. Competition for scarce resources
  – Realistic group conflict theory (Worchel,
    1977): rejection of other groups occurs during
    competition for scarce resources
  – Robber’s Cave Experiment (Sherif & Sherif,
    1954)




                                                15
Origins of Prejudice

• 2. Social Categorization – the process of
 classifying people according to particular
 social characteristics.
  – Minimal group paradigm (Tajfel, 1980’s)
  – In-group bias- the tendency to favor one’s
    own groups.




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How many dots are on the screen?

………………………………………………………..
……………………………….
…………………………………………….
…………………………………………………….
…………………………………….
…………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………..
                                   17
 Reward Allocation
        1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10 11 12 13 14
Jon A

        14 13 12 11 10 9        8   7   6   5   4   3   2   1
Bob B




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Results

• Ingroup vs. ingroup  even allocation
• Outgroup vs. outgroup  even allocation
• Ingroup vs. outgroup  2:1 allocation




                                            19
Explanation for Ingroup Bias

• Social Identity Theory (Tajfel) – people
 are motivated to maintain self-esteem and
 can do this by (1) affiliating with attractive
 groups and (2) viewing one’s own groups
 as favorably as possible.




                                              20
                 BIRGing

• Basking in reflected glory- behavior that
 enhances our association with successful
 groups and minimizes our association with
 unsuccessful groups.




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Prejudice and Self-Esteem
Fein & Spencer (1997)


          85

Rating of 80
applicant
          75
                                              Applicant
          70
                                              Italian
          65                                  Jewish
          60
          55
          50
                 Positive          Negative

                            Feedback
                                                          22
Prejudice and Self-Esteem
Fein & Spencer (1997)


           5

Increase
in SE      4
                                              Applicant
           3
                                              Italian
           2                                  Jewish

           1

           0
                 Positive          Negative

                            Feedback
                                                          23
Reducing Prejudice

• 1. Contact hypothesis
  – Equal status
  – Cooperation
• 2. Re-categorization
• 3. Use of controlled processing to override
  automatic stereotyping
• 4. Social Norms

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